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Jackson Academy’s Works Cited Guidelines

According to MLA Format

Updated in 2010

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Table of Contents Works Cited Page Rules ……………………………………………………………..….. 3

Sample Works Cited Page ……………………………………………………………..…4

How to Cite:

Books ….………………………………………………………………..…..…..5-6

Magazines and Newspapers ………………………………….…………………6-7

Encyclopedias ………………………………………………………….…...…..7-8

Media …………………………………………………………………....………..8

EBSCOhost ……………………………………………………………………9-12

GaleNet – Periodicals………………… …………………………...………...13-16

GaleNet – Sources from an Anthology ………………………………………16-17

GaleNet – Sources from books... ………………………………………….....18-19

Encyclopedia Britannica Online ……………………………………………...…19

Columbia Granger’s World of Poetry ………………………...…………………20

Oxford University Press – American National Biography, Grove Music Online, and Grove Art Online ………………………………...………………..…….20-21

Oxford University Press – African American Studies Center ……..…...……21-22

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ……………………..………….……23

Oxford Reference Online ………..……………………………………….…..24-25

World Wide Web …………….………………………………………………25-28

Sample Paper and Works Cited …………………………………………...…29-34

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Works Cited Page Rules • Below is a sample works cited page. Yours should resemble this. If it does not,

then you should make changes. This includes spacing and punctuation of entries.

• Entries are always in alphabetical order according to what is listed first in the entry. They are not numbered.

• All punctuation rules must be followed exactly.

• After each entry is begun, each additional line of that entry is indented.

• The entire page is double-spaced, as is the rest of the paper.

• The works cited page has the words ‘Works Cited’ centered at the top. The font is the same one used in the paper, which should be 12 point. The words are not in bold or underlined.

• The most current publication date is used when creating entries for books. If there is not a date provided, which is rare, use n.d.

• If there is no publisher given, which is rare, use N.p.

• If no page numbers are provided for a magazine or journal entry, use n. pag. Use a capital ‘n’ if it follows a period.

• If the words ‘University’ or ‘Press’ appear in the place of publication, use the abbreviations ‘U’ and ‘P’

• If you have cited a source that appears in print, the word ‘print’ must appear at the end of the source. The same applies for radio, television, DVD, etc.

• If your works cited page exceeds one page in length, make sure you avoid ‘widows’ and ‘orphans,’ which means that no citation continues onto the next page.

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Works Cited

Andrews, John F. “William Shakespeare.” Elizabethan Dramatists. Ed. Fredson Bowers.

Dictionary of Literary Biography 62 (1987): n. pag. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009.

Bemrose, John. “What Muddled Dreams May Come.” Maclean's 112.20 (1999): 61.

Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 20 June 2007. Carlson, Michael. "Murder in the South. (Violation)(Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign)(Book review)." Spectator (2007): 44-6. Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 19 June 2007. Frost, Robert. “Birches.” An Anthology of American Poetry. Ed. Robert Smith. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. 125-6. Print. Horwood, Catherine. “Housewives’ Choice.” History Today (1997): 23-28. Academic Search Elite on-line. Web. 17 August 1999. Laudau, Elaine. Rabies. NY: Dutton, 1993. Print. - - - . Raccoons. NY: Dutton, 1994. Print. “The Low Fat Myth.” American Health June 1994: 53-58. Print. Walker, Paul, et al. Great Figures of the Wild West. New York: Facts on File, 1992. Print. Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases 6.6 (2000): 33 pars. Web. 8 May 2006.

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Books in Print: Formula: Author’s last name, first. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, publication date.

Print. Book by one author Laudau, Elaine. Rabies. New York: Dutton, 1993. Print. Two authors Reeves, Randall, and Stephen Leatherwood. The Sea World Book of Dolphins. New

York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1987. Print. Three or more authors Walker, Paul, Gregory Smith, and Joseph Williams. Great Figures of the Wild West. New York: Facts on File, 1992. Print. Editor Meltzer, Milton, ed. Voices from the Civil War. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1989. Print. Multiple Editors Mander, Jerry and Edward Goldsmith, eds. The Case Against the Global Economy: and

For a Turn Toward the Local. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996. Print.

A Corporate Author American Council of Learned Societies. Teaching the Humanities: Essays from the ACLS Elementary and Secondary Schools Teacher Curriculum Development Project. New York: ACLS, 1994. Print.

