Fraenzle, O. (1979) The water balance of the tropical rain forest of Amazonia and the effects of human impact. Applied Science and Develop., 13, pp. 88-117, Inst. Sci. Coop. Tubingen, Germany.

Friedman, I. (1977) The Amazon Basin, another Sahel? Science, 197, No. 4928.

Goodland, R. J. W. and Irwin, H. W. (1975) Amazon Jungle: Green Hell to Red Desert L Elsevier, New York.

Hecht, S. B. (1981) Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. California, Berkeley, U.S.A.

Henderson-Sellers, A. (1981) Climatic sensitivity to variations in vegetated land surface albedoes. In Proceedings of the 6th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Columbia Univ., Oc- tober 14-16, 1981, pp. 135-144.

Lal, R. and Russell, E. W. (eds) (1981) Tropical Agricultural Hy- drology: watershed management and land use, Wiley, Chi- chester and New York, 482 pp.

Lettau, H., Lettau, K. and Motion, L. C. B. (1979) Amazonia's hydrologic cycle and the role of atmospheric recycling in assessing deforestation effects. Men. Wea. Rev., 107, pp. 227-238.

Marques, J., Santos, J. M., Villa Nova, N. A. and Salati, E. (1977) Preeipitable water and water vapour flux between Belem and Manaus. Acta Amazonica, 7 (3), pp. 355-362.

Mellon, L. C. B. (1975) A climatomic study of the energy and moisture fluxes of the Amazonas basin with consideration of deforestation effects. Tese de Doutoramento.

Myers, N. (1980) Conversion of tropical moist forest. Rept. for Committee on Research Priorities in Tropical Biology of the National Research Council, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.

Nigh, R. B. and Nations, J. D. (1980) Tropical rain forests. Bull. Atomic Scientists, March 12-19.

Oltman, R. E. (1967) Reconnaissance investigations of the dis- charge and water quality of the Amazon. Atlas do Simp6sio sobre a Biota Amaz6nica, 3 (Limnologia), pp. 163-185.

Penman, H. L. (1963) Vegetation and Hydrology. Teeh. Comm. No. 53, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal.

Potter, G. L., EUsaesser, H. W., MacCracken, M. C. and Luther, F. M. (1975) Possible climatic impact of tropical deforesta- tion. Nature, 258, pp. 697-698.

Rohter, L. (1978) Ecologists foresee desert in Amazonia. Interna- tional Herald Tribune, January 12, p. 3.

Salati, E., Dall'Olio, A., Matsui, E. and Gat, J. R. (1979) Recycl- ing of water in the Amazon Basin: an isotope study. Water Resources Research, 15 (5), pp. 1250-1258.

Salati, E. and Matsui, E. (1981) Isotopic hydrology in the Brazil- ian Amazon basin. In Prec. Interamerican Syrup. Isotope Hydrology, Bogota, Colombia, Aug. 1980. Institute de Asun- tos Nucleares, Bogota.

Sanchez, P. A. (1976) Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics, Wiley, New York.

Schubart, H. O. R. (1977) Crit~rios Ecol6gieos para o Desenvol- vimento Agricola das Terras-Fitmes na Amaz6nia. Acta Amazonica, 7 (4), pp. 559-567.

Seubert, C. E. (t975) Effect of land clearing methods on crop performance and changes in soil properties in an Ultisol of the Amazon Jungle of Peru. M. S. Thesis, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, N.C., 152 pp. (Quoted in Sanchez, 1976.)

Snedaker, S. C. (1970) Ecological studies on tropical moist forest succession in eastern lowland Guatemala. Ph.D. Thesis, Uni- versity of Florida, Gainesville. (Quoted in Sanchez, 1976.)

Suarez de Castro, F. and Rodriguez, A. (1955) Perdidas per ero- sion de elementos nutritivos bajo differentes dubiertes vege- tales y con varias practicas de eonservacion de suelos. Fede- racion Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia, Bol. Tec. 14.

Thompson, K. (1980) Forests and climate change in America: some early views. Climate Change, 3, pp. 47-64.

Van der Weert, R. (1974) The influence of mechanical forest clearing on soil conditions and resulting effects on root growth. Trop. Agr. (Trinidad), 51, pp. 325-331.

Villa Nova, N. A., Salati, E. and Matsui, E. (1976) Estimativa de evapotranspitaq[o da Bacia Amaz6nica. Acta Amazonica, 6 (2), pp. 215-228.

