IV. Developments in Community-Based Tourism Competing with be… · Namibian Community-Based...

7Competing with the Best: Good Practices in Community-Based Tourism in the Caribbean

IV. Developments in Community-Based TourismThe CBT approach and its profile emerged in the mid 1990s through a combination ofprogressive actions by governments, donors, non-governmental organisations, tourismcompanies and communities themselves. Initiatives have not been evenly spread geographicallyand the level of CBT development appears to be related to the following:

- The existence of an enabling national policy framework that is effectively implemented.

- The positioning or re-positioning of a destination and the branding or re-branding oftourism companies as environmentally and socially responsible.

- The availability of technical and financial assistance for CBT development.

- The level of local entrepreneurship and/or leadership in communities.

Some governments have promoted CBT as part of their national development plans for povertyalleviation. In Southern Africa, CBT development has been significantly facilitated by statesdevolving rights over wildlife, land or other natural resources to rural communities, which hasled to the emergence of community/private joint venture partnerships in tourism (Ashley andJones 2001). In the Caribbean, the Saint Lucia Heritage Tourism Programme (SLHTP) arose outof concerns for the sustainability and equity of tourism development and SLHTP has been one of the more progressive government CBTinterventions in the region to date.

Major donors have assisted CBT product,organisational and programme development andinclude the European Union (EU), United KingdomDepartment of International Development (DFID),Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV),United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID), Canada InternationalDevelopment Agency (CIDA), Ford Foundation,World Wildlife Fund International (WWF), UnitedNations Development Programme Global Environment Facility - Small Grants Programme(UNDP GEF-SGP) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO). Volunteer agencies such as Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO), Peace Corps Volunteers(PCV) and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have provided technicaladvisors at the local level.

Several non-governmental organisations supporting capacity building, product development,marketing and advocacy for CBT have developed in the last decade. In Southern Africa, theNamibian Community-Based Tourism Association (NACOBTA) was founded in 1995, the sameyear as Responsible Ecological Social Tours (REST) began supporting CBT in Thailand. In EastAfrica, the Uganda Community Tourism Association (UCOTA) was established in 1998 and arural community tourism organisation (ACTUAR) was set-up in Costa Rica in 2001.

The majority of CBT developments in the Caribbean region have been in Belize, St. Lucia,Dominica, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. The European Union (EU) has beeninstrumental in providing financial and technical assistance for government tourismdevelopment programmes that have supported CBT to alleviate poverty.

“In the Caribbean, the SaintLucia Heritage TourismProgramme (SLHTP) arose out of concerns for thesustainability and equity of tourism development and SLHTP has been one of the more progressivegovernment CBT interventionsin the region to date.”

Competing with the Best: Good Practices in Community-Based Tourism in the Caribbean8

The SLHTP commenced in 1998 as a co-funded EU and St. Lucian government programme andendeavoured not just to develop CBT products but put the whole tourism sector on a moresustainable footing. The programme operates from micro to macro levels and has developedinitiatives in the fields of policy reform, capacity building, product development, marketing andpublic awareness. Its objectives are to facilitate a broader distribution of benefits of existingtourism (cruise ship passengers and stay-over visitors), develop a complementary sub-sector ofcommunity-based Heritage Tourism and strengthen linkages between the tourism industry andother local economic sectors.

The Eco-Tourism Development Programme (ETDP) in Dominica had an important CBTcomponent. The programme developed a Community Tourism Policy that forms part of thenational Tourism 2010 Policy, established a Community Tourism Development Fund thatdisbursed grants to 20 community-based organisations for infrastructure development, andprovided skills development and technical assistance in business development.

A tourism project to strengthen the National ParksAuthority (NPA) and develop 20 tourism sites in St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) identifies localcommunities as the main beneficiaries. The project is tobe co-funded by the EU and the Government of SVGand is expected to commence in 2007.

The UNESCO Youth PATH (Poverty Alleviation throughHeritage Tourism) Programme began in 2002 with agoal to contribute to poverty alleviation in theCaribbean. The purpose is to enable young people,aged 15 to 25 years, to gain skills for employmentopportunities in CBT and the preservation of naturaland cultural heritage sites. The Programme had three

phases: Phase I (2002-2003) was implemented in 5 Caribbean countries (Barbados, Bahamas,Jamaica, St Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines); in Phase II (2004-2005), the Programmewas expanded to Belize, Dominica and Suriname; and during Phase III (2006-2007) Grenada andSt Kitts and Nevis were included.

The Canada International Development Agency (CIDA), through its Caribbean Regional HumanResource Development Program for Economic Competitiveness (CPEC), funded the JamaicaCommunity Tourism Project that commenced in 1996. The Project supported the training oftrainers and skills development in community tourism, the development of a communitytourism website and handbook, and the 1st IIPT Caribbean Community Tourism Conference in2003.

The University of the West Indies Sustainable Economic Development Unit (UWI-SEDU) inTrinidad undertook a practical research project, supported by DFID, from 2004-5. The projectfocused on achieving sustainable livelihoods among marginalized communities along theCaribbean coast. It highlighted the potential of tourism in terms of providing product inputsand direct services to enhance linkages between community producers and mainstream tourismin St. Lucia, Belize and Grenada.

The Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) established an Agro-tourismLinkages Centre in Barbados housed in facilities provided by the government. The mission ofthe centre is to maximize linkages between agriculture and the tourism industry by facilitating

“The UNESCO Youth PATH (Poverty Alleviation through

Heritage Tourism)Programme began in 2002

with a goal to contribute topoverty alleviation in the

Caribbean.”


trade in indigenous fresh and processed foodsand non-food agro-industrial products with thehotel, gift, restaurant and food service sectors;and promote the development of agro-tourismand eco-tourism. The initiative is the first of itskind in the Caribbean and serves as a model forother countries. Several projects have successfullylinked local producer groups to internationalhotel chains.

Several non-governmental organisations havealso supported CBT development in theCaribbean. The Toledo Ecotourism Association(TEA) in Belize was founded in 1990. It represents several village associations that offerguesthouse accommodation and other tourism activities. The Toledo Institute for Developmentand Environment (TIDE) in Belize has also successfully engaged in CBT and both TEA and TIDEhave won international awards recognising their contribution to socially and environmentallyresponsible tourism development.

The Community Tourism Foundation (CTF) in Barbados was set-up in 2000 with a mission to'Build safer and stronger communities in partnership with the tourism sector." The CTFmobilises resources, gives small grants and technical advice to social development programmesin low-income communities and encourages the tourism sector to invest in communitydevelopment.

In Jamaica, Diana McIntyre-Pike has pioneered and promoted community tourism. Ms.McIntyre-Pike helped establish the Sustainable Communities Foundation through Tourism (SCF)that works in collaboration with the Countrystyle Community Tourism Network and theInternational Institute for Peace through Tourism (IIPT). The vision of the SCF and the networkis that communities within central and southwest Jamaica actively participate in the economic,environmental, social and political processes that result in sustainable development leading toan improved quality of life for themselves and future generations.

The Travel Foundation (UK) established an office in Tobago in 2004, which has severalsustainable tourism initiatives related to CBT, including facilitating farmers to supply hotels andpiloting small revolving loans to tourism micro-entrepreneurs.

Some tourism companies have also helped to establish and support CBT in response tochanging trends in the market that demand socially responsible tourism packages. There is alsoincreasing recognition that it is in their long-term strategic interests to demonstrate theircommitment to local development. Regional examples include 3 Rivers and Jungle Bay Resortand Spa in Dominica, all-inclusive Sandals resorts in St. Lucia and Jamaica, Ocean Terrace Inn inSt. Kitts, Four Seasons Resort in Nevis, Curtain Bluff Hotel in Antigua and Casuarina Beach Clubin Barbados.

Widespread stakeholder discussions and documentation of experiences has been limited but isgrowing. The first regional CBT workshop was held by CANARI and the SLHTP in St. Lucia in1999. An IIPT conference focused on community tourism in Jamaica in 2001. Interest in theapproach is gaining momentum and training workshops were held in Grenada, St. Vincent andthe Grenadines, Dominica, and Trinidad and Tobago in 2006.

“Some tourism companies have also helped to establish and support CBT in response to changing trends in the market that demand sociallyresponsible tourism packages.”


Useful publications on CBT for practitioners and policy-makers are now available. Several "howto do" CBT manuals and policy guidelines are freely available online (Ashley, Goodwin, McNab,Scott and Chaves 2006; Geoghegan 1997; InWent 2002; Mountain Institute 2000; Mycoo 2005;SNV 2000, WWF 2001). A CBT handbook has been produced based on experiences in Thailand(REST 2006) and a manual on tourism enterprise development through community/privatepartnerships has been developed based on knowledge gained in South Africa (Wild Coast SDIDevelopment Support Programme 2005a).

A Good Practice Inventory (GPI) of CBT in protected areas was launched in 2006 by the AsiaPacific Environmental Innovative Strategies - Research on Innovative and Strategic PolicyOptions (APEIS-RISPO 2006). The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) Equator Initiative (GEF-SGP 2006) have also documentedgood practices by community-based organisations in alleviating poverty and promotingconservation through tourism.

