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Copyright

Copyright © 2012 by Amir Manzoor

No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or

transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,

or otherwise, without prior written permission form the author. No patent

liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained

herein. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this

book, the publisher and authors assumes no responsibility for errors and

omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the

use of the information contained herein. All inquiries should be addressed

to the author.

Information Technology in Business

First Edition 2012

ISBN-10: 1469991888

ISBN-13: 978-1469991887

All rights reserved under the copyright act.

Printed in the United States of America

Trademark Acknowledgements

Full acknowledgement is given of all proprietary trademarks and registered

trademarks that are mentioned in this book. In addition, terms suspected of

being trademarks or series marks have been appropriately capitalized, author

cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book

should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service

mark.

About the Author

Amir Manzoor holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from NED

University, Karachi and an MBA from Lahore University of Management

Sciences (LUMS). He also holds more than 12 international IT industry

certifications such as MCSE, MCDBA, CCNA, CCDA, CSA, CCA, A+ etc.

He is an Associate of Institute of Bankers, Pakistan and Certified Supply

Chain Management Professional from NPO, Pakistan. He has served at

senior technical consulting position in New York for many years. He is

currently serving as Assistant Professor at management sciences department

at Bahria University, Karachi.

Preface

Present and future age is the age of information technology (IT). In-

formation technology (IT) and business, always closely linked, are becoming

virtually inseparable. Moving forward from their traditional role as an

enabler of organizational effectiveness and efficiency, IT departments now

days often assume leadership roles to drive businesses into new industries

and markets. A growing number of businesses are putting more and more

emphasis on leveraging their IT investments and aligning them with the

organizational goals/objectives. For today’s online businesses the failure of

their IT systems are the business failure. For those businesses a much more

rigorous IT management is needed. The IT management is no longer a sole

IT issue but a business management issue of great interest that is on top

priority of most businesses around the globe.

Most books on IT management are either too lengthy, provide out-

dated material, or lack coverage of the essential topics of information

technology related to business. This book provides coverage of essential

topics related to information technology at work place such as hardware and

software, computer business applications, computer networks, system

analysis and design, information technology in the enterprise, health, safety,

and environment, and ethics in information technology. The book provides

up-to-date coverage of various topics and a large number of examples have

been provided to explain the key concepts.

Amir Manzoor

Acknowledgements

It is not possible for me to list everyone who assisted in the prepara-

tion of this book. I thank and am very grateful for the teachers, students and

all individuals who provided their valuable suggestions, feedback, and help

during the preparation of this book.

List of Tables

TABLE 1-1: ASCII CODING SCHEME......................................................................... 8

TABLE 1-2: COMPARISON OF COMPUTER AND CALCULATOR ...............................12

TABLE 1-3: GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER.............................................................14

TABLE1-4: COMPARISON OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPUTER ..........................16

TABLE 1-5: COMPARISON OF MAINFRAME, MINI, AND MICROCOMPUTER ..........27

TABLE 2-1: COMPARISON OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE PROCESSORS .....................47

TABLE 2-2: VARIOUS MEMORY SIZES ....................................................................57

TABLE 2-3: VARIANTS OF DRAM ...........................................................................61

TABLE 2-4: COMPARISON OF FLOPPY DISK AND HARD DISK .................................74

TABLE 2-5: VARIOUS OPTICAL DISCS .....................................................................76

TABLE 2-6: DVD AND BLU-RAY DISCS’ STORAGE CAPACITIES ................................79

TABLE 2-7: VARIOUS MEMORY CARDS AND THEIR USE ........................................82

TABLE 2-8: COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC TAPE AND MAGNETIC DISK ...................84

TABLE 2-9: CLOUD STORAGE PROVIDERS..............................................................86

TABLE 2-10: VARIOUS VIDEO STANDARDS ..........................................................104

TABLE 2-11: COMPARISON OF DOT-MATRIX AND DAISY-WHEEL PRINTER..........109

TABLE 2-12: COMPARISON OF IMPACT AND NON-IMPACT PRINTERS.................114

TABLE 2-13: VARIOUS ADAPTER CARDS ..............................................................119

TABLE 3-1: COMPARISON OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE................................133

TABLE 3-2: VARIOUS UTILITIES............................................................................136

TABLE 3-3: COMPARISON OF SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE ................138

TABLE 3-4: POPULAR WEB APPLICATIONS ..........................................................140

TABLE 4-1: COMPARISON OF SOFT AND HARD COPY ..........................................150

TABLE 4-2: TYPICAL HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ..............................................155