Villa Nova, N. A., Ribeiro, M. N. G., Nobre, C. A. and Salati, E. (1978) Radiaq~o solar em Manaus. Acta Amazonica, 8 (3), pp. 417-421.

Conference Reports IUCN Commission on Ecology Meetings

Workshop on Tropical Ralnforest

The Commission on Ecology (COE) met from 1 - 8 October 1982 in Bandung, Indonesia, where it was hosted by the Institute of Ecology of the Padjadjaran University.

From 1 - 3 October, a workshop of the COE Working Groups on Trop- ical Rainforests was held to produce, at the request of UNEP, a position paper on the integration of nature conservation and forest regeneration with economic development of the tropical rainforest resource. The vari- ous elements of a general IUCN posi- tion statement on Tropical Rainfor- ests were equally examined. The

workshop was chaired by Dr John Davidson, deputy chairman of the working group on Tropical Rain- forest.

S y m p o s i u m o n R u r a l D e v e l o p - m e n t , C o n s e r v a t i o n a n d T r a d i - t i o n a l L i fe -s ty les

On the occasion of its tenth anni- versary, the Institute of Ecology of the Padjadjaran University organised jointly with the IUCN Commission on Ecology a Symposium on Rural Development, Conservation and Tra- ditional Life-Styles on 4 - 5 October 1982. Twenty-four scientists from

Indonesia and members of the Com- mission on Ecology contributed. Prof. O. Soemarwoto acted as the moderator of the Symposium.

After the opening addresses given by ProL O. Soemarwoto, Director of the Institute of Ecology, Prof. J. D. Ovington, Chairman of the IUCN Commission on Ecology and Prof. Wiratmadja, Rector of the Padjadja- ran University, Dr M. Bijleveld, Exe- cutive Officer of COE, read the con- t r ibut ion by Dr R. Dasmann on the role of governments and international and national agencies in conservation and rural development. This was fol- lowed by Dr J. Omo-Fodaka's contri- but ion on buffer zones as an innova- tive concept in conservation and rural development.

Dr Webb spoke about the applica- t ion of biological guidelines in Rural

0251-1088/83/$3.00 The Environmentalist, 3 (1983) 72-78 ©Elsevier Sequoia/Printed in The Netherlands

I Closing address of the Symposium on rural development, conservation and traditional life-styles, by H.E. Dr Emil Salim. In the background, Prof. J. D. Ovington and Maurice Strong (Courtesy: M. Bijleveld).

Developments and Dr G. Budowski talked about the role of tropical for- estry in conservation and rural devel- opment. They were followed by Prof. L. Hamilton on watersheds and rural development planning, Dr J. M. Boyd on the role of religion in conservation and Dr J. Hanks on an integrated ap- proach towards traditional life-styles, conservation and rural development. The importance of minor forest pro- ducts for traditional life-styles and rural development was the subject of a contribution by Dr M. Jacobs.

Dr Y. Saliya spoke about the im. pact of changing life-styles on the built-up environment and Dr K. Kar- tawinata on the impact of develop- ment on traditional interaction be- tween man and forest in East Kali- mantan.

Dr R. F. Johannes dealt with ma- fine conservation in relation to tradi- tional life-styles of tropical artisanal fishermen, while Prof. O. Soemarwoto and Mr N. Kwapena lectured respec-

Opening of the Commission on Ecology meeting, from left to right: Dr G. Budowski, H.E.E. Salim, Prof. J. D. Ovington, Dr M. Bijleveld (Couresty: M. Bijlev¢ld).

Vol. 3, No. 1 (1983) 73

tively on traditional agroforestry sys- tems in Indonesia and traditional wildlife conservation and utilization in Papua New Guinea. Dr N. Dold- joeni talked about the Javanese agri- cultural calendar and Prof. G. Tjitro- soepomo on traditional Plant Classi- fication.

Dr A. Ponulele gave a presentation entitled "A house is a tiny world", while Prof. H. Skolimowski lectured on the Ethics of Ecoculture. Prof. J. D. Ovington spoke about aboriginal people as the guardians of a heritage. "Conservation: not by skill alone", was the title of a lecture by Dr H. Rij- ksen on the importance of a workable concept in nature conservation.

Finally, Prof. S. S. Adisewojo spoke on natural compounds tradi- tionally used as pesticides and medi- cine and Mr R. U. Gluck talked about communications between the grass- root level and the policy-makers.

