It’s To Create With. · Quasi-Quisling: Co-design and the assembly of collaborateurs, CoDesign,...

It’s To Create With.

The Future Self andDesign Living Lab.The Future Self and Design Living Lab creates services and products for health and wellbeing with a focus on older adults ensuring that their emotional and social needs are incorporated into every stage of the development process. We do this by collaborating with Citizens, Government, Industry and Universities in a process of co-design. We have designed ‘It’s To Create With’ to open our co-design process for you to use within your organisation.

Keirnan, A., Priday, G. and Pedell, S. (2019). It’s To Create With. Future Self and Design Living Lab (Swinburne University of Technology).

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Using the cards.The ‘It’s To Create With’ deck includes 44 cards that you can use to build a new co-design project, align your existing project to co-design values, or learn about co-design as a process. To begin, select and read aloud one grey card, stopping for a brief discussion to respond to it’s questions. Next, scatter theblue cards on the table and haveeach person select and read theirblue card, prompting a discussionabout its content. Discussionshould be had wearing the hat ofeach persons selected stakeholder.Repeat this process next with theyellow then red cards.

FoundationCards

Foundation cards.Foundation cards are marked with a blue ribbon. The cards offer keywords and explanations about the driving principles of co-design.

Ambiguous

Ambiguous.

How has the project evolved and what has the team learnt about the problem?

What is still ambiguous in your project?

Sanders & Stappers (2014) Probes, toolkits and prototypes: three approaches to making in co designing, CoDesign, 10:1, 5-14.

While not all ambiguity can be resolved, in a co-design project problems and solutions are revealed over time and process. They are never clear at the beginning of a project. When the outcome of the project is known at the beginning, the project is not following a co-design process.

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Value Driven

Value Driven.

What are the individual values of each stakeholder in the project?

Karl Palmas & Otto von Busch (2015), Quasi-Quisling: Co-design and the assembly of collaborateurs, CoDesign, 11:3-4.

Giving individuals an opportunity to incorporate their values and objectives into the project is important. This allows the space for genuine participation and identification of the solution among all individuals in the co-design team.

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What values are shared in the project?

Empowering

Empowering.

How do you empower people to sustain their participation?

Son et al (2019). Consumer adoption of online collaborative customer co‐design | Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing | Vol 6, No 3.

Co-design allows space to explore the barriers and enablers relating to individual goals. Understanding of the design space empowers people to develop customised designed outcomes and product specifications and increases uptake among end user groups.

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Equal.

Are all stakeholders included across the whole project?

Karl Palmas & Otto von Busch (2015), Quasi-Quisling: Co-design and the assembly of collaborateurs, CoDesign, 11:3-4.

It is important to treat design partners as equals throughout all phases of the co-design process. Giving equal opportunities to those involved allows individuals to influence project outcomes according to their values and goals.

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Who holds the power and control of decision making?

Non-biased

Non-biased.

What systems will be used in your project to acquire information and keep all stakeholders updated about the project?

Pederson (2016) War and Peace in codesign, CoDesign, 12:3, 171-184.

It is possible to bias the project outcome when people use their power, privilege or position to amplify their voice. While it can be difficult to remove all individual preconceptions and bias, it can be minimised if all project members are given equal access to information about the project and decision-making opportunities.

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Open.

How can we encourage openness and creativity in our project?

Tuuli Mattelmaki (2008) Probing for co-exploring, Co-Design, 4:1, 65-78.

Co-design flourishes in environments where flexibility, innovation and risk-taking are encouraged. Where rigidity, judgement and closed structures are in place, co-design becomes difficult and often fails to produce meaningful and usable outcomes.

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Where in the process is there scope for flexibility and change?

Ethical

Ethical.

What is the likelihood of harm to the design partner and what might be the severity?

Steen, M. (2013). Co-Design as a Process of Joint Inquiry and Imagination. Design Issues, 29(2), pp.16-28.