TABLE 4-3: TYPICAL RECOMMENDED PROCESSOR REQUIREMENTS....................157

TABLE 4-4: TYPICAL RAM REQUIREMENTS..........................................................159

TABLE 4-5: TYPICAL INPUT DEVICES....................................................................161

TABLE 4-6: TYPICAL OUTPUT DEVICES ................................................................163

TABLE 4-7: TYPICAL STORAGE DEVICES...............................................................165

TABLE 6-1: VARIOUS GRAPHIC FORMATS ...........................................................217

TABLE 6-2: COMMONLY USED AUDIO FILE FORMATS .........................................222

TABLE 6-3: VARIOUS APPLICATION SOFTWARE ..................................................230

TABLE 8-1: COMPARISON OF DATA AND INFORMATION ....................................300

TABLE 8-2: FIELDS DATA TYPES ...........................................................................305

TABLE 8-3: POPULAR DATABASE TYPES ..............................................................308

TABLE 8-4: DATABASE MODELS ..........................................................................325

TABLE 9-1: USER INVOLVEMENT IN SYSTEM DESIGN ..........................................345

TABLE 9-2: COMPARISON OF HIGH-LEVEL AND LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGES ...........367

TABLE 9-3: COMPARISON OF MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

...........................................................................................................................367

TABLE 9-4: CLASSIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES .............................................375

TABLE 10-1: LAYERS OF OSI MODEL....................................................................387

TABLE 10-2: TRANSFER SPEEDS OF 802.11 STANDARDS......................................409

TABLE 10-3: THICK COAX CABLE CHARACTERISTICS ............................................419

TABLE 10-4: THICK COAX CABLE CHARACTERISTICS ............................................420

TABLE 10-5: TRANSMISSION SPEEDS OF WIRED MEDIA......................................421

TABLE 10-6: TRANSMISSION SPEEDS OF WIRELESS MEDIA .................................427

TABLE 10-7: COMPARISON OF IP ADDRESS CLASSES...........................................431

TABLE 10-8: GENERIC TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS AND THEIR USE ..............................433

TABLE 11-1: SEARCH ENGINES AND SEARCH DIRECTORIES .................................449

TABLE 11-2: COMMONLY USED SEARCH ENGINE OPERATORS AND THEIR USE...450

TABLE 11-3: POPULAR PLUG-INS.........................................................................455

TABLE 11-4: BANDWIDTHS OF INTERNET CONNECTIVITY OPTIONS ....................471

TABLE 12-1: ONLINE SECURITY SERVICES ............................................................506

TABLE 13-1: JOB CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR MEANING TO WORKERS ...........511

TABLE 14-1: FUNCTIONAL UNITS AND APPLICATIONS USED ...............................531

TABLE 14-2: COMPARISON OF BACKUP METHODS .............................................562

TABLE 15-1: INTERNATIONAL PRIVACY LAWS .....................................................574

TABLE 15-2: CRITERIA FOR WEB SITE CONTENT EVALUATION.............................580

List of Figures

FIGURE 1-1: DATA PROCESSING CYCLE................................................................... 6

FIGURE 1-2: COMMON DATA TYPES ...................................................................... 9

FIGURE 1-3: PARALLEL PROCESSING .....................................................................32

FIGURE 2-1: DUAL CORE PROCESSOR....................................................................45

FIGURE 2-2: QUAD CORE PROCESSOR...................................................................45

FIGURE 2-3: COMMUNICATION MECHANISM BETWEEN PROCESSOR AND OTHER

DEVICES ................................................................................................................49

FIGURE 2-4: MACHINE CYCLE ................................................................................54

FIGURE 2-5: MACHINE CYCLE WITH OR WITHOUT PIPELINING..............................55

FIGURE 2-6: MEMORY CACHE ...............................................................................65

FIGURE 2-7: DISK CACHE .......................................................................................66

FIGURE 2-8: COMPONENTS OF A HARD DISK ........................................................69

FIGURE 2-9: CYLINDERS, PLATTERS, TRACKS, AND SECTORS .................................70

FIGURE 2-10: VARIOUS HARD DISK CONTROLLERS................................................73

FIGURE 2-11: SPEED OF VARIOUS STORAGE MEDIA AND ITEMS STORED..............87

FIGURE 2-12: WORKING OF BUSES......................................................................125

FIGURE 2-13: BUS WIDTH ...................................................................................126

FIGURE 3-1: INTERACTION AMONG VARIOUS SOFTWARE TYPES........................139

FIGURE 4-1: ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM ............................................151