Marketing initiatives for CBT have rapidly developed in recent years. Guidebooks for consumerspromoting community-based and ethical holidays have been produced by Tourism Concern inthe UK (Mann 2000; Pattullo and Minelli 2006). Promotional programmes using the Internet arealso growing. UNWTO, the Regional Tourism Organization for Southern Africa (RETOSA) andSNV are developing an Internet-based information system to improve market access to CBT inSouthern Africa. The UK travel agency, Responsibletravel.com, in partnership with ConservationInternational, launched an Internet database to boost marketing of 100 CBT enterprises in2006.

There has also been an increase in the number of international tourism and environmentawards that CBT projects are eligible for. These include the UNDP Equator Prize, the TO DO!Award for Socially Responsible Tourism and the First Choice Responsible Tourism Awards. In2002, a Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) Trademark was launched - the first time inthe history of the fair trade

1movement that a label for the tourism sector had been created.

By 2006, 21 tourism enterprises in South Africa were accredited including several CBTenterprises.

These developments show that the importance of CBT has grown over two decades. SuccessfulCBT enterprises remain isolated and exceptional, however, as the approach has had marginaluptake and implementation challenges have led to a low level of sustainability internationally.CBT impacts on alleviating poverty and providing the incentives for conservation are currentlybeing questioned more thoroughly (Goodwin 2006) and therefore it is important to examinecritical factors and key lessons learnt as these guide good practice.

1 The Fair Trade movement emerged in Europe in the 1960s with the aim of helping producers in developing countries receive a fair

share of the benefits from the sale of their produce.


V. Critical Factors, Lessons Learntand Good Practices

An important review of CBT experiences in South Africa, Namibia, Nepal, Uganda, Ecuador andSt. Lucia by the PPT Partnership in 2001 identified four critical factors that constrain or facilitateprogress that need to be addressed (Ashley, Roe and Goodwin 2001). These are:

1. Access to the market: physical location, economic elites and social constraints on localproducers.

2. Commercial viability: product quality and price, marketing, strength of the broaderdestination and funding mechanisms.

3. Policy framework: Land tenure, regulatory context, planning process, governmentattitudes and capacity.

4. Implementation challenges in the local context: filling the skills gap, managing costsand expectations and maximising collaboration among stakeholders.

The overview presented in tabular form in the following pages draws on seminal internationaland regional documentation and analyses of CBT experiences. Key sources were the OverseasDevelopment Institute (Ashley, Roe and Goodwin 2001); Pro-Poor Tourism Partnership (PPT Partnership 2005); Dutch development agency (SNV 2000); CANARI (Cooper 2004a); SLHTP(Renard 2004); Sylvester Clauzel (Clauzel 2005, 2006); the Asia Pacific Environmental InnovativeStrategies - Research on Innovative and Strategic Policy Options Good Practice Inventory (APEIS-RISPO 2006); and publications on community/private partnerships (Ashley and Jones2001; Wild Coast SDI Development Support Programme 2005; Mitchell and Harrison 2006).Insights and case studies from these publications were supplemented by information known tothe author and the regional case studies profiled.


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

-S

t. L

ucia

Her

itage

Tou

rism

Pro

gram

me

(SLH

TP).

- Th

e C

uban

gov

ernm

ent

inve

sted

in H

otel

Mok

a in

Las

Terra

zas.

- Th

e B

arba

dos

gove

rnm

ent

inve

sted

in in

fras

truc

ture

deve

lopm

ent

for

the

Ois

tins

Fish

Fry

.-

The

Eco-

Tour

ism

Dev

elop

men

t P

rogr

amm

e(E

TDP

) in

Dom

inic

a bu

ilt a

reta

inin

g w

all a

nd n

ew je

tty

for

the

Indi

an R

iver

.-

Wal

kers

woo

d C

arib

bean

Food

s Lt

d. m

ade

its f

acto

ryw

heel

chai

r ac

cess

ible

for

tour

ists

in J

amai

ca.

- S

LHTP

dev

elop

ed s

trat

egic

proj

ect

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

.-

Pro

duct

qua

lity

at A

nse

LaR

aye

Sea

food

Frid

ay(A

LRS

F) in

St.

Luc

ia is

regu

larly

rev

iew

ed.

- G

rand

Fon

d V

illag

e C

ounc

ilan

d 3

Riv

ers

deve

lope

d a

'Com

mun

ity

Life

Pac

kage

'in

Dom

inic

a.-

St.

Hel

ena'

s W

omen

'sG

roup

cre

ated

an

App

leto

nR

um E

stat

e 'C

alab

aske

t' in

Jam

aica

.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- Th

e La

o N

atio

nal T

ouri

smA

dmin

istr

atio

n (L

NTA

) w

ithfu

ndin

g fr

om t

he A

sia

Dev

elop

men

t B

ank

(AD

B)

desi

gned

and

con

stru

cted

tour

ism

-rel

ated

infr

astr

uctu

re f

or t

heM

ekon

g To

uris

mD

evel

opm

ent

Pro

ject

.-

Ecol

ift L

td.

in Z

ambi

aco

nstr

ucte

d a

railw

ay li

ft f

orto

uris

ts r

aftin

g th

e Z

ambe

ziriv

er t

hat

enab

led

the

Muk

uni D

evel

opm

ent

Trus

tto

ben

efit

mor

e fr

om

tour

ism

.

- Th

e H

erita

ge T

rails

Pro

ject

in U

gand

a de

velo

ped

site

sele

ctio

n cr

iter

ia a

ndun

dert

ook

focu

s gr

oup

mar

ket

rese

arch

wit

h to

urop

erat

ors.

- Ka

waza

Vill

age

and

Rob

inP

ope

Saf

aris

Ltd

. jo

intly

deve

lope

d a

succ

essf

ulvi

llage

tou

r an

d tr

adit

iona

lac

com

mod

atio

n in

Zam

bia.

- Th

e A

ssoc

iaci

onC

osta

rric

ense

de

Turi

smo

Rur

al C

omun

itar

io y

Con

serv

acio

nist

a (A

CTU

AR

)is

dev

elop

ing

CB

T pr

oduc

tst

anda

rds

in C

osta

Ric

a.

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- G

over

nmen

t in

terv

enti

on,

mar

keti

ng li

nks

and

inte

nsiv

eco

mm

unic

atio

n.

- In

vest

men

t in

infr

astr

uctu

re,

part

icul

arly

roa

ds,

harb

ours

and

com

mun

icat

ions

, as

wel

l as

vend

or m

arke

ts a

nd s

anita

tion

faci

litie

s.

- D

evel

opm

ent

of o

bjec

tive

crite

ria t

o se

lect

CB

T pr

ojec

ts t

oen

sure

fea

sibi

lity

and

non-

part

isan

pla

nnin

g.-

Mar

ket

rese

arch

wit

h th

e pr

ivat

ese

ctor

in p

rodu

ct d

evel

opm

ent

to e

nsur

e vi

abilit

y.-

Inno

vatio

n w

ith a

uthe

ntic

cra

ftan

d ag

ricul

tura

l pro

duct

s an

dcu

ltura

l eve

nts.

- C

reat

ion

of lo

cal a

nd r

egio

nal

mar

kets

to

mai

ntai

n vi

sita

tion

leve

ls in

low

sea

son.

- C

reat

ion

of a

n on

goin

g re

view

mec

hani

sm o

f pr

oduc

t qu

alit

y.-

Dev

elop

men

t of

sta

ndar

ds.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- B

reak

ing

into

the

mar

ket

is n

otea

sy.

- Lo

catio

n m

atte

rs.

- C

BT

does

bes

t w

here

the

wid

erde

stin

atio

n is

doi

ng w

ell.

- C

BT

prod

ucts

are

oft

en in

are

asw

ith

poor

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd t

his

unde

rmin

es v

iabi

lity.

- Th

e im

pact

on

livel

ihoo

ds m

ay b

egr

eate

r in

rem

ote

area

s th

ough

tour

ism

may

be

on a

lim

ited

sca

le.

- U

natt

ract

ive

prod

ucts

do

not

sell

wel

l.-

Ens

urin

g co

mm

erci

al v

iabi

lity

is a

prio

rity.

- A

goo

d an

d th

orou

gh k

now

ledg

eof

the

indu

stry

has

pro

ven

inva

luab

le.

- C

reat

ing

a un

ique

pro

duct

con

cept

does

not

mea

n th

e ba

sic

conc

ept

cann

ot b

e bo

rrow

ed.

- P

olit

ical

inte

rest

s ca

n in

terf

ere

wit

h th

e se

lect

ion

of p

roje

cts.

- A

n ar

ea c

an b

e m

ade

mor

ein

tere

stin

g by

inte

rpre

ting

'hid

den'

stor

ies

in t

he la

ndsc

ape.