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A Work in an Anthology (An essay, short story, a poem, etc.) Frost, Robert. “Birches.” An Anthology of American Poetry. Ed. Robert Smith. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2005. 125-6. Print. Almanac The World Almanac and Book of Facts. Mahwah, N.J. Funk and Wagnall, 1995. Print. Atlas The World Book Atlas. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1990. Print. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterward Borges, Jorge Luis. Forward. Selected Poems, 1923-1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv-xvi. Print. Drabble, Margaret. Introduction. Middlemarch. By George Eliot. New York: Bantam, 1985. vii-xvii. Print. Brodsky, Joseph. “Poetry as a Form of Resistance to Reality.” Foreword. Winter Dialogue. By Thomas Venclova. Trans. Diana Senechal. Evanston: Hydra- Northwestern UP, 1997. vii-xviii. Print. A Scholarly Edition of a Work Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square-Pocket, 1992. Print.

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Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers Formula: Author’s Last Name, First. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Date of publication: page numbers. Print. Weekly Magazine McEnvoy, Dermot. “Little Books, Big Success.” Publishers Weekly 30 Oct. 2006: 26-8. Print. Monthly Magazine Laskin, Sheldon H. “Jena: A Missed Opportunity of Healing.” Psychology Today Nov.- Dec. 2007. 29-32. Print. Multiple Authors

Armstrong, Larry, Dori Jones Yang, and Alice Cuneo. “The Learning Revolution: Technology is Reshaping Education – at Home and School.” Business Week 28 Feb. 1994: 80-88. Print. Scholarly Journal Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bites News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988.” Journal of Communication 42.2 (1992): 5-24. Print. Newspaper article Pantalon, William. “The Future of Digital Cameras.” Democrat and Chronicle 4 July 1994: C 1-2. Print.

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Encyclopedias General encyclopedia, Signed Summers, David. “Michelangelo.” The World Book Encyclopedia. 11th ed. 2007. Print. General encyclopedia, Unsigned “Albert I.” The Encyclopedia Americana International Edition. 7th ed. 2001. Print. Specialized encyclopedia Smith, Frank. “Pleasure Gardens.” Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era. Ed. 4 vols. Danbury, CT: Groiler Online, 2004. Print. Media Sound Recording (record, tape, CD) Traugh, Steven, adapt. “Eating Goober Peas.” Voices Of American History: The Young Nation through The Civil War. Creative Teaching Press, 1994. CD. Video, Film (Videodisc, Filmstrip, Slides) It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1968. Film. Television Program or Radio “Frederick Douglass.” Civil War Journal. Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 Apr. 1963. Television. “Shakespearean Putdowns.” Narr. Robert Siegel and Linda Wertheimer. All Things Considered. Natl. Public Radio. WNYC. New York, 6 Apr. 1994. Radio.

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On-Line Databases:

EBSCOhost Formula: Author’s Last Name, First. “Title of the Article.” Name of Source vol no.issue no (year): page numbers. Database Name. Web. Day Month Year of Access. Helpful Hints:

• If there is no author, then begin the citation with the title of the article. • All publication information is located at the top of the source where you see the

word “source.” The vol. number is listed first, followed by issue number and page numbers.

• If it is a magazine or journal article that does not provide page numbers, use the abbreviation n.pag in place of the page numbers.

• You are looking for the volume number, issue number, year of publication, and page numbers. If it comes from a newspaper, you would be looking for section numbers, etc. See a sample to see how this is placed in the citation. Remember, if the information is not given then you simply skip it.

• The name of the database is at the bottom of the information box; look for the bold word ‘database.’ This is the database you searched within EBSCOhost, such as Masterfile, History Reference Center, etc.

• If you retrieve the information from a database, you must insert the medium; in this case it is web. Insert this word.

• EBSCOhost has updated to the new MLA guidelines. You may cut/paste their citation into your works cited page. However, you should double check to make sure it is correct, and if the title is in all upper case letters, you must change that so that it is grammatically correct. The title should not be in all caps.

MasterFILE Premier: Samples: Periodical Pacella, Rene Marie. “5 Modest Proposals to Save the Planet.” Popular Science 271.2 (2007): 72- 7. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 30 July 2007.

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Newspaper Roberts, Siobhan. “It Will Take More Than a Wolf to Blow One House Down.” New York Times 8 June 2007: F3. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 30 July 2007. Reference Books “Disasters.” World Almanac for Kids (2008): 58-63. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 30 July 2007. Biography “Oprah Winfrey.” Biography 5.12 (2001): 52. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 30 July 2007. Newspaper Source: Newspaper Tinsley, Anna M. “Bush’s Nephew Joins the Navy Reserves.” Fort Worth Star Telegram (TX) 6 June 2007: C3. Newspaper Source. Web. 30 July 2007. Professional Development: Journal Haigh, Harold. “The best way to manage – be seen.” Times Educational Supplement 4743 (2007): 27-8. Professional Development. Web. Jackson, MS. 30 July 2007. ERIC: Journal Lewis, Deanna C. “Get Set, Get Ready, Work!” Techniques Connecting Education and Careers 82 (2007): 18-9. ERIC. 30 July 2007.

