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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 

SUBMITTED TO-

Prof. Mr. Gaurav Rathod

SUBMITTED BY-

 Names Roll No.

Atul Moynak 77

 Neha Sawant 95

Arati Patil 85

 Niranjan Sonawane 105

Onkar Varadkar 117

Alok Avasthi 61Prashant Dhamal 64

CONTENTS

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Topic Page no.

1. Inputting Data In Other ways

• Data inputting 3

• Introduction to Input Devices 4

• Uses of input devices 10

2. Modern CPU

• Introduction to CPU 15

• Basic components of CPU 15

• Latest CPU 18

• Difference between latest CPU 22

• Bibliography 24

Inputting Data In other Ways

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Introduction

Data input is the operation of encoding data for inclusion into a database.  A method for 

inputting data in a computer system, comprising: providing a graphical program interface at a

user-interface of the computer system, wherein the graphical program interface comprises a text

input field; receiving a user selection of the text input field; providing a graphical selection

interface displayed within the graphical program interface upon the user selection of the text

input field, wherein the text input field is free from obstruction by the graphical selection

interface, the graphical selection interface comprising a select control, a search control, and a

results field; automatically determining at least one predetermined property of the selected text

input field; generating search criteria based on the at least one predetermined property;

searching, with the search control and the search criteria, for the data choices; displaying the data

choices in the results field of the graphical selection interface; selecting a data choice from the

displayed data choices using the select control; and inputting the data choice at the text input

field.

Input Device

An input device is any peripheral (piece of  computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and

control signals to an information processing system. Input and output devices make up the hardware

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interface between computers as a scanner.Input devices are things we use to put information into a

computer.

Camera - most cameras like this are used during live

conversations. The camera transmits a picture from one

computer to another, or can be used to record a short video.

Compact Disc (CD) - CDs store information. The CD can then

  be put into another computer, and the information can be

opened and added or used on the second computer.

 Note: A CD-R or CD-RW can also be used as an OUTPUT

device.

Keyboard - The keyboard is a way to input letters or numbers

into different applications or programs. A keyboard also has

special keys that help operate the computer.

Mouse - The mouse is used to open and close files, navigate

web sites, and click on a lot of commands (to tell the computer 

what to do) when using different applications.

Digital Camera - A digital camera can be used to take

  pictures. It can be hooked up to a computer to transfer the

  pictures from the camera to the computer. Some digital

cameras hold a floppy disk, and the floppy disk can be taken out

of the camera and put directly into the computer.

Drawing Tablet - A drawing tablet is similar to a white board,

except you use a special pen to write on it and it's connected to

the computer. Then the word or image you draw can be saved

on the computer.

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Microphone - A microphone is used to record sound. The

sound is then saved as a sound file on the computer .

Scanner - A scanner is used to copy pictures or other things and

save them as files on the computer.

Disk Drive - A disk drive can hold a CD or a floppy disk. It

reads the information on the disk so that the computer can use

it.

Joystick - A joystick is used to move the cursor from place to

 place, and to click on various items in programs. A joystick is

used mostly for computer games.

Touch Screen - A touch screen is a computer screen or other screen that you can touch with your finger to enter information.

Examples of touch screens include a smart board, a microwave,

a dishwasher, or an ATM at a bank.

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Bar Code Scanner - A bar code scanner scans a little label that

has a bar code on it. The information is then saved on the

computer. Bar code scanners are used in libraries a lot.

Game Paddle - More commonly known as a game paddle or 

gamepad, a paddle is an input device commonly used with

games that may contain various buttons used to steer and utilize

different options in a game. All console game systems utilize a

 paddle or gamepad for control. To the right is a picture and an

example of a game paddle used with the Atari 260.

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Webcam - A camera connected to a computer that allows

anyone connected to the Internet to view either a still

pictures or motion  video of a user or other object. To the

right is a picture of the Logitech QuickCam Express and an

example of what a webcam may look like. Today, most

webcams are either embedded into the display with laptop 

computers or connected to the USB or Firewire  port on the

computer.

