Hannah PaquetteJames Madison and the Making of America Summer AssignmentAPUSHChapter 1: From Subject to Citizen 1751-1776Vocabulary:1. Montpelier Madison family estate where James Madison was born2. Piedmont, Virginia Location of Madison family estate3. Tidewater Region Name for Virginias coastal area4. College of Jew Jersey, Princeton College Madison attended5. William and Mary (VA) Episcopalian school, less rigorous than Princeton6. Scottish Enlightenment Scottish commonsense philosophy of the Enlightenment period7. Aristotelian having to do with the ideas of the classical philosopher, Aristotle8. Platonic having to do with the ideas of the classical philosopher, Plato9. Federalist 10 one of Madisons papers in which he used referenced David Humes ideas10. Established Church (state church) official church of a colony, approved by the government11. Boston Tea Party (12/16/1773) Bostonians disguised as Indians dumped a British import of tea into Boston Harbor12. Episcopalian see Episcopal13. Baptists Protestant denomination14. Presbyterian Scottish Calvinists15. Enthusiasts (Evangelicals) Protestant denomination16. Episcopal another word for Anglican17. Old Dominion another name for Virginia18. Coercive Acts turned Massachusetts government into a military dictatorship after the Boston Tea Party.19. The Virginia Convention of 1776 Convention where the Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted and the Virginia Constitution.20. Republican Government government in which elected individuals represent a group of people21. English Whig tradition British parliamentary party that was opposed to autocratic rule22. Glorious Revolution 1688 Revolution in which England disposed of James II and wouldnt allow the royal family to return until they agreed to abide by the English Bill of Rights23. Sovereign supreme ruler; possessing ultimate power24. General Assembly part of colonial Virginias government25. House of Delegates part of colonial Virginias government, colonial House of Burgess new name, lower house of Virginias legislature26. Senate part of colonial Virginias government, named for the Roman Senate, upper house of Virginia legislature27. Council of Sate the executive part of colonial Virginias governmentPeople:1. Rev. John Witherspoon Scottish immigrant, helped bring the ideas of the Scottish Enlightenment to the colonies, believe that Christianity was meant to be a key part of government2. David Hume Scottish philosopher of the Enlightenment, did not believe that religion was meant to be a part of government3. William Bradford George Washingtons attorney general, corresponded with Madison about religion and government at Princeton4. Lord Dunmores War Virginian conflict with the Indians about lands in the western part of the colony5. Lord Dunmore Governor of Virginia before Patrick Henry6. Patrick Henry Governor of Virginia7. George Mason Helped write the Virginia Declaration of Rights, a man of 16888. John Locke, Lockian foundation An English philosopher, a foundation built on Locks ideas9. Virginia Declaration of Rights Document drawn up and adopted at the Virginia Convention, the first American declaration of rights

Chapter One Questions:1. All religions in the American colonies were different denominations of Christianity. Massachusetts: CongregationalistRhode Island: CongregationalistConnecticut: CongregationalistNew Hampshire: CongregationalistNew York: Dutch ReformedNew Jersey: Lutheran, Dutch Reformed, AnglicanPennsylvania: Lutheran, Quaker, Delaware:Maryland: Roman CatholicVirginia: AnglicanNorth Carolina:South Carolina: Huguenots, AnglicanGeorgia: Anglican

Madison could have seen religious toleration as the government being specifically affiliated with one religious denomination, and would allow a person to believe something different. Government knew better but would put up with the individuals divergent understanding for now (12). In the future the government could potentially force those whose beliefs did not fall in line with the governments to convert or be deported. On the other hand, Madison could have seen religious freedom as a persons right to believe their interpretation of religion, and since the government is not affiliated with any faith, could not say that any one religion is right or wrong. As proved by his letters to Reverend John Witherspoon, Madison clearly favored the idea of religious freedom. He felt that if the government became associated with any faith, it would soon forget its Enlightenment roots in reason and fairness, only accepting authoritative truth from a religious text.2. Reverend John Witherspoon was a Scottish immigrant who helped bring the ideas of the Scottish, or common sense, Enlightenment to America. His ideas about religion and the role it should play in government hugely shaped Madisons ideas on the subject. Had he attended the Episcopalian William and Mary, Madison would not have been exposed to Rev. Witherspoons ideas, and when it came time to draft the Virginia Declaration of Rights he would not have made his change to Section 16 and ensure religious freedom in his home colony.3. With the Coercive Acts, George III effectively transformed the Massachusetts government into a strict military dictatorship to prevent the spread of rebellion. Other colonies, especially Virginia, realized that now, not only did they lack the supplies to prevent the king from shutting down colonial government, as long as they remained under Britains control, they were not sovereign. 4. In a sense, the Virginia Convention of 1776 was epochal. Most of the rights the Virginians established would soon be adopted into the Constitution, which radically changed how governments were set up. No longer were they simply enforced on an oral constitution and tradition. The Virginia Convention marked the beginning of a beginning of new era in history, in which the peoples rights were secured in a written document that was upheld by their government. 5. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 established the English Bill of Rights and disposed of a tyrant without bloodshed. By calling himself a man of 1688 George Mason most likely meant that he was an Enlightened man, for individual rights, he was strongly against a monarchy, and by extent, tyranny. Thomas Jefferson thought he was one of the wisest men they knew because he of his work establishing the Virginia Declaration of Rights at the Virginia Convention.6. The Rights of Englishmen rights that English and colonial American citizens were understood to have, since England did not have a written constitution. These included habeas corpus, the right to trial by jury, security in ones home from unlawful entry, and no taxation without consent, among others.7. Wealthy Virginians feared that abolishing slavery would lead to an economic crisis and even a war between the two races. They did not want to throw Virginian society into a chaos while establishing a new government and rebelling against their parent country. In order to establish their own rights to freedom, but keep slaves from gaining rights, Robert Nicholas added the phrase when they enter a state of society to the section concerning basic rights and freedom. Since slaves were not considered a part of society, this new wording would prevent the laws from applying to them.8. Virginia Declaration of Rights:a. All men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter a state of society, they cannot by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely the enjoyment of life, and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property and pursing and obtaining happiness and safety. (Section 1)b. The people were sovereign (Section 2)c. A majority could replace the government whenever it wanted (Section 3)d. The separation of powers principle should be observed (Section 5)e. The right to vote should be widely available (Section 6)f. Right to trial by jury in criminal cases (Section 8)g. Right to trial by jury in civil cases (Section 11)h. Right to Militia (Section 13)i. Military should be subordinate to civilians (Section 13)j. Freedom of the press (Section 12)k. Right to proportionate and humane punishment (Section 12)l. All men are entitled to enjoy the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience (Section 16)Chapter 2: Winning the Revolution 1776-1787Vocabulary:1. Articles of Confederation 1st Constitution adopted by the United States, crated to form a perpetual union and a firm league of friendship between the 13 original states, adopted November 15, 17772. Proclamation Line of 1763 line running through the Appalachian Mountains after the French-Indian War to prohibit Americans from settling Indian territory3. French and Indian War Conflict over territory in the Ohio River Valley, part of the 7 Years War4. Nabob person of conspicuous wealth or high status5. Land speculation colonial investing in western property6. Negro bounty the plan to pay American soldiers in slaves for fighting in the war7. Implied power rights that Congress is implied to have, i.e. forcing states to pay taxes8. Strict constructionist particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation; a judge must apply the text only as it is spoken9. Impost a tax or compulsory payment10. Republicanism form of government that derives its powers directly or indirectly from the people, is administered by officials holding power for a limited time, and incorporates representative institutions, according to James Madison11. The general assessment continuation of Protestant establishment without preference12. Sanguinary blood thirsty, murderous13. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom Madisons greatest accomplishment, allowed religious freedom for all in the state of Virginia through the General Assembly14. Manumission formal emancipation from slaveryPeople:1. Gov. Patrick Henry (VA) Governor of Virginia after Lord Dunmore2. Gov. Thomas Jefferson (VA) Governor of Virginia after Patrick Henry, anti-federalist3. King George III Kind of England during the Revolution, set up the Proclamation Line of 17634. John Hancock Property owner from Massachusetts, famously signed the Declaration of Independence5. Benjamin Franklin Property owner from Pennsylvania, inventor 6. Lord Charles Cornwallis British General at the Battle of Yorkshire7. John Jay President of Congress8. Gen. Anthony Wayne General of the American army, stationed in Pennsylvania at the end of the war9. Gov. Benjamin Harris (VA) Governor of Virginia 1782-178710. Edmund Randolph Governor of Virginia 1786 -178811. Robert Morris Superintendent of Finance 1781-1784 12. John Dickinson President of Pennsylvania 1782-178513. George Wythe prominent lawyer-politician who was in charge of looking for laws inconsistent with republican values14. Richard Henry Lee Patrick Henrys rival for dominance of Virginias governmentChapter 2 Questions:1. Madisons two biggest fears surrounding Congress weakness from the Articles of Confederation was their inability to collect enough money from the states to supply, feed, or even clothe the army would lead to mutiny, and their weakness would weaken the army to the point of losing the war.2. Virginia held enough land claims west of the Ohio River Valley to make Virginia stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. Maryland, which was already much smaller than Virginia in 1776, and had no land claims in the Ohio River Valley, would have lost all its political power by comparison. The state refused to ratify the Articles because it meant they would become insignificant in all future political decisions and nationwide elections. Unless the Articles were ratified by every state, Congress would have absolutely no power, and the states would be divided and powerless to stop Britain from dismantling their rights. George Mason eventually wrote up a successful solution to the issue. In the compromise, Virginia would cede most of their claims to Congress, who agreed to create at least two states out of the territory, and Virginia would also be given compensation for protecting the area from British troops during the Revolution. 