- To

uris

m d

oes

not

have

to

be s

ite

base

d.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

1.1

Stre

ngth

of

econ

omic

elit

es

1.2

Loca

tion

ofth

e co

mm

unity

and

leve

l of

infr

astr

uctu

rede

velo

pmen

t

2.1

Qual

ity a

ndat

trac

tiven

ess

of p

rodu

ct

1. M

arke

tac

cess

2. C

omm

erci

alvi

abilit

y

Overv

iew

of

crit

ical

fact

ors

, k

ey l

ess

ons

learn

t and g

ood

pra

ctic

es

inte

rnati

onally a

nd i

n t

he C

ari

bbean


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- M

odifi

cati

on o

f st

anda

rds

tom

eet

licen

sing

req

uire

men

tsfo

r ho

mes

tead

sta

ys in

seve

ral d

estin

atio

ns f

or t

he20

07 IC

C C

ricke

t W

orld

Cup

incl

udin

g a

colle

ctiv

em

echa

nism

to

obta

in p

ublic

liabi

lity

insu

ranc

e.-

A N

GO

BR

EDS

(sho

rt f

or'B

reth

ren'

) is

hel

ping

agr

oup

of b

oatm

en in

Trea

sure

Bea

ch t

o ob

tain

publ

ic li

abili

ty in

sura

nce

inJa

mai

ca.

- S

LHTP

dev

elop

ed 'H

erit

age

Tour

s' c

olle

ctiv

e br

andi

ngan

d m

arke

ting.

- Th

e G

rena

da T

ouris

m B

oard

mar

kets

the

Gou

vane

Fis

hFr

iday

.-

Exot

ica

Hot

el a

ndW

hitc

hurc

h Tr

avel

Age

ncy

mar

ket

a W

omen

's F

low

erG

roup

in D

omin

ica.

- Th

e To

ledo

Eco

tour

ism

Ass

ocia

tion

(TEA

) in

Bel

ize

won

the

TO

DO

! Aw

ard

in19

96.

- Th

e To

ledo

Inst

itut

e fo

rD

evel

opm

ent

and

Env

ironm

ent

(TID

E) in

Bel

ize

won

the

Equ

ator

Priz

e in

2002

.-

Isla

nds

Mag

azin

e an

d th

eC

TO a

nnua

lly g

rant

aS

usta

inab

le T

ouris

m A

war

d.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- Th

e W

orld

Tou

rism

Org

aniz

atio

n (U

NW

TO),

Reg

iona

l Tou

rism

Org

aniz

atio

n fo

r S

outh

ern

Afr

ica

(RET

OS

A) a

ndN

ethe

rland

s D

evel

opm

ent

Org

anis

atio

n (S

NV

) ar

ede

velo

ping

an

Inte

rnet

-bas

edin

form

atio

n sy

stem

to

impr

ove

mar

ket

acce

ss t

oC

BT

in S

outh

ern

Afr

ica.

- Th

e U

K t

rave

l age

ncy,

Res

pons

ible

trav

el.c

om,

inpa

rtne

rshi

p w

ith

Con

serv

atio

n In

tern

atio

nal,

laun

ched

an

Inte

rnet

CB

Tda

taba

se in

200

6.-

The

Fair

Trad

e in

Tou

rism

Sou

th A

fric

a (F

TTS

A)

Trad

emar

k ha

s gi

ven

mar

ket

adva

ntag

e to

sev

eral

CB

Tin

itiat

ives

. It

cer

tifie

s fa

irw

ages

, w

orki

ng c

ondi

tion

s;pr

ocur

emen

t pr

actic

es;

resp

ect

for

hum

an r

ight

s,cu

ltur

e an

d en

viro

nmen

t; a

ndco

mm

unit

y be

nefit

s.

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- A

n en

ablin

g fr

amew

ork

for

CB

Tto

be

regi

ster

ed a

nd m

eet

stan

dard

s.

- G

over

nmen

t an

d to

uris

mco

mpa

ny s

uppo

rt t

o de

velo

pef

fect

ive

links

and

mar

keti

ngst

rate

gies

.-

Cre

ativ

e br

andi

ng a

ndun

conv

enti

onal

mar

keti

ng t

ore

ach

nich

e m

arke

ts.

- P

rom

otio

n of

pro

duct

(s)

toye

ar-r

ound

dom

esti

c an

dre

gion

al m

arke

ts.

- D

evel

opm

ent

of n

atio

nal

tour

ism

and

reg

iona

l aw

ards

that

reco

gnis

e C

BT.

- M

onit

orin

g of

how

tou

rists

hea

rab

out

and

visi

t C

BT

initi

ativ

es.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- M

ulti

ple

licen

sing

and

pub

liclia

bilit

y in

sura

nce

requ

irem

ents

can

be a

bar

rier

to C

BT

and

man

y re

mai

n 'b

elow

the

rad

ar'

of s

tatu

tory

age

ncie

s.-

Tour

ism

com

pani

es m

ay n

ot b

eab

le t

o do

lega

l bus

ines

s w

ith

aC

BT

ente

rpris

e th

at is

not

regi

ster

ed a

nd t

he t

ouris

t bo

ard

may

not

pro

mot

e it.

- M

arke

ting

is c

ritic

al if

CB

T is

to

com

pete

.-

It is

impo

rtan

t to

kno

w y

our

prod

uct

and

mar

ket.

- Th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

new

prod

ucts

, pa

rtic

ular

ly b

ased

on

loca

l cul

ture

, sh

ould

be

inte

grat

ed w

ith

mai

nstr

eam

prod

ucts

if t

hey

are

to f

ind

mar

kets

.-

Sm

all C

BT

proj

ects

are

mos

tlik

ely

to s

ucce

ed w

hen

'cha

mpi

oned

' by

com

mer

cial

com

pani

es.

- To

uris

m is

a h

ighl

y se

ason

alan

d vu

lner

able

indu

stry

.-

Nat

iona

l and

inte

rnat

iona

law

ards

can

boo

st t

he p

rofil

e of

CB

T in

itiat

ives

.-

Som

e m

arke

ts a

re m

ore

amen

able

to

CB

T th

an o

ther

s.'R

espo

nsib

le' o

r 'F

air

Trad

e'br

andi

ng w

ill a

ppea

l to

som

em

arke

t se

gmen

ts b

ut n

otot

hers

.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

2.2

Heal

th a

ndsa

fety

2.3

Mar

ketin

g

2. C

omm

erci

al

viab

ility

(con

tinue

d)


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- Th

e H

erita

ge T

ouri

smA

ssoc

iatio

n of

St.

Luc

ia(H

ERIT

AS

) ta

kes

book

ings

.-

3 R

iver

s fa

cilit

ates

com

mun

icat

ion

and

book

ings

in D

omin

ica.

- Th

e Eu

rope

an U

nion

(EU

) an

dS

t. L

ucia

gov

ernm

ent

co-

fund

ed t

he S

LHTP

.-

Trea

sure

Bea

ch W

omen

's C

lub

'Cal

abas

h Fe

stiv

al' f

undr

aisi

ngev

ent

in J

amai

ca.

- Th

e EU

fun

ded

ETD

P in

Dom

inic

a es

tabl

ishe

d a

Com

mun

ity

Tour

ism

Dev

elop

men

t Fu

nd.

- S

t H

elen

a's

Wom

en's

Gro

upde

duct

10

perc

ent

of s

ale

pric

efo

r th

eir

grou

p fu

nd in

Jam

aica

.-

UW

I-S

EDU

hel

d m

icro

-fin

ance

trad

e fa

irs f

or C

BT

with

inco

mm

unit

ies

in S

t. L

ucia

,G

rena

da a

nd B

eliz

e.-

Mic

rofin

has

a s

ucce

ssfu

l cyc

leof

sho

rt-t

erm

loan

s to

exp

and

exis

ting

and

new

bus

ines

ses

ofA

nse

La R

aye

Sea

food

Frid

ay(A

LRS

F) v

endo

rs in

St.

Luc

ia.

This

wor

ked

thro

ugh

char

acte

r-ba

sed

lend

ing,

regu

lar

clie

nt in

tera

ctio

ns a

ndst

rict

colle

ctio

n pr

actic

es.

- Ju

ngle

Bay

Res

ort

and

Spa

laun

ched

a S

outh

east

Entr

epre

neur

Loa

n Fu

nd(S

ELF)

for

loca

l bus

ines

sac

tiviti

es in

sou

thea

stD

omin

ica

in 2

006.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- Th

e Ta

nzan

ian

Tour

ism

Boa

rd in

Aru

sha

take

sbo

okin

gs f

or t

heco

mm

unit

y-ba

sed

Cul

tura

lTo

uris

m P

rogr

amm

e.

- Th

e U

nite

d N

atio

nsD

evel

opm

ent

Pro

gram

me

(UN

DP

) ha

s be

en a

cata

lyst

for C

BT

deve

lopm

ent

inte

rnat

iona

lly t

hrou

ghth

e G

loba

l Env

ironm

enta

lFa

cilit

y S

mal

l Gra

nts

Pro

gram

me

(GEF

-SG

P).

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- P

ublic

and

/or

priv

ate

sect

orsu

ppor

t to

CB

T to

faci

litat

eco

mm

unic

atio

ns,

book

ings

and/

or p

aym

ents

.