A co-design process should set up spaces for people to feel safe and comfortable to share and contribute their ideas. Ethical review of a co-design project will consider the likelihood of risk and harm to all stakeholders involved in the project, including severity and consequence.

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How can we make our project a safe and comfortable space for people to share their ideas?

Process Cards

Process cards.Process cards are marked with a yellow ribbon. The cards offer keywords that are related to the co-design process, such as activities that you will likely do, and themes that you will need to think about during a co-design project.

Iterate

Iterate.

How will you decide when to iterate and when to stop?

Jin, Y. and Chusilp, P. (2006). Study of mental iteration in different design situations. Design Studies, 27(1), pp.25-55.

Iteration is the process of repeating a design task which is usually carried out by a team of designers to receive feedback and build upon their initial ideas. While design iteration can add time to a project, the subsequent outcome usually increases adoption as it is closer to a desired end result.Question

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Share.

What resources and information will you share in your project?

Jin, Y. and Chusilp, P. (2006). Study of mental iteration in different design situations. Design Studies, 27(1), pp.25-55.

Knowledge about the problem, project goals and information about the project must be openly shared within the team. This will maintain participation and interest.

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Collaborate

Collaborate.

What measures can you put in place to ensure design partners are treated as equals in the design process?

Detienne, Baker & Burkhardt (2012) Quality of collaboration in design meetings: methodological reflexions, CoDesign, 8:4, 247-261.

Co-design works with people to discover new and relevant information across user groups, knowledge domains or disciplines. All key stakeholders collaborate on a shared goal or problem and are considered equals in the design process at all times.

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Involve

Involve.

What existing relationships with people will you involve in your project?


Involving people who are representative of the target audience is important and will help keep the focus on the user at all times. When involving people in the project, it is important that information is shared to maintain a common objective and understanding of the problem.

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What new relationships do you need to build in your project?

Create

Create.

What do you think the final outcome of the co-design project will be? Can you imagine it differently?


Co-design creates services, artefacts, or graphics that are made available to the public or specific user groups. The outcome of the co-design project can differ to what was expected as more details emerge throughout the process and time.

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Plan.

Will you plan together with all stakeholders?


Decisions about the co-design project are made during the planning stage. All designers, managers and end-users are given an opportunity to incorporate their values and goals into the project to maintain interest. Questions about the process, stakeholder involvement, and problem are asked during the planning stage.

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When can you start planning with different stakeholders?

Make.

What kind of prototypes will you need to make in your project?


Design partners are given opportunities to make artefacts alongside designers. Artefacts range from abstract representations, rapid mock-ups, to high fidelity prototypes.

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Participate

Participate.

What will be your selection criteria in the codesign project?


Participation is to give an individual the opportunity to take part in the co-design project. Selection criteria will help identify participants’ stake in the project themes or problem space. Criteria may include geographical location, education or professional experience.

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When might you revisit the selection criteria in your project?

Recruit

Recruit.

What is your recruitment strategy?

Greenhalgh, T., Humphrey, C. and Woodard, F. (2011). User involvement in health care. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

A co-design project is likely to involve people outside the organisation where the project is funded. Consider who should be involved, how to obtain their participation and why certain groups or individuals should be involved in the co-design project.

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Which participants might require specific consideration during recruitment? e.g. culture, age, privacy etc.

Co-evaluate

Co-evaluate.

What needs to be evaluated and who should be involved?

Enserink, B. and Monnikhof, R. (2003). Information Management for Public Participation in Co-design Processes: Evaluation of a Dutch Example. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 46(3), pp.315-344.

Co-evaluation is to determine the impact, cause or significance of any part of a co-design project, together with a co-designer. Co-evaluation allows emphasis to be placed on aspects of the project that directly affect the end-user such as emotions.

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Consent

Consent.

What information do you need to share and how will it be used?

NHMRC (2007) National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. 2007.

Consent is when a choice about participation is made by an individual. Participant consent should always be voluntary and based on sufficient information and understanding of the proposed project and implications. Question

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How will information be shared with participants to ensure they have sufficient information about the depth of their involvement in the project?