3. Congress tried to intervene on an internal issue between Virginia and private individuals. In this situation, Congress was not from the area nor was it a part of the issue, and still tried to insert itself into this issue. Congress action led Madison to describe it as a foreign tribunal4. After the victory at Yorkshire, with independence assured, Madison and Congress could turn their attention to other matters. The war effort had prevented them from focusing on the struggling economy; especially the states unwillingness to pay taxes to them and paying the soldiers wages. They also had to decide if they wanted to maintain their alliance with the French, and keeping their foothold on the Mississippi River in the terms of the peace treaty.5. Provisions and precedents inconsistent with republican government in Virginia common and statutory law, according to Jefferson, Pendleton, and Wythe:a. Lack of public educationb. Harsh and unproportionate punishments for crimesc. Feudal land tenuresChapter 3: The Philadelphia Convention 1787Vocabulary1. Vices of the Political System of the United States Madisons memorandum in which he laid out 12 vices or shortcomings of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation. The vices can be separated into two groups: federal governments failures and the states government failures2. Actuated motivated by something3. Duped fooled, tricked4. Faction small group of politicians within a larger party with conflicting interests5. Minority rights rights for the minority groups in America6. Paper money according to Madison, a ruse for debt forgiveness, instead of gold or silver in return, the debt collector got a constantly depreciating paper used to symbolize gold 7. Annapolis Convention the first attempt at constitutional revision in 1786, only 5 states sent delegates and no progress was made8. Natural Rights a right a person is born with9. A Summary View of the Rights of British America Jeffersons assertion that Britain had wronged the colonists by depriving them of free trade with all the world10. The Jay-Gardoqui negotiation negotiation dealing with rights to the Mississippi River navigation and trade11. Imbroglio extremely confused, complicated or embarrassing occasion12. The Virginia Plan presented by Gov. Randolph, plan for a bicameral legislature with votes based on the population of the state13. Nationalist person who advocates for political independence for a country14. Apportionment of representation the proportioning of representation in the legislature15. Executive Powers the power to carry into effect national laws, to appoint to offices in cases otherwise not provided for, and to execute powers not legislative nor judiciary in their nature as may be from time to time delegated by the national Legislature16. Veto constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law making body17. A Defense of the Constitution of Government of the United States of America written by John Adams, in which he discussed natural law and constitutional theories which would be used frequently in the Constitutional Convention in 178718. Pestiferous measures pestilent or bothersome plans of action19. The 3/5th clause Clause that defined a slave as only 3/5th of a person, so southern states wouldnt use their slave population to raise their seats in the House20. The Connecticut Compromise Compromise to the New Jersey and Virginia Plans. Congress would be bicameral upper house would only have two seats per state (Senate) while the lower house would have seats the corresponded with the states population (House)21. The New Jersey Plan a response to the Virginia Plan from smaller states, one-vote-per-state in one body of legislature under the Articles of Confederation22. Precarious dependent on chance, uncertain; not securely held in position23. State of Nature natural state in which all people would exist without society24. Bicameralism composed of two legislative bodies25. Quorum the minimum number of members an assembly that must be present to make a meeting valid26. Supremacy Clause establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land27. Suffrage the right to vote in political elections28. Human chattels humans considered property, i.e., slaves29. Fugitive Slave Clause required slaves who escaped to another state must be returned to their owners in the state from which they escaped (Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3)30. Bill of Rights first ten amendments to the constitution, ensures the rights of the people an limits governments power31. Anarchy state of disorder to due absence of authority; absence of government and absolute freedom of the individualPeople:1. Daniel Shays leader of Shays Rebellion2. Shays Rebellion Massachusetts tax revolt of 17863. Alexander Hamilton NY 1st Secretary of the Treasury, delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New York4. Charles Pinckney SC delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from South Carolina 5. Gouvernor Morris PA delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Pennsylvania6. Carpenters Hall meeting place of the Philadelphia Convention7. Edmund Randolph governor of Virginia during the Philadelphia Convention8. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney SC delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from South Carolina9. Elbridge Gerry MA vice president to Madison, delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Massachusetts10. James McHenry MD delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Maryland11. James Wilson PA delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Pennsylvania12. John Dickinson DE delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Delaware13. Roger Sherman NJ delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New Jersey14. Robert Yates NY delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New York15. William Patterson NJ - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New Jersey16. Luther Martin MD - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Maryland17. Rufus King MA - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Massachusetts18. Benjamin Franklin PA - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Pennsylvania19. Nathaniel Gorham MA - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from MassachusettsChapter 3 Questions:1. One example to support William Pierces description of Madison as the best informed man in any point of debate is how thoroughly he researched the history of confederations, from ancient through contemporary times to find common factors in what did and did not work. He then used his new-found knowledge, coupled with his experience with American government to write Vices of the Political System of the United States which was full of suggestions on how to improve and strengthen the Union.2. Vices of the Political System of the United States made it clear that America needed a stronger, centralized government. With a large federal government all of the vices Madison pointed out would not have existed in the first place. The states refused to send the money Congress requested. Under the Articles, Congress did not have the power to tax, and without that, they had no means of forcing the states to comply with their requests. The