Items Vol. 26 No. 4 (1972)
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Transcript of Items Vol. 26 No. 4 (1972)
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SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL
VOLUME 26 . NUMBER 4 . DECEMBER 1972 230 PARK AVENUE· NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
FOREIGN AREA FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM TO MERGE WITH OTHER AREA PROGRAMS OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL
As THE RESULT of a review by an ad hoc committee of the Social Science Research Council appointed in April, the Foreign Area Fellowship Program is to merge with the other area research and research training programs of its two sponsoring Councils. These are now carried on under the auspices of the Joint Committees on African Studies, Contemporary China, Japanese Studies, Korean Studies, Latin American Studies, Near and Middle East, and South Asian Studies. The forthcoming integration of their programs with the predoctoral fellowship programs that have constituted the FAFP may well lead to an increase in the number of such joint area committees. Plans for the necessary reorganization are being made by
• The author is Professor of History at Indiana University and a member of the board of directors of the Social Science Research Council. He served as chairman of the ad hoc committee of the board that during the spring and summer of 1972 reviewed the relations between the Council and the Foreign Area Fellowship Program and produced the report that is summarized here. The other members of the committee were Philip D. Curtin, Renee C. Fox, John W. Pratt, M. Brewster Smith, and Edward J. Taaffe; staff, Eleanor C. Isbell. In the report the committee points out that it was greatly aided by the participation of Acting President Ralph W. Tyler and President-elect Eleanor Bernert Sheldon in its deliberations. It also acknowledges the friendly and helpful assistance of a wide range of individuals knowledgeable about area studies and the social sciences and humanities: Pendleton Herring and members of the FAFP staff; members of the Joint Committee on the FAFP; SSRC staff members; Frederick Burkhardt and Gordon B. Turner of the ACLS; Francis X. Sutton, Deputy Vice President of the International Division of the Ford Foundation and members of the Division's staff; SSRC board members Austin Ranney, Henry W. Riecken, and Robert E. Ward; William W. Lockwood of Princeton University, a consultant to FAFP; Irwin T. Sanders of Boston University, a consultant to the Ford Foundation and chairman of tile Joint Committee on Eastern Europe; and a number of scholars ill African studies and in Latin American studies.
by John M. Thompson •
the Presidents of the Councils in accordance with recommendations of the ad hoc committee, which were approved by the SSRC's board of directors in September.
The board at its meeting in March had directed the Chairman, Neil J. Smelser, to appoint a committee from among its members to prepare a report and recommendations concerning future relations with the F AFP for consideration by the board in September. The immediate occasion for this action was the need for refinancing of the activities of the Joint Committee on African Studies along with the Ford Foundation's interest in unifying its support of predoctoral training in this field and of postdoctoral research grants and conference programs. The board's action had wider significance, however. Its discussion had clearly indicated the need for thorough re-examination of more general issues that had recurrently arisen concerning the Council's relations with FAFP. These issues involved the nature and scope of the Council's commitment to area research-in the development of which it had played an active role in the early postwar years--the organizational status of the F AFP as a joint creature of the Councils wholly dependent on support from the Foundation and operated as a separate unit, and the extent to which the interests of the Councils and of the Foundation were served by this arrangement or might be served better by some alternative.
AREA STUDIES AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL
Although the formal mandate of the ad hoc committee was limited to a review of SSRC-FAFP relations, the
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Chairman of the board of directors asked the committee to consider insofar as it could the broader issue of the Council's concern with area studies as a whole. The committee early in its delibera,tions agreed that this issue, especially in its implications '. for research and schola,rship, w~ too ' complex and extensive to , be analyzed in the course of a few months and several meetings. Consequently, the committee reached no firm conclusions on this question, but it chose to present some general considerations which it hoped would clarify many of the persistent issues connected with the Council's concern with area studies. The committee also recognized that the organizational changes it ultimately recommended do not depend on whether any particular issue is resolved one way or another, or remains unresolved, but rather they are designed to provide a structure that will assist the Councils to steer a balanced and flexible course in their concern with area studies.
As many observers have noted, one difficulty is that no one knows exactly what area studies are. Richard Lambert, in the summary chapter of his recently concluded and extensive analysis of language and area studies,l stresses that area studies are not a coherent, homogenous, clearly defined field. Rather they are a "highly diverse and decentralized" collection of interests and approaches, loosely bound together by an intellectual concern to understand various aspects or the totality of a given foreign culture and society. Most importantly, area studies are not a way station on the road to somewhere else nor are they "separate from and contrary to other forms of intellectual endeavor," to quote Lambert. They represent one way of organizing inquiry and of helping to focus scholarly activity, and they must always be closely allied to academic disciplines which provide the basic tools without which area specialists could not work. It is pointless to talk about a contradiction between area studies and the disciplines since they are not only not antagonistic but are intrinsically intermeshed. Finally, as Lambert shows, few scholars meet a rigid definition of area competence, and the great majority consider themselves-and in their training and activity indeed are-primarily discipline specialists. Thus, in terms of what is being examined, it seems clear that a close link exists between area studies and the Councils' concern with the social sciences and the humanities.
A second key question is how training and research in the various areas relate to the same activities in the social sciences and the humanities. There is little diffi-
1 Produced under the auspices of the SSRC's Committee on Area and Language Programs Review, at the request of the U.S. Office of Education, and to be published in 1973 by the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
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culty in humanistic studies where many fields are organized regionally and rely on the sort of historical and descriptive study in which area specialists frequently engage.
In regard to the social sciences the issue is more complicated, but the dichotomy some observers stress may be more apparent than real. Without entering into judgments about "pure," "hard," or "scientific" research versus "relativistic" or "traditional" research, the committee nevertheless gained the impression that there are several important ways in which social science and area research, at the present time and in the foreseeable future, are moving closer together and, in fact, can strengthen each other. On the one side, area research is developing in new ways. It is becoming far more concerned than in the past with at least four different and significant categories of inquiry: interdisciplinary research, comparative study (across countries and regions), problem-oriented and applied research, and the study of modernization and development. On the other side, certain fields in social science are gradually absorbing non-Western data and are showing increasing interest in testing models and hypotheses in non-American situations. The SSRC's Committee on Transnational Social Psychology, the recently discharged Committee on Comparative Politics (1945-72), and the new Committee on Comparative Study of Public Policy exemplify the interests of many social scientists in comparative and cross-area approaches. Clearly, such fields as demography, economic development, rural sociology, and public administration are deeply concerned with the experiences of non-Western societies. There is also increasing interest in comparative urbanization, and a recent conference of Japanese and American specialists on child development (sponsored by the Joint Committee on Japanese Studies) reflects the broadened outlook of social scientists in yet another field. In short, the committee concluded that not only is there no great gulf between area and social science research, but in several ways the two endeavors are coming closer to each other and both can profit from a strong relationship.