FIGURE 5-1: VIRTUAL MEMORY ..........................................................................200

FIGURE 7-1: INTERNET EXPLORER USER INTERFACE............................................235

FIGURE 7-2: WORD 2010 USER INTERFACE .........................................................243

FIGURE 7-3: EXCEL 2012 USER INTERFACE...........................................................259

FIGURE 7-4: POWERPOINT 2010 USER INTERFACE ..............................................271

FIGURE 7-5: PROJECT TRIANGLE .........................................................................283

FIGURE 7-6: PROJECT 2010 USER INTERFACE ......................................................284

FIGURE 8-1: FIELDS AND RECORDS .....................................................................306

FIGURE 8-2: DATA DICTIONARY ..........................................................................315

FIGURE 8-3: TABLES IN A DATABASE...................................................................326

FIGURE 8-4: ACCESS 2010 USER INTERFACE ........................................................328

FIGURE 8-5: ACCESS 2010 DATABASE .................................................................329

FIGURE 9-1: PEOPLE INVOLVEMENT IN SYSTEM ANALYSIS .................................344

FIGURE 9-2: PROJECT REQUEST ..........................................................................347

FIGURE 9-3: AN ERD ...........................................................................................351

FIGURE 9-4: DFD OF HOSPITAL PHARMACY ........................................................352

FIGURE 9-5: DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DFD ..............................................................353

FIGURE 9-6: STRUCTURED ENGLISH ....................................................................354

FIGURE 9-7: DECISION TABLE..............................................................................355

FIGURE 9-8: DECISION TREE................................................................................355

FIGURE 9-9: USE CASE DIAGRAM ........................................................................357

FIGURE 9-10: CLASS DIAGRAM ...........................................................................358

FIGURE 9-11: INTERACTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES WITH HARDWARE

...........................................................................................................................368

FIGURE 10-1: THE OSI MODEL.............................................................................386

FIGURE 10-2: A WAN ..........................................................................................394

FIGURE 10-3: A CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK .........................................................395

FIGURE 10-4: BUS TOPLOGY ...............................................................................398

FIGURE 10-5: RING TOPOLOGY ...........................................................................399

FIGURE 10-6: STAR TOPOLOGY ...........................................................................400

FIGURE 10-7: WORKING OF INTERNET................................................................403

FIGURE 10-8: A WIRELESS LAN............................................................................408

FIGURE 10-9: CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA ..................................417

FIGURE 10-10: WORKING OF CELLULAR RADIO...................................................423

FIGURE 10-11: WORKING OF TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE ...................................425

FIGURE 10-12: WORKING OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITE................................426

FIGURE 10-13: IPV4 AND IPV6 ADDRESSES .........................................................430

FIGURE 10-14: WORKING OF DNS .......................................................................432

FIGURE 11-1: WORKING OF E-MAIL ....................................................................443

FIGURE 11-2: WEB ADDRESS STRUCTURE ...........................................................446

FIGURE 11-3: SUBJECT DIRECTORY......................................................................451

FIGURE 11-4: VOIP CONFIGURATION ..................................................................461

FIGURE 11-5: DIAL-UP INTERNET CONNECTION ..................................................465

FIGURE 11-6: ISDN INTERNET CONNECTION .......................................................466

FIGURE 11-7: DSL INTERNET CONNECTION .........................................................468

FIGURE 11-8: LASED-LINE CONNECTION..............................................................470

FIGURE 11-9: SATELLITE INTERNET CONNECTION ...............................................472

FIGURE 12-1: A PHISHING MESSAGE ...................................................................485

FIGURE 12-2: A CAPTCHA....................................................................................495

FIGURE 12-3: WORKING OF FIREWALL ................................................................500

FIGURE 12-4: THE PROCESS OF ENCRYPTION ......................................................502

FIGURE 12-5: WORKING OF VPN.........................................................................505

FIGURE 14-1: IT IN ENTERPRISE...........................................................................525

FIGURE 14-2: AN EIS ...........................................................................................534

FIGURE 14-3: AN EXPERT SYSTEM .......................................................................535

FIGURE 14-4: WORKING OF CRM SYSTEM...........................................................537

FIGURE 14-5: WORKING OF CIM SYSTEM............................................................538

FIGURE 14-6: WORKING OF ERP SYSTEM ............................................................539

FIGURE 14-7: WORKING OF CMS ........................................................................540

FIGURE 14-8: WORKING OF DATA WAREHOUSE .................................................542

FIGURE 14-9: WORKING OF WEB SERVICE ..........................................................545

FIGURE 14-10: WORKING OF NAS .......................................................................553

FIGURE 14-11: WORKING OF SAN AND NAS .......................................................554

FIGURE 14-12: ENTERPRISE STORAGE SYSTEM ...................................................555

FIGURE 14-13: A BLADE SERVER .........................................................................556

FIGURE 14-14: A THIN CLIENT .............................................................................557

FIGURE 14-15: WORKING OF CDP .......................................................................561

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ................................................. 1

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: INTRODUCTION................................................................... 2

