Italian Contribution to YOPP-SH - Polar...

Cooperation Strategy in Polar Regions, ITALY – KOREA workshop, Incheon, 6-8 September, 2011Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) PlanningMeeting, BPCRC, Columbus, June, 6, 2016, Ohio, USA 1

Vito VitaleSenior Scientist CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)

Italian Contribution to YOPP-SH

Funded activities and submitted proposals / potential activities in the frame of the Italian Antarctic Programme (PNRA)

Cooperation Strategy in Polar Regions, ITALY – KOREA workshop, Incheon, 6-8 September, 2011Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP-SH) PlanningMeeting, BPCRC, Columbus, June, 6, 2016, Ohio, USA


ITALIAN ANTARCTIC METEO-CLIMATOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY (IAMCO)

http://www.climantartide.it ENEIDE (MZS)

From twice to four times each day in MZS From daily to twice each day in Concordia

CONCORDIA

http://www.climantartide.it/

18 AWS station along Victoria Land at MZS 2 radiosounding per day October-Februaryat CONCORDIA 1 radiosounding per day year-round (dedicated new facility built)automatic correction algortithms for sounding profiles in polar regions

Boundary layer dynamic and processes

The new scenario a TNB

TNB HUB

King Sejong Station

Concordia Station


In a long-term perspective, realize in TNB an hub foratmospheric sciences (and not only)

reach in a cost-effective way the goal to implement a regional/global GAW station in the Ross Sea Area

investigate coastal and inner regimes/processes (in connection with Concordia)

deepen knowledge on PBL dynamic and processesin coastal area, in particular role of orography (in connection with Ross Ice Shelf measurements)

extend observations to a continental scale (in connection with King Sang Jong)

Joint activities with KOPRI at TNB and in Victoria Land


Surface-Atmosphere Mass and Energy Exchanges at a Coastal Antarctic site

(SAMEECA)improve understanding of the surface-atmosphere mass and energy

exchanges at an Antarctic coastal site in the Ross Sea through continuous accurate measurements and development/verification of multiscale modelling.

Measurement and analysis of radiation components, atmospheric constituents and energy fluxes, meteorological and micrometeorological parameters, will

be implemented jointly by KOPRI, CNR and UNIFI, in a way similar to the collaboration already active in the Arctic.

The project will move along three research lines: (1) atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) dynamics and

surface-atmosphere interaction; (2) radiative regimes; (3) processes determining atmospheric composition

(aerosol and trace gases).


10 m tower for ASOS(automated synoptic observation system)/Flux system (Being operated in 2014)(종관기상관측시스템/플럭스시스템 2014년 설치 및 운영)

Platforms for radiometers and Brewer(복사계 및 브루어 분광기 플랫폼, 2015~)

Upper air Observatory(라디오 존데 비양동/오토 존데, 2014.12~)

Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observatory(경계층관측동)

Automatic weather station(자동기상관측시스템, 2010 ~) Time-lapsed Camera

(해빙 및 구름 촬영용 카메라, 2015~)

남극장보고과학기지 관측 장비 위치-본관동 주변(The location of the instruments near main building)


남극장보고과학기지 관측 장비 위치-타워 주변

30 m Walk-up tower(워컵 타워)

Observatory for atmospheric constituents(대기구성물질관측동, 2015~)

Space weather Observatory(우주기상관측동, 2014~)

(The location of the instruments far from main building)

in relation to the implementation of observations Italian groupsaim to contribute to

a) radiation and energy budget

b) active-passive ground-based remote sensing

c) aerosol chemistry and physics

in relation to strength man/power and expertise the Italian groups can contribute to

a) assure continuity and quality of activities sharing personnel resources

b) implement investigation related to polar ABL dynamic and turbulent processes

c) develop studies to evaluate aereosol/clouds radiative effects, also by means of radiative transfer model simulations.

Specific targets/actions


contribute to implement coordinated intensive observational activities along Victoria land, assuring measurements comparability and improving vertical atmospheric soundings with different techniques, and perfoming

Starting from the consolidated data set collected, multiscale modelling activities will be performed, to deepen knowledge on ABL features in coastal Antarctica and coupling processes at and near the surface.

The project will move along four lines addressing specific targets:WP1 – Implement a calibration lab (CL), securing traceability and

uncertainty evaluation of sensors used in AWS, tall towers, etc.;WP2 – Address, with a comprehensive approach, issues related to

atmospheric soundings ; WP3 – Sustain development of new techniques for humidity measurements; WP4 – compare measurements and develop multiscale modelling activities.

TRaceability and Improvement of Meteorological Measurements during YOPP intEnsive peRiods, to better investigate ABL characteristics and coupling

processes in coastal Antarctica. (TRIMMER)

Calibrations and Uncertainties evaluations to reach full comparability

• Comparability across instrument/measurement types

• Comparability across borders & organizations

• Comparability on climate-change scales

• Comparability to physical/climate models

• Comparability across generations

Accurate Measurements to Reduce the Time

Necessary to Capture a Trend

Why reinforce/secure traceability


Why to shorten metrological chain

Direct and shorter chain to higher quality standards, improves the overall uncertainty.

