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Transcript of Japan 28:2 [Image source:
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Japan28:2
[Image source: http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/images/photos/photo_lg_japan.jpg]
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Japan is also knownas Nippon or Nihon, which means “source of the sun.”
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Japan is an archipelago consisting of four main islands –Honshu,Shikoku, Kyushu,and Hokkaido – and over 4,000thousandsmaller ones.
[Image source: http://z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/h/J/japan.jpg]
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Since only 20% of the land is arable (easyto farm), the
Japanese have had to rely
on the sea to supplementtheir diet.
[Image source: http://www.museum.cornell.edu/HFJ/permcoll/asia/img_jap/fishman_l.jpg]
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The sea has also served as a natural barrier, preventing invasion from the mainland.
[Image source: http://www.gsi.ie/NR/rdonlyres/1875D6E7-60A3-4812-8DF0-FBF8EF67F7DC/0/tsunami.gif]
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According to legend, a divine
brother and sister gave birth to thesun goddess Amaterasu Omi-kami.
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The sun goddess
Amaterasu gave birth to further life forms.
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According to legend, Jimmu Tenno, a great-
great-great-grandson of
Amaterasu Omi-kami, became the
first emperor (Mikado) of Japan
circa 660 B.C.[Image source:
http://img331.imageshack.us/img331/5941/image012pk9.jpg]
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The early inhabitants
of Japan probably
migrated to the islands from other
parts of Asia.
[Image source: http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/ainu/ainu_map/ainu_map1.html]
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Japan was occupied
by hunter-gatherers from the
Asian mainland ca. 10,000 years ago.
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Subsequent invaders from Asia introduced the islanders to agriculture.
[Image source: http://www.lacma.org/art/images/NewAcq/fourseasons.jpg]
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The early inhabitants were dwelling in farming villages by 200 B.C.
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Present-day Japanese are probably descended from the Yayoi, a village-dwelling people who lived along streams and on the coastal plains and grew rice in irrigated fields.
[Image source: http://brian.hoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu/TEACHING/FoundationsOfJapaneseCivilization.html]
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Japan was invaded
between 200 and 300 by horseback-
riding, iron-clad warriors.
[Image source: http://www.orientaloutpost.com/ancient_ch
inese_warrior_yue_fei_wall_scroll.php]
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Some scholars believe these
invaders were the ancestors
of the aristocratic
warriors and imperial family.
[Image source: http://www.geocities.com/normlaw/brig-chn.gif]
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Before therewas an emperor, regions of Japan
were ruled by separate clans.(A clan is an
group of families claiming descent from a common
ancestor.)[Image source: http://www.zanshin-kai.co.uk/Aikido.html]
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Shintoism
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Shintoism
• means “way of the gods”
• only known indigenous religion of Japan
• emphasizes sacred spaces and time
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Kami
• “divine spirits”
• can be found in nature and in the processes of creation, disease, and healing
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Practices
• vary in local communities• rituals often honour ancestors
and the forces of nature• emperors considered kami at
one time-worshipped as divine before World War II
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Traditional Japanese prayer cardsleft at a Shinto shrine in Japan.
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By A.D. 400, the Yamato
Clan emerged as the
dominantclan in Japan.
[Image source: http://horse.shrine.net/samurai/image/yamato_samurai.jpg]
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By the A.D. mid-500s the emperor had become a ceremonial figure,
performing intercessory rituals tothe gods on behalf of the people.
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The Soga family
emergedas the real political power in Japan.
[Image source: http://library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/guac/japan_04/hiroshige_soga.jpg]
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Buddhism arrived in
Japan from
Korea in A.D. 552.
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Four Noble Truths
1. Life is full of suffering.
2. Suffering is caused by desire.
3. Eliminate desire to eliminate suffering.
4. Seek union with Brahma.
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Union with Brahma is nirvana.
The only way to end the painful cycle of reincarnation.
Death
Birth
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Zen was a variant of Buddhism favoured by Japanese warriors.
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Over the next four centuries,
Japan developed close ties with
China, adopting and adapting
many elements of Chinese
culture, suchas art, . . .
[Image source: http://home.flash.net/~cameron/japanese_painting/shikishi_tanzaku/chikuu_landscape.jpg]
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. . . medicine, . . .
[Image source: http://bibliodyssey.blogspot.com/2007/07/kyushu-medical-books-two.html]
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. . . astronomy, . . .
[Image source: http://www.crystalinks.com/orionjapanwoman.jpg]
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. . . and writing system.
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The Japanese ruling class adopted a
strong central government based on the principles of
Kung Fu-tzu.
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The teachings of Kung Fu-tzu
adopted by the Japanese included:
• ancestor worship• respect for elders and
those in positions of authority
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Five Confucian Relationships
Ruler - Ruled
Husband - Wife
Father - Son
Older Brother - Younger Brother
Homeboy - Homeboy
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After becoming the leading court
official in A.D. 593, Prince Shotoku
encouraged further learning
from Chinese civilization.
[Image source: http://www.baxleystamps.com/litho/ogawa/kokka_gallery_jp3-1.jpg]
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Inspired by Confucian ideas on government, Prince Shotoku
set forth the general principles
of Japanese government in the Seventeen
Article Constitution.[Image source:
http://www.sarudama.com/history/images/shotoku.jpg]
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The Fujiwara clan seized power in the name of the emperor, following the
death of Prince Shotoku.
