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Hienachy in cropping syslems and idenlilicalion ol problemsin cullivalion : soybean in irrigated areas

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Abstract

ln farming systems, there are a number of interacting components which influence bothquantity and quality of farm products. Although the components in farming systems are numerousand complex, they can be organized into hierrachical order. At any hierrachical level, there areinputs, processes, and outputs of the system. The objectives of the research or development studymust be clearly specified before particular hierrachical level is chosen. The outputs of the system inthat level should satisfy the objectives of the study. In addition, the study should include at least onehierrachical level above and below the selected level.

This paper reports the methodology used in the case of soybean production system. Theobjective is to identify the cultivation problems so that improvement can be made on tbe soybeanyield through proper resource management in irrigated areas in chiang Mai. Hierrachical levels ofcropplng system are considered togcther with information obtained for each level. However moreemphasis is placed on the farmer's field level in this paper. Discussion is given on how to apply theresult of study at such level to identify problems in the soybean production system at higher level.

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rrjml s nrrlrirxlui:srirrnrrrrurrniutardun'rtro'or uay,iru:udndonr:r{1!srluu n.r

76

nan t5i rolrvtiHa,.r6srua;a.rri,tl:snouHaru6c aroa1Jl6.jrnalnfirir1firunr6nd.rry6alluurlar rnro:n:u:l: :ru uaveirn,ir:y6'lit6irorndr ruda{r{u6r6urfiufi anluanrinoaa.rifi6unf,r'',fiu uqitdSiliodunr:r.r6natir,rorr:ri l6uri nr:avarrirrfinufi.:araoraldr.,,6arruav.irmuf,n/fiu 6rir1finr:ahriiruruurf,orHueirn'ir:vdrrurrvdr uanornf,firurinw6oinryda.rliua.rrirlrvnal6ndrur.rd,rfirirlfiaraH6nro.rfir rn6a.rfinruu:.Jr!:ru d.rfiulunrriro:rvri{usialil5rnr:iro:rv!i'jr dnrnu'rodam1.!n1unr !racnrlrqrn:tra:l:fifin.r dlfiu6firnr:rnirg-r6:.Ier il:v6riarnlunr:diriH6ouaca.r6rl:vno:.ti liud'rrirruoHair6n6'inrirr rfiar;lirgurlunrlnonlru ua yr,riinr:ufi hsiatl

fl 2r! d-ur{ui':vn'h.rnrrroiq16iln rJ:va'ni'nrlrlunrrd{r{rrdn uovalRrl.( !lrndorrnr:eveurirnrinu#.r

fir nr6alavarrirr.rfinufi.:lo,rtirdu a.rdolu:vuv:y$.jrl6ofln 1ns; uac:vsvdiriur6o

1ne; errlrir.irfiatnrl!:yuvdflurnr:lalri':nrdawa.l Fehr et al. (tszt) ar:d.rrn:ryf fiavalryrirf,fidrudrdqlunr:rirruo,.iruruur6osia6ulu:vavdlr{u{rraifig ,:J.jrnr:ayamhr,lrinuil lalfi,l-ru6a.flur a.:rnunrn:ddnrnfi{a,irfi'o (3rlfl z) ornr:fi (l) l6ornnr:iro:rvrio,rudrriufraradrurl: uavdurrnoitrunl u ::lluratrhr.rrinui.r6,rqoeiafiura.:drnrdadd roz (nr:tfi r)

ln TDM = 3.74 + O.75 ln P -0.33 ln NPLANT - 0.09 CWSI,

- 0.14 CWSI5 - 0.07 CWSI6.........(4)

ria rDM = rirr,lrinufi,:a.raoro.r6u (niry6u)cwsl4 = oirtfinri1loiri:vucaanoan (R4)cwsr5 = o::rfinr:rroirfiryuv6ofln (R5)cwsl6 = otlcfinl:fioili:yuvaolrJ6o (R6)p = rjirrnu,laayiaialuhfil &\NPLANT = rirurufiusioen:r.r H0:

nt:Nri r rraa laaRr:irnrry#nrtl til r,rTu i: sl.i r.rtt oltnun:nr

- . atn ( rnrinrrrfr.rnorill rravanurrraioulr.r

a'ru r ir{lrh:iinf T-ratio

ira.rfia-iinrrtrnrfi::u: naa-tinrrtrarir:ru: nsa-tdnrrtrarirrru: noIn (Utrllnr P lulurln)

tn (druruduio nr.l.)

