IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION€¦ · IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This study analyses samples...

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IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This study analyses samples collected from the texts, a Novel—SL (Mitch

Albom‟s The Time Keeper) and TL texts (Tanti Lesmana‟s Sang Penjaga Waktu).

To break through the pragmatic meaning in the samples, this paper examines the

texts from the perspective of the translator when comprehending the message of

the samples.

From the enclosed table, it is identified that there are 33 utterances. There

are 5 of them belong to locutionary acts and 28 samples included to illocutionary

acts. Locutionary act is the basic utterance that is considered as the literal meaning

or intention. Illocutionary act is the real intention that is occurred in the utterance,

also known as performative speech by the speaker. This study uses Catford„s type

of translation to analyze some utterances as seen in the table, in order to classify

the basic theory used in each sample. The translation of locutionary acts

utterances tends to use the literal translation, while the translation of illocutionary

acts utterances has a tendency to use free translation. Literal translation is a

translation that focuses on the form in the ST, the translator is faithful and tends to

use the exact equivalence or the same word rank in the TT in order to maintain the

similar form in the ST. While free translation is the opposite from literal

translation, it is focusing on the TT. The translator tends to deliver the same

meaning or sense in the ST by using different form in the TT without losing the

main idea or meaning in the ST. Based on the samples, there are two main

categories of SA aspects; Speech Acts that are translated into Literal translation

type and free translation type.

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Table 4.1 Speech Acts samples that are translated in Literal type of

translation

NO ST II DI TT II DI

1. Did you really play

with him when you

were a boy? (p.17)

- V

Benarkah Ayah dulu teman

sepermainannya waktu masih kecil?

(p.30)

- V

2. I have my work

(p.21) - V

Aku punya pekerjaan (p.34) - V

3. Dor and Alli stayed

on the hillside that

night. (p.25)

V -

Malam itu Dor dan Alli tidak beranjak

dari lereng bukit.(p.41) - V

4. Who‟s there? (p.57) - V Siapa itu? (p.81) - V

5. Show yourself!

(p.57) - V

Tunjukkan dirimu! (p.81) - V

6. Answer me! (p.57) - V Jawab aku! (p.81) - V

7. I should be gone by

the end of the year

(p.122)

- V

Aku sudah tidak ada lagi pada akhir

tahun ini. (p.168) - V

8. Time flies with you.

(p.136) - V

Waktu serasa terbang bersamamu.

(p.187) V -

The samples above are classified as literal translation since the form in the

ST is mostly maintained in the TT, and have the closest equivalence for each term

in the ST. In the table, there are two types of classifications that narrowed down

the samples. The samples in table 4.1 are divided into the indirect illocutionary act

and direct illocutionary act. Among the samples, there are two samples that are

translated literally and deliver the indirect illocutionary acts as well. It is due to

the different focus of idea in translation between literal translation and speech acts

theory that such case commonly exists in translation works. In these two samples,

the translator tends to focus on the surface meaning or the basic form in the ST

without paying close attention to the context for the utterances. Therefore the

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illocutionary acts could not be delivered, and the utterances are changed into

locutionary form in the TT.

Table 4.2 Sample 1


1. Did you really play with him when

you were a boy? (p.17)

- V Benarkah Ayah dulu teman

sepermainannya waktu masih

kecil? (p.30)

- V

The sample is demanding a confirmation in a form of a question and Tanty

uses literal translation to transfer the same intention in ST. The sample in ST is

classified as direct illocutionary because the speaker intention is being said in the

utterance itself in the form of a question. As Searle (1975) explains before that if

the meaning or the intention is directly sent through the words then it belongs to

direct illocutionary. The translator considers there is a direct intention in the form

of ST and grammatically delivers the equivalent of the intention in the TT. Hence,

sample in the TT is translated into direct illocutionary act form as well. The

sample is literally translated since literal translation transfers the meaning in the

ST in the closest equivalent form of words in the ST as it is shown in the sample.

The forms of the words in the ST mostly translated literally and have the

equivalent in TL. The word „did‟ in SL is translated into „dulu‟ to emphasize the

past event, even though they are placed differently but these two words have the

same meaning. In the TT, the word „sepermainannya‟ is mentioned explicitly to

replace the word “play” in the ST. It is because the translator probably wants to

create the same feeling of the speaker in the ST which the TT‟ speaker would

have in asking the same question. It is not as faithful as word-to-word translation

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which really focuses on each word it. It rathers to look for the equivalent form for

the whole sentence and not for each word/morpheme (Catford, 1974). There is no

underlying meaning in the utterance as literal translation is performed here.