- Th

e pr

ovis

ion

of t

echn

ical

assi

stan

ce in

the

pre

para

tion

ofbu

sine

ss p

lans

for

CB

T.-

The

prov

isio

n of

sta

rt-u

p fu

nds

for

CB

T th

roug

h m

icro

-fin

ance

that

is re

lativ

ely

easy

to

acce

ss.

- S

oft

loan

rep

aym

ent

term

s th

atar

e fle

xibl

e an

d ta

ke in

toac

coun

t th

e se

ason

ality

of

tour

ism

.-

Wor

ksho

ps t

o se

nsit

ise

the

finan

cial

sec

tor

to C

BT

prod

uct

pote

ntia

l.-

Inve

stm

ent

of c

omm

unit

y eq

uity

in a

pro

ject

.-

Cre

ativ

e so

urci

ng o

f fu

ndin

gfr

om w

ithi

n th

e co

mm

unit

y,co

mm

erci

al c

ompa

nies

and

spec

ial e

vent

s.-

Sus

tain

able

fun

ding

mec

hani

sms

for

CB

Tor

gani

sati

onal

and

pro

duce

ras

soci

atio

n re

quire

men

ts.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- C

omm

unic

atio

ns c

an b

ech

alle

ngin

g in

rur

al a

reas

.-

A d

onor

fun

ded

proj

ect

actin

g as

an in

term

edia

ry is

not

a lo

ng-

term

sol

utio

n.

- C

osts

may

exc

eed

the

capa

city

of

a co

mpa

ny,

com

mun

ity

orgo

vern

men

t de

part

men

t m

akin

gex

tern

al f

undi

ng im

port

ant.

-Ex

tern

al f

undi

ng m

ay b

e ju

stifi

edto

cov

er t

he t

rans

actio

n co

sts

ofes

tabl

ishi

ng p

artn

ersh

ips,

deve

lopi

ng s

kills

, cr

eatin

gin

fras

truc

ture

and

rev

isin

gpo

licie

s bu

t no

t fo

r di

rect

subs

idie

s to

ent

erpr

ises

.-

A la

ck o

f un

ders

tand

ing

ofbu

sine

ss c

an b

e a

maj

orch

alle

nge

in c

omm

unit

ies.

- If

org

anis

atio

ns d

o no

t in

itia

llypr

ovid

e fu

nds

to c

omm

unit

ies,

they

will

be le

ft w

ith

thos

em

embe

rs m

ost

inte

rest

ed.

- In

-kin

d an

d fin

anci

al c

omm

unit

yco

ntrib

utio

ns c

reat

e a

grea

ter

sens

e of

loca

l ow

ners

hip

and

incr

ease

the

cha

nces

of

exte

rnal

fund

ing

supp

ort.

- D

onor

fun

ding

is o

ften

sho

rter

than

the

pro

ject

life

cyc

le.

- B

ank

inte

rest

rate

s ca

n be

proh

ibit

ivel

y hi

gh f

or s

mal

len

trep

rene

urs.

- C

hara

cter

can

be

a be

tter

refe

renc

e th

an c

olla

tera

l if

cash

turn

over

is q

uick

.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

2.4

Book

ings

and

com

mun

icatio

n

2.5

Fund

ing

and

acce

ss to

cre

dit

2. C

omm

erci

alvi

abilit

y(c

ontin

ued)


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- Th

e In

ter-

Am

eric

anIn

stitu

te f

or C

oope

ratio

non

Agr

icul

ture

(IIC

A)

Agr

o-to

uris

m L

inka

ges

Cen

tre

inB

arba

dos

prom

otes

part

ners

hips

bet

wee

n la

rge

all-

incl

usiv

e an

dco

nven

tion

al h

otel

s an

dlo

cal a

gric

ultu

ral p

rodu

cer

asso

ciat

ions

in t

he r

egio

n.-

The

'Nev

is M

odel

' is

anag

ro-t

ouris

m p

artn

ersh

ipbe

twee

n th

e Fo

ur S

easo

nsR

esor

t an

d th

e N

evis

Gro

wer

s A

ssoc

iati

on w

ith

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce

fro

mth

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

.-

Pea

ce C

ore

Vol

unte

ers

(PC

V) i

n Ja

mai

ca h

ave

help

ed t

he S

t. H

elen

aW

omen

's G

roup

(S

HW

G)

secu

re o

rder

s fr

om

com

mer

cial

com

pani

esan

d m

eet

cont

ract

ual

requ

irem

ents

for

the

ir'C

alab

aske

t' cr

afts

.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- Th

e B

otsw

ana

gove

rnm

ent

has

deve

lope

d fo

rmal

guid

elin

es f

or t

hees

tabl

ishm

ent

of jo

int

vent

ures

for

gov

ernm

ent

agen

cies

ass

isti

ngco

mm

unit

ies

in n

egot

iati

ngw

ith t

he p

rivat

e se

ctor

and

eval

uati

ng t

ende

r bi

ds.

- Th

e se

cond

pha

se o

f th

eW

ild C

oast

Spa

tial

Dev

elop

men

t In

itia

tive

(S

DI)

Pilo

t P

rogr

amm

e in

Sou

thA

fric

a su

cces

sful

ly f

acilit

ated

com

mun

ity/p

rivat

epa

rtne

rshi

ps (

CP

Ps)

. It

secu

red

reve

nue,

equ

ity,

pref

eren

tial

em

ploy

men

t,w

ages

, re

late

d sm

all

busi

ness

dev

elop

men

top

port

uniti

es, c

apac

itybu

ildin

g an

d tr

aini

ng a

ndco

nces

sion

agr

eem

ents

for

rura

l com

mun

itie

s by

Mte

ntu,

Nod

e 2

Cam

ps,

Oce

an V

iew

Hot

el,

Cof

fee

Sha

ck B

ackp

acke

rs a

ndK

waT

shez

i Lod

ge.

It u

sed

aC

omm

unit

y P

roje

ct F

und

mec

hani

sm t

o re

stru

ctur

eow

ners

hip

of p

hysi

cal a

sset

san

d to

uris

m e

nter

pris

es t

om

ake

loca

l com

mun

itie

ssi

gnifi

cant

par

tner

s/ow

ners

.Th

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Env

ironm

enta

l Aff

airs

(DEA

T) a

nd t

he E

Usu

ppor

ted

the

prog

ram

me.

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- A

ppoi

ntm

ent

of a

legi

timat

e'h

ones

t br

oker

' to

advi

se a

ndfa

cilit

ate

tran

sact

ions

.-

Effe

ctiv

e co

mm

unit

y en

terp

rise

deve

lopm

ent

prog

ram

mes

wit

hsk

ills

deve

lopm

ent

and

job

crea

tion.

- P

refe

rent

ial p

rocu

rem

ent

by t

hepr

ivat

e se

ctor

par

tner

to

prov

ide

cont

ract

s an

d w

ork

for

loca

lsm

all b

usin

esse

s.-

A t

rans

pare

nt b

iddi

ng p

roce

ssfo

r jo

int

vent

ure

tend

ers

wit

hcl

ear

rule

s, a

cod

e of

con

duct

,cl

ear

set

of c

riter

ia a

ndst

anda

rds

for

the

envi

sage

dpa

rtne

rshi

p, a

nd a

str

ong

elem

ent

of c

ompe

titi

on.

- A

fai

r co

nces

sion

fee

or

rent

alfo

r th

e co

mm

unal

land

or

asse

tus

ed in

a jo

int

vent

ure

and

ale

ase

that

giv

es t

he p

rivat

ese

ctor

par

tner

eno

ugh

tim

e to

mak

e a

retu

rn o

n th

ein

vest

men

t.-

Fund

ing

mec

hani

sms

to o

btai

nco

mm

unit

y eq

uity

in a

tou

rism

com

pany

whe

re a

ppro

pria

te a

ndm

utua

lly b

enef

icia

l.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- It

can

be

hard

for

rur

al

com

mun

itie

s to

dev

elop

tou

rism

ente

rpris

es a

s th

ey la

ck a

cces

s to

capi

tal,

busi

ness

exp

ertis

e an

dm

arke

ting

ski

lls.

- C

omm

unity

/priv

ate

sect

orpa

rtne

rshi

ps c

an b

e a

'win

-win

' for

com

pani

es a

nd lo

cal c

omm

unit

ies.

- C

omm

unit

ies

can

mak

e gr

eate

rga

ins

from

tou

rism

par

tner

ship

sth

at li

nk t

hem

wit

h th

e op

erat

ions

of c

omm

erci

al c

ompa

nies

tha

nfr

om d

onat

ions

or

deve

lopm

ent

proj

ects

.-

Par

tner

ship

s ar

e of

ten

diff

icul

t,m

anag

emen

t ti

me

inte

nsiv

e an

dris

ky.

- S

uffic

ient

tim

e an

d su

ppor

t is

requ

ired

to s

ucce

ed a

ndtr

ansa

ctio

n co

sts

can

be h

igh.