3.743

-0.2r9

-0.334

-0 .157

0.751

-0.239

6.37

-1 .75

-2.41

5 .10

-2 .15

0.000

0.0E7

0.020

0.'t79

0.0o0

0.037

litu:ufrzotii = b1 f = o.a6)

77

d'lfiun'luu al:elna.:firnrinufi.rro.ldrry6aiuu arrnro:n:iuoqifii rliunrr,{aar,,loianruuururiulardufir rv6ar unvnr:rrorhloaranrvlu:vuc ns riufir.irdr rnqrjrd'ru6a.rr{ufao.s firlanluanrfinoao.:ludrrnar 16urfiu ravldirilaiunr:r.r6nfiarr!:r[ avalrhyrinufi.ld.:dorj:vrrs zr.s nir/fiu dolluururiura.rnr: an :s Hu/o:.urn: lurruvirirr.rfinufi.:qrqorarfirna6aiuurlal nret:nr1rirfiu ro.e n5ulfiu r:!i rt

iirururtrnriodudnrlrrnodaluavnr:rlqrn::lfluu a.!nuo:n: tudr{ rgriurJttia.raufi.rrvuy ns rflud.r

irirvuo<iruruflnsiafiuro.:rir [,r6al anrrirnrvri multiple regression r,{!ir rji}r },ladyloidlubfit uav:Jfidrriu6:vwjr.lorrrlrururir.rta,:6ufirm6al uav irrnn{ad aialulifig finlldrr{u6fiuiiru':uflneiafiu fr:cd:r p<.or (qr:xfi :1 orr*rdrr{u6:vwir{ druruf,nsiofiu (po)ruacgirr:J:ei.tnrinaroriuul6d'lailnrrsial!fl ,

POD = -7.54 + 120.13 P + 0.33 NPLAiIT - 1.87 P . NPLANT - 4.26 CWSI4......(5)

arnr:fi 1s; dr r:naitrsn?rrru:l:rl:ruloliiru,:uflnt6u taldrry6aiuu alrnr*n:n:fi6nur16 szz ftr',laar',laia1u1::fir ryfit.,rur rrnn irdnu:r:6u1unr:ai:lrsnruu :rj:rura.rriru.:uf,nl6u rda':ornnr:rfil{ura.:rrirrruiloarilnlul!fi1 iHarirlfido:rdru:c ir.r lrfl.r , rhnraqloaalubirrv6a.:aoa. (Giaquinta et al., 1e8s) ftfiunr:d{roacf1ulrfi#avadu3rha*rilqnuJdruriuglnaauniu rirlfifisarurrn.ir16t,'rdr:dirn:rrliornhlrrlilunr:air.rfin 6.lfluur,rririuar:d.rroavriidrdrylu:vavdlr{ufra$r :liun'4aav,raialubfiti.rfidrudrdrglunr:rd !:cdrinrulunr:air.: ur6crta.:ri': ry6 o.r

"lrlod , uuo.runrrirnncr{n,!duniui::n,ir.rri'.r:udniodu uacanl}ru:ndoulu' a.rIRTN'R'

irdldr:iud

a

n-ru :, , j

filfl.l?l

fi:tinr:rnfrrl!: nqrloorlor-r1uluf,t{rurui'u/nr.l.rJi&fud::n'ir u'latrloiruu{ruruiu/nr,l.

-7.537

-4.260

r20.130

0.330

-'t.868

-o.7 4

-1 .E9

4.30

1.36

2.72

0.461

0.065

0.000

0. t8 t

0,009

(druzusitotix = st f= o.sz)

lJlltuRtuan

ir rin$f,ora{drry6a,:nndrruolouaarntlrof,oruavnr:ouainrrfitlu:yucgi.!r!ei R56.::vuvfi:J6ur e'nr:fi (e) dur:nafilrunru*rl: :rura.:{'.rin roo ur6ota.:firru6a.:1u

, ) .I alrnnolntfrfrnttli qsr 1nr:r.:fr r;