Definition of Computer...................................................................................... 2

Communications Technology (or Telecommunication technology)................... 3

THREE KEY CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND HOW COMPUTERS WORK....................................... 3

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER..................................................................... 4

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE ............................................................................................. 5

DATA REPRESENTATION ............................................................................................... 6

TYPES OF DATA........................................................................................................... 9

String Data ...................................................................................................... 10

Numeric Data .................................................................................................. 10

TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING DEVICES ........................................................................... 11

IMPACTS OF USING COMPUTERS .................................................................................. 12

Health.............................................................................................................. 12

Public Safety .................................................................................................... 13

Labor Force...................................................................................................... 13

Environment: ................................................................................................... 13

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS .................................................................................... 13

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS .................................................................................. 15

Classes of Computers by Working Principle..................................................... 15

Classes of Computers by Capabilities .............................................................. 17

Classes of Computers by Function ................................................................... 27

Other Classifications of Computers ................................................................. 31

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE.................................................................. 32

Education......................................................................................................... 32

Finance ............................................................................................................ 33

Banking............................................................................................................ 33

Government..................................................................................................... 33

HealthCare....................................................................................................... 34

Science............................................................................................................. 34

Business ........................................................................................................... 35

Publishing ........................................................................................................ 35

Travel............................................................................................................... 36

Engineering...................................................................................................... 36

Transportation................................................................................................. 36

Entertainment ................................................................................................. 37

Construction .................................................................................................... 37

Sports............................................................................................................... 37

Hospitality ....................................................................................................... 37

Space Exploration ............................................................................................ 38

Meteorology .................................................................................................... 38

Agriculture....................................................................................................... 39

National and Local Security ............................................................................. 39

Textile Industry ................................................................................................ 40

Municipal Services ........................................................................................... 40

Informatics ...................................................................................................... 40

References/Further Readings .......................................................................... 41

COMPUTER HARDWARE.......................................................................................43

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 44

PROCESSING DEVICES................................................................................................. 44

Central Processing Unit (CPU) ......................................................................... 44

Memory ........................................................................................................... 56

STORAGE DEVICES ..................................................................................................... 66

Storage Disks ................................................................................................... 67

Removable Storage and/or Disk Drives ........................................................... 80

Flash Memory Storage .................................................................................... 80

Other Types of Storage.................................................................................... 83

How the Processor Searches for Data or Program Instructions....................... 87

INPUT DEVICES ......................................................................................................... 88

Keyboard ......................................................................................................... 88

Pointing Devices .............................................................................................. 89

Other Pointing Devices .................................................................................... 90

Touch Screens and Touch-Sensitive Pads ........................................................ 90

Pen Input ......................................................................................................... 91

Scanners and Reading Devices ........................................................................ 91

Mark Recognition and Character Recognition Devices.................................... 94

Audio Input ...................................................................................................... 96

Voice Input....................................................................................................... 96

Video Input ...................................................................................................... 96

Biometric Input Devices................................................................................... 98

Terminals......................................................................................................... 98

Input Devices for Physically Challenged Users................................................. 99

OUTPUT DEVICES .................................................................................................... 101

Display Devices .............................................................................................. 101

Printers .......................................................................................................... 106

Audio Output Devices .................................................................................... 114

Other Output Devices .................................................................................... 115

Output Devices for Physically Challenged Users............................................ 116

COMMUNICATION DEVICES....................................................................................... 116

Modem .......................................................................................................... 117

SYSTEM UNIT (SYSTEM CASE).................................................................................... 117

Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards............................................................... 118

Cables, Ports, And Connectors....................................................................... 119

BUSES................................................................................................................... 123

BAYS .................................................................................................................... 127

POWER SUPPLY ...................................................................................................... 127

POWER PROTECTION DEVICES ................................................................................... 127

REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS .............................................................................. 129

COMPUTER SOFTWARE ......................................................................................131

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 132

RELATIONSHIP OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE TO COMPUTER HARDWARE ............................... 133

TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE ............................................................................... 134

System software ............................................................................................ 134

Programming software ................................................................................. 137

Application software ..................................................................................... 137

SOFTWARE VERSION AND RELEASES............................................................................ 143

SOFTWARE REGISTRATION/ACTIVATION ...................................................................... 143

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................... 143

SOFTWARE LICENSE ................................................................................................. 144

PATENTS ............................................................................................................... 144

PROGRAM AND LIBRARY ........................................................................................... 144

USER-CENTRIC SOFTWARE CLASSIFICATION-LAYERED APPROACH ..................................... 144

Platform Software ......................................................................................... 145

Application Software ..................................................................................... 145

User-written Software ................................................................................... 145