0.1 °C uncertainty in temperature is NOT "easy" to achieve

An example scheme of calibration traceability for temperature instruments: from the SI standards, the ITS-90 fixed points, to an automatic weather station.

The uncertainty degrades well before even evaluating measurement uncertainty


• temperature and pressure controlled simultaneously and independently

• temperature calibrations in air

• equipped with reference sensorsdirectly traceable to nationalstandards

• obtain meteorological data with welldefined calibration uncertainty.

Transportable devices EDIE Earth Dynamics Investigation Experiment

Generation of traceable values of temperature and pressure in the Earth surface range

Evaluation of mutual influences on sensors – Covariance analisys

steel cylindersvacuum

test zone

copper cylinder

cooling coil with thermostatic fluid

Pressure: 500-1100 hPa,Temperature: -35 °C to 50 °C.Target uncertainty (k=2) of pressure andtemperature are 10 Pa and 0.076 °C.

Calibration of temperature and pressure


A differential microwave hygrometer (DMWH)The DMWH measures the polarizability change in a

moist gas in relation to the same gas devoid of

humidity. The change is proportional to the shift of resonance frequencies in a microwave quasi-spherical

resonator filled with the moist gas, in relation to another nearly identical resonator filled by the

same dry gas.

Compared with a reference chilled mirror hygrometer, the DMWH showsa great sensitivity to moisture over the whole measured range.

The DMWH is a promising instrument for accurate humiditymeasurements on a large scale of moisture concentrations.


vertical profiles measured at the 30 m Alexander Tall Tower on the Ross Ice Shelf will be compared with tall tower and sodar measurements planned at MZS and JBG stations.

At MZS, extra soundings using "Snow White" chilled mirror sondes will be carried out.

RPAS operations in TNB and selected AWS sites with Sumo platform will improve dataset with profiles until about 1000 m.

Collected profiles of temperature and humidity will be corrected for sonde errors. A homogeneous corrected data set will be obtained by re-analyzing MZS soundings (30 years).

hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models at different resolutions (10-2 km) simulations will allow to evaluate impact of extra soundings and correction procedures on weather forecast accuracy.

Atmospheric vertical soundings


METEOROLOGICAL MODEL SUITE

RES. 1.5 km – 20 - 30 km FOR. 3 - 15 days - ensamble

PARAMETRIZATION OF ABL ON LAND IN CONDITIONS

OF HORIZONTAL INHOMOGENEITY

TALL TOWER MEASUREMENTS, SOUNDINGS, UAV VERTICAL PROFILES

INVESTIGATION OF ABL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES

METROLOGY LABORATORY

Role of Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation

ISAC-CNR Radiometric Observations activities in polar regions

– Concordia Station BSRN site (Antarctica, since 2006)– Mario Zucchelli Station – Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica, 2000)– Ny-Ålesund (79°N Svalbard) Climate Change Tower (Arctic, 2009)

on the NSF tower at 25 m height


2 CM22s (SW), 1 CG4 (LW)

3 m e t e r s

5meters

Albedo racks design at Dome-C(suggested by Bob Stone and setup in 2007)

SWDownSWUp

Cloudiness produces a negativeeffect ranging between –5 and 30 Wm-2

Cloudiness produces a negative effect ranging between -5 and -15Wm-2

LWDown

The effects appears on average ranging between +10 and +30 Wm-2

LWUp

The effects appears on average ranging between 0 and +7 Wm-2

CONTRIBUTION TO THE YEAR OF POLAR PREDICTION → Enhancement of cloud observational capability at MZS:

Microwave profiler (22-31 and 51-58 GHz), Zenith Visible Spectrometer (350-800 nm), Pyrometer (9.6-11.5 μm)

→ Realization of a database of atmospheric parameters forAntarctic research

RADIANCERADiative Impact of ANtarctic

Clouds Experiment

RADIANCE is based on: Ground-based measurements:

Microwave profiler, Zenith Visible Spectrometer, Pyrometer, PARradiometer, Ceilometer, Pyranometer, Pyrgeometer, Net Radiometer, Sky Imager, IR camera, Radiosounding

Satellite observations (Visible, Infrared and Microwave ranges).

RADIANCE aims to investigate the optical and physical properties ofclouds and to determine their effects on the surface and atmosphericradiative budget, focusing on liquid-bearing clouds.

Parameters derived from ground-based observations: ⇒temperature and humidity profiles, IWV, downwelling and upwelling

radiation (SW, LW, PAR), surface albedo and effective surface temperature; ⇒cloud properties: cloud cover, vertical distribution, cloud phase,

COT, LWP, droplet effective radius, and cloud base effective emissivity.