78

= 13.66 - 2.75 CWSI5 -3.52CWSI6 - 0.01 WEED

+ 7.63P . . . . . . ( 6 )

ria sw = rhrrin roo ur6o 1ni:r;wEED = [Ja€rfudnr:nqr6ulra{i{fi d

rfiul6'jr iairdrdr6'ryfiailrunrr*r ::l:rula.:irrfinu.r6ol6lri o::rfinr:morhluivuJ R6 6r riiu:vucfi !lf,orird{rsrudrrSri nr:uorhlu:vuyfiuanornocfirlfinr:roirgrdllnralrri6oaoaurHr Ilfiararirlfinr:rn6auirsdr:di rn:rvrilr{urSoaoa.ruayoyirlfiaraH6nra,rdrtuda.:aoarlrnn'jr nr:lrorlr:yuv6u (sionit and Kramer, l9z7)

tl:1{$ J lldnttont:itR:tcriRrrt auxurlsurr.r ur}ruR loo rrlnn uo3dRl}lnndodulrjnr

lfltn:Rt

n'rurlr dr a-lrlr: fvr-f, T-ratio P

' , . i61f,.ltl

ifi{dn11nliflr!rJJ R5

nfiidnlr!lirllrrrJr R6'l'nnf,n

r,loei'lar"rluluf,l

13.659

-2.715

-3.52'�|

-0.137

7.628

t 1.64

-2.33

-4,70

-1.24

2.24

0.000

0.024

0.000

o.221

o.o27

( i l n u g h o d N = 6 i f = o . 4 5 )

anlriianls$orilqnr*f,rulm rciur{r{r uac?sftJrilChrir

nr:6nur:cd!$rJa,::lanficir.rfiu uao.flfiniu6.:to,irfioludrunra 6fllordrry6ar :rlrA \ l ' e A . i , y r , I - - . 1,:nalntlaYfl $4sl!an1a11no rla1u 5.: ahovdl]l Lo?1 Lulvuunuflt nltll:rutnljLn (!:vt]lu

ornnr:acal{rrfinufiraraoral6u) uavrl:vtninrnlunr:urj.:fluar:dlro:r:ritld.:*rf,o ri$v t . a v ,

roarnctnrnqJ yn rlrrruruwe osrafiueirn'jr:c6'!fi riudnunr rvna:ifi!firlryrinur6ocirdru

16r rirlfi arairinta.rfirn,t6o.fluurla.:rntfl :n:eirn'irrlnunry{

ar6 :vnadu:vlr.rlar6u liudrmqfi drdrgf irfioa.:rir.l:vnauar6nlalfic n.ir16a

6ufirJilrrunqr,laal{aiafiriurl:vlus{dafitrq6uriauir.!eir 1nr:rrfi ay firqoddrJliuavnvarilulrlficLiuilirlrreirn'ircirinq6 rirlfifiHan:vlr!sianr:ay*rrfirarinufir ,iruruflngia6u uavfirr.rrinuFa uanornflnlruflurl:v1st$ta.:ir1udud.lfi,irfio lourq rylu:vuc no C.:iHairlfi

triryfi n ur6or arrir n,r6 o.lqn<irfio

79

nr:r{f 4 iurn rrnol rrludluoslullfir luuJo.uncn:n:

r.r1u1uf,t%

hu 1ppm.1 runr (%) iu (pprn) luf,t (x)

34.5

2.O

E.6

rirdrdaa'lt1ti

i1ra0u

6.24

4.03

5. t r

0.56

0 . 1 5

o.32

'| 04

34

64

2.67

'1./$

2 .12

ri ariria4a rfi arfirnri{odiiio{urir.r .l drxi!nilnernil rr a,: Lnnorniluuiardr a rjr.:

rJlfiorirll !'ilifllr daon6alfi!drrxnra.riarirfio rudrfi ndr6a. nrst:nrfio,uoldilur4aanlo

lud'qflfieirnir o.o nn. ero/i (m:r{fi s) tutilcfidqr:riruc r6a r.o nn. rro,Ii rfio.rqrn6ui