- A

ppro

pria

te r

oles

for

the

com

mun

ity,

priv

ate

sect

or a

ndgo

vern

men

t ar

e cr

itica

l.-

Com

mun

itie

s m

ay n

ot c

hoos

eth

eir

part

ner

wel

l or

be “

sadd

led”

wit

h an

inap

prop

riate

par

tner

by

othe

r st

akeh

olde

rs.

- Th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

par

tner

may

lack

eth

ics,

the

com

mitm

ent

toco

mm

unit

y de

velo

pmen

t an

dte

chni

cal a

nd o

pera

tion

alex

perie

nce

to m

ake

the

busi

ness

and/

or s

uppl

y ch

ain

wor

k.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

2.6

Com

mun

ity/

priv

ate

sect

orco

ntra

ctua

lpa

rtne

rshi

ps

- Joi

nt v

entu

res

- Sup

ply

chai

n

2. C

omm

erci

alvi

abilit

y(c

ontin

ued)


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- G

rena

da's

tou

rism

pol

icy

obje

ctiv

es in

clud

e m

ore

equi

tabl

e di

strib

utio

n of

bene

fits

and

deve

lopm

ent

oflin

kage

s be

twee

n to

uris

man

d ot

her

sect

ors.

- D

omin

ica'

s C

omm

unit

yTo

uris

m P

olic

y fo

rms

part

of t

he n

atio

nal T

ouri

sm20

10 P

olic

y.-

The

St.

Luc

ia T

ouri

smS

trat

egy

and

Act

ion

Pla

n(2

005)

enc

oura

ge C

BT

busi

ness

adv

isor

y se

rvic

esan

d ec

onom

ic li

nkag

es.

- T

he R

oxbo

roug

h Es

tate

Vis

itor

Ser

vice

s C

oope

rativ

eha

s a

leas

e fo

r to

uris

mde

velo

pmen

t at

Arg

yle

Wat

erfa

ll fr

om t

he T

oba

goH

ouse

of

Ass

embl

y.-

Nat

ure

See

kers

(N

S)

man

ages

tou

rism

act

iviti

eson

the

pro

hibi

ted

Mat

ura

Bea

ch in

Mat

ura

Nat

iona

lP

ark

in T

rinid

ad.

- Th

e P

orts

mou

th In

dian

Riv

er T

our

Gui

des

Ass

ocia

tion

(P

IRTG

A)

man

ages

tou

r gu

idin

g on

the

Indi

an R

iver

inD

omin

ica.

- Th

e A

nse

La R

aye

Sea

food

Frid

ay (

ALR

SF)

eve

nt is

hel

din

an

urba

n co

asta

l villa

geon

priv

ate

and

publ

ic la

nd in

St.

Luc

ia.

Inte

rnat

ion

alEx

amp

le(s

)

- Th

e D

utch

age

ncy

SN

V is

wor

king

wit

h th

e V

ietn

amN

atio

nal A

dmin

istr

atio

n of

Tour

ism

(V

NA

T) t

o dr

aft

new

tour

ism

legi

slat

ion

that

is in

line

wit

h th

e M

illen

nium

Dev

elop

men

t G

oals

(M

DG

s),

prov

ides

a f

ram

ewor

k fo

rto

uris

m d

evel

opm

ent

in w

hich

com

mun

ity

part

icip

atio

n is

clea

rly a

rtic

ulat

ed,

supp

orts

loca

l man

agem

ent

and

empl

oym

ent,

and

fac

ilitat

espa

rtic

ipat

ion

by p

oore

r pe

ople

.

-N

amib

ia h

as t

he s

tron

gest

legi

slat

ion

in S

outh

ern

Afr

ica

that

dev

olve

s au

thor

ity o

ver

wild

life

and

tour

ism

to

com

mun

ity

inst

itut

ions

.-

The

Ifota

ka C

omm

unity

For

est

Pro

ject

in s

outh

ern

Mad

agas

car

is t

he c

ount

ry's

first

com

mun

ity-

owne

dto

uris

m r

esou

rce.

-Th

e co

oper

atio

n an

d cl

ear

polic

y di

rect

ion

from

the

Doi

Inth

anon

Nat

iona

l Par

ken

able

s vi

llage

rs o

f th

e B

anM

ae K

lang

Lua

ng T

ouri

smA

llianc

e to

und

erta

ke t

ouris

mac

tivi

ties

in t

he p

rote

cted

are

ain

Tha

iland

.-

Vis

itor

cen

tres

in R

inja

niN

atio

nal P

ark

in In

done

sia

are

co-m

anag

ed b

y co

mm

itte

esco

mpr

isin

g of

gov

ernm

ent,

tour

ism

com

pani

es a

ndco

mm

unit

ies.

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- C

BT

inco

rpor

ated

into

tou

rism

deve

lopm

ent

stra

tegi

es o

fgo

vern

men

t an

d bu

sine

ss a

ndbr

oade

r po

licy

fram

ewor

ks a

ndin

itia

tive

s ou

tsid

e to

uris

m,

such

as

land

ten

ure;

the

use

,de

velo

pmen

t an

d m

anag

emen

tof

com

mon

pro

pert

yre

sour

ces;

sm

all e

nter

pris

ede

velo

pmen

t; a

ndre

pres

enta

tive

gove

rnm

ent.

- P

olic

y re

form

and

act

ion

togu

ide

the

use

and

man

agem

ent

of C

PR

in s

uppo

rt o

f to

uris

mde

velo

pmen

t th

at:

•O

ptim

ises

soc

io-e

cono

mic

bene

fits

to lo

cal p

eopl

e•

Con

trib

utes

to

the

cons

erva

tion

of n

atur

al a

nd c

ultu

ral

reso

urce

s•

Res

pect

s an

d en

hanc

es t

herig

hts

of c

omm

unit

ies

and

prom

otes

the

ir ac

tive

invo

lvem

ent

in m

anag

emen

t.-

Cre

atio

n of

an

enab

ling

nati

onal

pol

icy

envi

ronm

ent,

the

form

ulat

ion

of s

peci

ficse

ctor

al p

olic

ies,

the

des

ign

and

use

of a

ppro

pria

teap

proa

ches

and

inst

rum

ents

for

plan

ning

and

man

agem

ent,

and

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

suit

able

inst

itut

iona

lar

rang

emen

ts.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- G

over

nmen

t ca

n be

the

driv

ing

forc

e or

stu

mbl

ing

bloc

k.-

Pol

icy

is v

ery

impo

rtan

t bu

t of

ten

ther

e is

a d

iffer

ence

bet

wee

nin

tent

and

impl

emen

tati

on.

- A

pro

activ

e ap

proa

ch in

tou

rism

stat

utor

y ag

enci

es is

use

ful b

utot

her

stak

ehol

ders

wit

h w

ider

man

date

s ar

e cr

itica

l.

- A

lack

of

phys

ical

and

fin

anci

alas

sets

is a

n ob

stac

le t

oco

mm

unit

y pa

rtic

ipat

ion

into

uris

m.

- Th

e us

e an

d m

anag

emen

t of

CP

Rfo

r C

BT

can

impr

ove

the

cons

erva

tion

of n

atur

alre

sour

ces,

div

ersi

fy a

nd e

nhan

ceth

e na

tion

al t

ouris

m p

rodu

ct a

ndcr

eate

new

inco

me-

gene

rati

ngac

tiviti

es.

- C

omm

unit

ies

can

be e

mpo

wer

edan

d as

sum

e au

thor

ity

in r

esou

rce

man

agem

ent

wit

hout

bec

omin

g'le

gal'

owne

rs o

f th

e re

sour

ce.

- St

rong

inst

itutio

nal c

apac

ities

at

stat

utor

y an

d co

mm

unit

y le

vels

are

requ

ired.

- A

cces

s rig

hts

requ

ire d

ueco

nsid

erat

ion

in t

he d

esig

n of

CB

T pr

ojec

ts a

nd s

houl

d be

addr

esse

d be

fore

impl

emen

tati

on.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

3.1

Gove

rnm

ent

attit

ude

and

capa

city

3.2

Land

tenu

rean

d th

e us

e,de

velo

pmen

t and

man

agem

ent o

fco

mm

on p

rope

rty

reso

urce

s (C

PR)

such

as

wat

erfa

lls,

rive

rs, f

ores

ts,

reef

s, w

ildlif

e,tr

ails

, her

itage

site

s an

d vi

llage

s

3. P

olic

yfr

amew

ork


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- Ta

x in

cent

ives

for

hom

este

ad d

evel

oper

s in

host

cou

ntrie

s fo

r th

e 20

07IC

C C

ricke

t W

orld

Cup

.

- Th

e In

ter-

Am

eric

an In

stitu

tefo

r C

oope

rati

on o

nA

gric

ultu

re (

IICA

) A

gro-

tour

ism

Lin

kage

s C

entr

e in

Bar

bado

s.-

The

Toco

Fou

ndat

ion

Agr

o-To

uris

m C

entr

e ha

s a

farm

that

sup

plie

s ag

ricul

tura

lpr

oduc

e to

its

gues

thou

sein

Trin

idad

.-

The

Trav

el F

ound

atio

n in

Toba

go a

dvoc

ates

for

bet

ter

pric

es f

or f

arm

ers

supp

lyin

g ho

tels

on

the

isla

nd.