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Primary Search: Journal Sohn, Emily. “Disease Detectives.” Science News for Kids (2006): 1. Primary Search. Web. 30 July 2007. Health Source – Consumer Edition: Journal Keating, Nancy. “By the Way, Doctor.” Harvard Health Letter 32.9 (2007): 8. Health Source – Consumer Edition. Web. 30 July 2007. Reference “I Cured by Arthritis and You Can Too.” (2003): 107-116. Health Source – Consumer Edition. Web. 30 July 2007. TOPICsearch: News Journal Smiley, Travis. “Presidential Politics Enters New Arena.” USA Today 7 Apr. 2007, late ed.: A1+. TOPICsource. Web. 30 July 2007. MagillOnLiterature Plus: Periodical Barrett, David. “William Golding.” Magill’s Choice: Notable British Novelists (2001). MagillOnLiterature Plus. Web. 30 July 2007. History Reference Center: Periodical Beller, Susan. “Richmond at the Beginning.” Confederate Ladies of Richmond (2002): 11. History Reference Center. Web. 30 July 2007.

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EBSCO Animals: Encyclopedia Entry “Domestic Dogs.” Encyclopedia of Animals. EBSCO Animals. Web. 30 July 2007. Funk and Wagnall’s New World Encyclopedia: Topic Entry “Tornadoes.” World Almanac Education Group, Inc., 2002. Funk and Wagnall’s New World Encyclopedia. Web. 30 July 2007. Clinical Reference System “Diabetes: Constant Carbohydrate Meal Plan.” Clinical Reference Systems (2006). Health Source – Consumer Edition. Web. 30 July 2007. Image Rischgitz. “Circa, 1600 William Shakespeare (1564-1616).” Getty Images. History Reference Center. Web. 30 July 2007.

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GaleNet Note: There are three types of documents you will find in this database. You must determine which type you are using in order to know which formula to follow. If you are not sure which type of document you have, you can also click on the name of the source, and you will find the type of document next to the word ‘format.’ Formula for Periodicals (usually found in the following tabs): Student Resource Center Gold – Magazine, Academic Journals, and News Literature Resource Center – Literature Criticism, Biographies, Topic and Work Overviews, Reviews/News, and Primary Sources/Literary Works Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center – Viewpoints, Reference, Magazines, Academic Journals, News Author’s Last Name, First. “Title of the Article.” Name of Source vol no.issue no (year): page numbers. Database Name. Web. Day Month Year of Access. Helpful Hints:

• If there is no author, then begin the citation with the title of the article. • All publication information is located at the top of the source. Look where you

see the word ‘source’ in bold. If there is an author, the name is listed after the title. You can pretty much copy that as it is written into your formula. You would remove any unnecessary words, such as from.

• Do not include the month or day of publication when citing a journal. Do include the month and day if citing a magazine or newspaper source.

• Do not insert p for page number. If citing a journal or magazine and no page number is provided, use the abbreviation n.pag.

• You are looking for the volume number, issue number, year of publication, and page numbers. If it comes from a newspaper, you would be looking for section numbers, etc. See a sample to see how this is placed in the citation. Remember, if the information is not given then you simply skip it.

• If you retrieve the information from a database, you must insert the medium; in this case it is web. Insert this word.

Samples: Magazine Article (Signed): Childers, Zack. "I Have a Dream. (Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.)." Skipping Stones 19.2

(2007): 21. Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 19 June 2007.

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Magazine Article (Unsigned): "Officials Probe Clemson Party that Ridiculed King holiday.” Jet 111.7 (2007): 36. Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 19 June 2007. Academic Journal (Signed): Carlson, Michael. "Murder in the South. (Violation)(Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign)(Book review)." Spectator (2007): n. pag. Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 19 June 2007. Academic Journal (Unsigned): "King Among Presidents.” History Today 57.1 (2007): 9. Student Resource Center – Gold. Web. 19 June 2007. News Journals (Signed): Herbert, Bob. "The Lost Voice of Protest.” The New York Times 18 Jan. 2007: A27(L). Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 20 June 2007. News Journals (Unsigned): "National Briefing South: Georgia; Goldman Sachs Endows King Chair." The New York Times 6 June 2007: N. pag. Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 19 June 2007. Topic and Work Overview “The Ghost of Shakespeare.” Harper’s Magazine 298.1787 (1999): 35. Literature

Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009. Reviews/News Tabs Armstrong, Alan. “The 1997 Oregon Shakespeare Festival.” Shakespeare Bulletin 16.2 (1998): 33- 37. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009.