Reflect

Reflect.

How will user narratives and use scenarios be used in your project?


Co-design projects can be reflective; for example, developing narratives and use scenarios about people and their current living situation . Reflective co-design activities seek to explore what has happened and what can happen through a new solution.

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How do the use scenarios change with different solution ideas?

Generate

Generate.

What is the time horizon on the solution in your project?


A generative co-design project looks toward developing outcomes that focus on our future. For example, what should the future of retirement or living in smart cities look like?

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How might the future be different to the present?

Frame.

How can you reframe the problem to develop design concepts in response to the new frame?

Dorst, K. (2011). The core of ‘design thinking’ and its application. Design Studies, 32(6), pp.521-532.

Problems that are the focus of co-design projects can be explored using frames. A frame is a way of looking at a problem, and can be applied to explore new approaches and concepts. For example, a ‘public security’ frame will yield outcomes that are different to a ‘community safety’ frame.

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Create Cards

Create cards.Create cards are marked with a red ribbon. The cards offer information about the tools that can be used to build and create design outcomes in a co-design project.

Probes

Probes.

What information that is difficult to access will be relevant to your project and how will you access it?


Probes can be diaries, videos photographs, workbooks or games that are sent to end-users to provoke a response and collect data about a topic. Probes give full control to the user over what they are sharing and can be useful in environments that are difficult to access, such as a home or workplace. Once completed and returned, designers draw inspiration from the responses in the probe.

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Toolkits

Toolkits.

How will a toolkit be used to design a service, product or technology in your project?


Toolkits are activities that are made using different components and materials. They give design partners opportunities to share their preferences, goals and needs in the design making process, creating artefacts about the present or future. The process is often facilitated.

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What materials can be used to give an opportunity for end users to share their goals, needs and preferences?

Prototypes

Prototypes.

When will prototypes be produced and what is needed to make them?


While prototypes vary in the level of fidelity, they will always be physical representations of ideas or concepts founded in a co-design process. They give form to an idea, allowing people to explore function and feasibility.

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What does feasibility mean in your co-design project?

Rich Pictures

Rich Pictures.

What use will a rich picture have in your codesign project?

Monk, A. and Howard, S. (1998). Methods & tools: the rich picture: a tool for reasoning about work context. interactions, 5(2), pp.21-30.

A rich picture is a visual representation of the features and elements of a problem. A rich picture can be used to highlight the relationships between stakeholders, barriers and key themes emerging from a co-design process.

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Data.

What data does the project anticipate collecting and how is this useful to the project?

NHMRC (2007) National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. 2007.

Data in a co-design project can be in the form of what people say or do, images in a probe, observation notes, or workshop material. Any information that is ‘raw’ and not interpreted is considered data.

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Who will have access to and analyse the data in your co-design project?

Goal Models

Goal Models.

How should the design outcome make end user stakeholders feel?

Miller, et al (2015). Emotion-led modelling for people-oriented requirements engineering: The case study of emergency systems. Journal of Systems and Software, 105, pp.54-71.

Goal modelling can be used in the early stages of a design project to identify the ‘wants’, ‘motivations’ and ‘goals’ of a user group. Emotions can also be explored to uncover more information that describe a user’s engagement and interaction with a service, product or graphic.

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What should the outcome do and be like for end-user stakeholders?

Personas

Personas.

Who are the personas you can build in your co-design project?

Bornet, C. and Brangier, E. (2015). The effects of personas on creative codesign of work equipment: an exploratory study in a real setting. CoDesign, 12(4), pp.243-256.

Personas are a representation of different users who are likley to interact or benefit from the outcome of the co-design process. A persona is modelled on accurate data about the user group and information concerning pleasures, frustrations, personality traits and emotions are often included. Personas can be used to help design concepts or evaluate design outcomes with specific users in mind.

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Scenarios

Scenarios.

When will you need to use scenarios in your co-design project?