Among the questions that prompted appointment of the committee was that of the appropriateness for the SSRC of the FAFP guideline that fellowships for research should "contribute to an understanding of the area and its development." Discussions revealed, however, that this guideline was not intended, nor was it applied, to mean a narrow concern with technical assistance. It was not used to eliminate candidates in "pure" social sciences and humanities. Instead, the guideline was aimed at encouraging applicants interested in problem-focused and applied research related
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to all aspects, including cultural, of the development of foreign societies.
Nevertheless, the committee concluded, the Councils, in whatever way they wish to organize their relationship to area training and research, should clearly maintain their independence in determining what training and research activities are appropriate for them to sponsor and those that are clearly beyond their interest and competence. The demarcation line should be discussed and worked out with funding agencies, but the Councils should be responsible for setting and maintaining it.
The committee commented also on the role of the Councils in regard to the whole field of area studies. It agreed, first, that the Councils, representing certain research and scholarly interests of the American academic community, should be deeply concerned with the history and development of other societies. Thus, the Councils should promote training and research on foreign areas in the same way they encourage better training and research in the social sciences and the humanities generally. Moreover, they have a special obligation to find ways to bring these two concerns more closely together and to elaborate and develop intellectual links between them. The primary training of area students and scholars is in a discipline, and their research is the application of a discipline to a nonAmerican society. Thus, the Councils cannot fail to be directly concerned.
A second consideration recognized by the committee is that the field of area studies commands substantial resources and talents in the social sciences and humanities. Area studies are at a point of considerable ferment and excitement. More focused intellectual leadership would help the field move in new directions and establish the most beneficial relationships with the disciplines. Another related factor is that transnational contact and collaborative research will become increasingly important in the next few decades both to area studies and to the social sciences and humanities. The Councils are uniquely situated to play a facilitating and coordinating role in these developments.
ORGANIZATION OF AREA STUDIES UNDER THE TWO COUNCILS
The committee agreed that possible patterns of relations between the two Councils and area studies should be assessed in the light of certain objectives appropriate to the Councils. Noone organizational model would permit ful.l ac~ievement of every objective, but keepmg them m mmd would facilitate judging the "tradeoffs" each pattern entails.
In the committee's view, the objectives of the two
DECEMBER 1972
Councils in promoting and assisting area studies should be the following:
(1) To forge a close link between social science and humanities research and area and international studies; this involves facilitating the integration of non-Western data into humanities and social s~ience ~esearch; strengthening disciplinary theanes, skills, and methodology when applied to area study; stimulating cross-area, interdisciplinary, and comparative research; and strengthening the ties between theoretical and applied research in area studies.
(2) To ensure that the area studies concerns and activities of the Councils reflect closely the full range of interests of the scholarly communities involved and that the area groups have as much autonomy as possible in developing programs to advance those interests and in recommending what funds should be sought to support their programs.
(3) To provide close counsel and concordance between the area studies and the other interests of the two Councils while encouraging new initiatives and new directions.
(4) To minimize administrative tasks connected with area studies and imbalances in the activities and J?udgets of the two Councils resulting therefrom.
(5) To increase the coordination between predoctoral and postdoctoral training and research in order to improve the development and utilization of research personnel and the planning and conduct of research in each field as a whole, to allow flexibility in meeting special conditions in countries and regions, and to simplify the seeking of funds.
In the light of these objectives, the committee examined various models of organization of the Councils' area programs. Several models were rejected as infeasible as was the possibility of continuing the existing arrangements and relationships.
After thorough study the committee recommended, and the SSRC's board of directors approved, a structure designed to integrate F AFP under the two Councils: All activities and grants programs, both predoctoral and postdoctoral, in area studies would be coordinated directly under the two Councils, each of which would have a vice-president responsible for area studies, who would consult closely and jointly supervise all area activities. Existing joint committees would continue, and new ones might be appointed. As at present, some of the committees would be staffed by SSRC, some by
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ACLS. Decisions about the appointment of new committees and the assignment of administrative responsibility for particular committees to the ACLS or SSRC would be made after close consultation among the officers of the two Councils, committee members, and leaders in the various area study fields. Funds for the total activities of each area committee would be administered under a single integrated plan. Each committee would have a subcommittee on grants responsible for both predoctoral and postdoctoral awards. Shifts of funds among categories to meet changing needs of the field would be possible and encouraged. Each committee would be responsible for setting coordinated training and research policies in its field. While policy supervision of predoctoral fellowship programs would be the responsibility of the appropriate joint area committee and its staff, it would be desirable and efficient to have all nonpolicy matters connected with the processing of applications and the maintenance of fellows handled in a central office.
To increase coordination across areas an ACLS-SSRC Interarea Committee would be appointed. It would be composed of representatives of three or four of the joint committees on areas as well as two or three members from other than area fields. The area representatives might be chairmen of joint area committees but since their chairmen are often overburdened, appointment of other members of the committees as representatives would be encouraged. The Interarea Committee would assist and advise the area vice-presidents of the two Councils in coordinating policy on matters cutting across area fields, in the exchange of information and ideas, and in planning new cross-area research emphases and directions. The Interarea Committee
itself would not sponsor projects in comparative or cross-disciplinary research but would suggest formation of appropriate committees to the officers of the SSRC and the ACLS. The Interarea Committee would be concerned only with issues touching on more than one area, and would not supervise directly the work of the joint area committees.
The committee unanimously agreed that the structure outlined above will best serve the two Councils and the field of area studies. It will most effectively unify the area and disciplinary interests of the two Councils, while strengthening the ability of scholars concerned with area research and training to maintain the scholarly integrity and to advance the research interests of their fields as a whole. It will also permit coordinated planning and development of predoctoral and postdoctoral training and research in a given area field, with due allowance for its special conditions and needs. At the same time it will encourage interaction among committees and staff, both across areas and among disciplinary, problem-oriented, and area interests, thereby promoting cross-area and comparative research. Finally, the new structure will help support the Councils' leadership role in area studies, including the internationalization of area committees and the development of transnational research efforts.
