Jane Jacobs 1

Jane Jacobs

Jane Jacobs

Born Jane ButznerMay 4, 1916Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA

Died April 25, 2006 (aged 89)Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Occupation Writer, Urban theorist

Genres Non-fiction

Notable work(s) The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Notable award(s) OC, O.Ont, Vincent Scully Prize, National Building Museum

Jane Jacobs, OC, OOnt (May 4, 1916 – April 25, 2006) was an American-Canadian writer and activist with primaryinterest in communities and urban planning and decay. She is best known for The Death and Life of Great AmericanCities (1961), a powerful critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s in the United States. The book has beencredited with reaching beyond planning issues to influence the spirit of the times.Along with her well-known printed works, Jacobs is equally well-known for organizing grassroots efforts to blockurban-renewal projects that would have destroyed local neighborhoods. She was instrumental in the eventualcancellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway, and after moving to Canada in 1968, equally influential incanceling the Spadina Expressway and the associated network of highways under construction.

Jane Jacobs 2

American years

Jane Jacobs, then chairperson of a civic group in Greenwich Village, at a pressconference in 1961.

Jane Butzner was born in Scranton,Pennsylvania, the daughter of a doctor and aformer teacher and nurse, who wereProtestant in a Catholic town — adherentsof a minority religion. After graduating fromScranton's Central High School, she took anunpaid position as the assistant to thewomen’s page editor at the ScrantonTribune. A year later, in the middle of theGreat Depression, she left Scranton for NewYork City.

During her first several years in the city,Jacobs held a variety of jobs, workingmainly as a stenographer and freelancewriter, often writing about working districtsin the city. These experiences, she later said,"… gave me more of a notion of what wasgoing on in the city and what business was like, what work was like." Her first job was for a trade magazine, first asa secretary, then as an editor. She also sold articles to the Sunday Herald Tribune. She then became a feature writerfor the Office of War Information. While working there she met an architect named Robert Hyde Jacobs whom shemarried in 1944. Together they had two sons and a daughter.

She studied at Columbia University's extension school (now the School of General Studies) for two years, takingcourses in geology, zoology, law, political science, and economics. About the freedom to study her wide-ranginginterests, she said:

“For the first time I liked school and for the first time I made good marks. This was almost my undoing because after I had garnered,statistically, a certain number of credits I became the property of Barnard College at Columbia, and once I was the property of Barnard I hadto take, it seemed, what Barnard wanted me to take, not what I wanted to learn. Fortunately my high-school marks had been so bad thatBarnard decided I could not belong to it and I was therefore allowed to continue getting an education.[1] ”

On March 25, 1952, Jacobs responded to Conrad E. Snow, chairman of the Loyalty Security Board at the UnitedStates Department of State. In her foreword to her answer she said:

“The other threat to the security of our tradition, I believe, lies at home. It is the current fear of radical ideas and of people who propound them.I do not agree with the extremists of either the left or the right, but I think they should be allowed to speak and to publish, both because theythemselves have, and ought to have, rights, and once their rights are gone, the rights of the rest of us are hardly safe …[2] ”

Opposing expressways and supporting neighborhoods were common themes in her life. In 1962, she was thechairperson of the "Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway", when the downtown expresswayplan was killed. She was again involved in stopping the Lower Manhattan Expressway and was arrested during ademonstration on April 10, 1968. Jacobs opposed Robert Moses, who had already forced through the Cross-BronxExpressway and other roadways against neighborhood opposition. A late 1990s Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)documentary series on New York’s history devoted a full hour of its fourteen-hours to the battle between Moses andJacobs,[3] although Robert Caro's highly critical biography of Moses, The Power Broker, gives only passing mentionto this event, despite Jacobs's strong influence on Caro.[4] [5]

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Canadian lifeIn 1968, Jacobs moved to Toronto, where she lived until her death. She decided to leave the United States in partbecause of her objection to the Vietnam War and worry about the fate of her two draft-age sons. She and her husbandchose Toronto because it was pleasant and offered him work opportunities.She quickly became a leading figure in her new city and helped stop the proposed Spadina Expressway. A frequenttheme of her work was to ask whether we are building cities for people or for cars. She was arrested twice duringdemonstrations.[2] She also had considerable influence on the regeneration of the St. Lawrence neighborhood, ahousing project regarded as a major success. She became a Canadian citizen in 1974, and she later told writer JamesHoward Kunstler that dual citizenship was not possible at the time, implying that her US citizenship was lost.In 1980, she offered an urbanistic perspective on Québec's sovereignty in her book The Question of Separatism:Quebec and the Struggle over Separation.