Table 4.3 Sample 2


2. I have my work (p.21) - V Aku punya pekerjaan (p.34) - V

Similar to sample 1, the utterance in ST is included to direct illocutionary and

transferred in the same category in the TT. The translator delivers the speaker‟s

intention in the ST literally without changing the intention in the TT. For this

sample, the utterance is literally translated “Aku punya pekerjaanku” but the

translator losses the word “my” as the additional detail or belonging mark “ku” in

the translation. It belongs to literal translation because the translator delivers the

approximately same intention with the slightly different grammatical structure in

the TT, as literal translation is not too faithful to the point that it preserves the

exact form grammatical structure from the ST in the TT.

Table 4.4 Sample 3


3. Dor and Alli stayed on the hillside

that night. (p.25)

V - Malam itu Dor dan Alli tidak

beranjak dari lereng bukit.(p.41)

- V

The sample above is classified as illocutionary acts in ST but it is changed

into direct illocutionary in TT. The context in the ST is to inform the effect action

that the characters perform since the characters are forced to stay due to the weak

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physical condition one of the characters. The translator chooses to put negative

form “tidak” to emphasize the underlying meaning in the ST and make it implicit

in the TT. In the sample, the word “stayed” is translated to “tidak beranjak” which

is its closest equivalence in the TT. Based on Cambridge dictionary, it should be

translated to “tinggal”, “menetap”, and “tetap tinggal”, but the translator uses

“tidak beranjak” which has the similar description to those words. The translator

makes an implicit meaning of the word “stayed” and uses the word “tidak

beranjak” because of the context. The utterance is reviewed as literally translated

because most of the words except the word “stayed” are translated in the TT.

There is no significant change of the form in the TT.

Table 4.5 Sample 4


4. Who‟s there? (p.57) - V Siapa itu? (p.81) - V

Direct illocutionary usually found in the type of utterances such as order,

question, and request in short form, like the sample 4. Sample 4 is categorized as

direct illocutionary because it has the essence of a question to demand an answer

right away. There is no way this form of direct illocutionary to be translated other

than in the same form as a direct illocutionary too in the TT. The sample is

automatically translated literally and conveying the same intention in the ST as

the speaker is asking a question briefly. However the word “there” is not literally

translated and replaced by the word “itu” in the TT. This translation is performed

because the translator wants to create the natural-sound instead of the formal-

sound if the word were translated to “disana”.

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Table 4.6 Sample 5 & 6


5. Show yourself! (p.57) - V Tunjukkan dirimu! (p.81) - V

6. Answer me! (p.57) - V Jawab aku! (p.81) - V

In table 4.6, sample 5 and 6 have the same performative form that belongs

to direct illocutionary act. As in sample 4, these samples are classified as direct

illocutionary since they are in the context of ordering or requesting. The samples

are translated in the form of direct illocutionary as in the ST and delivers the same

intention in TT. In the ST the speaker orders and demands the hearer to do

something as he has ordered. These two utterances do not have unspoken intention

as the intention is clearly stated in the form of the words. The translator chooses to

use the type of literal translation and successfully delivering the same idea from

the ST into the TT form.

Table 4.7 Sample 7


7. I should be gone by the end of the

year (p.122)

- V Aku sudah tidak ada lagi pada

akhir tahun ini. (p.168)

- V

Sample 7 is categorized as direct illocutionary both in the ST and TT as its

intention is to inform or give information to the hearer. There is a little change of

meaning in the TT from the “should be gone” part which is translated into “sudah

tidak ada lagi”. In ST the speaker is not only intending to inform the hearer but

also indirectly demand the hearer to know the speaker‟s expectation. In the

context, the speaker is showing his plan to die as the schedule he has made, thus

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the speaker wants the hearer to make it happen. However the translator, Tanty

Lesmana chooses to deliver the simplest meaning of the utterance literally and

ignores the underlying meaning from the word “should” in ST.