states rejected federal laws. States began to find their own solutions to problems that were supposed to be a federal responsibility, such as raising their own state armies in peace time, making their own treaties ad compacts with other states, and redrawing borderlines with the Indians. They started treating trade with other states as trade with foreign countries by implementing import tariffs on goods from other states. Some states had far too many laws for anyone to be familiar with, as a citizen of each state was supposed to be, and many were harsh and unjust. Federal policy became equal to or lesser than state laws, instead of being the supreme law of the land. The states also kept breaking international treaties, which if left unchecked, could potentially start another war.3. According to Madison, one pro of using paper money was that using it made debt forgiveness easier to attain for debtors. On the other hand, one of the cons was that the creditors would receive constant value-depreciating paper in return for a piece of their property, rather than being paid back the way they would be repaid under the old system, with gold or silver.4. The people living on the Mississippi River relied on the river for their way of life, and it was their means of providing for themselves. In their eyes, navigation on the Mississippi was their natural right and saw the Norths willingness to trade away their right in a treaty negotiation as dangerous. Delegates from the area were hesitant to trust them with their other rights in the future. Madisons primary concern was that the North was planning on using the bargain to separate the west from the rest of the Union and using the trade as the beginning of a campaign to promote the breakup of the United States into separate nation-states, or into smaller confederacies by region5. Our chief danger arises from the democratic parts of our constitutionsThe state legislatures were not thoroughly checked to make sure they were in agreement with the states revolutionary constitutions. Because of that, laws were being passed by the legislatures that were not constitutional. The evils we experience flow from an excess of democracyAccording to Sherman, the people could not be trusted to vote directly, like the democracies of ancient Greece, because they are easily mislead with false information and could vote the wrong person into office.A well-constructed senate could serve as a check on the turbulence and folly of democracyRandolph means that by having less people, the senate has the potential to be more focused and level-headed than the House of Representatives, and therefore could make better judgments on the laws they were voting on.6. 7. State LegislaturePro: passes and is put into effect quicklyCon: If State passes and unconstitutional law, the state courts are obligated to follow state rather than federal laws in their rulingPopular RatificationPro: the people understand and are agreeing to be bound by the ConstitutionCon: state legislatures might not recognize the Constitution when making laws, and pass 8. According to James Madison, a federal government operates on the states that make up the federation, or in the Unites States case, the Union, while a national government operates directly on the citizens.9. The Virginia Plan: 3 branch legislature Representation of the people Apportioned legislature by population Single chief executive Control by majority National legislature takes precedence over state legislature Veto over state laws Impeachment through legislation (chief executive) Provided veto inferior national tribunals Popular ratificationThe New Jersey Plan 1 branch legislative Rested on state legislature State legislature Apportioned by state equality Plural chief executive Control by minority Certain additional powers Coercion Impeachment through governors (chief executive) No veto No inferior tribunals State legislature

Chapter 4: Ratifying the Constitution, Part One: The Federalist 1787-1788Vocabulary:1. The Federalist Papers series of papers written by Madison, Hamilton and Jay promoting the ratification of the Constitution2. Federalist #9 (Hamilton) essay that argues Montesquieus ideas about the size of republican territory and how this would not apply to the United States3. Federalist #10 (Madison) essay that discusses how a large, strong republic could safeguard against factions in government4. Faction - small group of politicians within a larger party with conflicting interests5. Minority faction faction with the minority6. Desideratum something needed or wanted7. Opprobrium harsh criticism; public disgrace from someones shameful conduct8. advocates for disunion opponents of ratification9. Holy Roman Empire 692-1806 according to Madison, the empire is a community of sovereigns, the Diet (legislature) is a representation of those sovereigns, and that the laws are addressed to the sovereigns, render the empire a nerveless body incapable of regulating its own members and insecure against external dangers10. Term limits a limited on how long a politician can serve11. Federalism federal principle or system of government12. Republic - form of government that derives its powers directly or indirectly from the people, is administered by officials holding power for a limited time, and incorporates representative institutions, according to James Madison13. Standing army keeping an army in peace time14. General Welfare clause Congress power to lay and collect taxes to pay debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United StatesPeople: 1. Brutus pen name under which an essay published in a newspaper claimed that the Constitution erred in making the entire United States one big republic in which the central government was to act directly on the individuals2. Publius pseudonym which the Federalist papers where published under3. Gov. George Clinton revolutionary New Yorks foremost political figure4. Montesquieu French Enlightenment philosopher5. Thomas Jefferson minister to France, anti-federalistChapter 4 Questions:1. Edmund Randolph wanted a second convention because he wanted to fix some of the issues he had with the Constitution before they sent the document for ratification. 2. Mason had problems with the Constitution as it stood after the Philadelphia Convention. He felt that it needed a bill of rights openly stating the peoples rights; otherwise Congress could use the Necessary and Proper clause to give itself the power to do anything it wanted. Mason disagreed on the powers given to judiciary branch, and on the size and power of the Senate and the House. 