Jacobs was an advocate of a Province of Toronto to separate the city proper from Ontario. Jacobs said, "Cities, tothrive in the 21st century, must separate themselves politically from their surrounding areas."She was selected to be an officer of the Order of Canada in 1996 for her seminal writings and thought-provokingcommentaries on urban development. The Community and Urban Sociology section of the American SociologicalAssociation awarded her its Outstanding Lifetime Contribution award in 2002.In 1997, the City of Toronto sponsored a conference titled "Jane Jacobs: Ideas That Matter", which led to a book bythe same name. At the end of the conference, the Jane Jacobs Prize was created. It includes an annual stipend of$5,000 for three years to be given to "celebrate Toronto's original, unsung heroes — by seeking out citizens who areengaged in activities that contribute to the city’s vitality".[6]

Jacobs never shied away from expressing her political support for specific candidates. She opposed the 1997amalgamation of the cities of Metro Toronto, fearing that individual neighborhoods would have less power with thenew structure. She backed an ecologist, Tooker Gomberg, who lost Toronto's 2000 mayoralty race, and was anadviser to David Miller's successful mayoral campaign in 2003, at a time when he was seen as a longshot. During themayoral campaign, Jacobs helped lobby against the construction of a bridge to join the city's waterfront to TorontoCity Center Airport (TCCA).[7] Following the election, Toronto City Council’s earlier decision to approve the bridgewas reversed and bridge construction project was stopped. TCCA did upgrade the ferry service and the airport is stillin operation as of 2011.Jacobs was also active in a fight against a plan of Royal St. Georges College (an established school very close toJacobs' long-time residence in Toronto’s Annex district) to reconfigure its facilities. Jacobs suggested not only thatthe redesign be stopped but also the school be forced from the neighborhood entirely.[8] Although Toronto councilinitially rejected the school’s plans, the decision was later reversed — and the project was given the go-ahead by theOntario Municipal Board (OMB) when opponents failed to produce credible witnesses and tried to withdraw fromthe case during the hearing.[9]

She died in Toronto Western Hospital at the age of 89, on April 25, 2006, apparently of a stroke.[10] She wassurvived by a brother, James Butzner; two sons, James and Ned, and a daughter, Burgin Jacobs; by twograndchildren and two great-grandchildren. Upon her death her family's statement noted:

“What's important is not that she died but that she lived, and that her life's work has greatly influenced the way we think. Please remember herby reading her books and implementing her ideas.[11] ”

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Legacy

“Reason: What do you think you'll be remembered for most? You were the one who stood up to the federal bulldozers and the urban renewalpeople and said they were destroying the lifeblood of these cities. Is that what it will be?

Jacobs: No. If I were to be remembered as a really important thinker of the century, the most important thing I've contributed is my discussionof what makes economic expansion happen. This is something that has puzzled people always. I think I've figured out what it is.

Expansion and development are two different things. Development is differentiation of what already existed. Practically every new thing thathappens is a differentiation of a previous thing, from a new shoe sole to changes in legal codes. Expansion is an actual growth in size orvolume of activity. That is a different thing. ”I've gone at it two different ways. Way back when I wrote The Economy of Cities, I wrote about import replacing and how that expands, notjust the economy of the place where it occurs, but economic life altogether. As a city replaces imports, it shifts its imports. It doesn't importless. And yet it has everything it had before.

Reason: It's not a zero-sum game. It's a bigger, growing pie.

Jacobs: That's the actual mechanism of it. The theory of it is what I explain in The Nature of Economies. I equate it to what happens withbiomass, the sum total of all flora and fauna in an area. The energy, the material that's involved in this, doesn't just escape the community asan export. It continues being used in a community, just as in a rainforest the waste from certain organisms and various plants and animals getsused by other ones in the place.

— Jane Jacobs, "City Views: Urban studies legend Jane Jacobs on gentrification, the New Urbanism, and her legacy", Reason, June 2001,Interviewer: Bill Steigerwald

It is evident through her interview with Bill Steigerwald in June 2001, that despite the virtuosity, public andintellectual awareness and influence of Jane Jacobs' first book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, sheherself believes that her later works are historically more important and earthshaking.In spite of this, her work in regards to planning should not be disregarded. In the world of planning, Jane Jacobs'observations about the ways in which cities function, revolutionized the urban planning profession and discreditedmany accepted planning models that dominated mid-century planning.[12]

Through her life, she fought to alter the way in which city development was approached. By arguing that cities wereliving beings and ecosystems, she advocated ideas such as "mixed use" development and bottom-up planning.Furthermore, her harsh criticisms of "slum clearing" and "high-rise housing" projects were instrumental indiscrediting these once universally supported planning practices.[13] [14]

Jane Jacobs will be remembered as being an advocate for the mindful development of cities [15] and has left "alegacy of empowerment for citizens to trust their common sense and become advocates for their place".[16]

Despite the fact that Jane Jacobs mainly focused on New York, her arguments have been identified as universal.[17]

For instance, her opposition against the demolition of urban neighbourhoods for projects of urban renewal had"special resonance" in Melbourne, Australia.[18] In Melbourne in the 1960s, resident associations fought againstlarge-scale high-rise housing projects of the Housing Commission of Victoria, which they argued had little regard forthe impact on local communities.[18]

Throughout her life, Jane Jacobs fought an uphill battle against dominant trends of planning. Despite the UnitedStates remaining very much a suburban nation,[19] the work of Jacobs has contributed to city living beingrehabilitated and revitalized. Because of her ideas, today, many distressed urban neighbourhoods are more likely tobe gentrified than cleared for redevelopment.[12]

