Jan.22 Fuels and Vehicle Technology

8/7/2019 Jan.22 Fuels and Vehicle Technology

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JAJA Workshop for IWorkshop for I--J EPA SWG2J EPA SWG2 . 22, 2010. 22, 2010

Automotive FuelsAutomotive Fuels

and Vehicle Technologyand Vehicle Technology

for Sustainable Mobilityfor Sustainable Mobility

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Air QualityGlobal Warming

Surroundings of AutomobilesSurroundings of Automobiles

Emissions

CO2

EnergyCO2 reduction

Energy

Three major issues : Energy, COThree major issues : Energy, CO22 reduction, Air qualityreduction, Air quality

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AutomakersAutomakersEfforts to the IssuesEfforts to the Issues

Fuel Efficiency Improvement Technology

Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technology

Emissions reduction Technology

Body:Vehicle weight reduction, Reduced aerodynamic resistance

Engine improvements:

Combustion, VVT, Reduction of friction lossDrive-train improvements:CVT, Increased number of gearNew System:Hybrid vehicle, EV

including improvement of fuel quality

Biofuel, FTD, CNG, Fuel Cell Vehicle

Combustion, Fuel injection spray, Thermal management,After-treatment system:Catalyst performance, DPF

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ContentsContents

1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2Reduction and

Vehicle Technology

2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality

3. International Approach for Fuel Quality

4. Bio Fuels

5.5. International Approach for HarmonizationInternational Approach for HarmonizationofofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification

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ContentsContents


Vehicle Technology



4. Bio Fuels


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Engine Technologies for Fuel EfficiencyEngine Technologies for Fuel Efficiency

Valve-train

Roller cam followerVariable valve timingVariable valve lift

Intake air systemElectronic throttleHigh volume EGR

CombustionIgnition systemDirect injection

Combustion chamber

Reduced friction lossPiston surface treatmentLow tension piston ring

Low viscosity oil

Variable Valve actuation

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CVT

DriveDrive--train Technologies for Fuel Efficiencytrain Technologies for Fuel Efficiency

Automatic TransmissionIncreased number of gearExpanded lock-up area

Neutral controlCVT (Continuously Variable Transmission)

Electric powerElectric 4-wheel driveHybrid system

Manual TransmissionAutomatic MTReduced friction loss

Engine

Motor

Inverter

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Clean Energy VehiclesClean Energy Vehicles

Hybrid Vehicle

CNG Vehicle

Electric Vehicle

LPG Vehicle

Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle

Clean Diesel VehicleFuel cell Vehicle

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ContentsContents


Vehicle Technology



4. Bio Fuels


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Aggregate Annual Air Quality TrendsAggregate Annual Air Quality Trends

in Asian Citiesin Asian Cities

Source:www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-72383.html

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

01993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

TSP

PM10

SO2

WHO guideline

WHO guideline

WHO guideline

g/m3

Year

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Changes in Japans Annual Air Pollution AveragesChanges in Japans Annual Air Pollution Averages

00

0.020.02

0.040.04

0.060.06

0.080.08

0.10.1

0.120.12

0.140.14

0.160.16

0.180.18

7070 7272 7474 7676 7878 8080 8282 8484 8686 8888 9090 9292 9494 9696 9898 0000 0202 0404 (year)(year)

Average data taken by theAll Motor Vehicle Emission

Monitoring Station

Average data taken by theAll Motor Vehicle Emission

Monitoring Station

NO2 (ppm)NO2 (ppm)

SPM (mg/m3)SPM (mg/m3)

Conce

ntration

Conce

ntration

NO2 standard

SPM standard

Air Quality Improvement in JapanAir Quality Improvement in Japan

(Source: Ministry of the Environment)(Source: Ministry of the Environment)2007 Rate for meeting environmental quality standards2007 Rate for meeting environmental quality standards

Achieved rateAchieved rate

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

Suspended

particulate matter

SPM

Suspended

particulate matter

SPM

100%100%

94.4%94.4%

89.5%89.5%

88.6%88.6%

Urban backgroundUrban background

RoadsideRoadside

Urban backgroundUrban background

RoadsideRoadside

NO2 and SPM are improving, but some areas have not reached targets

0606

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* 100% = Emission volume without regulations * IW = Equivalent inertia mass

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

COCO

NOxNOx

HCHC

100

0

100

0

100

50

0

50%60%

45% 5%

59%75%

48%8%

Mode change

(1010-15)

Mode change(1010-15)

Mode change

(10

10-15)