- S

take

hold

ers

Aga

inst

Des

truc

tion

(SA

D)

halte

d a

com

mer

cia

l por

tde

velo

pmen

t in

nor

thea

stTr

inid

ad in

fav

our

of C

BT

deve

lopm

ent.

- Ex

tens

ive

part

icip

ator

ypl

anni

ng w

as u

sed

tode

velo

p La

s Te

rraz

asC

ompl

ejo

Turis

tico

in C

uba.

Soc

ial r

esea

rche

rsin

terv

iew

ed e

very

loca

lre

side

nt t

o se

ek h

is o

r he

rvi

ews

on t

ouris

mde

velo

pmen

t.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- P

refe

rent

ial c

once

ssio

ns f

orco

mm

unity

/priv

ate

part

ners

hips

in S

outh

Afr

ica.

- P

ro-P

oor

Tour

ism

(P

PT)

P

ilots

wer

e im

plem

ente

d in

Sou

ther

n A

fric

a by

Mbo

zaTo

uris

m a

nd t

he O

vers

eas

Dev

elop

men

t In

stitu

te (

OD

I)fr

om 2

002-

2005

. It

prom

oted

str

ateg

ies

that

tour

ism

com

pani

es c

an u

seto

incr

ease

the

dev

elop

men

tim

pact

of

thei

r bu

sine

ss a

ndin

volv

ed 5

com

pani

es.

- G

ambi

a is

Goo

d (G

iG)

is a

fair

trad

e ho

rtic

ultu

ral

mar

keti

ng c

ompa

nypr

ovid

ing

fres

h ve

geta

bles

to

the

tour

ism

indu

stry

in t

heG

ambi

a.

- M

ulti

-sta

keho

lder

pla

nnin

gpr

oces

s fo

r C

BT

deve

lopm

ent

in C

orbe

ttN

atio

nal P

ark

and

Bin

sar

Wild

life

San

ctua

ry in

Indi

a.

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- Th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

fis

cal

ince

ntiv

es t

o en

cour

age

CB

Tpr

oduc

t de

velo

pmen

t.-

Pre

fere

ntia

l con

cess

ions

.-

Stre

am

lined

bur

eauc

ratic

requ

irem

ents

for

mic

ro a

ndsm

all t

ouris

m b

usin

esse

s.

- P

refe

rent

ial l

ocal

pro

cure

men

tof

agr

icul

tura

l pro

duce

and

othe

r im

port

-sub

stitu

tion

mea

sure

s by

gov

ernm

ent

and

tour

ism

com

pani

es.

- Im

prov

ed p

rocu

rem

ent

prac

tices

, e.

g. h

otel

s ne

ed t

och

ange

the

pay

men

t pe

riod

assm

all b

usin

esse

s m

ust

be p

aid

cash

on

deliv

ery

or w

ithi

n 15

days

.-

Econ

omic

mea

sure

s to

exp

and

both

reg

ular

jobs

and

cas

ual

earn

ing

oppo

rtun

itie

s, w

hile

tack

ling

both

dem

and

(e.g

.m

arke

ts)

and

supp

ly (

e.g.

indi

geno

us p

rodu

cts)

.

- P

artic

ipat

ory

pla

nnin

g in

tour

ism

as

part

of a

deve

lopm

ent

visi

on t

hat

prom

otes

con

sulta

tive,

incl

usiv

e de

cisi

on-m

akin

gpr

oces

ses

and

empo

wer

men

t.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- Fi

scal

ince

ntiv

es g

ener

ally

fav

our

larg

e-sc

ale

tour

ism

pro

ject

s no

tm

icro

and

sm

all e

nter

pris

es.

- Ex

cess

ive

red

tape

may

mak

ein

cent

ives

(e.

g. im

port

dut

yw

aive

r) n

ot w

orth

app

lyin

g fo

r.

- Th

ere

is a

nee

d to

look

at

the

who

le s

uppl

y ch

ain

not

just

the

tour

ism

bus

ines

s.-

It is

oft

en h

ard

for

smal

len

trep

rene

urs

to n

egot

iate

ord

eran

d pa

ymen

t co

ndit

ions

. R

etai

lers

may

driv

e pr

ices

dow

n an

d be

unw

illin

g to

pay

tra

nspo

rt c

osts

for

orde

rs.

Hot

el p

aym

ents

are

ofte

n no

t m

ade

on d

eliv

ery

and

this

is c

halle

ngin

g fo

r sm

all

prod

ucer

s as

the

y la

ck w

orki

ngca

pita

l.-

Late

pay

men

ts b

y gr

ound

ha

ndle

rag

ents

to

smal

l bus

ines

ses

are

prob

lem

atic

.

- P

arti

cipa

tion

by

loca

l peo

ple

into

uris

m p

lann

ing

is u

sual

ly v

ery

limit

ed.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

3.3

Ince

ntiv

es

3.4

Econ

omic

Linka

ges

3.5

Loca

lpa

rtic

ipat

ion

3. P

olic

yfr

amew

ork

(con

tinue

d)


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- S

t. L

ucia

Her

itage

Tou

rism

Pro

gram

me

(SLH

TP).

- Th

e H

erita

ge T

ouri

smA

ssoc

iatio

n of

St.

Luc

ia(H

ERIT

AS

) mar

kets

CB

Tpr

oduc

ts a

nd is

pro

fitab

le.

- G

rena

da is

est

ablis

hing

aco

mm

unit

y to

uris

m d

esk

inth

e M

inis

try

of T

ouris

m.

- To

ledo

Eco

tour

ism

Ass

ocia

tion

(TEA

), B

eliz

e.-

Sus

tain

able

Com

mun

itie

sFo

unda

tion

thr

ough

Tou

rism

(SC

F) in

Jam

aica

.-

Com

mun

ity

Tour

ism

Foun

dati

on (

CTF

) in

Bar

bado

s.

- 3

Riv

ers

in D

omin

ica

deve

lope

d C

BT

ontr

aditi

onal

act

iviti

es in

the

com

mun

ity.

- Ju

ngle

Bay

Res

ort

and

Spa

is d

evel

opin

g ex

curs

ions

wit

h lo

cal f

ishi

ng b

oats

inD

omin

ica.

- Th

e EU

fun

ded

Eco-

Tour

ism

Dev

elop

men

t P

rogr

amm

e(E

TDP

) in

Dom

inic

a he

ld a

stud

y vi

sit

to C

osta

Ric

a in

2005

.-

Tour

ists

to

the

Toco

Foun

dati

on in

Trin

idad

are

enco

urag

ed t

o be

inte

rvie

wed

on

the

awar

dw

inni

ng 'R

adi

o To

co10

6.7F

M'.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- U

gand

a C

omm

unit

yTo

uris

m A

ssoc

iati

on(U

CO

TA).

- N

amib

ian

Com

mun

ity-B

ased

Tour

ism

Ass

ocia

tion

(NA

CO

BTA

).-

Ass

ocia

cion

Cos

tarr

icen

sede

Tur

ism

o R

ura

lC

omun

itar

io y

Con

serv

acio

nist

a(A

CTU

AR

), C

osta

Ric

a.-

Kru

ng C

hin

Tam

bon

Adm

inis

trat

ive

Org

anis

atio

n(T

AO

) in

Thai

land

act

s as

ake

y lo

cal o

rgan

isat

ion

inC

BT

man

agem

ent

and

the

Thai

gov

ernm

ent

allo

cate

sin

vest

men

t fu

nds

for

tour

ism

impr

ovem

ent

thro

ugh

TAO

.

- In

the

cas

e of

/X

ai-/

Xai

inB

otsw

ana,

sm

all-s

cale

succ

ess

has

been

ach

ieve

dw

ith

tour

ism

dev

elop

men

tba

sed

on e

xist

ing

trad

itio

nal

skills

and

att

ract

ions

.

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- D

evel

opm

ent

of s

uppo

rtiv

ein

stitu

tiona

l str

uctu

res

and

arra

ngem

ents

.-

Dev

elop

men

t of

sus

tain

able

fund

ing

mec

hani

sms

for

CB

Tum

brel

la in

stit

utio

ns.

- D

ecen

tral

isat

ion

by c

entr

algo

vern

men

t to

allo

cate

adm

inis

trat

ive

and

man

agem

ent

reso

urce

s to

loca

l org

anis

atio

nssu

ppor

ting

CB

T.

- A

'kee

p it

sim

ple'

app

roac

hgi

ves

the

com

mun

ity

tim

e to

adap

t th

e pr

ojec

t to

sui

t th

eir

circ

umst

ance

s an

d bu

ild s

kills

to

impr

ove

perf

orm

ance

and

expa

nd b

usin

ess.