Pen Drive - Pen drive is a storage device. Its a small pen like

device which is connected to the USB port of our computer.

It can store data like a floppy, again and again but is highly

reliable. You can store data again and again.

Light Pen - A computer  light pen allows you to work on a

computer the way you do with a mouse. The light pen setup

includes the pen attached to a cord with a USB for 

connecting it to your computer and a CD for installation.

Simply press the pen tip on the desired area of the screen,

 press the related buttons on the pen and it performs the

desired action. In terms of cost, durability and features, the

light pen is an option worth considering.

Zip Disk - A zip disk is a computer hardware device that stores

data. A zip disk drive is somewhat like floppy disk drive, only

that the size of disks inserted into the devices are different.

Where a normal floppy disk can hold about 1.44 megabytes of data, a zip disk can hold around 100 megabytes of data. This

means that a zip disk can hold a lot more data which is useful in

today's computer market where software applications and files

are becoming bigger. Files such as mp3 music files usually need

to be saved on 2 or more floppy disks whereas a zip disks can

hold numerous mp3 files.

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Magnetic reader - This input device reads a magnetic strip on a

card. Handy for security reasons, it provides quick identification

of the card's owner. This method is used to run bank cash points

or to provide quick identification of people entering buildings.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition - A computer can read

numbers and letters printed with ink containing magnetic

material. MICR is used by banks to process cheques. The

account details at the bottom of the cheque can be accurately

read in this manner since MICR is not affected by dirt.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR) – It can read information in the

form of numbers or letters and put it into the computer.

The marks have to be precisely located as in multiple choice test

 papers. 

Sound Capture - With the addition of a sound card in one of 

the expansion slots of your computer you can "record" voice or 

music. The sound card digitises the information into a form that

the computer can understand.

Video Capture - With a video capture board in one of your 

computer's expansion slots you can capture video

(photographic) images through a video camera. The video

capture board digitises the image

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Uses of Input devices

1. Key board

The computer keyboard is the most common computer input device. This piece of equipment

comes in a variety of shapes and sizes---ranging from keyboards that are big and bulky to

others that are completely wireless. Whatever form they may be, they all serve one

 purpose---entering information into a computer. It enables people to accomplish many tasks,

including word processing, reporting, database management, programming and other data-

intensive work .

2. Computer Mouse

The computer mouse is one of the most common input devices on computers. However, there are

many variations to the standard computer mouse. Computer mice can have a single button or 

many buttons along with a scroll wheel. Wireless mice are available. Mice also may have

trackballs or use optical light to sense movement. However, while computer mice are because of 

several advantages, there are still a few disadvantages to computer mice as well.  The mouse

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gives the computer user the freedom to move cursors in any direction, unlike the arrows on a

keyboard, which constrain the user to a limited set of directions. In addition, the mouse can be

fine-tuned to each user, so that movements can match with the user's expectation. For example,

you can adjust the speed of the cursor so that it will travel a farther or shorter distance with the

mouse movement. Computer mice are also popular input devices for many computer games since

they are highly responsive and accurate for user input.  There are a large variety of computer 

mice to suit individual needs. Small compact mice are available for frequent travelers or mobile

computer users. Optical mice are available to avoid previous problems with trackball-based

mice, when they became dirty or obstructed. Mice can have a single button or many buttons to

support control and minimize the need to switch often between a keyboard and the mouse.

3. Drawing Tablet

 The main benefit of using a computer tablet is the flexibility it offers people who are

in the illustration or design field. The images drawn on the tablet are easily moved

into drawing or imaging programs like CAD (computer aided technologies)

programs. You can even use them with paint programs such as GIMP. If you've ever

tried to create an image using freehand drawing with the mouse you know how

difficult it can be. Most artists end up sketching or drawing their image on a

separate piece of paper then scanning it into the computer. Using a computer

drawing tablet eliminates this extra step.