Table 4.8 Sample 8


8. Time flies with you. (p.136) - V Waktu serasa terbang bersamamu.

(p.187)

- V

Sample in ST is included to direct illocutionary since the speaker‟s

intention is expressed in the form of the utterance. There is a change in the sample

from direct illocutionary to indirect illocutionary in the TT. Indirect illocutionary

means when the intention of the speaker is not literally performed (Searle, 1975).

Sample 8 in the TT belongs to this category because of the underlying meaning of

the utterance because of the use word “serasa”. The word “serasa” is put in TT to

add the metaphor effect in TT. The sample in ST itself is in an active form of a

sentence but the translator chooses to use the word “serasa” which change the

active form in ST into a less-active form in the TT. However, the literal

translation is performed since there utterance in ST is translated based on its

equivalent meaning in the TT. It‟s a rare case but still can occur for conditional

situation and context. The utterance in sample 8 simply takes the form of

metaphor and fortunately it has a similar form of metaphor in TT therefore literal

translation is chosen to translate the sample.

Generally, in order to deliver the same speech act in the ST, the literal

translation is not the best choice because of the different focus. Although the

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focuses are different, the use of speech acts theory in other samples is still

possible even in the type of literal translation. Sample no. 4, 5, and 6 are included

in the directive speech, which means it indicates asking the hearer to do

something in response. This kind of utterance should be translated as same as the

intention in the ST. A literal translation would be the best option in translating

directive speech which short and clear. It is translated in the term of the

equivalence of the words and automatically delivers the same intention or

meaning as what speech acts main purpose presents.

Out of 33 samples, there are only 7 samples that are reviewed as literal

translation and transfer the same illocutionary acts from ST to the TT. The rest of

the samples that have speech act aspects in them are more likely to use free

translation to maintain the same message or intention in the ST. It is because the

different word level in ST and TT or the equivalence of the form cannot always

have the same or equal intention. A translator cannot force the use of literal

translation as the step to deliver the same or similar point in the utterances.

Table 4.10 Speach Acts that are translated in Free type of translation


1. It is more than that (p.21) V - Itu bukan sekedar lubang

(p.34)

- V

2. As you wish (p.21) V - Terserah padamu (p.34) - V

3. That does not concern me (p.21) V - Aku tidak peduli (p.35) - V

4. Leave me alone. (p.155) V - Jangan ganggu aku! (p.211) - V

5. What‟s going on? (p.155) V - Kau kenapa? (p.211) - V

6. I‟m so sorry (p.208) V - Aku sangat menyesal. (p.275) - V

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According to the table above, the samples are examples of translation

work that focus on the meaning in the ST. As they are seen in the table, they are

classified as a free translation because free translation is focusing on the meaning

rather than the form. Tanty Lesmana as the translator seems to focus on delivering

the closest sense of meaning rather than presenting the similar grammatical

structure in the TT. A free translation is used because there is no certain

equivalence in words in TT that can be used to deliver the underlying meaning or

message or intention in ST. It is when the translator wants to emphasize the

message in the ST and transfers it as close as she can in the TT that shows free

translation is more suitable for transferring speech acts in ST. As there is a change

type of illocutionary in the samples, the translator tends to focus on the implicit

meaning that makes the indirect illocutionary turn into direct illocutionary.

Table 4.11 Sample 1


1. It is more than that (p.21) V - Itu bukan sekedar lubang (p.34) - V

Sample 1 belongs to indirect illocutionary since the speaker‟s intention in

the context that is to explain that the work he has been working on is not as simple

as it is seen by the hearer, is not literally performed in the utterance. However, it

changes into direct illocutionary in the TT due to the change of the form when it is

translated using the free type of translation as the translator does not focus on the

form of SL. She focuses on the context from what the speaker intends instead of

focusing on the words from what the speaker says. From the sample no.1 in the

table, the word ‟that‟ is translated to be „lubang‟, which gives more detail in the

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utterance in TT. Basically, it changes the original form in the ST but the context in

it is transferred in TT because of the change. Even the word „more‟ is translated

into „bukan sekedar‟ instead of using the term „lebih dari‟ which is the Indonesian

literal translation. As the result, the utterance in TT sounds more implicit and has

a sense that is close to its original form.

Table 4.12 Sample 2


2. As you wish (p.21) V - Terserah padamu (p.34) - V

The utterance in ST belongs to indirect illocutionary since it has other

intention more than what the words mean literally. The sample in ST has the

underlying meaning to state that the speaker is going to stop paying attention in

the future. The speaker is trying to say that he decides to not care anymore to the

hearer. Literally, the sample sounds like someone is making a wish comes true.

