Ixodidae Ticks & Tick-borne Diseases
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Transcript of Ixodidae Ticks & Tick-borne Diseases
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Ixodidae Ticks & Tick-borne DiseasesMichael Lehrke
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Ixodidae Ticks
• Ixodidae ticks are hard ticks• Taxonomy:• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Arthropoda • Class: Arachnida (Eight legs)• Subclass: Acari (Ticks & Mites)• Superorder: Parasitiformes (Parasitic ticks)• Order: Ixodida• Family Ixodidae (Hard ticks)
• 702 species in 14 genera
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Notable Species
• Amblyomma americanum• The lone star tick
• Dermacentor andersoni• Wood tick
• Dermacentor variabilis• American dog tick
• Ixodes scapularis (Ixodes dammini)• Black-legged deer tick
• Rhipicephalus sanguineus• Brown dog tick
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General Morphology
• Hard scutum or shield, on females it is partial on males it is full
• A capitulum (mouth parts) that projects from the body• Opposed to soft ticks in which the
head is beneath the body
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A. americanum Morphology
• Red-brown color, females have white spot posterior to scutum, males have more than one spot around body
• Mouth parts are particularly long
• Festoons are present
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Dermacentor Morphology
• Females have a white scutum and brown body, males are brown with white markings (D. variabilis has more white)
• Eleven festoons
• Basis capituli is straight
• Coxae get larger from anterior to posterior
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I. scapularis Morphology
• They have reddish bodies with black scutum, males are usually mostly black
• Lack of festoons
• Have anal groove on ventral side, anterior to the anus
• Adults are “1/2 sesame” sized and nymphs are “poppy seed” sized
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R. sanguineus Morphology
• Brown abdomen and scutum
• Festoons present
• Hexagonal basis capituli
• Coxae remain same size
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Morphology
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Amblyomma americanum• Definitive hosts: Cats, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rodents,
primates
• Intermediate hosts: Cats, rodents, rabbits
• It is a three-host tick
• Southern US and Mexico
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Dermacentor andersoni• Definitive hosts: Dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, primates,
raccoons
• Intermediate hosts: Rodents, rabbits
• It is a three-host tick
• Western North America and Canada
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Dermacentor variabilis• Definitive hosts: Dogs, cats, cattle, rodents, primates, raccoons
• Intermediate hosts: Rabbits
• It is a three-host tick
• Central and Eastern US
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Ixodes scapularis• Definitive hosts: Dogs, cats, cattle, rodents, horses, pigs,
rabbits, birds, primates
• Intermediate hosts: Rabbits, rodents, snakes/turtles
• It is a three-host tick
• Central, Midwest and Eastern US
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Rhipicephalus sanguineus• Definitive hosts: Dogs, rodents, rabbits, primates
• Intermediate hosts: Dogs, rodents, rabbits
• It is a three-host tick
• Entire US (your dog is not safe!!)
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Life Cycle
• Three host tick: feeds on three hosts during life cycle• Can be all different or the same individual
• Molt in between feedings
• Usually winter before each feeding and after molting
• Progress from Egg -> Larvae -> Nymph -> Adult• Larvae, aka rebels, have 6 legs (nymphs keep it real
with 8 again)
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Life Cycle
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Life Cycle
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Pathology
• Usually asymptomatic, like a normal insect bite• Tick cuts into skin (can take 10 min to 2 hours to prepare),
inserts feeding tube, and secrete anesthetic saliva! (Sucks, literally)
• Dermacentor and Ixodes have been implicated with tick paralysis• Acute, ascending, flaccid motor paralysis, can result in
death• Thought to be caused by toxins
• Ticks can transmit diseases!
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Treatment/Control
• Remove the tick, duh• DO NOT use ointments/Vaseline or heat, ticks
vomit, possibly forcing pathogens into you!
• Avoid tick infested areas
• Repellent (DEET)
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Tick-borne Diseases
• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Anaplasmosis• Formerly human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HE), now referred to human
granulocytic anaplasmosis
• Caused by bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum, transmitted by Ixodes scapularis
• Symptoms include fever, headache, chills, muscle aches usually 1-2 weeks after bite
• Diagnosed on symptoms and can be confirmed by lab tests, treated with doxycycline
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Babesiosis
• Caused by blood parasite Babesia microti, transmitted by Ixodes scapularis
• Usually asymptomatic, can cause flu-like symptoms, dangerous to immunocompromised people
• Diagnosed with blood smears, visualizing “Maltese-cross” formations, treated, usually clears itself or can be treated with drug combinations
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Ehrlichiosis
• Caused by Ehrlichia species of bacteria, transmitted by lone-star tick
• Flu-like symptoms, malaise, confusion, rash, red eyes
• Diagnosed on clinical signs and lab tests, treated with doxycycline
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever• Caused by the bacteria
Rickettsia rickettsi, transmitted by Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor andersoni, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus
• Flu-like symptoms, spotted rash, can be deadly if not treated
• Suspicion, blood tests, platelet count, treated with doxycycline
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Lyme Disease
• NOT “Lyme’s Disease” – Named after
• Caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by Ixodes scapularis
• Acute: Flu-like symptoms, erythema migrans (bull’s-eye rash), Bell’s palsy, joint pain, fatigue• Chronic: Arthritis, neurological issues, persistent fatigue• Post-treatment: fatigue, sleep disturbance, cognitive
defects, joint problems
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Lyme Disease
• Diagnosed with blood tests (after several weeks), treated with doxycycline, Ceftin, or amoxicillin
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Lyme Disease
• Prevalent on the East Coast and in the Midwest (particularly around this area and Wisconsin)
• Prevalence is dramatically climbing• In 2000 MN had 465 cases, in 2010 that rose to
1293 (270% increase)!• In 2000 WI had 631 cases, which rose to 2505
in 2010 (400% increase)!
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Lyme Disease
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Lyme Disease
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Lyme Disease
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Prevention
• These diseases can be prevented by avoiding ticks, using repellents (DEET), and promptly removing ticks
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Questions?