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Taika Reforms
A.D. 646
• Taika means “great change”• initiated by Tenji Mikado
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Tenji Mikado
• proclaimed himself ruler and landlord of all Japan
• established a bureaucracy to carry-out government duties-centralized taxation and land distribution
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In lieu of a civil service examination system, officials gained their posts through family ties.
[Image source: http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/sub2/item1077.html]
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Much of Japan continued to
remain under the control of regional clan
leaders.
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Japan built its first permanent capital in A.D. 710 at Nara – a smaller version of China’s Changan.
[Image source: http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/japan/Architecture/Asuka3.jpg]
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Buddhist fervor reached its peak durirng the Nara Period with the completion of the Todaiji Temple in A.D. 752.
[Image source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Todaiji_temple_in_Nara_Japan_2.jpg/800px-Todaiji_temple_in_Nara_Japan_2.jpg]
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During the Nara Period the Japanese produced their first written literature,
when scribes composed histories combining myths
with actual events, and other writers
compiled collections of poetry.
[Image source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=42866&rendTypeId=4]
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The Japanese established a new capitalat Heian (present-day Kyoto) in A.D. 794.
[Image source: http://www.taleofgenji.org/images/heian_jingu_east.jpg]
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Kyoto remained the capital ofJapan for more than 1,000 years.
[Image source: http://hinamatsuri.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/k42.jpg]
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The focus of Heian court life among
the “dwellers among the
clouds” was the pursuitof beauty.
[Image source: http://www400.sos.louisiana.gov/archives/dolls/i-d-e2.JPG]
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Japan’s first piece of great
prose literature – The Tale of Genji – was written by
Lady Shikibu Murasaki circa
A.D. 1010.[Image source:
http://www.egeltje.org/archives/blah/Murasaki-thumb.jpg]
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Heian aristocrats – distracted by their search for beauty – neglected important government tasks.
[Image source: http://www.japanesesearch.com/japans-heian-period-from-794-to-1185/]
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Warlike provincial leaders increasingly ignored imperial officials, running their
estates as independent territories.
[Image source: http://www.jsri.jp/English/Honen/LIFE/Tendai/turmoil.html]
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Heian officials eventually lost control of the empire.
[Image source: http://www.jref.com/history/heian-period/]
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JAPANESE SOCIAL ORDER
circa 1600 to 1867
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Social Order Under The Shogun
• very rigid• intended to maintain social
order and limit rivals• members not allowed to
perform tasks belonging to another class
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Emperor
• believed to be descended from the sun-goddess Amaterasu-omi-kami
• wielded very little political power• developed elaborate court rituals• patronized the arts• primary duty was scholarship
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Shogun
• “commander-in-chief”• the real ruler of Japan• set-up a military government• managed large estates• were the major patrons of the arts
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Daimyo
• nobles and lords• controlled vast rural estates• built castles• protected peasants and land
by hiring warriors
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The Samurai, or warrior
class, was the second largest class in Japan,
comprising5% of the
population.
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Samurai means “to serve.”
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Samurai often served as administrators.
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Samurai were the only people in feudal Japan
allowed to carry swords.
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Bushido
A code of conduct that values honor over life.
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Artisans and Merchants laid the foundation
for modern Japan by
developing resources and establishing
trade networks.
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[Image source: http://www.baxleystamps.com/litho/brink_15/brink_deluxe_7-5a.jpg]
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Peasants formed the
largest social class in feudal Japan, making up 80% of the
population.
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Peasants in feudal Japan were often extremely poor.
• farmed plots smaller than 2.5 acres
• usually did not own land they farmed
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-Kamio Harumaka
“With peasants and sesame seeds, the more you squeeze them the more you get from them.”
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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For over two-hundred years, only the Dutch were allowed to trade at Dejima island.
[Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliodyssey/8433413811]
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In 1853, Commodore
Matthew Perry sailed an
American fleet into Tokyo Bay to forcibly open
Japanese markets.
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“Western arts and Japanese morale.”
“Western technology and Japanese work ethic.”
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Sino-Japanese War(1894-95)
• war between China and Japan
• hostilities initiated by Japan before war was formally declared
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Japan used propaganda in the form of art to unify their people and stir up the martial ardor of the nation in its war with China.
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The commander of the IJS Yoshino, Captain Togo, later commanded the
Japanese fleet that defeated the Russian navy at the Battle of Tsushima during
the Russo-Japanese War.
[Image source: http://www.russojapanesewar.com/gallery/images/Yoshino.jpg]
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Japan gained influence in Manchuria.
Korea gained “independence” under Japanese protection.
(It was later annexed to Japanese empire).
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Formosa
China also lost control of the island of Formosa to Japan.
Formosa
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Japanese interests ran afoul of the interests of an expanding Russian
Empire, which was in search of warm water ports in the Far East.
[Image source: http://www.carto.com/maps/02096208.jpg]
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Eventually Russia and Japan would fight a brutal war during 1904-05 over control
of Manchuria in northeast China.
[Image source: http://www.russojapanesewar.com/naval_links.html]
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Religion and the Arts
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