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I.The Genetics Revolution Watson Crick Mendel Introducing DNA.
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Transcript of I.The Genetics Revolution Watson Crick Mendel Introducing DNA.
I.The Genetics Revolution
Watson
Crick
Mendel
Introducing DNA
Questions
Who is NOT one of the founders of modern genetics?a. Francis Crickb. James Watsonc. James Garfieldd. Gregor Mendel
In which of the following processes is DNA not directly involved?a. Respiration b. Protein synthesis c. Self-replication
I. The Genetics RevolutionA. DNA, genes, and chromosomesB. Applications
1. The Human Genome Project2. DNA profiling 3. Human origins and connections 4. Genetic engineering
C. Genetics Principles1. Genotypes and phenotypes2. Transmission Genetics3. Autosomes and sex
chromosomes4. Pedigrees5. Polygenic traits6. Genes and the environment
A. DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
base
nucleotide
S=Deoxyribose
P=Phosphate Bases: ATCG
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Secret of Life
Base pairNucleotide:
3 billion base pairs in Human Genome
DNA structure
A. DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
• Genes code for proteins
Exons make up less than 2% of our DNA
• Codons code for amino acids
Gene = introns and exons
Average gene = 10000 bases
Largest gene = 2.4 million bases
Significance of Proteins
keratin
collagen
fibrin
hemoglobin
Myosin and actin
•Structural •Enzymes •Hormones
A. DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
chromosomes
homologous
20,500 genes in human genome
X y
nucleus
Autosomes
Sex chromosomes
Questions
Which of the following would you guess is not a base found in DNA?a. Adenine b. Thymine c. Phosphorine d. Guanine
What are the building blocks of DNA called?a. Amino acids b. Fatty acids c. Neutrinos d. Nucleotides
Which of the following is the coding sequence of a gene?a. Introns b. Exons c. Genes d. Nucleotides
Which of the following is a DNA codon?A. ATP b. AUG c. AAA d. more than one of these
Approximately, how many genes are in the human genome?a. 20, 000 b. 2,000,000 c. 2000 d. 20
Approximately, what percent of our DNA consists of exons?a. 20 b. 0.2 c. 80 d. 2
• DNA is a cookbook
• Genes are recipes for proteins
• Codons are the words in the recipes
• ATCG are the letters of the words
DNA Analogy
• Amino Acids are the ingredients
• Ribosomes are the ovens
• RNA is the cook
• Proteins are the cookies
From DNA to Population
Gene Pool
Multifactorial Traits
Polygenic traits
Questions
What is a gene pool?a. All the genes found in a single familyb. All the genes found in a populationc. All the genes found in an individuald. All the genes found in all living things
A single trait controlled by multiple genes is called _________ .a. Multifactorial b. Polygenic c. Multigenic d. Polyfactorial
If one side of a DNA molecule had the bases, GTA CTC, what would the other side have?
B. Applications•Chromosome 21: 225 genes•Chromosome 22: 545 genes
1. The Human Genome ProjectThree broad goals of the HGP
•Chromosome Y: 78 genes
•Chromosome X: 1080 genes
Mouse genome
QuestionsWhich of the following is NOT one of the broad goals of the HGP?a. Identifying loci of genesb. Identifying functions of genesc. Identifying base pair sequencesd. Changing genes to improve human health
Why is genetic research on mice important for understanding the human genome?a. Mice are relatively easy to breedb. We can do experiments on mice that we can’t do on humansc. Mice have relatively short life spans, so we can see results more readilyd. The genes of mice and humans are 99% analogouse. All of these are reasons why the mouse genome is important
2. DNA profiling
2. DNA profiling
3. Human origins and connections
Three domains
Genetic homology implies biologicalrelationship which implies common ancestry.
Genome Comparisons
Bonobo
Chimp
98.7% homology6 to 8 mya
3. Human origins and connections
The human family
Human origins
99.9% homologyThe Genographic Project
caveat
4. Genetic engineering
a. transgenic species
b. agriculture
c. medicine
zygote
egg sperm
Germ line therapy
1. Gene therapy
2. Pharmacogenetics
SCID
Genetic Testing
DNA microarrays (chips)
Genes and disease
Genes and disease
d. reprogenetics
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
d. reprogenetics
PGD•Cystic fibrosis
•Hemophilia•Sickle cell trait•Tay Sachs
(preimplantation genetic diagnosis)
IVF (in vitro fertilization)
•Sex determination•Risk diseases
e. stem cells
f. cloning
Brave New World?
C. Genetic Principles
•Alleles
1. Genotypes and phenotypes
•Homozygous recessive
•Homozygous dominant•Heterozygous
2. Transmission Genetics: dominant and recessive traits
Fold hands
3. Autosomes and sex chromosomeskaryotype
4. Pedigrees
Pedigrees
5. Polygenic traits
5. Polygenic traits
Continuous variation
6. Genes and the environment
Nature versus nurtureNature and nurture
D. Determinism•Environmental determinism
•Genetic determinism
Free will?
The End
Unsubmissive Plant by Remedio Vargas