The members of the ad hoc committee are convinced that the arrangements proposed will bring considerable benefits to the two Councils and will provide the basis for the orderly and integrated evolution of area training and research in important new directions. The officers of the SSRC and the ACLS are arranging a gradual transition to the new structure to be completed during 1973.
CULTURAL AND POLITICAL CONSERVATISM IN MODERN CHINA
A CONFERENCE on recent Chinese conservatism was held under the auspices of the Joint Committee on Contemporary China at Endicott House, Dedham, Massachusetts on August 14-18, 1972. The participants were historians of modern China, concerned at the conference with identifying and describing the various conservative movements and thinkers in twentieth-century China; with throwing light on some of the special features of conservatism in a modernizing non-Western society;
• The author is Associate Professor of History at California State University, Long Beach. With the assistance of the Joint Committee on Contemporary China, she developed the plans for the conference on which she reports here, and is editing the papers for publication.
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by Charlotte Furth •
and with analyzing conceptual assumptions that underlie conflicting uses of the idea of "conservatism" in historical research.1
1 In addition to the author, the participants were Guy S. Alitto, Harvard University; Martin Bernal, University of Cambridge; Arif Dirlik, Duke University; Lloyd E. Eastman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Chang Hao, Ohio State University; Barry Keenan, Mount Holyoke College; Yu-sheng Lin, UniverSity of Wis· consin; Herman Mast III, University of Connecticut; David E. Pollard, London School of Oriental and African Studies; Richard B. Rosen, Utica College of Syracuse University; Benjamin I. Schwartz, Harvard University; Laurence A. Schneider, State University of New York at Buffalo; Roger Swenson, Butler University; Wei-ming Tu, University of California, Berkeley; and Ernest P. Young, University of Michigan. Present in an advisory capacity were Albert Feuerwerker, University
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In most societies political and cultural conservatism complement one another. Under relatively stable conditions "inherited" value systems appear to be in harmony with "inherited" systems of political authority: for example, the relations of Protestant individualism and capitalist democracy in the West, or of Confucian familism and the imperial political order in China, indicate that close cultural-political integration powerfully supports conservatism throughout a society. The most striking fact that emerged from the conference was that the political and cultural manifestations of modern Chinese conservatism were quite distinct from one another and involved considerable tension between them. Cultural conservatives, who looked to the idea of tradition or its redefinitions to answer questions about value and religious meaning, also claimed to be radical in terms of immediate political alternatives. The reason for this, of course, is that the crisis that imperialism and the industrial revolution forced on China, as an agrarian non-Western society, was perceived as total. It called into question not only inherited sociopolitical forms, but also religion and cultural values, and at the same time suggested to most people that these vast changes were being imposed by an alien outside force, the West. After the collapse in 1911 of the imperial monarchy-an institution which, for all its faults, was a working political system and a symbol of China's historic social, political, and cultural unitycultural conservatism was difficult, but political conservatism was impossible. Cultural conservatism was largely directed against the West. It led people to try and rescue from China's complex history alternatives that were not closely identified with the imperial system or its ideology; but political conservatives could not deny the need to seek new political forms. Political conservatism, even as examplified in such a superficially traditionalistic effort as Yuan Shih-k'ai's bid in 1915 to found a new imperial dynasty, actually must be defined in terms of postimperial alternatives.
Each of the two papers on political conservatism that were prepared for the conference offers an implicit definition of what the major political movements in postimperial China were, in order to identify the innovative thrust against which some sort of conservative counteraction is being taken. Both make global historical patterns, rather than movements peculiar to China alone, the key to establishing a framework of periodization and issues.
Ernest Young in his paper on Yuan Shih-k'ai ("The
of Michigan (chairman of the Joint Committee on Contemporary China); C. Martin Wilbur. Columbia University; and William R. Bryant, Social Science Research Council (staD, Joint Committee on Contemporary China).
DECEMBER 1972
Hung-hsien Emperor as a Conservative Modernizer") identifies two important historical movements: the one toward national independence and integration, which has been part of the twentieth-century anti-imperialist stage of a global evolution toward the organization of peoples into nation states; and the movement for mass participation in politics, which has been occurring on an increasing scale as the modern pattern of "mass society" spreads within individual countries and to more and more peoples throughout the world. In this setting the regimes of both Yuan Shih-k'ai and Chiang Kai-shek were committed to the modernizing goal of nationhood, and their conservatism lay in their opposition to its achievement through increasing public participation in politics. Yuan defeated the liberal gentry and their constitutional program. Chiang suppressed the mass movement of the 1920's. Moreover, both leaders wanted control of the political process by a small high-level coterie with the concomitant political centralization. Yet the attitudes of both toward the traditional political order and its symbols were instrumental and manipulative, and both turned to the West for models of governmental organization in areas such as law, finance, and military affairs.
This view of political conservatism makes it necessary to struggle with the concept of "modernization," and with its implication of an impersonal yet benign historical process leading toward some pre-established future culmination. To a certain extent, it is possible to demythologize "modernization," for although to some people nationhood and mass participation in politics may appear to be desirable, they do not have to be regarded as morally valuable ends. It may also be possible to use the concept of modernization meaningfully without suggesting that the historical pattern in which nationhood and mass societies are still developing necessarily constrains the future, which is after all fluid. Nonetheless, there is a tendency-inescapable within the framework of modernization theory-to define historical issues and periods in terms of the contemporary "third world," and for the periodization to suggest that if modernization is not an impersonal process with an inherent force casting its shadow on the future, it is at least the product of the energies of men desiring change, whose hopes cast such a shadow. By defining political conservatism in China as the resistance to more populist forms of nation building, it is difficult to eliminate populist assumptions: in the past in China and elsewhere, national success has been associated with mass mobilization, and inasmuch as the citizen ideal has become a widely shared modern value, demands for its authentic realization in the future will continue to "make history."
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A contrasting analysis of Chinese political conservatism is given in Lloyd Eastman's paper, "The Kuomintang in the 1930's." Here the period setting of the thirties suggests a different global movement to which politics in China may be related: that of totalitarian militarism as seen in fascist Japan and Germany and Stalinist Russia. Without making assumptions about historical influences on the Chinese, it is possible to see structural resemblances among all these contemporaneous regimes. They had a militarized conception of politics, well built around an authoritarian leader, and displayed a "movement"-style dynamism in action.