:lirrrunerr',laav{aiaiLflu:.1:vlrtdeiafirriauir.reiro{udr nr:1d:]ulloaMoluder:reirrdufr 6.t

rir1fi:lirrrur'{aar,{aialubfita{tur;droirn'jrrvuvar (nr:r{fir) rrq Nuay xlubfirfiu a{' rn:n:ldrllNlu:rho.rillnan uacrlurnilu:lir.nrufrriaHurntltivolJ?r tt nlulJfu14l ruoJaln n1

ri'rlrJirrilfiI:lqrfiBlqri. 6lrnarnrolrf;r ioaqjlu::dri rfiuorauaviurfi rnuer:n:ldquitfi xro

1u:cd'!fi cir uei:lirrru r lu6uadlu:cd'udlrimounau

< t r } . r . { r .alntll 5 lu0:l(runltuni||Dun:n:n Intuuu Rolulr'utulot N. P,o! K:o l :ynunril cl

Grrnulu (nn./i) P:Os

o-2

2-4

4-6

42.3

46.2't 1.5

46.2

38,5

80.8

19.2

A a Z a f r ,rua{olnnEoini nnu goul$lruranrJ]nn1] 2 fit.:tun'l.rrlonta ry{rvllan Lotuu:v!1nr

B - C ! . , Y - a8s% aoultJlnnll 3 n:.t o.tuururanflni to.tt'J0lunaalno.tla{r.rar.ra9 tu[1Ja{9148}t

t i e , v . - V ; .nliLn9lniluanuScntSu nYll]ll,|naalnonli6zdr]ll lruntl'n.![avfl' l5rY{ a1u?u nnonu

lannltl1aa{fiO o11 Tu1[t-tula{9uo?tu6a{ ].ll8tJ'ltu 82% na.tu!n.!02au1n un1"l 141-t1U,u'l.tta.JA a a - )

elunlt aan6{n?1 30 nu/n1?1.lurol (!lJ7l 6) t.rt!ulvo:JYllt1{!u1d.!rdlr{Ll4lnEnlnluan n.:lu]?l2

_/

n?l xr.l']uliura{fis1uuin{drodr.rdrulllqjo{ludr.r lo-e o 6u/err:lulo: d{a'rotrin:vrrqiaHaH6o16oriurlrr,rrinusoli luannfifiioiacit 1 n:rfi.lu uoiludufifi:lirnnrorcraur:rr,rtfioairrdu y{aaioia d.:1unrflfr orrlyurur-iu6ufitn:irJfifiiurirrfilr4aar,,laia riifi.iruruilnaia6unnairfio uan ir,lfi ol:larnfr fi r..ranryrrcianr:dvdrrirr.rfinui.rta.:fi u

GG

_ 200'G3

a 1 5 0

100

40

n'rur uoi uTot:.u.r ot:

f ! e - d t e I {:u14 6 fi ' l DJanJy{urtvH ttlft ' ultu ruulro{f,urragHdflnqo taH ai0.t

n6oa.rlur,rar6u 1 d,rrm6uilloulfliyioiaq6u rfiaaooru rfia.:ludruolrranra.: ur6o luanrnfrfiamrr nf;oru6uluuaurny n6oqrxnrvrlrj6 rnuo:nr6.rlddoflnri and.: :urtrdar,t.t

z ' 4 v A . q v s - Z1dq0lr.t ' l t{u lunan ttotLtnaL ttnta]nntlull ,},h.tr]tnq& u]do tt{?i]lt6uflunti?raoq.tiu ntr. i , /rll-rcli inrrqm:aodstanr:ie n 6.rdrriluda.:iirfllff.lnrturrRiol:lanfin,trrvdtriudnt nr:reriarl

ru!aurrdri'lnn:runrr;hdr u

ilrgr,rrnr:nern::rfir,u1un:ri6nurfl fildrituirgurfirfio{urarnclur a.rdraar.r rleiHaotnnrreirmtnr:nmn:r lraydr!fi!dradriaraa.r6sftu:vdr:fruiilrirln!:vmu nqn{ unvnuv

ar ruor.J:vnr:drdrgfr rnr*o:n:1{der:rnr:r.lanalnir!n6 rflallrnrnuc:n: antrrt1.lruao

o

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I o _ o oU D

a _ o u t ro o c , t r

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u t r o B

- o

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tr

D o Ir t n lrnuvr:n:- aoriroao.l

(2s31) 16^adi aan rlurhualr6llfiu d.!fiunnlnuavfflxqlo.riryrarfildlrnm:6nur:vriuurJa.r