- P

repa

rato

ry c

omm

unit

y st

udie

s,ex

chan

ge v

isits

, S

tren

gths

,W

eakn

esse

s, O

ppor

tuni

ties

and

Thr

eats

(SW

OT)

ana

lyse

s,di

scus

sion

s on

the

pos

itiv

e an

dne

gativ

e as

pect

s of

tou

rism

,en

visi

onin

g an

d pa

rtic

ipat

ory

plan

ning

, an

d st

akeh

olde

rid

enti

ficat

ion

are

usef

ul t

ools

.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- C

BT

grou

ps a

re m

ore

likel

y to

succ

eed

whe

re in

stit

utio

nal

stru

ctur

es p

rovi

de t

he n

eces

sary

polic

ies,

link

ages

bet

wee

nor

gani

sati

ons,

ski

lls o

r ab

ility

toso

urce

tec

hnic

al a

ssis

tanc

e an

dsu

ppor

t fo

r co

mm

unit

y-ba

sed

grou

ps.

- N

atio

nal p

rodu

cer

asso

ciat

ions

can

have

an

impo

rtan

t ro

le b

utle

gal a

nd b

usin

ess

deve

lopm

ent

expe

rtis

e an

d a

plan

for

long

ter

mfin

anci

al s

usta

inab

ility

is r

equi

red.

- N

GO

and

/or

com

pany

regi

stra

tion

requ

irem

ents

can

be

conf

usin

gan

d un

clea

r to

com

mun

ity-

base

dor

gani

satio

ns.

- C

omm

unit

y re

side

nts

can

beun

fam

iliar

wit

h th

e co

ncep

t of

tour

ism

and

wha

t to

uris

ts w

ant.

- Th

e le

vel a

nd t

ype

of c

omm

unit

yin

volv

emen

t in

tou

rism

sho

uld

bede

fined

by

com

mun

ity

mem

bers

but

it is

impo

rtan

t to

ens

ure

it is

an a

ppro

pria

te r

ole

wit

hin

the

capa

city

of

the

bene

ficia

ries.

- C

olle

ctiv

e co

mm

unit

ym

anag

emen

t an

d/or

ow

ners

hip

shou

ld n

ot b

ecom

e a

dogm

a.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

3.6

Inst

itutio

nbu

ildin

g

4.1

Prep

arat

ion

3. P

olic

yfr

amew

ork

(con

tinue

d)

4.Im

plem

enta

tion


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- Th

e C

arib

bean

Tou

rism

Hum

an R

esou

rce

Cou

ncil

(CTH

RC

) de

velo

ps a

ndpr

omot

es h

uman

res

ourc

ede

velo

pmen

t tr

aini

ngm

ater

ials

use

d ac

ross

the

regi

on.

- Th

e EU

fun

ded

Inte

grat

edTo

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent

Pro

gram

me

deve

lope

dtr

aini

ng s

kills

and

awar

enes

s m

anua

ls in

the

loca

l Dut

ch la

ngua

ge in

Sur

inam

e.

- Ju

ngle

Bay

Res

ort

and

Spa

in D

omin

ica

bega

n by

esta

blis

hing

a N

GO

, th

eS

outh

Eas

t To

uris

mD

evel

opm

ent

Com

mitt

ee(S

ETD

C)

that

invo

lved

loca

lpe

ople

in t

ouris

mde

velo

pmen

t.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- C

apac

ity

build

ing

in R

inja

niN

atio

nal P

ark

was

bas

ed o

na

com

mun

ity

need

sas

sess

men

t in

Indo

nesi

a.-

The

Nep

al C

onse

rvat

ion

Res

earc

h an

d Tr

ain

ing

Cen

tre

(NC

RTC

) in

Chi

twan

orga

nise

d tr

aini

ng c

ours

esfo

r di

ffer

ent

user

gro

ups.

Mod

ules

incl

ude

wild

life

man

agem

ent,

com

mun

ity

fore

stry

, co

nser

vatio

ned

ucat

ion,

lodg

em

anag

emen

t, c

omm

unit

ypa

rtic

ipat

ion

and

natu

rein

terp

reta

tion.

- M

ulti

-sta

keho

lder

pla

nnin

gpr

oces

s fo

r C

BT

deve

lopm

ent

in C

orbe

ttN

atio

nal P

ark

and

Bin

sar

Wild

life

San

ctua

ry in

Indi

a.

- Th

e H

erita

ge T

rails

Pro

ject

in U

gand

a de

velo

ped

craf

tbu

sine

sses

to

gene

rate

inco

me

whi

lst

land

use

rrig

hts

and

the

infr

astr

uctu

refo

r on

-sit

e to

uris

m a

ctiv

itie

sw

ere

bein

g de

velo

ped.

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- T

rain

ing

inte

rven

tions

tha

t ar

ene

eds

base

d.-

Dev

elop

men

t of

3 le

vels

of

man

agem

ent:

cap

acity

for

proj

ect

adm

inis

trat

ion,

res

ourc

em

anag

emen

t, a

nd p

rodu

ctde

velo

pmen

t an

d m

arke

ting

.-

Trai

ning

mat

eria

ls in

the

loca

lla

ngua

ge.

- Tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

tha

t ar

ein

tere

stin

g, c

olou

rful

and

acce

ssib

le t

o lo

cal p

eopl

e.

- In

vest

men

t in

com

mun

icat

ion

and

enco

urag

emen

t of

bro

adpa

rtic

ipat

ion

of s

take

hold

ers

(incl

udin

g th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

) at

an e

arly

sta

ge.

- C

onfli

ct m

anag

emen

tm

echa

nism

s.

- D

evel

op s

hort

-ter

m b

enef

its

whi

le lo

ng-t

erm

pla

ns a

rede

velo

ping

.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- C

apac

ity

build

ing

is li

kely

to

be a

nes

sent

ial p

art

of a

ny C

BT

initi

ativ

e.-

All

part

ners

may

nee

d ca

paci

tybu

ildin

g.-

Failu

re t

o id

enti

fy t

he v

ario

usle

vels

of

man

agem

ent

capa

city

need

s ca

n le

ad t

o pr

ojec

tco

llaps

e.-

Tra

inin

g sh

ould

dev

elop

part

icip

ants

' kno

wle

dge,

ski

lls a

ndm

otiv

atio

n.-

Tour

gui

ding

tra

inin

g sh

ould

be

mat

ched

to

actu

al e

mpl

oym

ent

oppo

rtun

ities

.

- C

BT

is m

ost

effe

ctiv

e w

hen

stak

ehol

ders

wor

k to

geth

er.

- Th

e en

cour

agem

ent

ofco

ntrib

utio

ns f

rom

all

stak

ehol

ders

add

s to

a s

ense

of

owne

rshi

p a

nd r

espo

nsib

ility

.

- D

evel

opin

g to

uris

m t

hat

invo

lves

com

mun

itie

s is

a lo

ng-t

erm

inve

stm

ent

and

expe

ctat

ions

mus

tbe

man

aged

as

mis

mat

ched

expe

ctat

ions

and

ben

efit

s ca

n ki

llin

itiat

ives

.-

It is

impo

rtan

t to

ens

ure

com

mun

itie

s un

ders

tand

tha

tto

uris

m m

ay t

ake

seve

ral y

ears

to

deve

lop.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

4.2

Skills

and

capa

city

gap

4.3

Stak

ehol

der

com

mun

icat

ion

and

colla

bora

tion

4.4

Mee

ting

expe

ctat

ions

4. Impl

emen

tatio

n(c

ontin

ued)


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- H

otel

Mok

a in

Las

Ter

raza

sC

ompl

ejo

Turis

tico

in C

uba

is g

over

nmen

t-co

mm

unit

yow

ned

and

man

aged

and

tour

ism

rev

enue

is s

hare

d.In

com

e is

div

ided

bet

wee

nre

inve

stm

ent

in t

he h

otel

,th

e co

mpa

ny a

nd t

heco

mm

unit

y. T

wo

elec

ted

com

mun

ity

mem

bers

deci

de h

ow t

heco

mm

unit

y's

shar

e -

appr

oxim

atel

y on

e th

ird o

fth

e ho

tel's

net

inco

me

- is

allo

cate

d.

- A

com

mun

ity

deve

lopm

ent

fee

is c

harg

ed o

n La

Rut

ade

l Caf

é in

the

Dom

inic

anR

epub

lic.

- In

com

e m

obili

sed

in a

nan

nual

flo

wer

sho

w b

y th

eG

iraud

el/

Eggl

esto

n Fl

ower

Gro

up is

use

d fo

rco

mm

unit

y de

velo

pmen

tpr

ojec

ts in

Dom

inic

a.-

The

empl

oyee

s of

Jun

gle

Bay

Res

ort

and

Spa

inD

omin

ica

volu

ntee

red

togi

ve 1

0 pe

rcen

t of

col

lect

ive

tips

to

thei

r C

omm

unit

yG

rant

Pro

gram

me.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- Th

e S

a P

a To

uris

mP

rogr

amm

e in

Vie

tnam

has

a fe

e sy

stem

for

fut

ure

deve

lopm

ent

and

impl

emen

ts g

over

nmen

tpo

licie

s to

fac

ilitat

eeq

uita

ble

dist

ribut

ion

ofpr

ofits

fro

m t

ouris

m.