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Literary Criticism: Arbour, Robert. “Shakespeare’s Sonnet 60.” The Explicator 67.3 (2009): 157.

Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009. Primary Sources and Literary Works: Greenburg, Bradley. “O for a Muse of Fire": Henry V and Plotted Self-exculpation.”

Shakespeare Studies 36 (2008): 182. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009.

Opposing Viewpoints Magazine Article (Unsigned) "Words in the News.(People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals)(Brief article)."

Current Events, a Weekly Reader publication 106.11 (2006): S2(1). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 21 June 2007.

Opposing Viewpoints Academic Journal (Signed) Mika, Marie. "Framing the Issue: Religion, Secular Ethics and the Case of Animal Rights

Mobilization." Social Forces 85.2 (2006): 915(27). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 21 June 2007.

Opposing Viewpoints News Source (Signed) Eaton, Tim. "Effort to Transfer Primates From One Home to Another Is

Rebuffed. (National Desk)." The New York Times 9 Sept. 2006: A16(L). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 21 June 2007.

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Opposing Viewpoints Primary Source (Unsigned) "Adaptation from the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) brochure on

the Animal Welfare Act." Ed. Terry O'Neill. Biomedical Ethics Opposing Viewpoints Digests: (1999): n. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 20 June 2007.

GaleNet: Formula for reference material: Author/editor’s last name, first. (use the abbreviation ,ed. you are citing an editor) Title

of original source. Edition used. State of publication: Publisher’s name, date of publication. Name of Database. Web. Day Month Year of Access.

Example: “Airships of the 60s.” DISCovering U.S. History. Online ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003.

Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 9 Jan. 2009. GaleNet: Formula for Sources Previously Published in an Anthology: Note: You will find all information needed for the title, original source, and original publication information at the top of the source. Remember to omit any part of the formula that requests information your source does not provide. Author’s Last Name, First. “Title of Article.” Name of Original Book Source. Ed. Name

of Editor(s). Edition number. Vol. number. City of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Year of publication: Page numbers. Name Of Database. Web. Day Month Year of Access.

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Helpful Hints:

• All publication information is located at the top of the source. Look where you see the word ‘source’ in bold. If there is an author, the name is listed after the title. You can pretty much copy that as it is written into your formula. You would remove any unnecessary words, such as from.

• If there is no author, then begin the citation with the title of the article. • The name of the original book source is usually italicized and in dark blue print. • Insert the abbreviation for editor. • Use n. pag for no page numbers. • Database name is after the word from where you have been looking at all source

information. • Insert medium – web.

Samples: Biography in an Anthology: Andrews, John F. “William Shakespeare.” Elizabethan Dramatists. Ed. Fredson Bowers.

Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 62. Detroit: Gale Research, 1987: n. pag. Web. Literature Resource Center. 21 July 2009.

Topic Overview: Traversi, Derek A. “William Shakespeare: Overview.” Reference Guide to English

Literature. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. 2nd ed. Chicago: St. James P, 1991: n. pag. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009.

Essay: Hart, Elizabeth F. “Great is Diana of Shakespeare's Ephesus.” Shakespearean Criticism.

Ed. Michelle Lee. Vol. 96. Detroit: Gale, 2006: 347-374. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009.

Viewpoints (Signed) Cline, Austin. "Religious Groups Aim to Eliminate Women's Rights." Ed. Emma Bernay.

Current Controversies: The Abortion Controversy. Detroit: Greenhaven P,

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2007: n. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009. Viewpoints (Unsigned) "Abortion Rights Harm Society." Ed. Lynette Knapp. The Abortion

Controversy: Current Controversies Series. San Diego: Greenhaven P, 2001: n. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 21 June 2007.

Formula for Information found in Books published in GaleNet: Author’s Last Name, First. Title of Book. Ed. Name of Editor(s). Edition number. Vol.

Number. City of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Year of publication. Name Of Database. Web. Day Month Year of Access. Helpful Hints:

• All publication information is located at the top of the source. Look where you see the word ‘source’ in bold. If there is an author, the name is listed after the title. You can pretty much copy that as it is written into your formula. You would remove any unnecessary words, such as from.

• If there is no author, then begin the citation with the title of the article. • Insert the abbreviation for editor. • Insert medium – web. • Database name is after the word from where you have been looking at all source

information.

Samples: Reference Article (Unsigned): “Adamson, Joy (1910-1980).” Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Terrie M.

Rooney. Vol. 18. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 20 July 2009.

“Adonis.” Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. 1995. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009.