With regard to the degree of commitment to political change, in a modernizing national dictatorship like Chiang's the aspiration was to be more like Western totalitarian governments than like liberal regimes content with an evolutionary pace. From this Eastman concludes that the most important conservative force in Nationalist China was not so much a matter of conscious government policies as the natural drag of a still traditional political culture inhibiting the rationalization of bureaucratic behavior. This is less a conscious conservatism than an unanalyzed traditionalism; rather than reflecting an explicit preference for old ways it reflects customs that are not thought about at all. In terms of the parallel with Western totalitarianism, the modernizing thrust of the Nationalist government was curbed only by the inertia of tradition. The government was right wing, but conservative in intent only in the attenuated sense that authoritarian regimes on the right are inclined to manipulate traditional symbols to win public submission to their authority.
Thus, although the authors are in substantial agreement about the behavior of the political leaders and organizations they are studying, they differ over the meaning of conservatism and their differences rest largely on irreconcilable analytic approaches. Where one author focuses on specific, separable goals of change and the explicit sociopolitical conflicts that arose over them, the other examines the rate of change as an abstract total consequence of the political direction fostered by the Nationalist government. One sees conflict between haves and have-nots over property and power, while the other sees total political systems changing rapidly (by totalitarian methods) or less rapidly (by traditional or liberal methods). The latter approach permitted clearer analysis of time and change itself at the risk of losing sight of politics and of the relationship of conservatism to the passions of political actors. Moreover, an analysis that associates rapid change with totalitarianism is structured to make gradualism appear a value, and the liberal political systems that incorporate it in their procedures appear to be superior.
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As the discussion moved from political to cultural conservatism, the emphasis shifted to intellectual history. Three groups of cultural conservatives were discussed. (1) The "kuo ts'ui" ("national essence") clique of the early republic, which consisted mainly of cultural nationalists, defined the essence of Chinese tradition in terms of language, history, and ethnic group-a definition which involved rejection both of imperial Confucian orthodoxy, on the one hand, and of all Western cultural influence, on the other. (2) The literary neoclassicists of the 1920's claimed to advocate a humanism common to the world's classical civilizations and believed that its greatest modem enemies were science and material culture. (3) Confucian neotraditionalists rejected East-West syncretism and attempted to revive Confucianism as a system of religious thought, now divorced from the sociopolitical institutions of imperial China, but thereby purified, and renewed in its capacity to answer-for modem Chinese-perennial human questions about the spiritual meaning of existence.
None of these conservative intellectuals saw the problems of their generation simply in terms of sociopolitical change. They insisted that the problems had a spiritual side separable from the issues dominating the sociopolitical arena. When they demanded to know that some principle validated their moral intuitions, justified their pain, and explained the reasons for things in the universe, they demanded it as men sharing a universal human condition and they wanted answers that transcended the social circumstances of any time or place. In this they were distinct from the category of intellectuals previously discussed-the Kuomintang ideologues. Papers on Tai Chi-t'ao, by Herman Mast, and on T'ao Hsi-sheng, by Arif Dirlik, offered no evidence to challenge the commonly held view that the neotraditionalism of spokesmen for the Nationalists was largely instrumental, designed to foster national integration and bolster national pride. The distinction emerges most clearly by constrast with the "kuo ts'ui" partisans, whose equally passionate nationalism conveyed precisely reversed priorities: the nation has value only as a stream carrying the nourishing silt of cultural essences, and without this function might as well dry up and vanish.
However, the case of the Kuomintang ideologues focused attention again on the tension between cultural and political conservatism in modem China. Conservative rhetoric could serve the Nationalist government, but culturally conservative belief was no longer tied to fixed sociopolitical norms. Most conservative intellectuals were both alienated from prevailing military governments, and uncertain about the sort of social or political behavior their beliefs theoretically should
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enJom. Many supported liberalism in China, but did so with little internal conviction. Thus although Confucianism, like Christianity, historically has never been a socially neutral faith, among republican intellectuals the link between Confucian beliefs and sociopolitical norms was largely broken.
A further question was whether these religiously oriented cultural conservative movements played a conservative social, as distinct from political, role in China. Agreement that they did so proved to be impossible not on empirical grounds, but because the issue raised additional theoretical questions concerning the appropriateness of applying a sociopolitical category like "conservatism" to the human search for religious meaning. There was a fundamental division of opinion over the proper scope of the sociology of knowledge, and the relationship of "perennial issues" of religion to their specific historical forms.
A final approach to the analysis of conservatism in modern China was illustrated by what was considered the conference's "most difficult case," Chou Tso-jen (discussed in the paper by David Pollard). A cultural innovator, socially conservative more in taste than in values, Chou Tso-jen was both appalled by much in the Chinese past and yet felt unable to escape it. In outlook an anthropological naturalist, Chou drew from nineteenth-century Darwinian science pessimistic con-
elusions about the capacity of human beings ever to overcome limitations imposed by history and their own biological natures. If there is a true conservative ideology, distinguishable from the widely variant forms of conservatism determined by the issues of specific historical situations, it lies in a kind of historical consciousness: the belief that society is so profoundly conditioned by historical circumstances beyond control by individuals that change is scarcely possible, least of all in the direction of man's utopian imagination. But the flux of history to which a Burke could mystically assent was for a modern Chinese like Chou a prison. Mysticism was transformed into skepticism, the private dream of alternatives was seen as futile, and life left to drift along the set path of "inherited" arrangements.
Although less centrally, the thought of many other conservative intellectuals reflected a similar historical consciousness. Belief systems as diverse as Darwinism, Taoism, and Marxism suggested to some of them that change follows rhythms people can only submit to. Whether others felt, as Chou did, that its pace was too slow and wrung their hands over Chinese "backwardness," or perceived themselves as antiques crushed by the juggernaut of modernity, a common sense of impotence induced an existential pessimism which had conservative implications for their action and made the tone of their thought one of "cultural despair."
THE FOURTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON PROJECT LINK
THE fourth world meeting of partiCIpants in Project LINK (on the international linkage of national econometric models) was held on August 28 - September 5, 1972 at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna.]