Rosson, M., & Carroll, M (2009). ‘Scenario based design’ in Human-Computer Interaction (eds) Sears, A., & Jacko, J. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 145-164

Scenarios and user based narratives are envisioned early in the design process and allow insight into preferred future experiences. Scenarios can be used to guide the design process and enable the narratives and experiences as described in the scenario to be realised through the co-design process.

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StakeholderCards

Stakeholder cards.Stakeholder cards are marked with a grey ribbon. The cards introduce you to potential stakeholders who might be involved in the co-design project or who engage with the project outcome.

Designer

Designer.

What will be the consequence of not working with a trained designer in your co-design project?


A designer is a person who is trained to create a service, product, or graphic response(s) to a problem. They are educated and comfortable with complex problems that are often ambiguous and ill-defined.Question

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Design Partner

Design Partner.

What knowledge and experience does the design partner need to have to be involved in your co-design project?

Sanders, E. and Stappers, P. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), pp.5-18.

A design partner is a person who is involved in a project as an equal contributing to the design process. They will share their knowledge or personal experience that is concerned with the problem in the co-design project.

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Stakeholder

Stakeholder.

What are the stakeholders in your co-design project?

How many of each stakeholder will you need in your project?

Stickdorn, M. and Schneider, J. (2010). This is service design thinking. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers.

A stakeholder is a person, group of people, company, or community group involved in the project who have an interest in the quality of the outcome. Their involvement can range from design partner, funding body, through to end-user.

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LocalGovernment

Local Government.

What role does the Local Government play in your co-design project?

Briggs, Lynelle. Co-design: toward a new service vision for Australia? [online]. Public Administration Today, No. 25, Jan-Mar 2011: 35-47

One role of Local Government in co-design is to leverage their community relationships for public engagement. This is particularly useful in projects that aim to design better community services, where citizens feel deeply connected with their community and are compelled to participate.

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Reference Group

Reference Group.

From what stakeholder groups will you draw upon in your codesign project to build a reference group?

Oshagan, H. (1996). Reference Group Influence On Opinion Expression. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8(4), pp.335-354.

Reference groups are a group of people who have a shared and collective experience that can be sought after for advice on project decisions. A reference group serves to guide decision making, rather than participating in the actual co-design process.

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Citizen

Citizen.

What factors might restrict or encourage citizen participation in your project?

Parliament of Australia: Politics and Public Administration Section (2011). Citizens' engagement in policymaking and the design of public services.

A citizen’s capacity to participate in a co-design project depends on many different factors. The urgency of the co-design problem and the relevance of the problem to the citizen are examples that restrict or encourage citizen participation.

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Business

Business.

How mature is the design capability in the business you are working with?

Pirinen, A. (2016). The Barriers and Enablers of Co-design for Services. International Journal of Design, 10(3), 27-42.

Design maturity varies across different businesses. Some companies reject co-design as it can be difficult to see the benefits. A co-design project should consider building design capability within business over time, rather than short term design interventions.

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Facilitator

Facilitator.

Who in your team has facilitation skills?

Karl Palmås & Otto von Busch (2015), Quasi-Quisling: Co-design and the assembly of collabrateurs, CoDesign, 11:3-4.

Co-design workshops use toolkits and prototypes that will need to be facilitated in their use. The role of the facilitator is to clarify, ask prompting questions, and offer new or complementary information to support stakeholders to give them a strong voice in the process.

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What codesign skills do you need to aquire in your project?

What is co-design?Co-design is a design process that involves people from different user groups across the whole project including planning, design and evaluation. It is ambiguous, value driven, empowering, equal, non-biased, open, ethical and learns from it’s failures through iterative development. Organisations use co-design to develop services and products that allign to the needs of their customers, citizens or end-users to promote adoption and uptake.

Keirnan, A., Priday, G. and Pedell, S. (2019). It’s To Create With. Future Self and Design Living Lab (Swinburne University of Technology).

Created by:

It’s To Create With. · Quasi-Quisling: Co-design and the assembly of collaborateurs, CoDesign,...

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