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Reference Article (Signed): Allison, Robert J. “Adams, Samuel (1772-1803).” American Eras. Eds. Matthew J.

Bruccoli and Richard Layman. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Student Resource Center Gold. Web. 20 July 2009.

Biography: “Gary Taylor.” Contemporary Author’s Online. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 July 2009. Opposing Viewpoints Reference Material (Unsigned) "Preface to 'Do Animals Have Rights?'." Ed. Tamara L. Roleff. The Rights of Animals

Current Controversies Series. Detroit: Greenhaven P, 1999. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 21 June 2007.

Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Compton’s Encyclopedia

Online and Elementary Encyclopedia Online

Formula: All information needed for the citation can be found at the bottom of each document; however, do not use the formula they give you. “Title of Source.” Document Publication Date. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web.

Access Day Month Year.

Samples:

Encyclopedia Britannica Online

“Martin Luther King, Jr., Day." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopedia

Britannica Online School Edition. Web. 28 July 2007.

Compton’s Encyclopedia.

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“Winfrey, Oprah." Compton's by Britannica. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica Online

School Edition. Web. 28 July 2007.

The Columbia Granger’s World of Poetry Formula: Individual Poem Poet’s Last Name, First. “Title of Poem.” Title of Database Used. Web. Date of Access. Sample:

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Then the Master." The Columbia Granger's World of

Poetry. Web. 28 July 2007.

Formula: a Biography

Biography of (insert author’s name). Title of Database Used. Web. Date of Access. Sample:

Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The Columbia Granger's World of Poetry.

Web. 28 July 2007.

Oxford University Press American National Biography Online, Grove Art Online, and Grove Music Online Formula: Author’s Last Name, First. “Name of Article.” American National Biography Online. Publication Date. Web. Access Date.

Helpful Hints: • Find the author’s name at the bottom of the article where the word “citation” is

written. • The name of the article is located at the top of the source. • Look at the bottom of the article for the publication date.

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Samples:

Biography - American National Biography Online. Gerber, Judith B. “John F. Kennedy.” American National Biography Online. 2001. Oxford University Press. Web. 28 July 2007. Biography - Grove Music Online.

Malone, Bill C. “Williams, (Hiram) Hank. Grove Music Online. Oxford

University Press. Web. 28 July 2007.

Biography - Grove Art Online.

Masters, Christopher. “The Break with Surrealism: Post-war Painting.” Grove Art

Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 28 July 2007.

Oxford University Press: Oxford African American Studies Center

Note: You will need to click on the cite button to find all the information you need for your citation.

Below is a formula for creating entries found in this database. These include biographies, subject entries, primary sources, images, maps, and charts and tables.

Formula:

Author’s Last Name, First. “Title of Source.” Insert the article’s original publication

information, along with the names of any editors, etc. Name of database.

Web. Access Date.

Helpful Hints: • Both the author’s name and the title of the source are located at the top left-hand

corner of the source. • ALL of this information can be found by clicking on the “cite” button at the

bottom of the page. If there is no publisher, use n.p. If there is no date, us n.d.

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Samples:

Biography

Tracy, Steven C. "Hughes, Langston." African American National Biography. Eds. Henry

Louis Gates Jr. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. n.p., n.d. Oxford African

American Studies Center. Web. 31 July 2009.

Subject Entry

Lewis, David Levering. "Harlem Renaissance." Africana: The Encyclopedia of the

African and African American Experience. Second Edition. Eds. Kwame

Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr. n.p., n.d. Oxford African American

Studies Center. Web. 31 July 2008.

Image

Hine, Darlene Clark "Parks, Rosa." Black Women in America. Second Edition.

Ed. Darlene Clark Hine. n.p., n.d. Oxford African American Studies Center. Web.

31 July 2009.

Primary Source

"Montgomery Story” Speech (1956)." Oxford African American Studies Center. Web.

31 July 2009.

Chart and Table

"Medal of Freedom, African American Recipients of the Presidential." African American

National Biography, eds. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Evelyn Brooks

Higginbotham. African American Studies Center. Web. 31 July 2009.

Map

"Harlem, Major Sites of Black Culture in the 1920s." Africana: The Encyclopedia of the

African and African American Experience, Second Edition, eds. Kwame Anthony

Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr. Oxford African American Studies Center. Web.

31 July 2009.

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Oxford University Press: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

Note: You will need to click on the cite button to find all the information you need for your citation.

Formula: Author’s Last Name, First. “Title of Article.” Name of Original Book Source. Ed. Name

of Editor(s). Edition number. Vol. Number. City of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Year of publication: Page numbers. Name Of Database. Web. Day Month Year of Access.

