James Prescott Joule b. Dec. 24, 1818, Salford, Lancashire, England

d. Oct. 11, 1889, Sale, Cheshire

Discovered some basic laws of electricity and thermodynamics (Joule’s Law and Joule-Thomson Law); established the basis of the Law of Conservation of Energy and The First Law of Thermodynamics

Main occupation and source of funding:Brewery

Was home-schooled by some of the finest scientists of his time (including John Dalton)

Since childhood, he was a fearless and meticulous experimenter

As a boy, he hiked in the mountains with a pistol, studying echo and the speed of sound. He sounded the depth of Lake Windermere to be 198 ft.He tortured servants with some crazy experiments.

Spent his honeymoon climbing in French Alps and measuring the temperature at the top and the bottom of waterfalls

As a teenager, Joule was trying to replace steam engines with electric engines in his brewery.He failed, but became interested in the connections between mechanical work, heat, and electricity.

In 1840, at the age of 21, he discovered “Joule’s Law”:

Heat generated in a wire = Resistance x Current^2

It showed that electricity can be converted into heat!

1843 (Age 24): Paddle-wheel experiment: mechanical work can be converted into heat!

Therefore, heat is one of the forms of energy.

Met with hostility and disbelief. It took decades before Joule’s discovery was accepted.

It led to the First Law of Thermodynamics

It also showed that energy is conserved.

Energy Conservation Law!

Only one person believed Joule. It was William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). They started working together.

Joule's paper ``On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat'' was communicated by Faraday to the Royal Society in 1849 and appeared in Philosophical Transactions in 1850. The last paragraph of this historic paper ends with the statements:

I will therefore conclude by considering it as demonstrated by the experiments contained in this paper:

1.That the quantity of heat produced by the friction of bodies, whether solid or liquid, is always proportional to the quantity of force extended. 2.That the quantity of heat capable of increasing the temperature of a pound of water (weighed in vacuo, and taken between 55 deg and 60 deg  F) by 1 deg F requires for its evolution the expenditure of a mechanical force represented by the fall of 772 lb. through a space of one foot.

A third proposition, suppressed by the publication committee, state that friction consists of a conversion between mechanical work into heat.

A person carries a bag of groceries of mass M with a constant velocity at the same height from the ground. Find the work done by a person on a bag.

What if a person drops the bag to the floor from height 1 m with a constant velocity? With a constant acceleration a?

1-D motion

22

21

22

2

1

mVmVdxFW

x

x

netxtotal

Definition of work: dxFWx

x

x2

1

Work-energy theorem:

SI units of work and energy: Joule = Nm=kg m2/s2

Kinetic energy: 2

2

1mVK

2 or 3 D motion

22

21

22 mVmV

rdFL

net

rdFWL

Definition of work:

Kinetic energy: 2222

|| 2222zyx mVmVmVVm

Work-energy theorem:

A car is stopped by a constant friction force that is independent of the car’s speed. By what factor is the stopping distance changed if the car’s initial speed is doubled?

H

Velocity at the bottom?

Consider x-dependent friction

A person is pulling a crate of mass M along the floor with a constant force F over a distance d. The coefficient of friction is .

(a) Find the work done by the force F on the crate.(b) Same if F changes as F0(1+x2/d2). (c) Find the work done by the force of friction on the crate. (d) Find the net work done on the crate if the crate is pulled with a constant

velocity. (e) Find the final velocity of the crate if the crate is pulled with a non-zero

acceleration starting from the rest.

M

ixxkFLawsHooke)(:' 0

x

positionunstrechedisx0

Robert Hooke 1635-1703

Elasticity

Microscopy; first to see cell and name it

Law of gravity ~ 1/r2

Proponent of evolution

Astronomy, architecture, …

A block of mass M is on a horizontal surface and is attached to a spring, spring constant k. If the spring is compressed an amount A and the block released from rest, how far will it go before stopping if the coefficient of friction between the block and the surface is ?

How will this answer change is the block is not attached to the spring??

Consider the spring force given by Fx = –kx+nx2

Consider = 0 (1 + x/d).

A block of mass m is moving at velocity v0 along a frictionless, horizontal surface toward a spring with constant k that is attached to a wall.

a) Find the maximum distance the spring will be compressed.

b)If the spring is to compress by no more than L m, what should be the maximum value of v0?

c) How will your answer to (b) change if the spring force is given by Fx = –kx+nx2 ?

Find the work done by a person on a backpack if (a)A person ascends with a constant speed;(b) his velocity drops from 3 m/s at the bottom to 0.5 m/s at the top