Item Test Types Test construction - Vijaichina.com. The Influence... · 2015. 9. 7. · Item Test...
Transcript of Item Test Types Test construction - Vijaichina.com. The Influence... · 2015. 9. 7. · Item Test...
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Item Test – Types
&
Test construction
The Influence of Cultural Differences
on the Chinese Student Communication
in the Host-Culture Context
Phasuk D. BoonthamChiang Rai Rajabhat University
The 4th Thai–Chinese Strategic Research SeminarJuly 2015
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Overview
Significance & Objectives
Theoretical framework
Methodology
Findings
Recommendations
Questions
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Globalization
Student –Exchange Program
Qualified 21st Century Graduates
International challenges
Significance of the study
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1. Teacher’s perspective :
Teaching in diversity
2. Educator’s perspective:
Student-Exchange Program (SEP)
Curriculum reforming
3. Researcher’s perspective:
Cultural understanding
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Theoretical framework
Five Cultural Dimensions
(Geert Hofstede, 2001)
Hall’s Cultural Factors
(Edward Hall, 1991)
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Five Cultural Dimensions(Hofstede, 2001)
- Power distance;
- Individualism and Collectivism;
- Uncertainty avoidance;
- Masculinity and Femininity;
- Long-term Oriented
Hall’s Cultural Factors (Hall, 1991)
- High and Low Context Cultures
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Objectives
1. To examine the communication barriers
in cross-cultural communication of
Chinese students in Thailand
2. To explore Chinese student’s opinions
on cultural dimensions underlying the
cross-cultural communications
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Subjects
28 Chinese students
under the Student Exchange Program
Instruments
Semi-structured interview
+ student’s diary
Methodology:
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Findings
1. Communication barriers1.1 Linguistics difficulties
1.2 Pronunciation problems
1.3 Cultural influences
2. Influential Dimensions of
Cultural differences
2.1 Power distance
2.2 Individualism & Collectivism
2.3 Uncertainty avoidance
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1. Communication barriers
1.1 Linguistics difficulties
Thai and English phoneme
/θ/ the , author /ʃ/ship, shelter
/r/ right , rice /l/ light, lice(1.1)… one day I communicate with Thai people. When I
mentioned a word ‘rose’ but I don’ know how to say in
Thai, I use some word to describe it. And she still doesn’t
know I draw a picture for her
More is,… Thai people like to read the letter ‘r’ as ‘l’,
they read the word ‘very’ as ‘vely’ at the beginning, I am
so confusing…
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Thai language and its tone
/chao/ in rising tone = ‘morning’
/chao/ in falling tone = ‘to hire’
/ha/ in rising tone = ‘to look for’
/ha/ in falling tone = ‘five’
(1.2) … The reason is the tone or the pronunciation is not
correctly expressed by us. In Thai language, same word with different tones means different things
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Sentence structure
English = three main topics
Thai = topic main three
English = three pretty girls
Thai = girls pretty three
English = (No) I haven’t eaten yet.
Thai = (No) I yet not eat.
/YANG-MAI-DAI-GIN/
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1.2 Pronunciation problems
Thai accent VS Chinese accent
(1.3)….at a supermarket, I said that ‘did you have card’Thai
people ‘yes’ then he give me a cake. …
… the second time, …. my friend and I ask the seller for
milk, the seller couldn’t say English. We imitated the cow
with our body and sound, but they can’t understand …
(1.4) …at Big C to buy meat but we don’t know how to say the
word ‘cut’ in Thai
(1.5)… Thai people can’t understand what we say. Their facial
expressions like they are half guessing and half understanding.
.. I speak Chinese-accent English and he speak Thai-accent
English.
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1.3 Cultural Influences
Chinese perceptions of giving
directions by Chinese and Thai
Connotation meaning of words
Speaking manners
: loudly VS Softly
Time uncertainty in Thailand
Girl–liked behaviors (transsexual
males)
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2. Influential Dimensions
of Cultural Differences
Power distance
Individualism & Collectivism
Uncertainty avoidance
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Examples of Power distance
(1.7) Teacher’s status is higher than student. In china,
everyone is equal. I have an experience about this, I
discussed with loud voice with a Thai teacher’ class, this
situation is common in China, but I forget I’m in Thailand.
That teacher is very angry to me,
(1.6)… Most of them are senior Thais. Those leaders were
talking and laughing, I can’t start to eat even though the food
is attractive. I just listening and smile rigidly, eating with
leaders let me feel strong power distance and hard pressure
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17
Examples of
Individualism VS Collectivism
(1.8) … when I took a walk in the road, many times Thai
people asked me” why are you alone, where is your
friends? But I think this is a natural.
(1.9) …in CRU, we’re required to do the group work so
many times. It’s a good way, but sometime it’s unnecessary.
I and my friends want to say what we think and also get
comments from teacher by the name of ourselves, not of
the group.
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18
Examples of Uncertainty avoidance
(1.10) … there is a shop under my dormitory; it didn’t open
in the same time. Usually obey the woman who stays in the
shop. In china, you will found that many shops open early
even in the holiday or festival
(1.11) … CRU informs us to attend a meeting at 5’clock. By
experience in china, we go to there ahead. We just waiting
and waiting until 7’clock the meeting beings.
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Implications
A consideration of student development to
learn / to prepare themselves to learn to
collaborate with people from different
cultures and backgrounds
Teacher responsibility:
to develop student’s knowledge of
language for entering to the worldwide
communication
to be more internationalized; and to increase
the use of an internationalized approach to
increase understanding of other from different
cultures.
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Hall, E. T. (2003). Beyond culture. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press.
Hall, E. T. (1991). The silent language. New York: Anchor.
Hofstede, G. and G. J. Hofstede (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of
the Mind. Revised and expanded 2nd Edition. 436 pages. New York:
McGraw-Hill USA.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: comparing values, behaviours,
institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA:
Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York,
McGraw-Hill.
Pearson, J. and Nelson, P. (2000). An Introduction to Human Communication.
Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Phatak, A.V., Bhagat, R.S. & Kashlak, R.J. (2005). International Management:
Managing in a Diverse and Dynamic Global Environment, New York, N.Y.:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Tubbs, Stewart & Sylvia Moss. (1994). Human Communication. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Yang, Tseng. (2002). A lesson in culture. ELT Journal, 56(1), 11-21.
References
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Question & Answer
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Thank you