• The author is Professor of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania and a director of the Social Science Research Council. He has been a member of its Committee on Economic Stability, which sponsors Project LINK, since its appointment in 1959. The other members of the committee are Bert G. Hickman, Stanford University (chairman); Martin Bronfenbrenner, Duke University; Otto Eckstein. Harvard University; R. A. Gordon. University of California, Berkeley; Franco Modigliani. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Geoffrey H. Mooce, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Arthur M. Okun. Brookings Institution; Rudolf R. Rhomberg, International Monetary Fund; Sally S. Ronk, Drexel Firestone. Inc.; and Charles L. Schultze, University of Maryland. Reports on the three preceding annual conferences on Project LINK were published in the December issues of Items, 1969, 1970, and 1971.
1 Present, in addition to Messrs. Gordon, Hickman, Klein, and Rhomberg of the committee, were: A. Amano, Kobe University; I. Angelis, Research Institute of Foreign Trade, Prague; R. J. Ball, London Graduate School of Business Studies; G. Basevi, University of Bologna; R. Berner, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; B. Boehm, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna; C. D'Adda, Univer·
DECEMBER 1972
by Lawrence R. Klein"
This is the center for LINK-sponsored research on the Austrian Model, and we were pleased to be able to report first results with that national model added to our international system. As in previous years, the meet-
sity of Bologna; H. Eguchi, Bank of Japan; P. Fleissner, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna; B. Fomin, J. Glowacki, and J. Gomez, all of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, New York; L. Halabuk, Hungary Statistical Office, Budapest; J. Helliwell, University of British Columbia; L. Jacobsson, National Institute of Economic Research, Stockholm; A. Knauer, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna; W. Krelle, Bonn University; P. Kukkonen, Bank of Finland; S. Kwack, U.S. Treasury Department; L. J. Lau, Stanford University; A. Lindbeck, Institute for International Economic Studies, University of Stockholm; J. Martiensen, Bonn University; E. Mlynarcz, Ministry of Foreign Trade, Warsaw; C. Moriguchi, Kyoto University; T. Morva, UN Economic Commission for Europe Secretariat, Geneva; K. Nagata, Economic Planning Agency, Tokyo; A. Nagy, Institute of Economic and Market Research, Budapest; W. Norton, Reserve Bank of Australia, Sydney; G. F. Palacios, Central Bank of Venezuela and International Monetary Fund, Washington; W. Piaszczynski, Foreign Trade Research Center, Warsaw; J. Post, Netherlands Central Planning Bureau; G. A. Renton, London Graduate School of Business Studies; J. Ryaka, UN Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva; G. Sandermann, Bonn University; V. K. Sastry, UN Conference on Trade and Development, New York;
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ing served as a forum to keep participants informed on research developments, applications of the system, and plans for the next round of project activities. However, a number of new and unusual aspects of the joint effort were taken up in Vienna:
1. Inclusion Of Socialist Countries in Project LINK: An extensive discussion was held concerning participation by economists from socialist countries in LINK. Vienna served as an effective and attractive site for faceto-face meetings with economists from the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. A trade model for Council of Mutual Economic Assistance countries had been built by economists of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (reported at the annual meeting in 1971) and programmed into the LINK system during the past year. First results on the use of that system were the object of serious discussion at Vienna, and significant improvement can be expected on the basis of the points of criticism that were raised. J. Glowacki of Poland, now of the UNCTAD staff, and A. Nagy of Hungary made noteworthy contributions to the discussion of these issues.
The whole problem of model building for socialist economies was fruitfully discussed at the meeting, and it is to be anticipated that there will be new LINK developments in this area in the future. A basis for continuing cooperation with economists in socialist countries was established at Vienna.
2. Projecting the Trade Matrix: A central problem in the implementation of the LINK system has been the development of techniques for projecting the elements of the trade matrix beyond sample observations in applications involving extrapolation. The principal issue has been to relate changes in the trade matrix to price changes. Different research methods for attacking the problem have been developed at the International Monetary Fund (by Grant Taplin), Stanford University (Bert Hickman and Lawrence Lau), and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Lawrence Klein, Chikashi Moriguchi, and Alain Van Peeterssen). The conference discussed the theoretical bases for the different approaches, building on similar discussions at previous world or regional meetings, and applications were presented for some of the alternative methods.
J. A. Sawyer, University of Toronto; S. Schleicher and G. Schwoediauer, both of the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna; H. T. Shapiro, University of Michigan; A. Simon, Institute of Economic and Market Research, Budapest; G. Szako1czai, INFELOR, Budapest; M. Tatemoto, Osaka University; A. Van Peeterssen, University of Montreal ; J. Vasianin, Market Research Institute, Moscow; P. J. Verdoorn, Netherlands Central Planning Bureau; J. Waelbroeck, Free University of Brussels; T. Watanabe, Osaka University; C. Wittich, UN Center for Development Projections, Policy, and Planning, New York; E. B. Yudin, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; and J. Zaychowski, Institute of Planning, Warsaw.
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In studies undertaken during the year between the 1971 and 1972 meetings, many simulation calculations have been made of the new alignment of world currency rates, and these have been greatly sharpened by the improved treatment of the changing trade matrix, where changes depend on relative price movements.
3. Medium and Longer-Term LINK Simulations: Although the principal aim of LINK initially was on the projection and analysis of short-run trade fluctuations based on national models that are generally assumed to be constructed for short-term analysis, there has been frequent reference to longer-run problems extending over a horizon of 5-10 years. The developing countries, through UNCTAD representation, have argued consistently in favor of LINK research on longer-run problems. This view was also emphasized in Vienna by economists from socialist countries. It has been recognized by many LINK participants that the effects of the new exchange rate changes probably will not be fully realized in less than two years because of the lagged responses involved; therefore the project has taken a greater interest in system simulations lasting for three or more years. Much discussion at the meetings was devoted to the problems of extrapolating individual country models for a decade, assembling the longer-run input for LINK Central, and reprogramming the world trade solution for multi period simulations. It was agreed at the meetings that these problems would be tackled during the present year. In the first instance, an attempt will be made to extend the world trade projections through 1975 and the entire computer program is to be reconstructed to facilitate longer-run calculations.
4. Overlay of Commodity Models: At the LINK meeting in 1970, there were extended discussions of the relationship between commodity and national or regional models. More formal discussion of actual linking procedures for combining the two types of research took place in Vienna. The socialist economists found commodity analysis to be of great importance to them. It was agreed to follow up some of the linkage techniques put forward in Vienna through research during 1972-73 on limited examples, to determine feasibility.