3. The Confederation of Congress was meeting in New York as the ratification process began to address the Constitution. However, because they could not establish a minimum number of members an assembly that must be present to make the meeting valid, or quorum, they were rarely able to meet and accomplish anything. This only convinced Madison further of the desperate need for reform the Congress needed.4. In Federalist No. 9, Alexander Hamilton believed that citizens of a republic in his day and age had an advantage over those living in ancient Greek or Roman times due to political science discoveries. Those discoveries are the separation of powers, legislative check and balances, elections, and good behavior judicial tenure.5. According to James Madison, a faction, in todays terms, a selfish group unpatriotically seeking to get what it wants, regardless of an individuals or societies standards. 6. In Federalist No. 10, Madison highlights the differences between a democracy and a republic. By his account a republic has two key differences from a democracy: commissioning officials through election and the larger number of citizens it has. Elections help put power in the hands of people most qualified to use it, and the large population works with a republican system better than within a democracy, since in that system, everyone is a member of the legislative body.7. Thomas Jefferson was an Anti-Federalist. He took a stance opposite Madison, and thought that events like Shays rebellion did not need a strong government reaction, or that there was a need for a stronger government at all. He believed that the less government the States had, the better.8. Madison feared that a second convention would rework the Constitution until it resembled the Articles of Confederation, and as previous experience had shown, another system like the Articles would prove just as disastrous as the first.9. The Anti-Federalists all had different reason on why they disliked the Constitution ad they disagreed on how to improve or change it. They found fault with nearly every major section and failed to come up with an alternative plan. Overall, the Anti-Federalists disliked the Constitution, but because of their disunity, they failed to prevent ratification.10. Madison describes a republic as a government that derives its powers directly or indirectly from the people, is administered by officials holding power for a limited time, and incorporates representative institutions. He did not consider The Republic of Venice, the government of England or the Netherlands as republics. The Republic of Venice was ruled by the aristocracy, which was not elected, England had a monarch, and the Netherlands government did not drive its authority from their people. 11. The Constitution was considered national by the House of Representatives, by its form of appointment, yet it was also considered federal by the Senate, by its form of appointment. The Electoral College combined both federal and national, since its numbers came from each states number of House representatives plus it number of senators.Chapter 5: Ratifying the Constitution Part Two: The Richmond Convention 17881. Bill of Rights - first ten amendments to the constitution, ensures the rights of the people an limits governments power2. Anti-Federalist movement that opposed the creation of a stronger federal government and the ratification of the Constitution. They feared the president would eventually turn into a monarchy. Led by Patrick Henry3. Federalist movement that supported the creation of a stronger federal government and the ratification of the Constitution. Feared for the countrys future under the weak Articles of the Confederation4. Kentucky still a part of Virginia in 1788, their delegates feared the new government would bargain away their rights to the Mississippi River5. Recusant a person who refuses to submit to authority or comply with regulation6. Sanguine optimistic or positive, especially in a bad situation; blood-red7. Necessary and Proper Clause Congress shall have the power to adopt such laws as shall be necessary and proper to put the listed specific powers into effect8. English Bill of Rights would be analogous to the Constitution with a few exceptions regarding the military9. Writ of Habeas Corpus a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought to a judge10. Supremacy Clause made treaties superior to state laws, but not to Federal ones11. Jurisdiction official power to make legal decisions and judgments12. Chimerical existing only as the product of an unchecked imagination; People:1. George Mason - Helped write the Virginia Declaration of Rights, a man of 1688, wanted to amend the constitution before ratifying2. Edmund Randolph - Governor of Virginia 1786 -17883. Henry Lee favored ratification for the Constitution4. Richard Henry Lee launched a strenuous campaign to amend the Constitution before ratifying it. He felt that Congress could potentially interpret the document to give whatever powers it wanted while the people didnt have any guaranteed rights, Anti-Federalist5. Patrick Henry Anti-federalist, 6. George Nickolas lawyer from Albemarle, in favor of immediate ratification7. Gov. George Clinton most powerful Anti-Federalist in the country because of the state he worked for and his position8. Edmund Pendleton president of the Richmond Convention, elected unanimously9. James Monroe believed that America would not soon see war again10. John Marshall insisted that the new government must be adopted to render America secure and disagreed with Monroe11. George Wythe proposed a an instrument of ratification saying that the new government would only have the powers the Constitution gave itChapter 5 Questions:1. Mason, an Anti-Federalist, thought that the Constitution had to be amended before it was ratified because he felt that the lack of a bill of rights and the General Welfare clause were a dangerous combination that could led to the government infringing on the peoples rights. Madison feared amending before ratification or a second convention because most of the other states had already ratified the constitution without prior amendments; if it were to be amended, the other states would unfairly have to reconsider the Constitution with the amendments Virginia added, and in a worst case scenario, refuse