“It may be that we have become so feckless as a people that we no longer care how things do work, but only what kind of quick, easy outerimpression they give. If so, there is little hope for our cities or probably for much else in our society. But I do not think this is so. ”

— Jane Jacobs, The Death And Life of Great American Cities, 1961

Jane Jacobs 5

“In her book 'Death and Life of Great American Cities,' written in 1961, Ms. Jacobs's enormous achievement was to transcend her ownwithering critique of 20th-century urban planning and propose radically new principles for rebuilding cities. At a time when both common andinspired wisdom called for bulldozing slums and opening up city space, Ms. Jacobs's prescription was ever more diversity, density anddynamism — in effect, to crowd people and activities together in a jumping, joyous urban jumble. ”

— Douglas Martin, The New York Times, April 25, 2006

As a tribute to Jacobs, the Rockefeller Foundation announced on February 9, 2007 the creation of the Jane JacobsMedal, "to recognize individuals who have made a significant contribution to thinking about urban design,specifically in New York City".[20] From the mid 1950s to the mid 1960s, the foundation's Humanities Divisionsponsored an "Urban Design Studies" research program, of which Jacobs was the best known grantee.[21] InSeptember 2007, the Rockefeller Foundation awarded Barry Benepe, co-founder of NYC's Green Market programand a founding member of Transportation Alternatives, with the inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for LifetimeLeadership and a $100,000 cash prize. The inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for new Ideas and Activism was awarded toOmar Freilla, the founder of Green Worker Cooperatives in the South Bronx; Mr. Freilla donated his $100,000 to hisorganization.In May 2008, the Rockefeller Foundation announced that Peggy Shepard, executive director of West HarlemEnvironmental Action, would receive the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and AlexieTorres-Fleming, founder of Youth Ministries for Peace and Justice, would receive the award for New Ideas andActivism. Both women received their medals and $100,000 awards at a dinner ceremony in September 2008 in NewYork City.In 2009, Damaris Reyes, Executive Director of Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES), received the 2009 Jane JacobsMedal for New Ideas and Activism. Richard Kahan, as Founder and CEO of the Urban Assembly, which created andmanages 22 secondary public schools located in many of the lowest income neighborhoods in New York City,received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership. Both of them received $100,000, in addition to themedal.[22]

The 2010 recipients were Joshua David and Robert Hammond, whose work in establishing the High Line park atopan unused elevated railroad line, led the Rockefeller Foundation to award the 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideasand Activism, along with $60,000 for each of them. The 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership was givento Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, for her longtime work as writer, Park Administrator and co-founder of Central ParkConservancy. She also received $80,000.[23]

The City of Toronto proclaimed Friday May 4, 2007 as Jane Jacobs Day in Toronto. Two dozen free walks aroundand about Toronto neighborhoods, dubbed Jane's Walk, were held on Saturday May 5, 2007. A Jane's Walk eventwas held in New York in on September 29 and 30, 2007 and, for 2008, the event has spread to eight cities and townsacross Canada.She was also famous for her saying, "Eyes on the Street", a reference to what would later be known as naturalsurveillance.The Municipal Art Society of New York has partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation to host an exhibit focusingon "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York" which opened at the MAS on September 26, 2007. The exhibit aims toeducate the public on her writings and activism and uses tools to encourage new generations to become active inissues involving their own neighborhoods. An accompanying exhibit publication includes essays and articles by sucharchitecture critics, artists, activists and journalists as Malcolm Gladwell, Reverend Billy, Robert Neuwirth, TomWolfe, Thomas de Monchaux, and William McDonough.[24] Many of these contributors are participating in a seriesof panel discussions on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York" taking place at venues across the city in Fall,2007.[25]

Jane Jacobs 6

CriticismJacobs was not professionally trained in the field of city planning, nor did she hold the title of planner, so her ideas inregards to planning were very much developed through personal experience and observation.[12]

The planners and developers that she fought in order to preserve the West Greenwich Village were among those whoinitially critiqued her ideas. During this period, Robert Moses has generally been identified as her archrival.However since then, Jacobs’ theories and ideas have been analyzed many times,[26] [27] [28] often in regards to theoutcomes that their influences have produced.In examples such as the West Greenwich Village, the factors that she argued would maintain economic and culturaldiversity have instead led to gentrification and some of the most expensive real estate in the world. Arguably, herown white, white-collar family’s conversion of an old candy shop into a home was indicative of the gentrifying trendthat would continue by employing Jacob’s ideas.[27]

However, gentrification was also caused by "the completely unexpected influx of affluent residents back into theinner city".[27] The extent to which her ideas facilitated this phenomenon was at the time unimaginable. For example,she advocated the preservation of older buildings specifically because their lack of economic value made themaffordable for poor people. In this respect, she saw them as "guarantors of social diversity" (Klemek, 2011:76). Thatmany of these older structures have increased in economic value solely due to their age was implausible in 1961.Issues of gentrification have dominated critiques of Jane Jacobs’ planning ideas.[29] But her concepts have also beencritiqued more broadly. For example, although her ideas of planning were praised at times as "universal",[17] theywere criticized as inapplicable when a city grows from one million to ten million (as has happened many times in theThird World). Such arguments suggest that the ideas apply only to cities with similar issues to that of New York,where Jacobs developed many of her ideas.In respect to Third-World cities, her ideas have been criticized for not addressing problems of scale, or explaininghow infrastructure should be built.[30] Perhaps her support of bottom-up and small-scale development initiativeswould indicate that all urban areas are different and require individualized initiatives, as opposed to major projects ofurban renewal.