4. Microphone and MIDI

 Microphone is an audio input device. MIDI instruments and microphones give you the ability to

capture audio in a language your computer can understand. This accomplished, mixing a song or 

creating a film soundtrack are a matter of learning specialized audio software. While this

software can be complicated and expensive, it's still cheaper and less cumbersome than other 

traditional forms of audio recording.

5. Camera, Web Cam and Scanner

Imaging devices include video cameras, web cams and scanners. They create digital

representations of objects in the three-dimensional world. It used to be that in order to

manipulate images, you needed specialized equipment and years of training. While training is

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still vital for professional grade material, the tools needed to create films are much more

affordable, accessible and user friendly thanks to these devices.

6. Game Controller

A game controller is another type of input device. These can be seen as souped-up versions of  pointing devices. They usually provide many different functions, as opposed to the mouse's click 

and right-click capabilities. Many of them respond to the user's movements in three dimensions,

 providing data the computer uses to generate a more convincing representation of the world as

we know it.

7. Touch Screens

Restaurant/POS Systems: Time is money, especially in a fast paced restaurant or retailenvironment. Because touch screen systems are easy to use, overall training time for new

employees can be reduced. And work can get done faster, because employees can simply touch

the screen to perform tasks, rather than entering complex key strokes or commands.

Customer Self-Service: In today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has

yet to speed up. Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to improve customer service at

 busy stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more. Customers can quickly place

their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time, and decreasing wait times for 

other customers.

Control/Automation Systems: The touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from

industrial process control to home automation. By integrating the input device with the display,

valuable workspace can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators can monitor and

control complex operations in real-time by simply touching the screen.

Computer Based Training: Because the touch screen interface is more user-friendly than other 

input devices, overall training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can be

reduced. It can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can lead to a more

 beneficial training experience for both students and educators.

8. Light Pen

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Light pens have the advantage of 'drawing' directly onto the screen, but this can become

uncomfortable, and they are not as accurate as digitizing tablets.

-Allows you to select objects on a display screen

- It has great accuracy

-drawing directly on the screen so it is more accurate

-more precise

9. Pen Drive

To transport personal data. The commonest use of USB pen drive is to transport or store personal

files such as documents, pictures and video. One can also store medical alert information for 

emergency use or as preparation against disaster.

10. Zip Disk 

It stores your computer's data on a Zip disk. Iomega developed the Zip drive storage system in

the early 1990s as a proprietary storage technology to give computer users more options for 

 backing up data. Just like floppy disk drives, Zip drives read portable Zip disks. Zip drives and

disks have distinct disadvantages and advantages that may influence your choice on whether you

should incorporate the Zip system into your current computer set. Iomega Zip disks come in

three capacities capable of holding either 100MB, 250MB or 750MB of computer data. This is

sufficient for large quantities of plain text documents and files, as well as limited amounts of 

media like songs and videos. Unfortunately, Zip disks can't beat the storage capacity offered by

newer technologies like rewritable DVDs and portable USB flash drives, many which hold over 

1GB of data.

`Zip disks transfer data faster than floppy disks. Whereas the latter read and write data at

a speed of approximately 125 kilobytes per second (kbps), the Zip disk can read and write data at

a rate of 1 megabyte per second (mbps). This has since fallen far behind the speed of moremodern storage systems. For example, a standard 72x CD-ROM can read data at a rate of over 

10 mbps. Though Zip disks require a Zip drive to work , the drive itself is compatible with

all computers thanks to its use of Universal Serial Bus (USB), a wired connection technology

available on most modern computers and used to connect peripheral devices like keyboards and

mice. This allows almost any computer to take advantage of the Zip format. Unlike hard drives,

which are connected somewhat permanently to a computer, Zip disks are very portable and can

 be inserted or ejected from any Zip drive connected to any computer. This is advantageous for 

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those who need to transfer data and files to new locations, according Thomas E. Beach, Ph.D. of 

the University of New Mexico. Individuals concerned about security may also find a Zip disk's

 portability advantageous since it can be removed from the drive and locked in a secure area.