However, the translator translates chooses to translate the underlying meaning

directly in the form of the utterance in TT. Using the free type of translation, the

translator emphasizes the speaker intention based on the context of the

conversation—Nim states that every decision that Dor make is based on Dor‟s

will, not because Nim makes him to. If the translator translates the utterance

literally, it would sound like the speaker grants the hearer‟s wish if it is literally

translated.

Table 4. 13 Sample 3


3. That does not concern me (p.21) V - Aku tidak peduli (p.35) - V

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The sample above belongs to indirect illocutionary since the speaker

intention is not literally performed in the utterance in ST. As same as the previous

samples, in the TT it changes the type into direct illocutionary due to the

implicitly meaning in the TT. The translation for sample 3 is based on the

context—Nim responds to Dor‟s reaction regarding Nim‟s decision to banish Dor

and his family from the land. Literally, the utterance would be translated to “Itu

tidak ada urusannya denganku”, but the translator uses free translation to convey

the unspoken intention of the speaker which shows his ignorance towards to

hearer‟s situation. In this case, the indirect meaning of the utterance is delivered in

a different form of TT.

Table 4.14 Sample 4


4. Leave me alone. (p.155) V - Jangan ganggu aku! (p.211) - V

Sample 4 in ST is classified as indirect illocutionary due to the underlying

intention of the speaker. The context of the sample is that the speaker is not in the

condition to be able to talk to anyone. Therefore the speaker‟s intention is to push

away the presence of the hearer. The intention is transferred in a different form of

words in TT but directly stated in the form. In sample 4, free translated is used to

translate the utterance since the form is changed in the TT. The translator uses

another term in TT that has the intended meaning of the speaker. As the speaker

does not want to talk to anyone when she is crying in despair because of a certain

event, in the ST the speaker not only shows her intention to order the hearer to

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leave her but also requesting the hearer to not disturb her at the moment. The

translator uses free translation to directly send this intention in TT.

Table 4.15 Sample 5


5. What‟s going on? (p.155) V - Kau kenapa? (p.211) - V

According to the definition of indirect illocutionary, sample 5 in ST

belongs to it because the meaning is not directly showed in the form of the words

and the free translation is used to translate it since the translator use a different

term in TT. Literally, the sample in ST could have the meaning of asking about

the situation or asking the detail about the current event. However, the context is

not about asking the situation but it is about what is the current explanation for the

hearer‟s condition. The translator seems to see the context as the reason to implicit

the speaker‟s intention and transfer it in a different form of words in TT. The

words “Kau kenapa” is used as the result of free translation to transfer the context

of the message from the ST. In the TT, the utterance conveying the context in the

ST and put it in an implicit way to show the speaker‟s intention clearly that is

trying to figure out the condition of the hearer at the moment.

Table 4.16 Sample 6


6. I‟m so sorry (p.208) V - Aku sangat menyesal. (p.275) - V

The sample in ST is categorized as indirect illocutionary because of the

unspoken meaning in it. The utterance “I‟m so sorry” might be translated in some

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different forms or term in Indonesian, depends on the context. In the form, the

speaker sounds to apologize but the context of the utterance is when the speaker

feels full of regret and expresses it in words. Tanty Lesmana focuses on the

intention based on the context to transfer the same utterance‟s sense in the TT.

Sample 6 is not literally translated since the context of the utterance is not for

apologize occasion—if it is translated “Maafkan aku”, but to show the speaker‟s

remorse feeling. Hence the translator chooses to use the term “aku sangat

menyesal” as to how free translation is applied to deliver the context in the TT.

The samples in table 4.10 have the same technique in delivering speech

acts. The samples are being evaluated to be the illocutionary acts that might occur

by considering the context and then re-expressing the same illocutionary acts in

TT though it might need to use different form or term in TT. To maintain the same

meaning, intention or message in utterance, it is important to know how speech

acts work. By knowing which and what utterance that has speech acts aspects, the

translator tends to focus on the successful level in transferring the intention in

utterances or sentences. The samples in table 3 are the results of considering the

main focus as the intention of the speaker, not the basic meaning or the surface

means in the words.

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