Apart from newer lines of LINK research, several sessions were devoted to ongoing activities such as reports on revisions of individual country models, continuing work on modeling of capital flows, and the formal inclusion of new models in the world trade system.
In connection with analysis of capital flows, models of the balance of payments were presented for the United Kingdom (by G. A. Renton), Germany (G. Sandermann), Japan (A. Amano), and the United States (S. Kwack). G. Basevi presented a theoretical paper on a
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complete accounting framework for intercountry capital flows and exchange rates. The necessity for improving or developing monetary sectors of individual models in conjunction with the study of capital flows was stressed.
The LINK system of world trade projections incorporates revisions of the Wharton Model for the United States, the inclusion of the Austrian Model of the Institute for Advanced Studies, a new quarterly model of Belgium built by V. Ginsburgh of the Free University of Brussels, and new regional models of developing countries built by the UN Conference on Trade and Development. The UNCTAD models were presented in the Vienna meetings with plans for extension and elaboration. Discussions were held on the programming problems to be encountered in the addition of new models for Italy, Australia, and Finland. W. E. Norton described the RBAI (Reserve Bank of Australia) Model for the first time to LINK members. The lack of a suitable model for France has been a serious deficiency in the LINK system, and Jean Waelbroeck reported on the research of Y. Guillaume on construction of a new French Model (POMPOM), which is nearly ready for use by LINK.
Chapters for the first volume of research reports by LINK participants, The International Linkage of National Economic Models, edited by R. J. Ball, were available at the meeting and are now in proof. Final de-
tails for preparation of the second LINK volume, to be edited by Jean Waelbroeck, were discussed. This volume will contain a complete listing of all the constituent models. A format for presentation of the vast amount of material involved was agreed upon, with a schedule for submission of manuscripts of tables and other listings.
Informal publication of LINK reports was initiated during the past year in a series of LINK "Working Papers." These are issued after editorial approval by R. A. Gordon and J. A. Sawyer. During 1971-72 the following papers were approved for distribution: (1) Bert Hickman, "Prices and Quantities in a World Trade System"; (2) Lawrence Klein, Chikashi Moriguchi, and Alain Van Peeterssen, "NEP in the World Economy: Simulation of the International Transmission Mechanism"; (3) Bert Hickman, "Project LINK in 1972: Retrospect and Prospect."
The Institute for Advanced Studies and its staff were gracious hosts for the annual meeting. Participants were privileged to attend a dinner and to hear an address by Wolfgang Schmitz, President of the Osterreichischer National Bank and member of the board of the Institute.
Plans were discussed for a European regional meeting in Helsinki, with the Bank of Finland as host, and possibly for a Pacific area meeting during the spring in Canada. It was agreed that a kind invitation from the
'Tercentenary Fund of the Bank of Sweden to hold the 1973 annual meeting in Stockholm be accepted.
PERSONNEL FOREIGN AREA FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM:
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
In addition to the appointments of fellows and interns under this program reported in Items, September 1972, the following awards were made under two new predoctoral training programs offered for the first time this year:
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS
These fellowships enable a professor or research associate and 3-4 students from a Latin American or Caribbean university or research institution and a visiting North American professor and an equal number of graduate students to undertake jointly, in Latin America or the Caribbean area, a 3-month Uuly-September) research project of special interest to the senior scholars. Five projects were approved and conducted in 1972:
Stages of Expansion of the Railroads in Peru and Their Impact on Its Economy; Codirecto1"S: Heraclio Bonilla, Institute of Peruvian Studies, Lima, Marcello Carmagnani, Luigi Einaudi Foundation, Turin, Italy; res~arch sites: archives in Lima, Matucana, Cerro de Pasco, Huancayo. and others:
DECEMBER 1972
Peruvian participants Baltazar Caravedo, graduate student, Catholic University Dennis Chavez de Paz, graduate student, Catholic Uni-
versity Angel Delgado, graduate student, Catholic University Susan Griffis, graduate student, Catholic University North American participants Kathleen A. Barrows, graduate student in Latin Ameri
can studies, University of California, Los Angeles John G. Bernardino, M.A. in history, Queens College,
City University of New York Stephan C. Crawford, Ph.D. candidate in history, Univer
Sity of Chicago Robert Oppenheimer, Ph.D. candidate in history, Uni-
versity of California, Los Angeles
Paraguayan Political Elites: Their Origin, Composition, and Role in Politics since 1930; Codirectors: Domingo R ivaro la, Center of Sociological Studies, Asuncion, Riordan ]. A. Roett, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Vanderbilt University; research sites: Asuncion and smaller cities in Paraguay:
Paraguayan participants Hugo Berbosa Oddone, licentiate in psychology, Faculty
of Philosophy, Catholic University
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Carlos Torres Alarc6n. licentiate in social work. National University
Anneliese Kegler Krug. licentiate in history. Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Sciences. Catholic University
Miguel Aquino Benitez. student. Gonzaga University
North American participants David S. Daykin. graduate student in sociology. Vander
bilt University William D. Gallagher. graduate student in political sci
ence. Vanderbilt University Arturo G. Munoz. graduate student in history. Stanford
University
Role of the Chilean Party System in the Last Twenty Years: Mobilization and Integration; Codirectors: Patricio Chaparro, Institute of Political Science, Catholic University of Santiago, James W. Prothro, Professor of Political Science, University of North Carolina; research site: Santiago:
Chilean participants Maria Victoria Castillo. Assistant Professor of Political
Sociology. Catholic University of Chile Carlos Eduardo Mena Keymer. Assistant Professor of
Political Theory. Catholic University of Chile
North American participants Luciano Coutinho. Ph.D. candidate in economics, Cornell
University Richard J. Moore. graduate student in government. Uni
versity of Texas at Austin Jose Rodriguez. graduate student in political science,
Yale University
Relationships between Legal Institutions and Sociopolitical Behavior in Colombia, 1958-72; Codirectors: Fernando Cepeda, Department of Political Sciences, University of the Andes, Mauricio Solaun, Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; research site: Bogotd:
Colombian participants Alfonso Llevano, graduate student in political science,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Gabriel Murillo, M.S. in political science, State Univer
sity of New York at Stony Brook Patricia Pinz6n, licentiate in political science, Univer
sity of the Andes
North American participants Bruce Bagley, graduate student in political science, Uni
versity of California, Los Angeles Robert Franzino, graduate student in political science.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign John I. Laun, graduate student in history, University
of Wisconsin
Case Studies of Successful Adaptations of Technology in the Chemical Industry with Scale Reduction; Codi"ectors: Jose Giral, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Robert P. Morgan, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Washington University; research site: National Autonomous University of Mexico:
Mexican participants
50
Francisco Barnes, Ph.D. candidate in chemical engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Carlos Pani, Research Associate, National Autonomous University of Mexico
J. C. Romero, Research Associate, National Autonomous University of Mexico
North A merican participants Luis Arturo Alfonso, Research Assistant in Chemical
Engineering, New York University James W. Curtis, Jr., graduate student in economics,
Washington University M. A. Monem Omran, Ph.D in chemical engineering.