39%

70%

8%20%

27%

* IW 1,000kgIW > 1,000kg

50

50

2.6%

2.6%

1.6%

2005

(0.8%)

(1.3%)

(1.3%)

Transition of Emission regulation in JapanTransition of Emission regulation in Japan(Gasoline passenger cars)(Gasoline passenger cars)

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* Direct-injection diesel trucks, medium-duty (over 1.7t, up to 2.5t)

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

COCO

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

100%

Initial value 30%

Mode 6concentration reg

Mode 10-15 mass reg(Unregulated)

NOxNOx

HCHC

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

19%

80%

2005

68%

56%49%

40% 100%

Initialvalue

54% 38%


Mode 10-15 mass reg

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

100%

Initial value 30%6%


Mode 10-15 mass reg

100%(Unregulated)

(Unregulated)

PMPM100%

Initialvalue

30%

Mode 10-15 mass reg

36%6%

Black smokeconcentration reg

Transition of Emission regulation in JapanTransition of Emission regulation in Japan(Diesel Trucks)(Diesel Trucks)

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Emission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EUEmission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EU

GasolineGasoline

Euro3Emission

regulations

Euro4

S150S150 S50S50

S10 Incentive

S10S10

S50Fuel quality

Euro2Euro1

All Model All Model

Europe

S500S500

0098 0296 04 06 0894 10929088

New Short-TermEmissionregulations New Long-Term

S100, RVP (T50:75S100, RVP (T50:75--110)110) S50S50

S50 S10Fuel quality

S10S10

Japan

1973 Reg

1975-77 Reg

1978 Reg

Euro5

0098 0296 04 06 0894 10929088

(Implemented)

(Implemented)

Post New

Long-Term

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Emission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EUEmission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EU

DieselDiesel

Euro3Emission

regulations

Euro4

S350S350 S50S50

S10 Incentive

S10S10

S50

Fuel quality

Euro2Euro1

All Model All Model

S2000S2000 S500S500

Europe

New Short-Term

Emission

regulationsNew Long-Term

S500S500 S50S50

S50

Fuel quality S5000S5000

From 1974

S10S10

Japan

1974 Reg

1986 Reg 1990 Reg (NOx) 1994 Reg (PM)

97 Reg(NOx, PM)

S2000S2000

S10

0098 0296 04 06 0894 10929088

0098 0296 04 06 0894 10929088

S2000

S2000(Implemented)

(Implemented)

Post NewLong-Term

Euro5

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Air qualityAir quality

improvementimprovement

VehicleTechnology

Low Emission

ReliabilityFuel Economy

Energy SecurityEnergy Security

COCO22 ReductionReduction

Relations between Fuel ImprovementRelations between Fuel Improvement

and Vehicle Technologyand Vehicle Technology

Sustainable FutureSustainable Future

Fuel Improvement Emission Regulation

Fuel QualityFuel Quality

Bio Fuels

CombinedCombined

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Gasoline Quality for Low EmissionsGasoline Quality for Low Emissions

Fuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance;

For air fuel ratio controlDistillation properties (and RVP)Detergent (preventing deposits)

For quicker warm up of catalystLowering sulfur

For keeping higher conversion efficiencyLowering sulfurMetal Free

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Effects of Sulfur on Exhaust EmissionsEffects of Sulfur on Exhaust Emissions

Three Way Catalyst

SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle

ULEV : Ultra Low Emission VehicleLEV : Low Emission Vehicle SAE 2000-01-2019

Rela

tiveNOx

150

-50

0

100

50

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw)

SULEVLEV,ULEV

Rela

tiveTHC

150

-50

0

100

50

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw)

SULEV

LEV,ULEV

Emissions from Gasoline Vehicle

Sulfur gives a significant impact on exhaust emissions.

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Increasing T50/T90 increases HC emissions dramatically.

-20

0

20

40

60

80

70 80 90 100 110 120 130

T50 (deg.C)

RelativeHC

-20

0

20

40

60

80

120 140 160 180

T90 (deg.C)

RelativeHC

Note:Base (0) is data from test gasoline that has about 98deg.C of T50 and about 148deg.C of T90

Effects of T50 & T90 on Exhaust HCEffects of T50 & T90 on Exhaust HC

Auto/Oil Phase2Current fleet AQIRP Final ReportEPEFE Aromatics/E100 Study SAE972851Toyota SAE972851Ricardo SAE952522

VehicleTier1Step2

TLEV/LEVStep2

Test Mode75FTPSTEP375FTPSTEP2

Summary of Published DataSummary of Published Data

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Diesel Fuel Quality for Low EmissionsDiesel Fuel Quality for Low Emissions