When calculating a Zip disk's cost per megabyte, plus the need for using additional drive

hardware to read them, a Zip disk is often more expensive than other types of storage media,

according to a comparison provided by Willamette University of Salem, Oregon.

Other Uses of Input Devices

User-Friendliness

When the world graduated from a purely text-based operating system and moved to a graphical

interface, the mouse became one of the most utilized input devices. It is an extension of the

keyboard, used to navigate or interact with the computer by clicking a button and maneuvering a

cursor. Software applications rapidly became more user-friendly by implementing point and

click navigation to carry out commands instead of memorizing a code or combinations of it to

 perform functions. The point-and-click attributes prove useful in web and gaming applications. A

mouse and keyboard combination allows people to perform the majority of tasks that a computer 

is used for.

Interactivity

Web-cams make computing more interactive by adding a visual element while communicating

with family, friends, or business associates. Adding audio input through the use of a microphone

makes talking through the computer possible. The combination of these two input devices makes

video conferencing possible without the use of high-end audiovisual equipment.

Other Advantages

Input devices are used for a wide array of applications, including design, retail, and

entertainment. CAD systems use input devices for detailed graphic creation for architecture and

industrial design. Barcode scanners are now used for many point-of-sale computer systems,

making checkout quicker and more efficient. Midi keyboards are used for digital music and

sound effects.

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Modern CPU

Introduction to CPU

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Abbreviation of Central Processing Unit, and pronounced as separate letters. The CPU is the

 brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the

CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is most

important element of computer system. On large machines CPU require one or more printed

circuit boards. On personal computers or small workstations, the CPU housed in a single chip

called a Microprocessor 

Basic CPU Components

The CPU consists of the control unit which controls all operations of the computer system. The

arithmetic and logic unit which performs arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations

involve the general mathematical calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and

division. Logical operations involve comparisons like > < = etc. Registers which hold temporary

data for a specific purpose or function. Interface which communicate with external memory, I/O

units, and possibly other CPUs.

CPU CLOCK SPEED The rate of speed that the processor executes commands is measured by

clock speed, or often called MHz (megahertz). The processor requires a fixed number of clock 

cycles to perform each instruction. The faster the clock speed, the more instructions it can

execute. Thus resulting in a faster running computer system.

ARITHMETIC-LOGIC UNIT The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs all

arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logic

operations. Logic operations test various conditions encountered during processing and allow for 

different actions to be taken based on the results. The data required to perform the arithmetic and

logical functions are inputs from the designated CPU registers and operands. The ALU relies on

 basic items to perform its operations. These include number systems, data routing circuits

(adders/subtracters), timing, instructions, operands, and registers.

Control Unit The control unit maintains order within the computer system and

directs the flow of traffic (operations) and data.

MOTHERBOARD

A motherboard is the physical arrangement in a computer that contains the computer's basic

circuitry and components.

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Microprocessor - A microprocessor is a computer processor on a microchip. It's sometimes

called a logic chip. It is the "engine" that goes into motion when you turn the computer on. A

microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use of small

number-holding areas called registers. Typical microprocessor operations include adding,

subtracting, comparing two numbers, and fetching numbers from one area to another.

MEMORY - A computer requires a memory to store and retrieve instructions and data. There

are a variety of storage devices including semiconductor memories and magnetic memories.

Generally, the term memory refers to only the small integrated circuits called chips, which are

used as a computer's internal memory.

Storage

Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or plasticdisk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.

Hard disk drive

Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of 

 platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information,

they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your 

 programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.

Hard disk drive

CD and DVD drives

 Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front

of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives

can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies

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of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.

DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD drive,

you can watch record data onto blank DVDs.

Latest CPU

Intel® Pentium® Processor

The Intel® Pentium® processor with Intel® dual-core technology delivers great desktop

 performance, low power enhancements, and multitasking for everyday computing.

Features and benefits

Intel® dual-core processing Runs two independent processor cores in

one physical package at the same

frequency.

Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Enables delivery of more instructions per 

clock cycle to improve execution time and

energy efficiency.