to ratify.2. Mason and Lee believed that Congress would have a tendency to apply the Necessary and Proper clause for anything it wanted, even if it meant violating individuals and states rights. Madison countered this by saying that since the government would have enumerated powers, it could not bend the clause to its will. The two Anti-Federalists also felt that the House of Representatives was too small, and that that the federal judiciary branch would tower over the state courts, therefore allowing the rich to reign over the poor. Madison responded in turn that the House members would grow as the population of the States grew, and that the federal courts only took precedence in cases where the state courts were not applicable, i.e. state v state cases or constitutional rulings.3. Madisons primary concern with the Constitution was the lack of a federal veto over state laws. He felt the veto was necessary to keep the states from intruding on federal authority. He believed it would be better to stop a law from taking effect than nullifying one later on. The veto would also let the government make sure the states were not oppressing local minorities.4. Since Kentucky was still Virginia territory, its wants had to be taken into consideration during the ratification debate. The Kentucky delegates were still wary of the new government trading away their access to the Mississippi River. Madison argued that under the Constitution, the old arguments for the bargain would not be valid. The government could repay its national debt with western land and encourage western migration; something that couldnt be done if they traded away navigations rights for the Mississippi River. He also stated that if the people Kentucky wanted the British troops to leave the area, British creditors needed access to the American courts before the troops could leave. Under the Articles of Confederation, the government could not make the states comply, but with a federal court, provided by the Constitution, the creditors would get what they wanted, and the Kentucky citizens would get what they wanted.5. Lack of individual rights Madison believed that having numbered powers for the government ensured that the peoples understood rights were protected.Abuse of the Necessary and Proper Clause with numbered, specific powers for the government, the clause would not be used to take advantage of the peopleSupremacy Clause only to ensure that federal laws were held above state laws and would not be disregarded and allow the states to pass unconstitutional laws

6. Mason did not want to let South Carolina and Georgia in the Union since they refused to outlaw slavery, and disliked that the Constitution didnt protect the slavery already in existence. Madison answered that the Constitution allowed states to decide for themselves on the issue of slavery, and that under the Fugitive Slave Clause, which required slaves who escaped to another state must be returned to their owners in the state from which they escaped, the slavery already in existence was protected. Chapter 6: Inaugurating the Constitution 1788-1800Vocabulary1. Debt assumption the idea of having the federal government assume the states debt2. The Compromise of 1790 Hamilton would get Pennsylvanians to vote for the capitol to be on the Potomac River, and two Virginian congressmen would cease voting against the assumption of state debts12. Bill of Rights first ten amendments to the constitution, ensures the rights of the people an limits governments power; Madison assumed they would be incorporated into the document, not added on to the end3. 27th Amendment most recent amendment to the Constitution, deals with the salaries of Congressmen and how they can only be increased or decreased until the next term of office begins4. Establishment Clause proposed by Madison, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion5. Free Exercise Clause - proposed by Madison, following the establishment clause, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof6. The Whiskey Excise Whiskey tax that passed easily7. Hamiltons Bank Bill many thought the bill unconstitutional, but Madison thought that it was with the rights granted by the Constitution to establish an incorporated bank8. Strict Constuctionalist states rights point of view9. Loose Contructionalist - liberal10. Democratic-Republican Societies political organizations formed to promote democracy and republicanism and to avoid aristocratic tendencies 11. French Revolution French overthrow of their monarchy and first attempts toward democracy12. Neutralist Proclamation Washingtons proclamation to continue trade with both Britain and France13. Impressments British Practice of stopping American ships at sea, questioning sailors, and conscripting those who were determined to be British into the Royal Navy on the spot14. 1796 Election third election, John Adams won the presidency, but Thomas Jefferson won the vice presidency15. Washington Farewell Address in which Washington said that America ought to steer clear of foreign issues and political parties. Involvement in military conflict would undermine the republic16. Alien and Sedation Acts of 1798 three laws in which the president could identify aliens from hostile countries and have them expelled in times of war, the president could identify aliens from non-hostile countries and expel them, and the sedation act made it a crime to organize resistance to federal law or to say anything that brought the government into ill repute17. Justice Samuel Chase excluded evidence, harassed the defense council, and crafted his jury instructions to ensure a convictionPeople:1. Alexander Hamilton proposed the whiskey excise and the bank bill2. The United States Gazette a mouthpiece for Washingtons administration3. John Fenno writer of the United States Gazette4. The National Gazette Madison wrote 18 anonymous essays for the paper, opposed the Washington administration5. Philip Freneau poet asked by Madison and Jefferson to set up a Republican paper in Philadelphia6. Citizen Edmund Charles Genet French minister to the United State, mocked Washingtons neutrality Proclamation by giving Americans letters of marquee and commissioning Americans as French officers7. Jay Treaty It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals. Chapter 6 Questions:1. Madison became known as Washingtons prime minister during his administration. He earned this reputation by being one of Washingtons