WorksJane Jacobs spent her life studying cities. Her books include:

The Death and Life of Great American Cities

The Death and Life of Great American Cities is her single-most influential book and possibly the most influentialAmerican book on urban planning and cities. Widely read by both planning professionals and the general public, thebook is a strong critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s, which, she claimed, destroyed communities andcreated isolated, unnatural urban spaces. Jacobs advocated the abolition of zoning laws and restoration of freemarkets in land, which would result in dense, mixed-use neighborhoods and frequently cited New York City'sGreenwich Village as an example of a vibrant urban community.Robert Caro has cited it as the strongest influence on The Power Broker, his Pulitzer-winning biography of RobertMoses, though Caro does not mention Jacobs by name even once in the book despite Jacobs' battles with Moses overhis proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway.Beyond the practical lessons in city design and planning that Death and Life offers, the theoretical underpinnings ofthe work challenge the modern development mindset. Jane Jacobs defends her positions with common sense andundeniable anecdote.

Jane Jacobs 7

The Economy of Cities

The thesis of this book is that cities are the primary drivers of economic development.Jacobs' main argument is that explosive economic growth derives from urban import replacement. Importreplacement is when a city begins to locally produce goods which it formerly imported, e.g., Tokyo bicycle factoriesreplacing Tokyo bicycle importers in the 1800s. Jacobs claims that import replacement builds up local infrastructure,skills, and production. Jacobs also claims that the increased produce is exported to other cities, giving those othercities a new opportunity to engage in import replacement, thus producing a positive cycle of growth.In the second part of the book, Jacobs argues that cities preceded agriculture. She argues that in cities trade in wildanimals and grains allowed for the initial division of labor necessary for the discovery of husbandry and agriculture;these discoveries then moved out of the city due to land competition.

Cities and the Wealth of Nations

Cities and the Wealth of Nations attempts to do for economics what The Death and Life of Great American Cities didfor modern urban planning, though it has not received the same critical attention. Beginning with a concise treatmentof classical economics, this book challenges one of the fundamental assumptions of the greatest economists.Classical (and Neo-classical) economists consider the nation-state to be the main player in macroeconomics. Jacobsmakes a forceful argument that it is not the nation-state, rather it is the city which is the true player in this worldwidegame. She restates the idea of import replacement from her earlier book The Economy of Cities, while speculating onthe further ramifications of considering the city first and the nation second, or not at all.

The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty

The Question of Separatism [31] incorporated and expanded Jacobs’ presentation of the 1979 Massey Lectures,entitled Canadian Cities and Sovereignty-Association. Published in 1980 and reprinted [32] in 2011 with a previouslyunpublished 2005 interview on the subject, Jacobs' book advances the view that Quebec's eventual independence isbest for Montreal, Toronto, the rest of Canada, and the world; and that such independence can be achievedpeacefully. As precedent, she cites Norway’s secession from Sweden and how it enriched both nations. The originsof the contemporary secessionist-movement in the Quiet Revolution are examined, along with Canada’s historicalreliance on natural resources and foreign-owned manufacturing for its own economic development. Jacobs assertsthat such an approach is colonial and hence backward, citing by example Canada buying its skis and furniture fromNorway or Norwegian-owned factories in Canada, the latter procedure being a product of Canadian tariffs designedspecifically to foster such factories. The relevant public views of Rene Levesque, Claude Ryan, and then PrimeMinister Pierre Trudeau are also critically analyzed, an example being their failure to recognize that two respective,independent currencies are essential to the success of an independent Quebec and a smaller resultant Canada, anissue that is central to her book. Jacobs stresses the need for Montreal to continue developing its leadership ofQuébécois culture, but that such a need can ultimately never be fulfilled by Montreal's increasing tendencies towardregional-city status, tendencies foretelling economic, political, and cultural subservience to English-speakingToronto. Such an outcome, Jacobs believed, would in the long run doom Quebec's independence as much as it wouldhinder Canada's own future. She concludes with her observation that the popular equating of political secession withpolitical and economic failure is the result of the Enlightenment, which perceived nature as a force for"standardization, uniformity, universality, and immutability." Since then, naturalists and their readers have graduallyrealized that nature is a force for diversity, and that, "diversity itself is of the essence of excellence." The right kindof secession, Jacobs states, can lead to the right kind of diversity, and Quebec and Canada are capable of both, andmust achieve both, to survive.