Intel® Smart Memory Access Improves system performance by

optimizing the use of the available data

 bandwidth.Intel® 64 architecture An enhancement to Intel’s 32-bit

architecture to enable the processor to

access larger amounts of memory.

Execute Disable Bit Provides enhanced virus protection when

deployed with a supported operating

system.

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Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor

Desktop PCs with the Intel® Core™2 processor family

deliver faster performance, greater energy efficiency, and

more responsive multitasking, so your company can be more

 productive. Combining mainstream processing speeds with

 power-saving features, desktop PCs with the Intel Core 2

 processor family let you get more done in less time, reducingenergy costs by an average of 50 percent.

Features and benefits

With an Intel® Core™2 Duo processor you will get performance-rich technologies, including up

to 6MB of shared L2 cache, up to 1333 MHz Front Side Bus, plus these additional Intel®

technologies built in:

Intel® multi- core processing Provides greater multitasking performance bycombining two independent processor cores

in one physical package

Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Improves execution time and energy

efficiency with more instructions per clock 

cycle

Intel® Intelligent Power Capability Enables smarter, more energy-efficient

 performance

Intel® Smart Memory Access Improves system performance by optimizing

the use of the available data bandwidth

Intel® Advanced Smart Cache Enables higher performance and moreefficient cache subsystem by optimizing for 

multi-core processors

Intel® Advanced Digital Media Boost Accelerates a broad range of applications

including video, speech and image, photo

 processing, encryption, financial, engineering,

and scientific applications.

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Intel® Core™ i3 Processor

Smart performance starts here. The Intel® Core™ i3

  processor family with Intel® HD Graphics delivers a

revolutionary new architecture for an unparalleled computing

experience. As the first level in Intel's new processor family,

the Intel Core i3 processor is the perfect entry point for a fast,

responsive PC experience. This processor comes equipped

with Intel HD Graphics, an advanced video engine that delivers smooth, high-quality HD video

 playback, and advanced 3D capabilities, providing an ideal graphics solution for everyday

computing. A smart choice for home and office, the Intel Core i3 processor also features Intel®

Hyper-Threading Technology¹, which enables each core of your processor to work on two tasks

at the same time, delivering the performance you need for smart multitasking. Do not let too

many open applications slow you and your PC down. Get smart performance now.

Features and benefits

Dual-core processing Runs two independent processor cores in one

 physical package at the same frequency.

Intel® Smart Cache Shared cache dynamically allocated to each

 processor core, based on workload. Thisefficient, dual-core-optimized implementation

increases the

Intel® HD Graphics Provides superb visual performance for 

sharper images, richer color, and life-like

video and audio. Available on select modelsof the Intel® Core™ processor family.

Intel® Core™ i5 Processor

With intelligent performance that accelerates in response to

demanding tasks, such as playing games and editing photos, the

Intel® Core™ i5 processor moves faster when you do. The Intel

Core i5 processor automatically allocates processing power 

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where it's needed most. Whether you’re creating HD video, composing digital music, editing

 photos, or playing the coolest PC games—with the Intel Core i5 processor you can multitask 

with ease and be more productive than ever.

Features and benefits

Get a major boost in PC power with the intelligent performance of the Intel® Core™ i5

 processor.

Dual-core processing Runs two independent processor cores in one

 physical package at the same frequency.Available on Intel Core i5-600 processor 

series.

Intel® Turbo Boost Technology Maximizes speed for demanding applications,dynamically accelerating performance to

match your workload—more performancewhen you need it the most.

Intel® HD Graphics Provides superb visual performance for 

sharper images, richer color, and life-likevideo and audio. Available on Intel Core i5-

600 processor series

Intel® Smart Cache Shared cache dynamically allocated to each

 processor core, based on workload. This

efficient, optimized implementation increases

the probability that each core can access datafrom the fast cache, significantly reducing

latency to frequently used data and improving performance. Optimized for industry-leadingmulti-threaded games.