Helpful Hints: • If there is no author, then begin the citation with the title of the article. • The title of the article is usually italicized and in dark blue print. • Use n. Pag for no page numbers.

Samples:

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Royster, Charles. “Washington, George (1732–1799).” Oxford Dictionary of National

Biography. Ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004. Online ed. Ed. Lawrence Goldman. May 2008. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Web. 24 July 2009.

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Oxford University Press: Oxford Reference Online Note: Look at the bottom of the page for citation information. Formula: Author’s Last Name, First. All original publication information. Name of database. Web. Day Month Year of Access.

Helpful Hints:

• All publication information is located at the bottom of the page where it says “How to cite.”

Samples: Biography: Nancy Woloch "Earhart, Amelia." The Oxford Companion to United States History. Ed.

Paul S. Boyer. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001. Oxford Reference Online. Web. 24 July 2009.

Quotations: “Earhart, Amelia." The Oxford Dictionary of Quotation. Ed. Elizabeth Knowles. Oxford:

Oxford UP, 2004. Oxford Reference Online. Web. 29 July 2007. Maps and illustrations "Ocean Trenches and Ridges." Visual English Dictionary. QA International Ltd, 2002.

Oxford Reference Online. Web. 29 July 2009. Encyclopedia "St. Helens, Mount." World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2005. Oxford Reference Online.

Web. 29 July 2007.

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Subject Reference "Mark Twain." The Oxford Companion to American Literature. Ed. James D. Har and

Rev. Phillip W. Leininger. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. Oxford Reference Online. Web. 29 July 2009.

Timeline “Timeline: Performing Arts.” Timeline provided by HistoryWorld, 2007. Oxford

Reference Online. Web. 29 July 2007.

World Wide Web Sources Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try and find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Always include as much information as is available/applicable:

• Name of author, compiler, director, editor, narrator, performer, or translater of the work; if there is no person such as these, simply begin the entry with the title of the work

• Title of the work in quotations

• Title of the overall Web site in italics

• Version or edition used (if you are using a book from the internet)

• Publisher information; if not available, use N.p.

• Date of publication (day, month, and year, as available); if nothing is available, use n.d.

• Medium of publication (Web)

• Date of access (day, month, and year)

Each item if followed by a period except the publisher or sponsor, which is followed by a comma. Untitled works may be indentified by a genre lable (e.g. home page, Introduction, Online posting), neither italicized nor encolosed in quotation marks, in the place where the title goes (see 6.6.8 and 6.7.7-10 in the MLA book for more information). For inclusion of other information that may be pertinent (e.g., the name of the composer of a performed work) see the sample entries. If not otherwise recorded in the entry, the name of a creator of the overall Web site, such as its editor, may be listed following the

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title of the site (see Yager example). If you cannot find some information, cite what is available. Remember your job is the make certain that your teacher/professor is able to find your cite if he/she were to search the internet. Web Sources Web sites (in MLA style, the "W" in Web is capitalized, and "Web site" or "Web sites" are written as two words) and Web pages are arguably the most commonly cited form of electronic resource today. Below are a variety of Web sites and pages you might need to cite. MLA Style capitalizes the E in E-mail and separates the E and mail with a hyphen

An Entire Web Site Basic format:

Author’s Last name, First. “Title of Article.” Name of Website. Publisher or Sponsor,

Date of Publication. Insert the Medium of Publication. Date of access.

Helpful Hints:

• If there is an author, the name is listed first. When searching for the name, you can look on the webpage itself but you may also need to click on various links to find the name. Sometimes there is a link for contributors or the editorial board for the website.

• The name of the website does not come from the Internet address. At the top of your webpage above where the address is located you will find the name of the website. This requires that after you find a link you back out to the home page. Only when you find the name of the home page have you actually located the name of the website.

• The sponsor of the website is not an advertiser. It is the governing body that oversees the website. If you use a website from a college or university, a particular department of the school is usually the sponsor. Major companies and organizations, such as NPR or NY Times are usually sponsors of their websites. A .com website often does not have a sponsor, though you still need to look. This will also require that you click on various links to find this information.

• To locate the date of publication, you need to look for words like “submitted on,” “last updated,” “posted on,” etc. At the bottom of the page you will sometimes see the word ‘copyright’ and a date. This is NOT the publication date.

Remember: Your job is to make sure that your instructor can google aspects of your citation and effortlessly find your internet site. This is your responsibility.