Jane Jacobs 8

Systems of Survival

Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics moves outside of the city,studying the moral underpinnings of work. As with her other work, she used an observational approach. This book iswritten as a Platonic dialogue. It appears that she (as described by characters in her book) took newspaper clippingsof moral judgements related to work, collected and sorted them to find that they fit two patterns of moral behaviourthat were mutually exclusive. She calls these two patterns "Moral Syndrome A", or commercial moral syndrome, and"Moral Syndrome B", or guardian moral syndrome. She claims that the commercial moral syndrome is applicable tobusiness owners, scientists, farmers, and traders. Similarly, she claims that the guardian moral syndrome isapplicable to government, charities, hunter-gatherers, and religious institutions. She also claims that these MoralSyndromes are fixed, and do not fluctuate over time.It is important to stress that Jane Jacobs is providing a theory about the morality of work, and not all moral ideas.Moral ideas that are not included in her syndrome are applicable to both syndromes.Jane Jacobs goes on to describe what happens when these two moral syndromes are mixed, showing the workunderpinnings of the Mafia and communism, and what happens when New York Subway Police are paid bonuseshere — reinterpreted slightly as a part of the larger analysis.

The Nature of Economies

The Nature of Economies, a dialog between friends concerning the premise: "human beings exist wholly withinnature as part of the natural order in every respect" (p ix), argues that the same principles underlie both ecosystemsand economies: "development and co-development through differentiations and their combinations; expansionthrough diverse, multiple uses of energy; and self-maintenance through self-refueling" (p82).Jacobs' characters discuss the four methods by which "dynamically stable systems" may evade collapse:"bifurcations; positive-feedback loops; negative-feedback controls; and emergency adaptations" (p86). Theirconversations also cover the "double nature of fitness for survival" (traits to avoid destroying one's own habitat aswell as success in competition to feed and breed, p119), and unpredictability including the butterfly effectcharacterized in terms of multiplicity of variables as well as disproportional response to cause, and self-organizationwhere "a system can be making itself up as it goes along" (p137).Through the dialogue, Jacobs' characters explore and examine the similarities between the functioning of ecosystemsand economies. Topics include environmental and economic development, growth and expansion, and howeconomies and environments keep themselves alive through "self-refueling." Jacobs also comments on the nature ofeconomic and biological diversity and its role in the development and growth of the two kinds of systems.The book is infused with many real-world economic and biological examples, which help keep the book "down toearth" and comprehensible, if dense. Concepts are furnished with both economic and biological examples, showingtheir coherence in both worlds.One particularly interesting insight is the creation of "something from nothing" — an economy from nowhere. In thebiological world, free energy is given through sunlight, but in the economic world human creativity and naturalresources supply this free energy, or at least starter energy. Another interesting insight is the creation of economicdiversity through the combination of different technologies, for example the typewriter and television as inputs andoutputs of a computer system: this can lead to the creation of "new species of work".

Jane Jacobs 9

Dark Age Ahead

Published in 2004 by Random House, in Dark Age Ahead Jacobs argued that "North American" civilization showedsigns of spiral of decline comparable to the collapse of the Roman empire. Her thesis focused on "five pillars of ourculture that we depend on to stand firm," which can be summarized as the nuclear family (but also community),education, science, representational government and taxes, and corporate and professional accountability. As the titlesuggests, her outlook was far more pessimistic than in her previous books. However, in the conclusion she wrotethat, "At a given time it is hard to tell whether forces of cultural life or death are in the ascendancy. Is suburbansprawl, with its murders of communities and wastes of land, time, and energy, a sign of decay? Or is rising interest inmeans of overcoming sprawl a sign of vigor and adaptability in North American culture? Arguably, either could turnout to be true."

Bibliography• The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-60047-7• The Economy of Cities (1969) ISBN 0-394-70584-X• The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty (1980 Random House and 2011 Baraka

Books) ISBN 978-1-926824-06-2• Cities and the Wealth of Nations (1984) ISBN 0-394-72911-0• Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics (1992) ISBN

0-679-74816-4• The Nature of Economies (2000) New York: Random House, The Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-60340-9• Dark Age Ahead (2004) ISBN 1-4000-6232-2

References[1] Allen, Max (ed), ed (1997-10-01). Ideas that Matter: The Worlds of Jane Jacobs. Ginger Press. ISBN 0-921773-44-7.[2] Allen, p. 170[3] American Experience: New York Disc 7; People & Events: The Planning Debate in New York, 1955-1975 (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/

amex/ newyork/ peopleevents/ e_ideal. html), PBS film description.[4] Caro, Robert. Remarks at the presentation of the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal (http:/ / www. rockfound. org/ efforts/ jacobs/

090808caro_transcript. pdf)[5] Fernandez, Manny. City Room: Caro Speaks to the Spirit of Jane Jacobs (http:/ / cityroom. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 09/ 09/

caro-speaks-to-the-spirit-of-jane-jacobs/ ?scp=1& sq=Rockefeller Foundation Morgan Library& st=cse) New York Times (September 9, 2008)[6] "The Jane Jacobs Prize" (http:/ / ideasthatmatter. com/ people/ jj-prize. html). Ideas that Matter. . Retrieved 2006-05-06.[7] http:/ / www. eyeweekly. com/ eye/ issue/ issue_10. 03. 02/ news/ airport. php[8] "Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association | Home" (http:/ / www. onpha. on. ca/ english/ doc/ places. pdf). Onpha.on.ca. 2005-04-19. .