Intel® Core™ i7 Processor

Brilliantly fast. With faster, intelligent, multi-core technology that applies processing power 

where it's needed most, Intel® Core™ i7 processors deliver an incredible breakthrough in PC

  performance. They are the best desktop processor family on the planet. You'll multitask 

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applications faster and unleash incredible digital media creation. And you'll experience

maximum performance for everything you do, thanks to the combination of Intel® Turbo Boost

technology² and Intel® Hyper-Threading technology (Intel® HT technology)³, which maximizes

 performance to match your workload.

Features and benefits

Go to the next level of multi-core performance. Intel Core i7 processors deliver an incredible

 breakthrough in quad-core performance and feature the latest innovations in processor 

technologies:

Intel® Turbo Boost technology Maximizes speed for demanding applications,

dynamically accelerating performance to

match your workload—more performance

when you need it the most

Intel® Hyper-Threading technology Enables highly threaded applications to getmore work done in parallel. With 8 threads

available to the operating system, multi-tasking

becomes even easier 

Intel® Smart Cache Provides a higher-performance, more efficient

cache subsystem. Optimized for industry

leading multi-threaded games.

Difference between DUAL CORE and CORE 2 DUO

Actual Difference between both Process is about Load Balancing. DUAL CORE have two

Processors in Series both working at same time. while CORE 2 DUO have two Parraral

Processors which sharing their load. If one processor heatup then it transfer load to next

 processor means parraral processing. The Core Duo is Intel's first generation dual core processor 

 based upon the Pentium M (a Pentium III-4 hybrid) made mostly for laptops (though a few

motherboard manufacturers have released desktop boards supporting the Core Duo CPU), and is

much more efficiently than Pentium D. The Core 2 Duo is Intel's second generation (hence,

Core 2) processor made for desktops and laptops designed from the ground up to be fast while

not consuming nearly as much power as previous CPUs.

Difference between Intel I3, I5, I7

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Intel has launched its new family of processors quite recently that has redefined all notions

related to computing performance. This new family of processors consists of three classes - core

i3, core i5 and core i7. While the Intel core i3 series has been made to cater to the entry level

desktop and laptop computer  market, the core i5 series is aimed at the mid level computing

segment. The core i7 series is stuffed with high performance processors that can serve the high

end market. Every series of processors comes with a lot of variety, in terms of processing speed

and features. In this article I make an Intel core i3 i5 i7 comparison that identifies the major 

 points of difference between these classes of processors.

Intel Core i3 i5 i7 Comparison: Performance

Besides being multicore, what makes the i3, i5, i7 processors to be computing power houses, is

the hyper-threading technology, combined with the Turboboost feature. An integrated GPU and

an enhanced L3 cache makes graphic processing super fast. As an Intel core i3 vs core 2 duo 

comparison would reveal, the i3 processors surpass the computing power offered by the earlier 

core 2 duo series. If you are eying an entry level laptop computer, go for the core i3 line. It is

great for home use desktop computers too. If you are a business user, I suggest that you go for 

the core i5 line that can handle multitasking even better than the i3 line. With hyper-threading

enabled and Intel's range of innovative technologies fully operational, the core i5 line is ideal for 

the business user or home users, who are into intensive gaming. If you want to settle for nothing

less than the very best in computing today, go for the high end core i7 line. As you must have

realized while going through the core i3 i5 i7 comparison, the i7 line puts phenomenal

computing power at your fingertips that was available once only to users of supercomputers!

Budget wise, they may be the costliest out of the whole lot, but they offer true value for your 

money.

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http://www.ehow.com/list_6292467_advantages-light-pen.html

http://www.softwaretipsandtricks.com/windowsxp/articles/976/1/Difference-between-Core-i3,-

Core-i5-and-Core-i7

http://www.intel.com/products/processor/pentium_dual-core/index.htm

http://www.intel.com/products/processor/core2duo/index.htm

http://www.intel.com/products/processor/corei3/index.htm

http://www.intel.com/products/processor/corei5/index.htm

http://www.intel.com/products/processor/corei7/index.htm

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