Fuel quality to reduce emissions and protect systems

For After Treatment Systems and EGR

Lowering sulfur

For reducing engine-out emissions

Increasing CetaneLowering aromatics and T90

For CR-DI systemsMetal FreeKeep Lubricity

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0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0 30000 0 30000 0 30000, km

PM

g/kWh Drysoot+H2OSulfate

SOF

JARI Engine test cycle

Distance traveled accumulationkm

PM Emissions from Diesel Vehicle

Effect of Sulfur on DPFEffect of Sulfur on DPF

Sulfur10ppm

50ppm

100ppm

Sulfur effect on sophisticated after treatment system is significant .

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Milea

gewhenm

alfunctionw

asoccurre

d

HFRR(m)Lubricity of fuels in vehicle tank

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000

50000

100000

150000

Market Problem caused by Low LubricityMarket Problem caused by Low Lubricity

Low lubricity fuels give fetal damage to FIE(*) immediately.* FIE = Fuel Injection Equipment (Fuel Injector and Injection pump) 23


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The 4th Edition of WWFCThe 4th Edition of WWFC

The 4th edition WWFC isThe 4th edition WWFC is

available in following sites.available in following sites.

WWFCWWFC--The objectiveThe objective

www.autoalliance.orgwww.acea.be

www.jama-english.jp

www.enginemanufacturers.org

The objective of the global fuels harmonization

effort is to develop common, world-wide

recommendations for quality fuels, taking into

consideration customer requirements and

vehicle emission technologies.

WWFCWWFC(World Wide Fuel Charter)(World Wide Fuel Charter)

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Emission regulations of MotorcyclesEmission regulations of Motorcycles

2002

EU

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Japan

Thailand

China

Indonesia

Vietnam

5th 6th

EURO-2 EURO-3

2nd

EURO-2 EURO-3

EURO-2

EURO-2

EURO-2 EURO-3 or equivalent

4th

1 st

EU Regulation (g/km)

Euro 2


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Emission Control Technology of MotorcycleEmission Control Technology of Motorcycle

Carburetor

Oxidation catalystSecondary air

Fuel injection system

Electric controlThree-way catalystO2 sensor

Catalyst / quick warm-up4 stroke engine

Euro 2

Euro 3

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ContentsContents


Vehicle Technology


3. International Approach for Fuel Quality4. Bio Fuels


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International Approach for Fuel QualityInternational Approach for Fuel Quality

// United Nations Environment Program / Partnership for Clean Fuels and VehiclesThe PCFV aims to assist developing countries to reducevehicular air pollution through the promotion of clean fuelsand vehicles.

The partnership operates towards the implementation oftwo identified priority areas: the elimination of lead ingasoline and the phase down of sulfur in diesel and gasolinefuels, and the adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies.

The Partnership aims to encourage countries to adoptoverall clean fuel and vehicles strategies, including vehicleand fuel standards, inspection and maintenance.

http://www.unep.org/pcfv/28


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Diesel Fuel Sulfur Levels : Global Status

http://www.unep.org/pcfv/29


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UNECE / WP29UNECE / WP29UNECE : United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeWP29 : World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

International Approach for Fuel QualityInternational Approach for Fuel Quality

WP29 aims to introduce the international harmonization ofvehicle regulations and the mutual recognition of the vehiclecertification between the importing and exporting country orregions each other.

WP29 recognize that the market fuel quality must becompatible with vehicle technology.

IPIECA and OICA are starting to discuss the fuelparameters which should be included in possible WP29guideline.

IPIECA : International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation AssociationOICA : International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers30


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ContentsContents


Vehicle Technology




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JAMA Position about Bio FuelsJAMA Position about Bio Fuels

From the view point of energy security and CO2reduction, bio-fuels become more important.

JAMA positively corresponds to the introduction ofthe biofuels.

There are issues to be solved, Good fuel quality at the pump to prevent problems

and to protect bio fuel reputations.

Competition with food Cost, etc.