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Samples: An Interview: Antin, David. Interview by Charles Berntein. Dalkey Archive Press. Dalkey Archive Press, n.d. Web. 21 Aug. 2009. An Article By a Group Sponsor: Committee on Scholarly Editions. “Guidelines for Editors of Scholarly Editions.” Modern Language Association. MLA, 25 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2007. An Entire Site Published By Multiple Authors: Eaves, Morris, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi, eds. The William Blake Archive. Lib. Of Cong., 28 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2007. An Article with One Author: Green, Joshua. “The Rove Presidency.” The Atlantic.com. Atlantic Monthly Group, Sept. 2007. Web. 29 Nov. 2007. A Piece from a Radio Program: “Hourly News Summary.” National Public Radio. Natl. Public Radio, 20 July 2007. Web. 20 July 2007. An Untitled Work: Liu, Alan, ed. Home Page. Voice of the Shuttle. Dept. of English, U of California, Santa Barbara, n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2007.

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A Map: “Maplewood, New Jersey.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 23 July 2007. Web. 23 July 2007. An Entire Website: Salda, Michael N., ed. The Cinderella Project. Vers. 1.2. U of Southern Mississippi, Oct. 2005. Web. 21 Nov. 2007. An Unsigned Article: “The Scientists Speak.” Editorial. New York Times. New York Times, 20 Nov. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2007. A Narrated Piece: Yager, Susan, narr. “The Former Age.” By Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer Metapage. Ed. Mark E. Allen, et al. U of North Carolina, 13 Feb. 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2007. An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal Online scholarly journals are treated differently from online magazines. First, you must include volume and issue information, when available. Also, some electronic journals and magazines provide paragraph or page numbers; again, include them if available. Use n.pag if there are no page numbers.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and

Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases 6.6 (2000): 33 pars.

Web. 8 May 2006.

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Name

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Teacher

Date

Social Contracts of 18th Century France

For years the Bastille prison had seemed as much a natural part of the Paris skyline as the

Eiffel Tower would one day become, solid and immovable. But the year was 1789, and now that

was changing. By three p.m. the tide of the battle was turning. The mob massed below around

the outer walls had conjured a cannon from nowhere, and now they pounded the aged walls

relentlessly ("French Revolution Begins"). Why had the people of Paris turned so suddenly

violent? What was happening in the lives and fortunes of the people that made the fortress,

previously so ignored, now so important? To answer these questions, we must look further back

into France's past. The causes, direct and indirect, such as the social structure of the early

eighteenth century, the decline of aristocratic power and the start of the revolution, and

the end of the revolution and social reform would shake the nation of France to its very

foundations and change the lives of the people forever.

In many ways, the social structure of France in the early eighteenth century had not

progressed very far from the feudal society of medieval Europe. The king enjoyed complete and

absolute power over the people and lived a life of extravagant luxury. He alone wrote and

enforced all laws. In addition, the clergy and the nobility, called the First and Second Estates,

respectively, enjoyed many privileges but no real power. Meanwhile, the nobility controlled the

thirteen parliaments, or higher courts, but that was all. Unfortunately, the Third and lowest

Estate consisted of about twenty- five million poor and middle class Frenchmen. They had no

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political power at all and were taxed for almost everything. There was even a tax for being born

(Dowd 15)! As a result, all three Estates wanted reform from the restricted society in which they

lived.

It was only a matter of time before the power of the king began to wane. King Louis XVI had

inherited none of his predecessor Louis XIV’s strong character and often found himself pressured by

the people (Dowd 11). In early 1789 as a last- ditch effort to fill the war- depleted treasury he had

consented to call the Estates- General, the elected legislative assembly that had not met since 1614

(17). At the convention, which began on May 4 at Versailles Palace, he attempted to gloss over the

issue of social reform completely (21). Also, the Third Estate was treated like an inferior body and as

a result refused to conduct business ("Louis XVI"). On June 17 the Third Estate took the drastic step

of declaring themselves a National Assembly and assuming the power of the entire Estates- General

("Oath of the Tennis Court..."). On June 20 they swore a sad oath not to separate until a new

constitution was firmly established (Dowd 24). Louis immediately responded by summoning foreign

troops and dismissing his finance minister Jacques Necker, who had spoken out in favor of the Third

Estate. Fears of attack by foreign troops as well as Necker’s dismissal were the main causes of the

attack on the Bastille where munitions and arms had been stored for safekeeping ("Louis XVI"). The

people's victory encouraged similar attacks throughout France. As a result, the Parisians developed a

new government for themselves, the Commune of Paris. By that fall, the Assembly had drawn up a

new constitution (Dowd 44). However, food crises continued and on October 5 a crowd marched to

Versailles and forced the Royal family to come to Paris (“Louis XVI”). King Louis and his wife,

Marie Antoinette, attempted an escape in June 1791 but were caught at Varennes and returned to

Paris as prisoners and Louis was deposed as king (Louis XVI; Dowd 87). Later that year the