closest advisors, his main speech drafter, and for Washingtons constant reliance on his legal intellect.2. An extinguished debt is a debt in which the debtor repays the actual debt, not the interest. A funded debt is one where a provision would be made for the payment of the interest, but extinguishing the debt would come later, if ever.3. The Compromise of 1790 was a compromise between Jefferson and Hamilton, who needed his bank bill to pass so the states debt would be assumed by the federal government. Hamilton would get Pennsylvanians to vote for the capitol to be on the Potomac River, and Jefferson would convince two Virginian congressmen would cease voting against the assumption of state debts4. Napoleons declaration of war on Britain, Spain, and the Netherlands put the Washington administration in a difficult place. The United States was morally obligated to side with the French after their contribution to the Revolutionary effort, but the country as a whole felt that war would undermine the republican system they had established. Washington issued his Neutrality Proclamation to stay out of the Napoleonic Wars. Adams signed the Alien and Sedation Acts in response to immigration reform and to send a message to Napoleon.Chapter 7: Secretary of State, Then President 1800-1817Vocabulary1. Winner-take all systems an election in which the winner has the most votes2. The Negro President Thomas Jeffersons nickname3. 3/5ths clause - Clause that defined a slave as only 3/5th of a person, so southern states wouldnt use their slave population to raise their seats in the House4. 12th Amendment provides the procedure on electing a president 5. Our Bonaparte Jefferson called Alexander Hamilton this while fearing a military coup during the election of 1800-18016. Judicial Review review by the supreme court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act7. Justice Samuel Chase - excluded evidence, harassed the defense council, and crafted his jury instructions to ensure a conviction8. Impeachment formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office9. Louisiana Purchase are of the United States was doubled for $15 million from Napoleon10. Yazoo Scandal named for the chief river through the Mississippi, dealt with the repeal of Georgias sale of its colonial land claims in 1796, caused an issue with the buyers11. Stalwarts a loyal, reliable and hardworking supporter or participant in an organization 12. Prognostication the action of foretelling or prophesying future events13. Napoleonic Wars Napoleons conquest of Europe14. Non-intercourse Bill lifted all embargos on American ships except those bound for Britain and France. They goal was to hurt the British and French economies but in reality hurt the American more15. Berlin Decree of 1806 Napoleons decree that that ships trading with Great Britain would be lawful prize16. Monroe-Pinckney Treaty of 1807 resolved trading issues with French and British ports and their colonies17. HMS Leopard v USS Chesapeake Leopard attacked the Chesapeake when Leopard tried to board it right where Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic18. British Orders in Council British attempts to thwart American Trade19. Embargo of 1807 Jeffersons response to British and French harassment, the US would only trade internally20. Economic Coercion - controller of a vital resource uses his advantage to compel a person to do something he would not do if this resource were not monopolized.21. Letters of marque and reprisal - a government license authorizing a person to attack and capture enemy vessels and bring them before admiralty courts for condemnation and sale.22. War of 1812 - A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressments of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.23. Macons Bill #2 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first.24. West Point established by Thomas Jefferson25. Hartford Convention called for A 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, a 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before new states could be admitted to the union, a 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before war could be declared, that no successive presidents could be from the same state, and the abolition of slavery26. Conscription compulsory enlistment for the army27. Second bank of the United States rechartered in 181628. Cumberland Road Bill (KY) bill to fund the construction of a route across Kentucky29. Penultimate second to last People:1. John Marshall Supreme Chief of Justice 2. Marbury v. Madison - The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).3. Burr-Hamilton Duel - 7/11/1804 they began to insult each other in public, Burr challenges Hamilton, they fight at the Heights of Weehawken, NJ, Hamilton fires first and misses. Burr hits Hamilton in lower abdomen above right hip and he dies next day on 7/12/1804 Burr is tried for treason4. Fletcher v. Peck The first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional, the decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts, and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands5. Bay of Tunis Sidi Suliman Mellimelli foreign delegate from the Middle East6. Henry Adams Harvard Historian, great-grandson of John Adams, author of one of the most influential account of the Jefferson administration7. Justice Joseph Story Madisons Supreme Court Appointee8. William Henry Harrison Governor of Indian Territory9. Tecumseh Native American tribal leader 10. Fort McHenry successfully defended Maryland in the War of 181211. Francis Scott Key composer of the national anthem, inspired by the events at Fort McHenry12. General Andrew Jackson won a huge victory outside New Orleans on 1/8/1815Chapter 7 Questions:1. Jefferson planed to streamline the government with reduced taxes, quickly paying off the National debt, and to make the government more minimalist. While his plans worked at first, most of the measures he took were undone by his successors.2. Madison was not pleases with the results of Madison v Marbury because the Supreme Court began using the power of judiciary review on the Constitution, and revealed a fault in Madisons planning.3. Bonaparte could not have hoped to get any French ships across the Atlantic to Louisiana because of the sheer force of the British Navy. So, he decided to cut his losses on the American continent, sell the land to the Americans, and use the profits to fund his army.4. Madisons contributions to the idea of free trade come primarily from his attack on British Anti-American trading policies in An Examination of the British Doctrine, Which Subjects to Capture a National Trade, Not Open in Times of Peace. 