COMPUTER SOFTWARE OPERATIONS .......................................................................... 145

ETHICS AND RIGHTS FOR SOFTWARE USERS.................................................................. 146


BUSINESS COMPUTER USERS AND BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS ...................148

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 149

WORKING OF COMPUTER ......................................................................................... 149

ELEMENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM ..................................................................... 150

CATEGORIES OF BUSINESS COMPUTER USERS ............................................................... 151

Small Office/Home Office User...................................................................... 151

Mobile User ................................................................................................... 152

Power User .................................................................................................... 152

Enterprise User .............................................................................................. 152

SELECTING APPROPRIATE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ................................................... 153

TIPS FOR APPROPRIATE HARDWARE SELECTION............................................................. 165

Selecting a Processor ..................................................................................... 165

Selecting Input Devices.................................................................................. 166

Selecting Output Devices ............................................................................... 166

Selecting RAM................................................................................................ 167

USING SOFTWARE ................................................................................................... 168

Files and Documents...................................................................................... 168

Folders and Directories.................................................................................. 168

Saving Files or Documents............................................................................. 169

PRINTING .............................................................................................................. 170

EXIT OR QUIT ......................................................................................................... 170

MENUS ................................................................................................................. 170

INSTALLING NEW SOFTWARE..................................................................................... 172

BACKING UP FILES ................................................................................................... 173

COMPRESSION AND DECOMPRESSION ......................................................................... 174

THE DESKTOP ......................................................................................................... 175

PROGRAMS AND FEATURES ....................................................................................... 177

Features of Modern Software Programs ....................................................... 177

DIFFERENT METHODS OF OPENING DOCUMENTS AND PROGRAMS ................................... 179

CREATING FOLDERS ................................................................................................. 180

MOVING AND DELETING FILES AND FOLDERS ................................................................ 180

MULTIPLE FILE AND FOLDER SELECTION....................................................................... 181

ORGANIZING YOUR FILES AND FOLDER......................................................................... 181

TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................................................. 182


OPERATING SYSTEMS .........................................................................................185

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 186

HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS .............................................................................. 186

CATEGORIES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS ......................................................................... 187

Stand-Alone Operating Systems.................................................................... 188

Network Operating Systems.......................................................................... 192

Embedded Operating Systems ...................................................................... 194

Real-time operating system (RTOS)............................................................... 197

OPERATING SYSTEMS: FEATURES AND TECHNOLOGY ...................................................... 197

Boot-Strapping .............................................................................................. 197

Program Execution ........................................................................................ 198

Interrupts....................................................................................................... 198

Protected Mode and Supervisor Mode.......................................................... 198

Memory Management .................................................................................. 198

Multitasking .................................................................................................. 200

Disk Access and File Systems ......................................................................... 201

Device Drivers................................................................................................ 201

Networking.................................................................................................... 201

Security.......................................................................................................... 202

File System Support ....................................................................................... 202

Graphical User Interfaces .............................................................................. 203

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS .......................................................................... 203

Starting (Booting) and Shutting Down a Computer ...................................... 203

Providing User Interface................................................................................ 204

Managing the Hardware............................................................................... 204

Managing the File System ............................................................................. 205

Supporting Programs .................................................................................... 205

Coordinating Tasks ........................................................................................ 205

Configuring Devices....................................................................................... 206

Establishing an Internet Connection.............................................................. 206

Monitoring Performance............................................................................... 206

Updating Software Automatically ................................................................. 207

Controlling a Network ................................................................................... 207

Administering Security .................................................................................. 207


BUSINESS SOFTWARE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS ...............................................209

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 210

WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE ................................................................................. 210

PRESENTATION SOFTWARE........................................................................................ 211

SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE ......................................................................................... 212

DATABASE SOFTWARE.............................................................................................. 213

GRAPHICS SOFTWARE .............................................................................................. 215

NOTE TAKING SOFTWARE ......................................................................................... 217

BUSINESS SOFTWARE SUITE ...................................................................................... 218

PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGER SOFTWARE........................................................... 218

PHONE SOFTWARE .................................................................................................. 218

PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE ........................................................................... 219

ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE.......................................................................................... 219

DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE....................................................................... 219

ENTERPRISE COMPUTING SOFTWARE .......................................................................... 220

SOUND RECORDING SOFTWARE ................................................................................. 220

VIDEO AND AUDIO EDITING SOFTWARE ....................................................................... 221

MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING SOFTWARE......................................................................... 223

ANIMATION SOFTWARE............................................................................................ 224

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN SOFTWARE........................................................................ 224