University of California, Berkeley Kyriakoulis Phi no poulos, Ph.D. candidate in chemical
engineering, Washington University
INTER-AMERICAN RESEARCH TRAINING SEMINARS
Seminar on Dive"gent Theories of Development and Dependence in Latin America-Quantitative Methods in Historical Analysis of Social and Political Change, June 25 - August 18, 1972, at the University of Chicago; Faculty ~i:ectors: Philippe C. Schmitter, Assistant Professor of PolItIcal SCIence, John H. Coatsworth, Assistant Professor of American Economic History: Nelid~ Ester Ar~henti Salerno,. student, Department of
SOCIOlogy, Barlloche Foundation, Argentina Claire Bacha, Institute of Human Sciences, University of
Brasilia Felix G. Boni, graduate student in political science, Uni
versity of Pittsburgh Jeffrey L. Bortz, graduate student in history, University
of California, Los Angeles Barbara Ann Browman, graduate student in political
science, Washington University Rolando Franco Diaz, student, Latin American Institute
for Economic and Social Planning. Santiago Edward Herman Goff. graduate student in political sci
ence, University of New Mexico Peter H. Lemieux, graduate student in government, Cor
nell University Clemy Machado Rivero. Faculty of Economics, Andres
Bello Catholic University Lorenzo F. M.eyer, Center for International Studies, Col
lege of MeXICO William K. Meyers, graduate student in history, Univer
sity of Chicago Steven M. Neuse. graduate student in government, Uni
versity of Texas at Austin George I. Oclander. graduate student in political science,
Indiana University Charl~s A,. Reilly. graduate student in social sciences,
Umverslty of Chicago Emilien Robichaud. graduate student in political science,
University of Chicago John H. Shamley. graduate student in history. University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Maria Teresa Sirvent. graduate student in educational
sociology, Columbia University Carlos E. Souza Baesse, Department of Social Sciences,
University of Brasilia Marcos de Souza Ferreira. Graduate School of Eco
nomics. Getulio Vargas Foundation John P. Stockton. graduate student in government. Cor
nell University Kenneth A. Switzer, Ph.D. candidate in politics, Univer
sity of Denver Manuel Villa Aguilera, Center for Economic and Demo
graphic Studies. College of Mexico
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Seminar on Economic Aspects of Research and Planning in Education, June 25 - August 18, 1972, Lima; Director: Robert G. Myers, Assistant Professor of Education, University of Chicago:
James Russell Agut, graduate student in inter-American studies, University of Miami
Jaime Francisco Alaluna Martel, Planning Board, National Council of Peruvian Universities
Ana Maria de Andraca Oyarzun, Research Assistant, Interdisciplinary Research Program in Education, Catholic University of Chile
Jose Luis Barreto Rampolla, graduate student in economics, Florida State University
Jose Camargo Guimaraes, Graduate School of Economics, GetuIio Vargas Foundation
Susan H. Carey, graduate student in Latin American studies, University of Texas at Austin
Nicanor Marcial Colonia Valenzuela, Planning Board, National Council of Peruvian Universities
Vincent Cusumano, Ph.D. candidate in agricultural economics, University of Kentucky
Christopher Dowswell, graduate student in agricultural economics, Colorado State University
Everett Egginton, graduate student in comparative education. Syracuse University
Peter Felsted, graduate student in economics, Vanderbilt University
Hector Ricardo Gertel Helman. licentiate in economics. National University of Cordoba
Enzo Molino Ravetteo. Faculty of Commerce and Administration. National Autonomous University of Mexico
Lolio Oliveira Louren~o. Department of Educational Research. Carlos Chagas Foundation. Sao Paulo
Francisco J. Proenza. graduate student in economics, University of Florida
Alvaro Sanchez Murillo. Graduate School, National Pedagogical University. Bogota
Gilda Maria Santiago Cabral. Graduate School of Economics. Getulio Vargas Foundation
Isaura Schmidt. graduate student in education. Stanford University
.I ose Armanda de Souza. Center for Regional Development Planning, Federal University of Minas Gerias
Alejandro Toledo. graduate student in education. Stanford University
Samuel Torres Roman, graduate student in economics, University of Michigan
Gabriel Zambrano. graduate student in educational administration. Florida State University
PUBLICA TIONS Africa and the West: Intellectual Responses to European
Culture, edited by Philip D. Curtin. Product of a con· ference sponsored by the Joint Committee on African Studies, October 9-11. 1969. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. June 1972. 269 J?ages. $12.50.
The Anatomy of Influence: DeciSIon-Making in International Organization, by Robert W. Cox. Harold K. Jacobson. and others. Prepared with the aid of the former Committee on International Organization. New Haven: Yale University Press. February 1973. 520 pages. $15.00.
China: Management of a Revolutionary Society, edited by John M. H. Lindbeck. Product of a conference sponsored by the Subcommittee on Chinese Government and Politics, Joint Committee on Contemporary China. August 18-22, 1969. Seattle: University of Washington Press, July 1971. 406 pages. Cloth. $12.50; paper, $4.95.
The City in Communist China, edIted by John Wilson Lewis. Product of a conference cosponsored by the Subcommittees on Research on Chinese Society and on Chi· nese Government and Politics. Joint Committee on Contemporary China, December 28. 1968 - January 4, 1969. Stanford: Stanford University Press. April 1971. 462 pages. $12.95.
Crises and Sequences in Political Development, by Leonard Binder. James S. Coleman. Joseph LaPalombara, Lucian W. Pye, Sidney Verba, and Myron Weiner. Studies in Political Development 7, sponsored by the Committee on Comparative Politics. Pnnceton: Princeton University Press, November 1971. 337 pages. $8.00.