5. The Embargo of 1807 would allow trade with whichever country, France or Britain, first lifted its Anti-American trading policies, and continue the embargo with the non-compliant country.6. Madison felt that the War of 1812 was unavoidable due to Britains actions in regard to the US trade. When asking Congress to declare war, Madison argued that impressments, the British practice of stopping American ships at sea, questioning sailors, and conscripting those who were determined to be British into the Royal Navy on the spot, and the British attacks on American ships in American waters, such as the Chesapeake-Leopard confrontation, were viable reasons for a justified war.7. The Hartford Convention called for A 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, a 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before new states could be admitted to the union, a 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before war could be declared, that no successive presidents could be from the same state, and the abolition of slavery. The convention was significant because it marked the end of the Federalist Party since the name became synonymous with disunity and distrust. New England Federalists met to discuss their concerns with War of 1812 and the political problems that came from the domination of the government by Presidents from Virginia. Despite many outcries in the Federalist press for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates dominated the Convention and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the convention's debate.Chapter 8: An Active Retirement 1817-1836Vocabulary1. University of Virginia founded by Madison and Jefferson2. The Missouri Crisis a statesman from New York tried to make Missouri becoming a state dependent on two proposed laws: no additional slaves could be brought in and al slaves had to be freed upon reaching adulthood.3. Missouri Compromise - prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territorynorth of theparallel 36, 30 north except within the boundaries of the proposed state ofMissouri, allowed Missouri into the Union with slavery, and created the state of Maine without slavery.4. Panic of 1819 - first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States5. Original Understanding original meaning behind the Constitution6. Nullification Movement political movement in which lower courts, especially SC would rule laws and unconstitutional and null and void7. Imposts tariffs on imports8. Tariff of Abominations an impost, called this by Southerners 9. Democratic Party formed by John C Calhoun, Martin van Buren, and Thomas Richie to get John Quincy Adams out of office in the 1828 election10. American System platform of protective tariffs, federal sponsorship of public works, and a federally chartered bank11. Constitutional compact - theory holds that the nation was formed through a compact agreed upon by all the states, and that the federal government is consequently a creation of the states12. Secession -act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity13. Colonization the idea that blacks and whites could not live together in the same society as equals, blacks would have to be sent to a colony outside the union14. Liberia founded as a haven for free blacks from America15. America Colonization Society charitable organization headed by Madison hose goal was to raise enough money and political support to send free blacks to Liberia16. Haitian Revolution overthrow of French rule in Haiti, all the whites were expelled or killed within 25 years17. Manumission - formal emancipation from slavery18. Nat Turners Rebellion a group of slaves murdered dozens of white people19. Gradual emancipation to slowly introduce freedom for slavesPeople:1. Henry Clay first to introduce a protective tariff2. McCulloch v. Maryland - States cannot tax the federal government.3. John C. Calhoun vice president, founder of the Democratic party4. Martin van Buren - founder of the Democratic party5. Adam Smith Scottish economic philosopher6. Hayne-Webster Debate - Debate over state rights between Hayne of South Carolina and Webster of Massachusetts that began with a resolution to restrict Western land sales and engaged the tariff issue by exploring sectional differences.7. Benjamin Banneker contradiction to the stereotype that all blacks are intellectually inferior 8. Phyllis Wheatley - contradiction to the stereotype that all blacks are intellectually inferior9. Nat Turner slave who led Nat Turners RebellionChapter 8 Questions:1. Madisons main contributions to the University of Virginia was compiling the library catalogue and becoming one of the first members of the Universitys Board of Visitors, and donating large amounts of money to the school. He even became Head of the school after Jeffersons death in 1826.2. The Missouri Crisis began when a statesman from New York tried to make Missouri becoming a state dependent on two proposed laws: no additional slaves could be brought in and al slaves had to be freed upon reaching adulthood. The Compromise was made up of three bills. The first bill prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territorynorth of theparallel 36 degrees, 30 minutes north except within the boundaries of the ofMissouri. The second allowed Missouri into the Union with slavery, and the third created the state of Maine out of the Maine district of Massachusetts without slavery.3. Although the Constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank, it does delegate the ability to tax and spend, and a bank is a proper and suitable way to assist the operations of the government in the collection of the revenue. Because federal laws have supremacy over state laws, Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank's operation by taxing it. Therefore the states could not tax a part of the federal government.4. A revenue tariff is a tax that is imposed to raise government profit rather than to protect domestic industries, while a protective tariff is imposed to protect domestic businesses from import competition. By the Madisons understanding, revenue tariffs were constitution, but protective tariffs were not. However, the South Carolinians felt they were being taken advantage of.