DESKTOP PUBLISHING (DTP) SOFTWARE ..................................................................... 224

WEB PAGE AUTHORING SOFTWARE............................................................................ 225

LEGAL SOFTWARE ................................................................................................... 226

TAX PREPARATION SOFTWARE ................................................................................... 227

TRAVEL AND MAPPING SOFTWARE ............................................................................. 227

WEB-BASED TRAINING SOFTWARE ............................................................................. 227


MICROSOFT OFFICE 2010....................................................................................232

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 233

MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER 9 (IE 9).................................................................... 233

Important Features........................................................................................ 233

Keyboard Shortcuts ....................................................................................... 236

Common Commands ..................................................................................... 237

MICROSOFT WORD 2010 ........................................................................................ 241



Common Commands ..................................................................................... 245

MICROSOFT EXCEL 2010 ......................................................................................... 258

Important Features ....................................................................................... 258


Common Commands ..................................................................................... 261

MICROSOFT POWERPOINT 2010............................................................................... 270

Important Features ....................................................................................... 270


Common Commands ..................................................................................... 273

MICROSOFT PROJECT 2010...................................................................................... 283

Project Planning and Management............................................................... 283


Common Commands ..................................................................................... 286

REFERENCES / FURTHER READINGS............................................................................. 297

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS..................................................................298

DATA, INFORMATION, AND KNOWLEDGE ..................................................................... 299

DATABASE ............................................................................................................. 300

Components of a Database System............................................................... 301

Advantages of Database Systems ................................................................. 304

IMPORTANT DATABASE TERMINOLOGY........................................................................ 304

Field ............................................................................................................... 304

Record ........................................................................................................... 305

File ................................................................................................................. 306

Key................................................................................................................. 306

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)................................................................ 307

Functions of DBMS ........................................................................................ 309

Characteristics of a good DBMS .................................................................... 310

Advantages of DBMS..................................................................................... 310

Disadvantages of DBMS ................................................................................ 312

Difference between DBMS and a File Management System ......................... 313

Primary Functions of DBMS........................................................................... 313

Components of the DBMS ............................................................................. 314

DATABASE UTILITIES ................................................................................................ 319

TYPES OF DATABASES............................................................................................... 320

Individual databases ..................................................................................... 320

Shared Databases.......................................................................................... 320

Distributed databases ................................................................................... 321

Public Databases ........................................................................................... 321

MAJOR TYPES OF DATABASE ORGANIZATIONS (OR MODELS)........................................... 322

Hierarchical Databases.................................................................................. 322

Network Database......................................................................................... 322

Relational Database ...................................................................................... 323

Object-Oriented Database............................................................................. 324

Navigational Database.................................................................................. 324

WEB-BASED DATABASES........................................................................................... 325

MICROSOFT ACCESS 2010........................................................................................ 326



Common Commands ..................................................................................... 331


SYSTEM ANALYSIS, DESIGN, AND DEVELOPMENT...............................................339

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 340

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC).................................................................. 340

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) MODELS ..................................................... 340

ADVANTAGES OF SDLC ............................................................................................ 342

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES ........................................................................... 342

Grouping of Activities into Phases ................................................................. 342

User Involvement in System Design............................................................... 343

Standards ...................................................................................................... 345

Documentation.............................................................................................. 346

PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT............................................................................. 346

Planning, Feasibility Study, and Initiation ..................................................... 348

Gathering Requirements and System Analysis .............................................. 349

System Design ............................................................................................... 359

System Implementation................................................................................. 360

System Testing............................................................................................... 361

System Maintenance/Support....................................................................... 362

Post-Implementation Review ........................................................................ 363

COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.............................................. 364

Classification of Programming languages..................................................... 364

Classification of High-Level Programming Languages .................................. 368

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS............................................................................... 371

Rapid Application Development (RAD).......................................................... 371

Microsoft .NET............................................................................................... 372

F#................................................................................................................... 372

Microsoft Visual Studio ................................................................................. 372

OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS ..................................... 374

Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs)............................................................ 374

Classic Programming Languages................................................................... 374

Application Generators ................................................................................. 376

Macros........................................................................................................... 376

WEB PAGE DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................... 376

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible HTML (XHTML) .......... 376

Extensible Markup Language (XML) and wireless markup language (WML) 377

Scripts, Applets, Servlets, and ActiveX Controls............................................. 378

CGI Scripts ..................................................................................................... 379

Scripting Languages ...................................................................................... 380

Dynamic HTML (DHTML) ............................................................................... 381

Ruby on Rails (RoR) ....................................................................................... 382


COMPUTER NETWORKS......................................................................................384

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 385

COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS ................................................................................. 385

OSI Reference Model ..................................................................................... 385

Uses of Computer Communications .............................................................. 388

COMPUTER NETWORK ............................................................................................. 390

ADVANTAGES OF USING NETWORKS ........................................................................... 390

NETWORK CLASSIFICATION ....................................................................................... 392

Network Classification Based on Scale .......................................................... 392