Retrieved 2011-04-28.[9] http:/ / www. omb. gov. on. ca/ e-decisions/ pl050662_%233420. pdf[10] Martin, Sandra (2006-04-26). "Urban expert Jane Jacobs dies at 89yrs" (http:/ / www. mail-archive. com/ nettime-l@bbs. thing. net/

msg03446. html). The Globe and Mail (Toronto). . Retrieved 2009-10-23.[11] "Jane Jacobs" (http:/ / www. theglobeandmail. com/ servlet/ story/ RTGAM. 20060425. wjanejacobs0425/ BNStory/ National/ home). Globe

and Mail (subscription required). 2006-05-25. .[12] Klemek, C. (2011) ‘Dead or Alive at Fifty? Reading Jane Jacobs on her Golden Anniversary’ Dissent, Vol. 58, No. 2, 75-79.[13] Howe, R (2005) ‘The Spirit of Melbourne: 1960s Urban Activism in Inner-City Melbourne’ in Seamus O’Hanlon and Tanja Luckins (Eds)

Go! Melbourne in the Sixties, Circa: Beaconsfield, 218-230[14] Martin, D (2006) ‘Jane Jacobs, Urban Activist, Is Dead at 89’, The New York Times, Online, Acessed 14 May 2011, Created 25 April 2006,

URL: <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/books/25cnd-jacobs.html?pagewanted=print>[15] (Lang & Wunsch, 2009)[16] Goldsmith, A. and Elizabeth, L. (2010) What We See: Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs, New Village Press: Oakland, California[17] Lang, G. and Wunsch, M. (2009) Genius of Common Sense: Jane Jacobs and the Story of the Death and Life of Great American Cities,

David R. Godine: New York[18] Howe, R (2005) ‘The Spirit of Melbourne: 1960s Urban Activism in Inner-City Melbourne’ in Seamus O’Hanlon and Tanja Luckins (Eds)

Go! Melbourne in the Sixties, Circa: Beaconsfield, 218-230.[19] Klemek, 2011

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[20] The Jane Jacobs Medal Created by Rockefeller (http:/ / www. nysun. com/ article/ 48375/ ), The New York Sun, Feb. 9, 2007[21] Laurence, Peter L. “The Death and Life of Urban Design: Jane Jacobs, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the New Research in Urbanism,

1955-65,” Journal of Urban Design 11 (June 2006), pp. 145-72. (http:/ / www. ingentaconnect. com/ content/ routledg/ cjud/ 2006/ 00000011/00000002/ art00001?crawler=true)

[22] June 24, 2009 / Press Releases (2009-06-24). "Rockefeller Foundation Honors Two New Yorker’s Urban Activism with 2009 Jane JacobsMedal :: News" (http:/ / www. rockefellerfoundation. org/ news/ press-releases/ rockefeller-foundation-honors-two-new). The RockefellerFoundation. . Retrieved 2011-04-28.

[23] July 20, 2010 / Press Releases (2010-07-20). "Rockefeller Foundation Honors Three New Yorkers' Urban Activism with 2010 Jane JacobsMedal :: News" (http:/ / www. rockefellerfoundation. org/ news/ press-releases/ rockefeller-foundation-honors-three-new). The RockefellerFoundation. . Retrieved 2011-04-28.

[24] BLOCK BY BLOCK (http:/ / www. urbancenterbooks. org/ jane_jacobs. html)[25] "Rockefeller Foundation news advisory" (http:/ / www. mas. org/ images/ media/ original/ JJMedalists. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2011-04-28.[26] Cowen, T. (2006) ‘Why I cannot fall fully for Jane Jacobs’ Marginal Revolution, online, Accessed 14 May 2011, Created May 25, 2006,

URL: <http:/ / marginalrevolution. com/ marginalrevolution/ 2006/ 05/ why_i_cannot_fa. html[27] Klemek, C. (2011) ‘Dead or Alive at Fifty? Reading Jane Jacobs on her Golden Anniversary’ Dissent, Vol. 58, No. 2, 75-79[28] Ouroussoff, N (2006) ‘Outgrowing Jane Jacobs and Her New York’ The New York Times, online, Accessed 14 May 2011, Published April

30, 2006, URL: <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/30/weekinreview/30jacobs.html>[29] Ouroussoff, N (2006) ‘Outgrowing Jane Jacobs and Her New York’ The New York Times, online, Accessed 14 May 2011, Published April

30, 2006, URL: <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/30/weekinreview/30jacobs.html>[30] Cowen, T. (2006) ‘Why I cannot fall fully for Jane Jacobs’ Marginal Revolution, online, Accessed 14 May 2011, Created May 25, 2006,

URL: <http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2006/05/why_i_cannot_fa.html>[31] http:/ / english. republiquelibre. org/

Excerpt_of_The_Question_of_Separatism:_Quebec_and_the_Struggle_over_Sovereignty_by_Jane_Jacobs[32] http:/ / www. barakabooks. com/ catalogue/ the-question-of-separatism

Further readingBooks• Alexiou, Alice Sparberg. Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary (2006) New Brunswick: Rutgers. Toronto:

HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-8135-3792-4• Flint, Anthony. "Wrestling with Moses" (2009) Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6674-2• Goldsmith, Stephen A. and Elizabeth, Lynne What We See: Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs (2010)

Oakland, California: New Village Press. ISBN 0-9815593-1-XArticles• Mark Rosenfelder (2000 ?) “It's the cities, stupid: Jane Jacobs on cities”. http:/ / www. zompist. com/ jacobs. html• Peter L. Laurence (2006) “Contradictions and complexities: Jane Jacobs’ and Robert Venturi’s complexity

theories”, Journal of Architectural Education, 59 (3), pp. 49–60. http:/ / www. blackwell-synergy. com/ toc/ joae/59/ 3

• Simon Jenkins (2006) Adapt, don't destroy: Leeds is the template to revive our scarred cities. The most unsunghero of 20th-century ideas died last week. In a single, devastating book Jane Jacobs crammed insights in humanbehaviour as deep as any by Freud, Keynes or Hayek. http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ Columnists/ Column/0,,1767895,00. html

• Peter L. Laurence (2006) “The Death and Life of Urban Design: Jane Jacobs, The Rockefeller Foundation, and theNew Research in Urbanism”, Journal of Urban Design, 11 (Jun. 2006), pp. 145–71. http:/ / www. tandf. co. uk/journals/ titles/ 13574809. asp

• Pierre Desrochers and Gert-Jan Hospers (Spring 2007) “Cities and the Economic Development of Nations: AnEssay on Jane Jacobs’ Contribution to Economic Theory,” Canadian Journal of Regional Science, vol. 30, no. 1 ,pp. 115–130. http:/ / eratos. erin. utoronto. ca/ desrochers/ CJRS_Jacobs. pdf

• Pierre Desrochers, “The Death and Life of a Reluctant Urban Icon,” A Review Essay on Jane Jacobs: UrbanVisionary by Alice Sparberg Alexiou (Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers, 2006). Journal of Libertarian Studies,vol. 21, no. 3 (Fall 2007), pp. 115–36. http:/ / www. mises. org/ journals/ jls/ 21_3/ 21_3_6. pdf

Jane Jacobs 11

• Ellerman, David 2005. “How Do We Grow?: Jane Jacobs on Diversification and Specialization.” Challenge. 48 (5May – June): 50-83. http:/ / www. ellerman. org/ Davids-Stuff/ Dev-Theory/ Challenge-final-scan. pdf

• Peter L. Laurence (2007) “Jane Jacobs (1916-2006): Before Death and Life”, Journal of the Society ofArchitectural Historians, 66 (Mar. 2007), pp. 5–15. http:/ / www. sah. org/ clientuploads/ TextFiles/JSAH66-1tocabstracts. pdf

External links• Jane Jacobs’ Order of Canada Citation (http:/ / www. gg. ca/ honours/ search-recherche/ honours-desc.

asp?lang=e& TypeID=orc& id=3586)• Jane Jacobs' Papers 1937-1996, Boston College (http:/ / www. bc. edu/ bc_org/ avp/ ulib/ Burns/ amerauthms.

html#jacobs)• Jane Jacobs: Libertarian Outsider (http:/ / mises. org/ daily/ 5243/ Jane-Jacobs-Libertarian-Outsider)• Jane Jacobs's Legacy, City Journal online, 7-31-09 (http:/ / www. city-journal. org/ 2009/ bc0731hh. html)• The Rich Life of Jane Jacobs (http:/ / www. counterpunch. org/ philpot04262006. html)Interviews• Whole Earth Winter 1998 (http:/ / www. wholeearthmag. com/ ArticleBin/ 196. html)• Canoe March 27, 2000 (http:/ / www. canoe. ca/ AllAboutCanoesNewsMar00/ 27_urb. html)• ARTVOICE v11n30, July 27, 2000 (http:/ / www. gse. buffalo. edu/ fas/ bromley/ ccs/ part5. htm)• Metropolis Magazine September 6 2000 (http:/ / www. kunstler. com/ mags_jacobs1. htm)• Reason June 2001 (http:/ / reason. com/ 0106/ fe. bs. city. shtml)• The World Bank Group February 4, 2002 (http:/ / www. worldbank. org/ urban/ forum2002/ )• The New Colonist Dec 1, 2002 (http:/ / www. newcolonist. com/ jane_jacobs. html)Audio and video• Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation Oral History of Jane Jacobs, interview from 1997 (http:/ /

www. gvshp. org/ _gvshp/ resources/ oral_his. htm)• CBC Television Broadcast from March 2, 1969 (http:/ / archives. cbc. ca/ IDC-1-69-1243-6895-11/ life_society/

jane_jacobs/ )• City of Vancouver British Columbia (http:/ / www. vancouver. ca/ Greaterdot_wa/ index. cfm?fuseaction=GVTV.

storyDet& storyid=282)• CBC Archives (http:/ / archives. cbc. ca/ arts_entertainment/ literature/ clip/ 14712/ ) CBC Television HotType

interview from 2000.Websites• Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York (http:/ / www. futureofny. org/ )• Jane Jacobs placemaker profile (http:/ / www. pps. org/ info/ placemakingtools/ placemakers/ jjacobs) by Project

for Public Spaces• The Economy of Regions Third Annual E.F. Shumacher Lectures October 1983 (http:/ / www. smallisbeautiful.