Assembly reconvened with the name Legislative Assembly and new deputies. The Jacobin political

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society was by far the most powerful influence (Johnson 77). In 1792 the Assembly once again

renamed itself the National Convention and abolished the monarchy, appointing in its place six

executive ministers. The Girondists, a faction of the Jacobins and the controllers of the Convention,

looked to foreign war as a solution to pressing money woes (Dowd 90). On April 20 they declared

war on Austria ("Louis XVI"). From the start it went badly and the Girondists were blamed (Dowd

92). Conditions in Paris especially began to deteriorate. The Convention passed numerous anti-

counter- revolutionary measures and journalists stirred up rumors that in early September caused a

bloodbath in which 1100 people were murdered. The Convention tried Louis for treason on December

11. The Jacobin leaders George Jacques Danton and Maximilien Robespierre were among the most

powerful men in the Convention. Their party was the main pusher for his death. Louis XVI was

found guilty, sentenced, and executed on January 21, 1793 (95 – 96). Louis XVI’s death was an end to

a difficult political chapter in history.

The death of King Louis cleared the way for the final stages of the Revolution. The Girondist

faction was largely blamed for France's troubles both in the war in within the country's boundaries.

The Jacobins began to take control of the Convention and in April they had twenty- nine of the

Girondists formally dismissed. (Dowd 102). The Jacobins created a Revolutionary Tribunal to try

crimes against the state and a Committee of Public Safety, headed by Robespierre, originally intended

to connect the Convention and the Executive. In reality it began the replace the ministers (Johnson

24). Pleased with the power of their new measures the Jacobins took steps to ensure that the war

continued and kept them in power. On July 10 the last moderates were not reelected to the

Convention. The twelve members of the Committee of Public Safety believed that force (terror) was

necessary for public safety. They sent small armies to crush any small uprising in the provinces, each

accompanied by a Committee representative to try the rebels. The trials were a mockery of justice and

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as many as 4000 people were executed in this way. That September the Law of Suspects gave the

Tribunal more power. Up to fifty people were tried at once for little to no reason at all and were

executed every afternoon (Smith 128). A sudden swell in the numbers of the French army turned the

war around, driving back the Allies- Austria, Prussia, and England from France (Dowd 130). The

Convention, led by Robespierre, now turned its Terror on the people in force, executing several

leaders of the commune and his own compatriot Danton for speaking out against the government and

its policies (Smith 133). On July 27, however, the Convention turned against Robespierre himself and

had him arrested (Edwards 138). He was executed the next day (Dowd 140). Many would say that

the Revolution died with Robespierre. Most of those he imprisoned were released, and the Committee

was reduced back to a subcommittee of the Convention. The Parisian mob, once so threatening, was

now insignificant without its strongest leaders (Dowd 143; Smith 701). Under a new constitution in

1795, the government, now called the Directory, was divided into a two- house legislative and a five-

member executive. On October 5 the young military commander Napoleon Bonaparte was called

upon to quell one last popular uprising, which he did in hours (Edwards 257). Afraid of Napoleon's

sudden popularity, the Directory sent him out of country and he led many successful campaigns in

Italy and Austria. In Southern France monarchists began a "white terror," executing Jacobin

supporters in droves. They also voted several monarchists into the legislature (Dowd 144-145).

Despite his successes, Napoleon was blamed for several defeats as well as the renewed threat of war.

On November 5 he returned to Paris and took over the government by force (Smith 714). This began

Napoleon’s long influence on the French.

Napoleon would rule France as a dictator for the next sixteen years. Despite the repression

that rose throughout the dictatorship, France could not be mistaken for the feudal society of a decade

before. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, the Revolution's motto, remained the French ideal. Indeed, the

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French people were freer and more equal that ever before. They could elect an assembly of

lawmakers. They could own land or work wherever they chose (Edwards 275). Most important, they

were all regarded justly by the law. And yet this was just the framework on which other freedoms

would be built (Johnson 35).

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Works Cited

Dowd, John. Uncovering the French Revolution. New York: Simon P, 1956. Print.

Edwards, Samuel. The Estates General. Illinois: Masters P, 1998. Print.

"The French Revolution Begins, 1774-1815." DISCovering World History. Online

Edition. Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center. Web. 3 January 2006.

Johnson, Beverly. The National Convention. New York: Simon and Simon, 1986. Print.

"Louis, XVI, King of France." DISCovering World History. Online Edition. Gale, 2003.

Student Resource Center. Web. 3 January 2006

“Oath of the Tennis Court.” The French Revolution Web. U of Michigan, 10 May 2006.

Web. 7 January 2006.