Econometric Models of Cyclical Behavior, edited by Bert G. Hickman. Papers of a conference jointly sponsored by the Committee on Economic Stability and the National Bureau of Economic Research. Conference on Research in Income and Wealth. November 14-15. 1969. Studies
DECEMBER 1972
in Income & Wealth, of the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, No. 36, Vols. 1 and 2, May 1972 (distributed by Columbia University Press). 1270 pages. Cloth, $17.50 each; paper, $7.50 each.
Economic Organization in Chinese Society, edited by W. E. Willmott. Product of a conference held by the Subcom· mittee on Research on Chinese Society, Joint Committee on Contemporary China. with the aid of the former Committee on the Economy of China. August 16-22. 1969. Stanford: Stanford University Press. April 1972. 472 pages. $16.50.
Elites in the People'S Republic of China, edited by Robert A. Scalapino. Product of a conference sponsored by the Subcommittee on Chinese Government and Politics, Joint Committee on Contemporary China. August 18-24, 1970. Seattle: University of Washington Press, September 1972. 695 pages. Cloth. $15.00; paper. $4.95.
The Foreign Trade of Mainland China, by Feng-hwa Mah. Sponsored by the former Committee on the Economy of China. Chicago and New York: AIdine • Atherton, October 1971. 287 pages. $9.75.
The Machine-Building Industry in Communist China, by Chu-Yuan Cheng. Sponsored by the former Committee on the Economy of China. Chicago and New York: Aldine . Atherton, September 1971. 356 pages. $9.75.
Mental Tests and Cultural Adaptation, edited by Lee J. Cronbach and P'l' D. Drenth. Papers of a conference held with the aid 0 the Joint Committee on Latin American Studies, July 19-23, 1971. The Hague: Mouton & Co .• November 1972.495 pages.
People of the United States in the Twentieth Century, by Irene B. Taeuber and Conrad Taeuber. Sponsored by the former Committee on Population Census Monographs in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census. Washing-
S!
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ton, D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 1972. 1084 pages. $5.75.
Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, edited by Dell Hymes. Product of a conference cosponsored by the CommIttee on Sociolinguistics and the University of the West Indies, April 9-12, 1968. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, September 1971. 538 pages. $23.50.
Race in the City: Political Trust and Public Policy in the New Urban System, by Joel D. Aberbach and Jack L. Walker. Report on research assisted by the former Com-
mittee on Governmental and Legal Processes. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, January 1973. c. 320 pages. $4.95.
Social Indicators and Social Policy, edited by Andrew Shonfield and Stella Shaw. Product of a conference jointly sponsored by the U.K. and U.S. Social Science Research Councils, April 2-4, 1971. London: Heinemann Educational Books, July 1972. 163 pages. £2.50. (Orders should be addressed to Mr. F. L. Southgate, 1145 Bellamy Road, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.)
REGIONAL RESEARCH SEMINARS ON AFRICAN STUDIES The Joint Committee on African Studies of the Social
Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies with funds provided by the Ford Foundation is able to assist small groups of African specialists to meet regularly in regional research seminars within the United States to discuss topics of common concern. It is expected that participants in such seminars will be African specialists from smaller and more isolated colleges, as well as from larger institutions in the region that have organized African studies programs. The seminar program is experi.
mental in nature and has a term of somewhat less than two years. Only the absolutely essential costs of organizing and conducting the seminars can be met by the committee.
Seminars will be offered support only if it is clear that they will have firm and continuing participation of qualified scholars from a number of institutions in the region. Individuals or groups interested in organizing such seminars are invited to write to the Joint Committee on African Studies at the Social Science Research Council, 230 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017.
SENIOR FULBRIGHT-HAYS PROGRAM FOR 1974-75 The Committee on International Exchange of Persons
has announced that applications will be accepted this spring for more than 550 lecturing and advanced research awards during 1974-75 in over 75 countries under the senior Fulbright-Hays Program. Specialists in social sciences who are U.S. citizens and have a doctorate or college teaching experience are invited to indicate their interest in an award by completing a simple registration form, available on request from:
Senior Fulbright-Hays Program 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418
Registrants will receive a detailed announcement of the 1974-75 program in May. July 1, 1973 is the deadline for
applying for research awards and it is also the suggested date for filing for lectureships.
Applications from senior foreign scholars for temporary appointments at American colleges or universities are transmitted to the committee each year by Fulbright-Hays agencies abroad. The scholars are eligible for a Fulbright-Hays travel grant upon receiving a lecturing or research appointment. An annual list of such scholars is issued in March. Also available is a list of 49 senior Fulbright foreign scholars in social sciences who are in the United States this academic year. A number of them would be pleased to accept invitations to give lectures or to participate in special conferences under the sponsorship of academic institutions and educational organizations.
SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL
250 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
Incorporated in the State of Illinois, December 27, 1924, for the purpose of advancing research in the social sciences
Directors, 1972: DoRWIN CAllTWlUGHT, PHIUP D. CuIll1N, RENtE C. Fox, DANIEL X. F'REED~lAN, LEo A. GoODMAN, MA'ITHEW HOLDE.'i.
JR., DELL HYMES, LAWllENCE R. KLEIN, GARDNER LINDZEY, LEoN LIPSON, HERBERT McCLoSKY, JAMES N. MORGAN, MURRAY G. MURPHEY,
ALFONSO ORl1Z, JOHN W. PRATT, AumN RANNEY, ALBERT REES, HENRY W. RIECKEN, AUCE S. ROSSI, DAYlD M. SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM H. SEWELL.
EUANoa BEll.NERT SHELDON, NEIL J. SldEUEII., M. BREWsn:R SMITH, EDWARD J. TAAFFE, KAlu. E. TAEUBER, JOHN M. THOMPSON, ANDREW P. VAYDA,
ROBERT E. WARD, CHAIU.!lI V. WILLIE
Officers and Staff: ELEANOR BERNERT SHELDON, President; BRYCE WOOD, Executive Associate; ELEANOR C. ISBELL, DAVID JENNESS, ROWLAND L. MITCHELL, JR., ROBERT PARKE, Staff Associates; ROBERT F . BORUCH, WILLIAM R. BRYANT, JOHN CREIGHTON· CAMPBELL, Staff Assistants; NORMAN
MANN, Business Manager; CAmERINE V. RONNAN, Financial Secretary
52 8~