Japan in the Modern World
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Transcript of Japan in the Modern World
Japan in the Modern WorldThe Path to Modernity
Tokugawa Isolation and Commodore Perry
Tokugawa Japan: What was it like? Over 200 years of peace Both Daimyo and samurai become impoverished Samurai became bureaucrats Other samurai became merchants—beginning of
market economy Isolation from the rest of the world Buddhism and Confucianism are important Sankin Kotai: alternate years of residence in Edo
lead to development of roads and businesses
Threat posed by the West -- Superior guns and
arms
--Knowledge of imperialism in Asia
--imposition of unequal treaties
--business and missionary interests
Japan’s Revolution involves restoring the Emperor to direct rule “outside” daimyo lead
revolt Aim to overthrow the
Shogun and restore the emperor to power
Aim to get rid of foreigners and unequal treaties
Body of English merchant, Charles Richardson killed in Japan
British bombard Kagoshima
French mission training Shogunal troops
Alliance of Satsuma and Choshu Emperor wanted to restore his power Traditional enemies, Satsuma and Choshu
unite against the Tokugawa Both outside Hans with tradition of disliking
the shogun Rallying cry was “Sonno Joi”—restore the
emperor, expel the barbarians
The Last Shogun Yoshinobu
Satsuma Samurai plotting Restoration
Shogunal forces burning the Satsuma Palace in Edo
Saigo Takamori and the Boshin War
The revolution inaugurates an era of reform
Capital renamed Tokyo and Imperial court moves there.
Daimyo “return” land to the emperor.
Social classes abandoned, samurai disappear.
Creation of conscript army: universal conscription based on Prussian model.
Creation of navy based on English model.
Flag Adopted
Flag of Japan: the Rising Sun
Commanders in Japanese army
Japanese Navy
Meiji Restoration Everything Western becomes the fashion
Promotion of State Shinto Shinto shrines supported by the state Everyone must register in the shrine Separation from Buddhism Downplay of Buddhism
Shinto Shrine: Worship of the Emperor
Promotion of Education Charter Oath of 1868: “Knowledge shall be
sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundations of Imperial rule”
Creation of Western Education system: elementary, secondary and university
1972: mandatory 4 years education for all children: boys and girls
Imperial Rescript on Education on 1890 Loyalty to the emperor and the state: picture
of the emperor in each classroom Self sacrifice to the state and family Filial piety applied to family AND “national
family” including teachers, officials and employers
Taught what to think, not how to think
Imperial Rescript on Education
Problems in establishing the new system Saigo Takemori and
the Satsuma Rebellion
Saigo Takamori leads the Satsuma Rebellion Battle of Shiroyama Saigo and his army
Rule by the Oligarchs Privileged clique Believers in Kokugaku (native studies) Create conscript military Abolish four classes of society Send missions abroad such as Iwakura
Mission
Iwakura Mission Headed by Iawkura
Tomomi Twofold goal—revise
unequal treaties and learn about West
1871-1873: failed in first and succeeded in second
Road to the Meiji Constitution of 1889: Society of Patriots (Aikokusha) founded 1878 Jiyuto (Liberal Party) founded in 1881
(French model) Okuma Shigenobu founded the Constitutional
Progressive Party advocating the British system
Imperial Rule Party established in 1882
Itagaki Taisuke cerates the Society of Patriots (Aikokusha)
Okuma Shigenobu creates the Constitutional Progressive Party
Representation 1875: Osaka Conference create independent
judiciary 1878: conference of Prefectural Governors
established elected Prefectural assemblies 1880: elected assemblies in villages and towns 1880: delegates from 24 prefectures created the
League for Establishing a National Assembly.