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Ethanol

FAME

Diesel

Gasoline

Bio FuelsBio Fuels

Corn

Sugarcane

Wheat

Wood Cellulose

Rapeseed

Palm

Soybean

JatrophaCoconut

Cooking Oil

Bio Ethanol

Bio Diesel

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

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Carbonnumber

Coconut PalmRape-seed

Jatropha Soy-bean

Fatty acid

8 0 Caprylic acid10 0 Capric acid12 0 Lauric acid14 0 Myristic acid16 0 Palmitic acid16 1 Palmitoleic acid18 0 Stearic acid18 1 Oleic acid18 2 Linoleic acid18 3 Linolenic acid20

Composition of Carboxyl Acids in FAMEComposition of Carboxyl Acids in FAMENumber of

Double bonds

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Aldehyde

OOO

O OO O

OO

O

OO

Acid

Source: SAE 2008-01-2502

Oxidation Pathways for FAMEOxidation Pathways for FAME

Oleic Acid Methyl Ester

polymerizeOxidize

Polymer

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Metal Corrosion

Deposit

Deposit

It is necessary to use high-quality biodiesel fuelto prevent these troubles.

Example of troublesExample of troubles

caused bycaused byLow QualityLow QualityBiodieselBiodiesel

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Source: METI Conformity Test

Dosage of Anti-Oxidant Agent, ppmOxidationStability,HrbyRancimat

200 400 600 800 120010000

5

10

15

20

0

Effect of AntiEffect of Anti--Oxidant on B100Oxidant on B100

Oxidation Stability of PME

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Recommendation of AntiRecommendation of Anti--OxidantOxidant

CEN Standards recommend the use of Anti-Oxidant

Final draft of Diesel blending FAME (prEN590)

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)- - -

It is strongly recommended to add oxidation stability enhancingadditives in the FAME product, at the production stage and

before storage, providing an action similar to that obtained with1000 mg/kg of butylated hydroxyl-toluene (BHT).

Final draft of FAME (prEN14214) Stabilizing agentsIn order to improve the long term stability of FAME, it isrecommended that stabilizing agents should be added to theproduct immediately after its production, at least before itseventual blending into a mixture with petroleum based diesel fuel.

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HydroHydro--treating of Vegetable Oiltreating of Vegetable Oil

CH3

CH3

CH3 CO-O-CH2

CO-O-CH

CO-O-CH2

Hydro-treating FAME

3 O 2

-

- 2

CO2, CH4

3 HC CH33 HC CH3

H2O H2O

CH3-CH2-CH3

3 HC CO-O-CH3

CH OHCH2OHCH2OH

CH OHCH2OH

CH2OH

Source : Nippon Oil / TOYOTA JSAE Nov.29, 2006

Double bond

(glycerin)

Hydrogenated

Vegetable Oil

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FAME has poor oxidation stability, and might causetroubles in the fuel system when fuel quality cannotbe secured.

Adequate Specifications, Good house keeping andFuel quality monitoring system for biodiesel arenecessary.

It will be more preferable to utilize BTL Biomass ToLiquid or Hydrogenated Biodiesel ascompared to the use of FAME from the technical viewpoints.

Requirement from Automobiles forRequirement from Automobiles forBiodieselBiodiesel

Biomass to LiquidBiomass to LiquidHydrogenatedHydrogenated BiodieselBiodiesel

FAMEFAME40


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ContentsContents


Vehicle Technology2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality



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ISO / TC28 / TC7 LiquidISO / TC28 / TC7 Liquid BiofuelsBiofuelsObjectivesTo harmonize the specifications and test methods of biofuels

in case of the increase of trade between markets world wide

ProgressFirst meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro on 27-28 Jan. 2009.

Discussions were Sustainability criteria for biofuels, andStandardization of terminology, classification, specification,

analysis and testing for liquid biofuels.

International Organization for Standardization

International Approach forInternational Approach for

Harmonization ofHarmonization ofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification

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Objectives To get a common agreement for BDF standardization.

To support the formulation of BDF standards in ASEAN

and East Asia.

MembersAustralia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand,

Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and JapanOutcomeProposal of BDF specification was decided by the meeting

held in Indonesia on November, 2008.

ERIA:Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia ERIA Energy ProjectERIA Energy ProjectWorking Group for the Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel in East Asia

International Approach forInternational Approach for

Harmonization ofHarmonization ofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification

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WWFCWWFC


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WWFCWWFC World Wide Fuel Charter E100 & B100 guidelines for E10 & B5 will be published

soon for harmonize the fuel quality worldwide.

B100Guidelines

E100Guidelines

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F S i bl M biliF S t i bl M bilit


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For Sustainable MobilityFor Sustainable Mobility

Government

Auto Industries Oil Industries

EnvironmentProtection

EnvironmentEnvironment

ProtectionProtectionEnergy

Conservation

Energy

Conservation

CO2ReductionCO2Reduction

Clean AirClean Air

Alternative FuelAlternative Fuel

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Thank you for your attention !Thank you for your attention !

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Jan.22 Fuels and Vehicle Technology

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