- Th

e Ta

nzan

ia C

ultu

ral

Tour

ism

Pro

gram

me

deve

lope

d by

SN

V a

nd t

heTa

nzan

ia T

ouris

m B

oard

incl

uded

a c

omm

unit

yde

velo

pmen

t fe

e ch

arge

d by

all C

BT

proj

ects

.-

The

Kib

ale

Ass

ocia

tion

for

Rur

al a

nd E

nviro

nmen

tal

Dev

elop

men

t (K

AFR

ED)

has

cons

truc

ted

a se

cond

ary

scho

ol a

nd p

ays

teac

hers

wit

h in

com

e ge

nera

ted

fro

mth

e B

igod

i Wet

land

San

ctua

ry in

wes

tern

Uga

nda.

- A

CB

T ac

com

mod

atio

npr

ovid

er in

Lal

ibel

a,Et

hiop

ia,

keep

s 40

per

cent

of t

ouris

m p

aym

ents

for

rein

vest

men

t, d

epre

ciat

ion

and

a co

llect

ive

com

mun

ity

fund

for

dev

elop

men

tac

tiviti

es (

e.g.

pur

chas

e of

agr

indi

ng m

ill).

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- A

cle

ar f

ocus

on

spec

ific

targ

etgr

oups

and

ben

efic

iarie

s.-

Sus

tain

able

mec

hani

sms

for

mor

e eq

uita

ble

dist

ribut

ion

ofbe

nefit

s.-

Gen

der

sens

itiv

e pl

anni

ng.

- C

onfli

ct m

anag

emen

tm

echa

nism

s.-

The

deve

lopm

ent

of t

rans

pare

ntan

d ac

coun

tabl

e co

mm

unit

y-ba

sed

inst

itutio

ns.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- C

BT

may

onl

y be

nefit

the

elit

e in

aco

mm

unit

y.-

Priv

ate

entr

epre

neur

ship

doe

s no

tne

cess

arily

tra

nsla

te in

toco

mm

unit

y de

velo

pmen

tob

ject

ives

, al

thou

gh p

rofit

s m

aybe

re-

inve

sted

in t

he c

omm

unit

yth

roug

h in

form

al s

ocio

-eco

nom

iclin

kage

s.-

Dire

ct in

volv

emen

t of

the

poo

rest

grou

ps w

ill in

som

e ca

ses

ham

per

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

tour

ism

pro

gra

mm

es s

o in

dire

ctin

volv

emen

t ca

n be

a w

ay f

orw

ard

e.g.

pro

visi

on o

f ag

ricul

tura

lsu

pplie

s.-

The

dist

ribut

ion

of b

enef

its

can

crea

te f

ricti

on in

and

bet

wee

nco

mm

unit

ies.

- P

osit

ive

loca

l soc

io-e

cono

mic

impa

cts

of t

ouris

m c

an d

ilute

polit

ical

diff

eren

ces

in a

com

mun

ity.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

4.5

Dist

ribu

tion

ofbe

nefit

s4.

Imple

ment

ation

(con

tinue

d)


Cari

bbea

nEx

ampl

e(s)

- K

iske

ya A

ltern

ativ

a an

dK

alal

ú ha

ve a

cod

e of

eth

ics

conc

erni

ng v

isit

orm

anag

emen

t, lo

cal

com

mun

itie

s, c

ultu

re a

nd t

hena

tura

l env

ironm

ent

and

aco

de o

f co

nduc

t fo

r vi

sito

rsto

the

Dom

inic

an R

epub

lic.

- Th

e EU

-fun

ded

Inte

grat

edTo

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent

Pro

gram

me

deve

lope

daw

aren

ess

'do'

s' a

nd 'd

on't

s'fo

r to

ur g

uide

s, t

our

oper

ator

s, t

ouris

ts a

ndco

mm

unit

ies

in S

urin

ame.

- N

atur

e S

eeke

rs (

NS

) in

Trin

idad

has

cod

es o

fco

nduc

t fo

r to

uris

ts,

staf

fan

d Ea

rthw

atch

vol

unte

ers.

NS

has

als

o re

sear

ched

san

dco

mpa

ctio

n by

tur

tlew

atch

ers

to re

view

the

tour

ist

carr

ying

cap

acit

y of

Mat

ura

Bea

ch.

- Th

e im

pact

s of

the

Ans

e La

Ray

e S

eafo

od F

riday

on

vend

or li

velih

oods

hav

e be

endo

cum

ente

d.

Inte

rnat

iona

lEx

ampl

e(s)

- R

egul

ar a

war

enes

s-bu

ildin

gm

eeti

ngs

in t

he A

nnap

urna

Con

serv

atio

n A

rea

in N

epal

info

rm lo

cal p

eopl

e of

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f to

uris

mm

anag

emen

t an

d m

itig

atio

nm

easu

res.

The

are

a ha

s be

enzo

ned

and

cert

ain

area

s on

lyal

low

con

trol

led

tour

ism

i.e.

orga

nise

d tr

ekki

ng g

roup

s.-

Res

pons

ible

, Ec

olog

ical

,S

ocia

l Tou

rs (

RES

T) h

as a

code

of

cond

uct

for

tour

ists

to T

haila

nd.

- Th

e O

gasa

war

a W

hale

-W

atch

ing

Ass

ocia

tion

(OW

A)

in J

apan

dev

elop

ed v

olun

tary

rule

s fo

r m

embe

rs w

ith

scie

ntifi

c ex

pert

s an

dco

mm

unit

y gu

ides

to

prom

ote

sust

aina

ble

wha

lew

atch

ing.

- Th

e A

fric

a S

afar

i Lod

ge(A

SL)

Pro

gra

mm

e un

dert

ook

3 ex

tens

ive

base

line

stud

ies

of c

omm

unit

ies

inM

ozam

biqu

e in

200

6.-

Goo

d da

ta o

n po

vert

yim

pact

s at

the

indi

vidu

al a

ndho

useh

old

leve

ls h

ave

been

prov

ided

thr

ough

a s

tudy

on

the

Gam

bia

by t

heIn

tern

atio

nal C

entr

e fo

rR

espo

nsib

le T

ouris

m (

ICR

T)an

d by

the

wor

k of

the

Dut

chag

ency

SN

V in

Hum

laD

istr

ict

of N

epal

.

Good

Pra

ctic

e(s)

- Ed

ucat

iona

l pro

gram

mes

to

build

aw

are

ness

of

tour

ism

impa

cts

and

man

agem

ent

and

mit

igat

ion

mea

sure

s.-

Cod

es o

f co

nduc

t fo

r ho

sts

and

gues

ts.

- C

ultu

ral a

war

enes

sin

form

atio

n re

sour

ces

for

tour

ists

.-

Volu

ntar

y se

lf-re

gula

tory

inst

rum

ents

to

ensu

reap

prop

riate

beh

avio

ur in

envi

ronm

enta

lly s

ensi

tive

area

s.-

Mon

itor

ing

of e

nviro

nmen

tal

impa

cts

and

sett

ing

of a

ndpe

riodi

c re

view

of

carr

ying

capa

city

.

- B

asel

ine

stud

ies

at t

he s

tart

of

a C

BT

initi

ativ

e fr

om w

hich

to

mea

sure

pro

gres

s.-

Par

ticip

ator

y M

&E

invo

lvin

gth

e be

nefic

iarie

s.

Key

Less

on(s

)Le

arnt

- C

BT

prod

ucts

can

hav

e ne

gativ

een

viro

nmen

tal,

soci

o-cu

ltur

al a

ndec

onom

ic im

pact

s.-

Ina

ppro

pria

te b

ehav

iour

by

host

san

d/or

gue

sts

can

caus

epr

oble

ms.

- G

uide

lines

(e.

g. 'd

o's'

and

'don

'ts'

) fo

r to

uris

ts s

houl

d be

pres

ente

d in

a p

osit

ive

man

ner.

- E

nviro

nmen

tal i

ssue

s ar

e be

stad

dres

sed

in C

BT

proj

ects

tha

tde

velo

p cl

ose

linka

ges

wit

hen

viro

nmen

tal m

anag

emen

tau

thor

itie

s an

d bu

ild c

omm

unit

yor

gani

satio

nal c

apac

ity t

o m

anag

ean

d co

nsul

t on

con

cern

s.

- In

suff

icie

nt M

&E

is u

nder

take

n in

CB

T in

tern

atio

nally

.-

M&

E is

impo

rtan

t fo

r tr

acki

ngho

w f

ar a

n in

itia

tive

has

rea

ched

,in

cre

atin

g co

mm

unit

y ow

ners

hip

of a

pro

ject

, fo

r re

sour

cem

obili

sati

on,

dono

r re

port

ing

and

diss

emin

atio

n of

exp

erie

nce.

Criti

cal F

acto

r(s)

4.6

Miti

gatio

n of

impa

cts,

awar

enes

sbu

ildin

g an

ded

ucat

ion

4.7

Mon

itori

ng a

ndev

alua

tion

(M&E

)

4.Im

plem

enta

tion

(con

tinue

d)

IV. Developments in Community-Based Tourism Competing with be… · Namibian Community-Based...

Documents

Transcript of IV. Developments in Community-Based Tourism Competing with be… · Namibian Community-Based...