org/ publications/ jacobs_83. html)• Ideas That Matter (http:/ / www. ideasthatmatter. com/ )• Jane Jacobs Medal (http:/ / www. rockfound. org/ efforts/ jacobs/ janejacobs. shtml)• Jane’s Walk (http:/ / www. janeswalk. net)• What We See: Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs (http:/ / whatwesee. org)Obituaries and remembrances• Dollars & Sense May 3, 2006 (http:/ / www. dollarsandsense. org/ blog/ 2006/ 05/

jane-jacobs-and-john-kenneth-galbraith. html)

Jane Jacobs 12

• City of Toronto, Ontario Proclaims May 4, 2007 as Jane Jacobs Day (http:/ / www. Torontopedia. ca/Jane_Jacobs_Day)

• Jane Jacobs Online memorial weblog (http:/ / www. JaneJacobs. TYO. ca)• Jane Jacobs: Libertarian Outsider by Jeff Riggenbach (http:/ / mises. org/ daily/ 5243/

Jane-Jacobs-Libertarian-Outsider)• List of memorial neighborhood “Jane’s Walk” across Toronto on May 5, 2007 (http:/ / www. Torontopedia. ca/

Jane's_Walk)• "Jane Jacobs, Urban Activist, Is Dead at 89" New York Times April 25, 2006 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/

04/ 25/ books/ 25cnd-jacobs. html?pagewanted=all)

Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsJane Jacobs  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=443285335  Contributors: AaronSw, Abebenjoe, After Midnight, Alaney2k, Alicesa10, Alison, Alsandro, Andre Engels, Atrian,Aude, Auntof6, Babajobu, Bbsrock, Bearcat, Beland, Bellagio99, Bender235, Betamod, Beyond My Ken, Blahm, Bnynms, Bolivian Unicyclist, Bondolo, Borneo point, BruceSwanson, Buffyg,Carolmooredc, Citymoose, Cjs2111, Classical geographer, Common Man, ConsumerBase, Copystar, Corey131, Cornellrockey, Courcelles, Cphoenix, Craftthefuture, Csidg4, D6, DMG413,Daniel Case, Dantadd, Darkcore, Deborah909, Deeptrees, Dennette, Designquest10, Dsaraph, Elekhh, Emmypantin, Ephraim33, Erianna, Ericbritton, EurekaLott, FedericoMenaQuintero,Fedordostoy, Fellnearshiva, Firsfron, Fordescort79, Fui in terra aliena, Fuzheado, Gene Ward Smith, Gobonobo, GoldDragon, Greenopedia, Griffinofwales, Grmagne, Ground Zero, Grstain,Guaka, Habj, HiMY, Hirpex, Ibagli, Ihcoyc, Intractable, JHMM13, JRR Trollkien, Jack O'Lantern, Jamesmorrison, Jbacu1985, JimR, Jleon, Johnny Au, Jstreutker, Karl, KatherineSnider,Kbdank71, Kevinkor2, Kgmunro, Kinou, Kleeingram, Konczewski, Krusty627, Ktracz, LarryJeff, Lawrence Solomon, Ligulem, LilHelpa, Littlemo, Lockley, Lugnuts, LuisVilla, Mareino, MattYeager, Maury Markowitz, Max rspct, Mayumashu, Mesmith9, Michael Drew, Michael Shields, Mikelahr, Mindmatrix, Minesweeper, Modernist, Montrealais, Moorlock, Mwinog2777, Nankai,Nephron, NewEnglandYankee, Nickgrossman, Nogood, NormHardy, Normaldesign, NorthernThunder, Padraic, Paleorthid, Pdxstreetcar, Peteforsyth, Pgan002, Pinkadelica, Pjrich, Plasticup,Plaurence, Pmcray, Polynova, Pomte, Populus, R'n'B, RandomP, Remember, Rentaferret, Retired username, Rickyrab, Rjwilmsi, Romanista, Ronhjones, Rphilpot, Ryan Lanham, SCEhardt, SDC,SIbuff, Salix alba, ScottyBerg, Seglea, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sfwrite, SidP, SimonP, Skomorokh, SlamDiego, Smitty, Snozzberry, Sovper, Spinboy, Squirepants101, Stackja1945,SteveChervitzTrutane, SteveWolfer, Stochata, Strangerswcandyonatrain, Synergy7, Tbbrown, Themepark, Thickslab, Timrem, Tommieboi, Typogfk, Tzartzam, UrbanNerd, Urbanist 99, Vdm,Vectro, Viajero, Warofdreams, Wavelength, Whyaduck, Will Beback, Wknight94, Wl219, WpZurp, YUL89YYZ, 265 ,פארוק anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Jane Jacobs 2004.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jane_Jacobs_2004.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Jane_Jacobs_and_SBB.jpg:Sam Beebe derivative work: Classical geographer (talk)Image:Jane Jacobs.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jane_Jacobs.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Phil Stanziola

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/