The closing addresses were given by Mr Maurice Strong and H. E. Dr Emil Salim, Minister of State for Development Supervision and the Environment.

The A u t u m n 1982 Meeting

Held from 6 - 8 October in Ban- dung, Indonesia, the Commission on Ecology Meeting was opened by H.E. Dr Emil Salim, Minister of State for Development Supervision and the Environment.

Dr Salim in his opening address spoke about the enormous chal- lenges his country was facing as for- ests are to be opened up as a result of population pressures and transmi- gration to both coastal and rainforest areas. He said that many problems exist in watershed conservation and in general what should be conserved and what should be developed. He expressed his thanks to the Commis- sion for making available its expertise.

Prof. C. W. Stortenbeker then pre- sented to Dr Salim on behalf of the Netherlands Government the f ~ t copy of "The Conservation Biblio- graphy of Indonesia" compiled by Dr M. Jacobs, Member of the Com- mission on Ecology.

In the presence of Dr Salim, the new version of the document on Conservation and Development was

discussed in depth as it originated from a letter by Dr Salim to H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands in 1979. The Minister expressed his appreciation as the document was also applicable to other ASEAN countries. He explained that argu- ments in favour of the conservation of large mammals were inadequate and he asked COE to give this more emphasis as these arguments are needed in discussion with other poli- ticians and the press. Equally criteria are needed for the setting aside of conservation areas and the allocation of other land uses. Dr Salim promised to give his advice and help in the dis- tribution of the published paper.

A new working group is in the process of being established on island ecology under the chairmanship of Dr J. Yarldwyn, Director of the Na- tional Museum of New Zealand, while Prof. O. Soemarwoto agreed to chair the working group on conservation and traditional life-styles.

The audiovisual programme "Un- derstanding Mangrove Ecosystems" prepared by Prof. L. Hamilton and the COE working group on Mangrove Ecosystems is now available and was presented at the 3rd Congress of the Centres for Environmental Awareness in Indonesia held simultaneously with the Commission Meeting, where it stimulated considerable interest. The production of a handbook for man- grove managers is expected to be un- dertaken as a joint operation between Unesco, the East-West Center and IUCN/COE.

The meeting studied discussion papers on the subject of human po- pulation established by a small COE task force, which resulted in a memo- randum t o be discussed by the IUCN Council.

Two reports were submitted by the COE Working group on Tropical Rainforest; they were compiled by its Deputy Chairman, Dr John Davidson, and dealt respectively with satellite monitoring of tropical moist forests and a survey of existing audiovisual materials on tropical moist forests.

Dr L. Webb submitted an outline of a proposal on the establishment of national models as a follow-up to the general guidelines for development in tropical rainforest areas.

The Working group on Ocean Eco- logy proposed in relation to the Southern Ocean and Antarctica the preparation of a position paper and a joint meeting with the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) in 1984.

It was resolved to establish a task force to get into perspective the eco- logical effects of alternative energy schemes. A similar task force is being formed to establish an overview re- port on acid rain.

The meeting was informed that, in order to coordinate the World Conser- vation Strategy Sourcebook volumes on terrestrial, coastal, marine and freshwater ecosystems, a meeting of the editors will be held in Oxford, UK, from 12-14 January 1983.

At the meeting, the chairman pre- sented to the IUCN Director General, Dr L. M. Talbot, the first copies of the first two regular papers of COE, published as supplements of The Environmentalist by Elsevier Sequoia, being "Ocean Trench Conservation" by Dr Martin Angel and "Ecological Mismanagement in Natural Disasters" by Prof. L. Pryor, the latter in co- operation with the League of Red Cross Societies. Other papers nearing completion are "The Global Status of Mangrove Ecosystems", "The Im- pact of Oil Pollution on Living Nat- ural Resources", "Future Hazards of Pesticides to Species and Ecosystems" and "Structures and Problems of Amazonia".

The Commission accepted posi- tion statements on oil pollution, ocean trenches and tidal mudflats and expressed appreciation to the Working group and their chairmen, who had produced them.

The Symposium on Rural Devel- opment, Conservation and traditional life-styles will be followed by a Sym- posium on Arid Lands in Latin Amer- ica, which is being organized by Prof. C. Lopez Ocana and Ing. C. Ponce del Prado, on the occasion of the Com- mission meeting at the National Agri- cultural University, 5 -10 April, 1983.

Maarten Bijleveld COE Executive Officer

IUCN

74 The Environmentalist