s

8 1

drllrnlioGrlrulurcd'!finir{1rr,r{u {ruiis rfiarLfitrda.irriod.rnrirr6raur:nrirl:it{firndrrirr,rlruiio roudu

dryilnr:roirlalfirlu:yavrirrird'lairrfinray u6o 6lufior rflufia.irfiofidrdrgfiirlfirirr.rrinrar uSod'l miaraoa,r rnuo:n:filanradn;{onr:eiaiqlrrft6fiau ryrflynr:{o:a!n:ittarl:cyrru uavnrrioa::rirlriaur:n{onr:161u:ydrular mry!anr,tia:vd'rLv{r5r irpr,rrdrufrliuirgrarla.rrvdrriuflir:riua!:ynrulordru:u nrr16auiu anfirn,r6o,:lfir5riurfiav6n rdalnr:lrorirlurvu:inq6 u!ru6.rnr:r duuriruuonrrti.rirralfruii!rirga!:yflrufi.ry od.rayn:cyrl..,un unltir:rinurnaoldrir uavnr:rfi! rfiurdrrurfl 1w6 uayoily, 2s26) rrlr6ani- < ' l , l v a ; L a a ) ! q!o't1r.rt'Uum to'.l1nnl16)a !l!lJl{nun n? tuao.tyl?lu!.4.J x-0ta1ud Rt0,{axan rau.3n151.o1.nL!r

!?.t1nq6r

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rayn:crrunr:firiryrioaraat6olu:vduyh{urfir or:ayfia,:6nurnaln*ayiadrfiolurvailu!a.:rJqnfit nia:v1ar merra,:iryrar uacnr:6'onr:nqnr:r niaufihirgr,tr rurirriu uonlrniror:rirnr:6nur:ydldufia,:orn:vrrLylr{r5nyfil:vd'r rfia rirlonr:ionr:ili'arrdrfifiHan:vrurrfrr:yd'rr4ril lunr:6nryrfrlduaoiiniufi.riorirfionr:roiqrfidor $ayira 6oro,rfirM6aiu:cd'uulairnuo:6.:io',irfion,tririarrr:n16a:rlu.rlirliuirnrudaoo6orfirnr:6'onr:1u:vdl

r4r4runyortrnir.:rnr.:lorflrgmfiodraodrfiutao4rS*roir.r 1 1u:vdrfrufiirirtni:rvrru {a.irfio!r{:l:ynr:fr rfiurdolfllnt:non:rl rdu nr:rrqoro adr4aSd rracnllyurur-iuta.:fiurir m6a.lar r:navedo'td firlilrl:rnr:ionr::vdr rSruiaurlar:Janfit uddo'irfiorfiurfi:rnr:groirlu:vu:inq6aa.:fiufit arafiar:lir:J:urfilllurvdrfrufiilrirra :ynru orrr rirlordurrirnrrrtdallrL.r:yM'jrrrv! u::dr{uair.r 1 6rfi n.:udrdrgd.r

mn6n161€5€wqni Auiunzii rxi nnsi.tti iuin ifaai anu nryoutJwfu| auw utrwiiarqa

naz tiin tti. zsst. nr: :yrrluorla::nlunr:ar6ni'du'liurrnusr:n:. fi]irrrz-rsl. lu:ralunr:ti rur:cu nr:rirr,'hir n9lfr s :rniriud a z rrJU.rtruzsst zu rntiturii'urnusr:ff ast{ inurrltsrriru,:lldu.

wi nnydttl wqni iuiunrcii nun qn{nal nrlno2tity qninar uat w drhtnaz in n iu yf ni n nl. zsza. quid'u:sr unr: n nritrra yuurmrrnr:rirrriutru

ln:.rnr:quriirirnionl'!dalrdn rirnun: nzuvrnun:ffdfl{ unrimurti'uri'u.flxri.ndr -ee az. lu .:rulrunr:drrur.llulnralanril n9.:ri r :ynjr.riufr ro-raiurnr zrzo. ru riourwrn:ol riuni.

82

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ldso, S.B. 1982. Non-watering str€ssed baselin€s : A key to measuring and inte|preting plant waterstress. Agri. Meteorol. 27 : 59-70.

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