Network Classification Based on Connection Method................................... 394

Network Classification Based on Functional Relationship............................. 395

NETWORK TOPOLOGY .............................................................................................. 397

INTERNETWORK ...................................................................................................... 401

Intranet.......................................................................................................... 401

Extranet ......................................................................................................... 402

Internet.......................................................................................................... 402

INTERNET2 ............................................................................................................ 404

NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS .................................................................. 405

Ethernet......................................................................................................... 406

Token Ring ..................................................................................................... 406

TCP/IP ............................................................................................................ 406

Wi-Fi .............................................................................................................. 407

Bluetooth....................................................................................................... 409

Ultra-WideBand (UWB) ................................................................................. 409

IrDA................................................................................................................ 410

RFID ............................................................................................................... 410

Wi-Max.......................................................................................................... 410

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)............................................................. 411

COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE .................................................................................. 412

BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A NETWORK ......................................................... 412

Modems......................................................................................................... 412

Network Interface Cards................................................................................ 413

Wireless Access Points................................................................................... 414

Hub ................................................................................................................ 414

Switch ............................................................................................................ 414

Bridge ............................................................................................................ 414

Router............................................................................................................ 415

Repeater ........................................................................................................ 415

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS.................................................................................... 416

Transmission Media ...................................................................................... 416

CONNECTING TO A NETWORK .................................................................................... 427

The Network Hardware and Transmission Medium...................................... 427

Network Protocol Software ........................................................................... 427

IP Addressing and Domain Names ................................................................ 428

Domain Name System (DNS) ......................................................................... 431

USE OF NETWORKS.................................................................................................. 435


THE INTERNET ....................................................................................................439

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 440

INTERNET POPULATION: LANGUAGES AND ORIGIN......................................................... 441

INTERNET AND THE WORKPLACE ................................................................................ 441

INTERNET ON MOBILE DEVICES .................................................................................. 441

COMMON USES OF INTERNET .................................................................................... 442

E-MAIL ........................................................................................................... 442

Instant Messaging......................................................................................... 444

World Wide Web (WWW) ............................................................................. 445

Search Engines and Subject Directories......................................................... 448

Blogs.............................................................................................................. 451

Podcasts ........................................................................................................ 452

Vodcasts ........................................................................................................ 452

Web Applications .......................................................................................... 452

Web 2.0 and Web 3.0.................................................................................... 452

Social Networking Sites ................................................................................. 453

Multimedia on the Web ................................................................................ 454

Web Advertising ............................................................................................ 456

Content Management ................................................................................... 456

Newsgroups and Message Boards ................................................................ 456

FTP and Telnet............................................................................................... 456

Remote Access............................................................................................... 457

Collaboration................................................................................................. 457

File Sharing.................................................................................................... 458

Streaming Media........................................................................................... 459

Voice Over IP (VoIP)....................................................................................... 460

Leisure Activities............................................................................................ 461

Marketing on The Web.................................................................................. 462

INTERNET ACCESS ................................................................................................... 463

Access Providers ............................................................................................ 463

INTERNET CONNECTIVITY OPTIONS ............................................................................. 464

Dial-Up .......................................................................................................... 465

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)................................................... 466

Broadband Connections: Cable, DSL, FTTP, Leased Lines .............................. 467

Wireless Connections: Satellite, Wi-Fi, Fixed Wireless, Cellular Network...... 472


COMPUTER SECURITY.........................................................................................477

COMPUTER SECURITY: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 478

SECURITY AND SYSTEMS DESIGN ................................................................................ 478

COSTS OF COMPUTER SECURITY BREACHES .................................................................. 479

REASONS FOR ATTACK ON THE COMPUTER SYSTEM ....................................................... 479

PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE FOR SECURITY BREACHES ............................................................ 480

Hacker ........................................................................................................... 480

Cracker........................................................................................................... 480

Script kiddie ................................................................................................... 480

Corporate spy ................................................................................................ 481

Corrupt Employees ........................................................................................ 481

Cyber Extortionist .......................................................................................... 481

Cyber Terrorists ............................................................................................. 482

COMPUTER SECURITY RISKS ...................................................................................... 482

Internet and Network Attacks ....................................................................... 483

Unauthorized Access and Use of Computer and Network............................. 494

Hardware Theft and Vandalism..................................................................... 495

Software Theft ............................................................................................... 495

Information Theft .......................................................................................... 496

System Failure ............................................................................................... 496

MITIGATING SECURITY VULNERABILITIES...................................................................... 496

CLASSIFICATION OF SECURITY MEASURES .................................................................... 498

SECURITY TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES............................................................................. 499