Satellite observations processed to infer atmospheric and cloud properties (IWV, LWP, ....) using a multi spectral method adapted for Antarctic observations.

Radiative transfer model (MODTRAN) to (i) evaluate cloud radiative forcing (RF) and cloud heating rate (HR) and (ii) perform sensitivity studies to cloud properties and to atmospheric and surface parameters.

EXPECTED RESULTS:⇒ assessment of cloud properties derived from ground-based observations;

⇒ estimation of the cloud Radiative Forcing at the surface;

⇒ assessment of the clouds radiative effects in the troposphere by means of modelled Radiative Forcing and Heating Rate;

⇒ comparison of ground-based and satellite observations of clouddistribution and properties.

SCRAP

SpeCtral Reflectance over the Antarctic Plateau (SCRAP)

Rationale

The project is aimed to increase the observation capabilities that are usually adopted to describe the broadbandsurface energy balance exploring the spectral behaviour of snow in the visible – shortwave infrared wavelengthrange.

New methodologies will be developed and the preparation a comprehensive database concerning surfacereflectivity, snow microphysics and surface roughness will be used to investigate modelling outcomes andsatellite retrievals.


• A sledge has been equipped with a series of instruments to measure (during MODIS overpass)– Spectral Bi directonal reflectance in

the principal (containing the sun) and perpendicular plane of reflection (see sledge path on the upper image)

– Broadband incoming and reflected irradiances (SW and LW) Hukseflux NR01

– Diffuse-ratio deltaT SPN-1– Albedo in 3 spectral bands (Vis,

1240nm, 1640nm) SnowICEcrem– Pan-Tilt (5 Hz) – Surface termperature anisotropy

(thermal camera)– Surface roughness (RGB camera)

surface roughness & Snow microphysics

Classic approach to study snow Grain size and structure

Images were acquired along with Albedo and BRDF spectral reflectanceIn the 350-1700 nm range withASD Fieldspect-3, Photon ControlSpectroadiometers and filter based multi-Spectral custom insturment (SnoiwICECrem)

This is a thermal RAW image of the surfacetemperature anisotropy produced by the shadowing effect.Image statistics over a sledge stransect is expected to provide information on sastrugy Size and orientation

Precipitation

Antarctic Precipitation Properties from ground-based instruments (APP)

Two instruments specific for precipitation observations: a Metek Micro Rain Radar (MRR) and an OTT Parsivel2 (P2) laser disdrometer, will be integrated to present instrumentation/measurements provided by RMO at MZS which includes a ceilometer and an advanced weather station (AWS).

MRR is 24 GHz fixed verticalpointing antenna radar. it providesvertical profile of reflectivityspectra up to 6000 m, from whicheffective reflectivity, mean Dopplervelocity of the falling particles, andspectral width can be derived.

P2 is an optical disdrometer. Itprovides size and fall velocity ofparticles passing through a lasermatrix from which snow rate at groundand snow accumulation can beinferred.

Ad hoc post-processing for precipitation in Antarctica will be developed and implanted for P2 and MRR.

Microphysical properties of snow will be supported by results obtained by microphysical models for ice particles and snow by using a realistic microphysical model (SAM+)aiming at represent the natural variability of the snowflakes morphology, simulating the aggregation of a population of single ice crystals

PIRANhA – SUBMITTED PROPOSAL 2017-2019

Aims to improve the knowledge on phenomena affectingthe Surface Mass Balance (SMB) and particularly quantifythe snow precipitation over a coastal area of Antarcticausing a new multidisciplinary methodology.

PIRANhA - Precipitation Impact on the Regional ANtarctic Accumulation

Mario Zucchelli

The field activities will be held at different sites

PIRANhA CONTRIBUTION TO THE YOPP REQUEST

New instruments set up for the solid precipitation and snow accumulation retrieval in order to improve the SMB estimation in the area of Terra Nova Bay.

Comparison of Snowfall and Atmospheric Water Content measurements with outputs of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) and ECMWF model.

Open data sharing: data will be collected in specific database and after the validation they will be made public through a website.

[email protected]

More potential activities


NRT observations of sea-ice distributionat Terra Nova Bay by SAR images


CosmoSkyMed System Description:

• constellation of 4 medium-size satellites, SAR-X sensor

• 600 km single side access ground area• sun-synchronous orbit at ~620km height• capability to change attitude to acquire images at

both right and left side of the satellite ground track (nominal acquisition is right looking mode)

• orders for urgent acquisition: down to 6-18 hours• 4 hours revisit time• 1800 images/day


Sea-ice distribution in the Ross Sea

10 JAN

21 NOV

31 JAN

31 DEC

National Antarctic Data Center (NADC)


Inter-operability interfaces between Common and first level nodes of NADC


Roadmap to a first structure of NADC


Grazie per la vostra attenzioneThank you for your attention

Italian Contribution to YOPP-SH - Polar...

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