Repression 1875: laws prohibit press criticism of
government 1880: Public Assembly Law limits public
gatherings and requires police permission for all meetings
Constitution: Gift of the Emperor to his People Imperial Diet: elected House of Representatives and
House of Peers Limited franchise: males over 25, who pay 15 yen
national taxes; about 1% of population. New Peerage created from old Daimyo and Samurai
who helped the government Diet approve legislation, initiate laws, submit
petitions to emperor Sovereignty resides with emperor
Opening Ceremony of Japanese Diet
Industrialization Japanese abroad to look at Western models Westerners hired to teach and set up modern
factories Goal: equal the West Mercantile basis: import raw materials and export
finished products Zaibatsu: government and business work together Establishment of the Bank of Japan
Textiles were Japan’s largest export industry
Inside the Tomioka Silk Reeling Mill
Road to Imperialism Conflict with China over Okinawan sailors
attacked and killed in Taiwan (1873): first expedition of new military abroad
Involvement in Korea Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95
Triple Intervention: return of Liaodong Peninsula Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905
Ryukyu Islands: Claimed by both China and Japan
The French-built Matsushima, flagship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the
Sino-Japanese conflict
Hall where Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed, 1895
Ito Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang: signers of Treaty of Shimonoseki
Triple intervention: Russia, France, and Germany Force Japan to return the Liaotung peninsula
to China: Port Arthur (Lushun)
Japanese troops landing in Korea during the Russo-Japanese War
Japanese troops take Port Arthur
Japanese Destroyer
Japanese gun crew
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Japan lease Liaotung
Peninsula Receive south half of
Sakhalin Island Return Manchuria to
China Free hand in Korea
(exchange for US free hand in Philippines)
Annexation of Korea in 1910 as Japan’s second colony Japan disbands the Korean army
Japan officially makes Korea a colony: the Korean emperor accepts this in
Yoshihito becomes Emperor Taisho (Great righteousness) in 1912
Taisho Emperor in Military uniform In Poor Health and did
little Transfer of power to
political parties from Oligarchy: called Taisho Democracy
Emperor Taisho leading troops
Rise of Party Politics Political crisis leads to creation of
conservative party: Constitutional Association of Friends
Seiyukai Party loses power in ensuing election.
Japan in World War I Japan declares war on
Germany Japan seizes German
holding in China, and the Pacific Islands
Japan gives the Twenty-one Demands to China China to agree to
Japanese control over Qingdao and Manchuria
China cease letting foreigners have territory
Japan have control over China’s foreign policy
Japan launches Siberian Expedition with 75,000 troops Aim is to occupy Manchuria and Eastern
Siberia Last of the allied troops to withdraw in 1925 Many soldiers remain in Manchuria as
railway guards
The treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations Japan confirmed in holding ex-German
possessions in Asia Protest demonstrations and riots triggered in
China and Korea Japan joins the newly formed League of
Nations
League of Nations Headquarters in Switzerland Goals included
disarmament end of warfare settling disputes with
diplomacy and negotiation
promoting global welfare
Japan now a major player on the International Scene Recognized as one of the “big five” Allowed to keep ex-German possessions in
Pacific and China
Prosperity and problems at home Taisho Democracy-two party political system
comes of age Hara Takashi: first commoner to become
prime minister New election laws Government funded public works programs
Growing domestic problems in the midst of prosperity Inflation Influx of foreign ideas Tightly controlled economy Emerging labor movement Call for universal suffrage by students and
others Assassination of Hara in 1921 Passage of new election law in 1925
Growing despotism in the government Peace Preservation Law passed in 1925
Forbade conspiracy or revolt again Kokutai (National essence)
Criminalized socialism and communism Stressed moral obligation to make sacrifices for
the state Brutal suppression of the Communist Party
Respond with assassination attempt on Crown Prince Hirohito
Growth of Ultra nationalism and right-wing politics Patriotic and intelligence-gathering
organizations take active role in politics Foment pro war sentiments Support anti socialist and anti communist acts
Kanto Earthquake on September 1, 1923Destroyed Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa,
Shizuoka and Tokyo105,385 people died37,000 others missing88 fires570,000 homes destroyed1.9 million homeless1 billion US$ damage
The Great Kanto Earthquake
Hirohito: The Showa Emperor: 1926
Growing Fascism in Japan: “Japanese Nationalism” Emblem of the Imperial Navy and symbol of
Japanese Nationalism
The steps to War Ideology of Nationalism “Kokutai” Growth of Military and Naval power Government by assassination Expansion into Manchuria (Manchuguo) Leaving the League of Nations Concept of the “Greater East Asian Co-
prosperity Sphere
War in China Japanese soldiers march into Nanjing
Memorial to the Nanjing Massacre
My favorite anti-war picture
The War Continues: China fights alone
The War changes: Pearl Harbor is bombed
Southeast Asia falls: prisoners build railways
End of the War: Bombs fall on Hiroshima Hiroshima bombed on
August 6 Russia declares war on
Japan, August 8 Nagasaki bombed,
August 9 Japan surrenders,
August 14
Japanese surrender
Occupation sets seeds for Japanese economic miracle General MacArthur
Architect of the Occupation
Japan’s Economic Miracle Educational and industrial infrastructure American aid 1947 American decision to create Japan as
ally in Asia Japan’s non aggression constitution: article 9 Democracy, a new constitution Land reform
Economic miracle continued Hard work Concentrating on consumer goods for export
market Close government industry cooperation Negotiated sources of raw materials Protective legislation
Japan today: problems and stresses Falling birth rate Aging population Textbook controversy Rise of the “tigers” of Asia Economic problems Space and pollution
Baseball in Japan Tokyo Big Six
Baseball League: Waseda University beats Keio University
Sumo in Japan