Firewalls ........................................................................................................ 499

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) ................................................................... 500

Honeypots...................................................................................................... 501

Digital Forensics ............................................................................................ 501

Encryption...................................................................................................... 502

Digital Certificates ......................................................................................... 503

Transport Layer Security (TLS) ....................................................................... 503

Secure HTTP................................................................................................... 504

VPN................................................................................................................ 504

WIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY .................................................................................. 505

SECURITY SERVICES AND INFORMATION ....................................................................... 506


HEALTH, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENT ...............................................................509

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 510

CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY JOB............................................................................. 510

HEALTH AND SAFETY................................................................................................ 511

Health Issues of Computer Use...................................................................... 511

Ergonomics and Workplace Design ............................................................... 512

Video Displays at Work.................................................................................. 512

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI).......................................................................... 513

Musculoskeletal Problems............................................................................. 513

Eye Strain....................................................................................................... 514

Working Environment ................................................................................... 514

Stress ............................................................................................................. 514

Computer Addiction....................................................................................... 515

Laptop Related Health Challenges ................................................................ 515

COMPUTER SYSTEMS, JOB AUTONOMY, AND POWER..................................................... 515

Computer System and Power ........................................................................ 516

COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND USE OF VALUED SKILLS ......................................................... 517

COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND MEANINGFULNESS OF WORK................................................. 518

Variety and Scope of Work............................................................................ 518

Computer-Mediated Work ............................................................................ 519

COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS......................................................... 520


INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENTERPRISE.....................................................523

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 524

TYPES OF ENTERPRISES............................................................................................. 525

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF ENTERPRISE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT............................ 526

Business Intelligence (BI) ............................................................................... 526

Business process Management (BPM) .......................................................... 527

Business Process Automation (BPA) .............................................................. 527

INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE ENTERPRISE ................................................................. 528

INFORMATION SYSTEMS WITHIN FUNCTIONAL UNITS ..................................................... 528

GENERAL PURPOSE INFORMATION SYSTEMS................................................................. 532

Office Information System (OIS) .................................................................... 532

Transaction Processing System (TPS) ............................................................ 532

Management Information System (MIS)....................................................... 533

Decision Support System (DDS) ..................................................................... 533

Expert System................................................................................................ 534

OTHER ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS ................................................................ 536

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems ................................................................. 536

Knowledge Management System (KMS) ....................................................... 536

Integrated Information system (IIS) .............................................................. 536

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)................................................. 537

Customer Interaction Management (CIM) .................................................... 538

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System .................................................. 539

Content Management System (CMS) ............................................................ 539

ENTERPRISE-WIDE TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................. 541

Portals ........................................................................................................... 541

Data warehouse ............................................................................................ 541

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) ................................................................. 543

Extranets........................................................................................................ 544

Web services.................................................................................................. 544

Service – oriented Architecture (SOA) ........................................................... 547

Software As A Service (SAAS)......................................................................... 547

Data Centers.................................................................................................. 548

Document Management System (DMS) ........................................................ 548

Workflow ....................................................................................................... 549

Virtualization ................................................................................................. 549

Cloud computing and Grid computing........................................................... 549

E-commerce................................................................................................... 550

Neural Networks............................................................................................ 551

ENTERPRISE HARDWARE ........................................................................................... 551

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) ............................................... 551

Network Attached Storage and Storage Area Networks............................... 552

Enterprise Storage Systems ........................................................................... 554

Blade Servers ................................................................................................. 556

Thin Clients .................................................................................................... 557

MEASURING EFFECTIVENESS OF ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS................................ 558

Availability ..................................................................................................... 558

Scalability ...................................................................................................... 558

Interoperability.............................................................................................. 559

DISASTER RECOVERY................................................................................................ 559

Disaster recovery Plan ................................................................................... 559

Emergency Plan ............................................................................................. 559

Backup Plan ................................................................................................... 560

Recovery Plan ................................................................................................ 562

Test Plan ........................................................................................................ 562

REFERENCES / FURTHER READINGS ............................................................................. 564

ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.............................................................567

ETHICS AND SOCIETY................................................................................................ 568

Unauthorized Access and Use of Computer and Network............................. 568

Software Piracy ............................................................................................. 568

Information Accuracy .................................................................................... 569

Intellectual Property Rights ........................................................................... 569

Information Technology Codes of Conduct ................................................... 570

Green Computing .......................................................................................... 570

INFORMATION PRIVACY............................................................................................ 571

International Privacy Laws ............................................................................ 572

Guidelines to Protect Privacy......................................................................... 575

Threats Against Privacy................................................................................. 576

Content Filtering............................................................................................ 578

INDEX .................................................................................................................583

Itb toc

Education

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