It focuses on locations of various types in a spatial order

that starts the reader to move in a certain direction from one

place to another. Usually this kind of arrangement requires the

reader to follow where the events take place. To indicate the

spatial relationships, compass points, geographical terms and

space-related prepositions, etc. are needed accordingly.

Paragraph Development by SpaceParagraph Development by Space

Read the following sample paragraph and identify the spatial sequence in describing the development and spread of the earlier American civilization.

Read the following sample paragraph and identify the spatial sequence in describing the development and spread of the earlier American civilization.

SampleSampleSampleSample

ExercisesExercisesExercisesExercises

By the time Columbus reached the New World in 1492, the civilization of the native Americans had reached a level of culture that included personal wealth, fine buildings, expert craftsmanship, and religions. Continuing archaeological excavations tell us what little we know about the extent of the earliest immigrants. The most advanced cultures developed in what is now Mexico and Peru. Many of the surrounding peoples in Central America, South America and North America also reached complex states of civilization, but were largely isolated from each other and from greater civilizations of

(To be continued on next page.)

the continents. Widely separated peoples reached similar stages of development independently but during the same periods of time. For instance, the mound builders made burial and ceremonial sites in several places in what is now the eastern U.S., Central Mexico, and on the Gulf of Mexico, all at about the same time. Men settled down to plant crops, especially maize, in Peru, Central America, and the eastern U.S. again during the same period. But from the earliest archaeological evidence of men in America, we know that they ranged over the entire hemisphere, from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego.

ExerciseExercise1616

ExerciseExercise1616

ExerciseExercise1717

ExerciseExercise1717

Ex. 16 Read the paragraph carefully, paying special attention to spatial and chronological signals, and complete the following exercises.

Ex. 16 Read the paragraph carefully, paying special attention to spatial and chronological signals, and complete the following exercises.

The word “university” comes from the Latin word “universitas” meaning “the whole” The modern definition of a university is an institution that teaches and examines students in many branches of advanced learning, awarding degrees and providing facilities for academic research. The origins of universities can be traced back to the Middle Ages, with the earliest European centers at Bologna, Italy, for law, founded in 1088. The first universities in England were established at Oxford in 1185 and at Cambridge in 1209. By comparison, the oldest universities in the U.S.A. are at Harvard, founded in 1636, and Yale, established in 1701. The English university

(to be continued on the next page)

in London was not founded until 1836. However, it was in the 1960s that the largest single expansion of higher education took place in Britain. One of the largest university developments was the foundation of the Open University in 1969. It is a nonresidential university which provides for life-long education of various backgrounds with part-time degree and other courses. It uses a combination of correspondence courses, television, radio broadcasts and the Internet, and summer schools for organization on a regional basis.

ExercisesExercisesExercisesExercises

Fill each of the blanks with a spatial or a chronological term.Fill each of the blanks with a spatial or a chronological term.

Institution Location TimeEuropean centers Bologna, Italy 1088

England 1185

Cambridge

1636

Yale

1836

Open University

Oxford

England 1209

Harvard U.S.A

U.S.A 1701

The English Univ. London

Britain 1969

Ex. 17 Complete the following brief introduction to foods popular over the United States with the help of the map and information given.

Ex. 17 Complete the following brief introduction to foods popular over the United States with the help of the map and information given.

Place Popular FoodTexas, SW Mexican foodFlorida, SE oranges California W Chinese foodGeorgia, SE fried chickenChicago, N cheese and beefMaine, NE lobster

RestaurantsRestaurantsAs the United States is known as a nation of all nations, its foods As the United States is known as a nation of all nations, its foods

are also international. If you come from China, you’ll find _________are also international. If you come from China, you’ll find __________________________________________________. For those who favo_________________________________________. For those who favor spicy Mexican food, _________________________________. Thougr spicy Mexican food, _________________________________. Though KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a Kentucky-based corporation anh KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a Kentucky-based corporation and has its restaurants all over the world, Georgia _________________d has its restaurants all over the world, Georgia __________________________________________________________. If you prefer seafo_________________________________________. If you prefer seafood, Maine ___________________________________od, Maine ______________________________________________ For the lovers of cheese and beef, Chicago ____________________ For the lovers of cheese and beef, Chicago ______________________. Well, after you have had a meal of your favorite foo_____________. Well, after you have had a meal of your favorite food, what about a fruit dessert _______________________?d, what about a fruit dessert _______________________?

KeyKeyKeyKey

PlaceTexas, SW

Florida, SE

California W

Georgia, SE

Chicago, N

Maine, NE

Popular Food

Mexican food oranges Chinese

foodfried chicken

cheese and beef lobster

RestaurantsRestaurantsAs the United States is known as a nation of all nations, its foods As the United States is known as a nation of all nations, its foods

are also international. If you come from China, you’ll find _________are also international. If you come from China, you’ll find __________________________________________________. For those who favo_________________________________________. For those who favor spicy Mexican food, _________________________________. Thougr spicy Mexican food, _________________________________. Though KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a Kentucky-based corporation anh KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a Kentucky-based corporation and has its restaurants all over the world, Georgia _________________d has its restaurants all over the world, Georgia __________________________________________________________. If you prefer seafo_________________________________________. If you prefer seafood, Maine ___________________________________od, Maine ______________________________________________ For the lovers of cheese and beef, Chicago ____________________ For the lovers of cheese and beef, Chicago ______________________. Well, after you have had a meal of your favorite foo_____________. Well, after you have had a meal of your favorite food, what about a fruit dessert _______________________?d, what about a fruit dessert _______________________?

your familiar Chinese food everywhere in California Mexican food are all over Texas

is more likely to come to mind when fried chicken is mentioned is the place to enjoy cheap and delicious

lobsters is their paradise

of Florida oranges

PlaceTexas, SW

Florida, SE

California W

Georgia, SE

Chicago, N

Maine, NE

Popular Food

Mexican food oranges Chinese

foodfried chicken

cheese and beef lobster

A call for papers to a symposium, forum or conference

usually but not always includes the purpose of the event,

preferred topics of the papers, and the guidelines for the

papers.

Call for PapersCall for Papers

SampleSampleSampleSample

ExercisesExercisesExercisesExercises

(to be continued on the next page)

CALL FOR PAPERSInternational Symposium on Current Development of Biology

Sponsored by Japanese Institute of Biology1-5-8 Tomaba, Megurku, Tokyo 153-8606, Japan

Tel: +81-3-5452-6444 Fax: +81-3-5452-6458Email: j-biology@skl-tokyo.ac.jp

Authors are invited to submit manuscripts that demonstrate original unpublished research in all areas of biology. Topics of interest include but are not limited to: 1. Genes responsible for diseases;2. Cloning of human tissues;3. Fertility of endangered species;4. Birth control.Important dates:March, 31: submission deadline for papersApril, 7: notification of acceptanceTo stay informed about the current state, visit out website at: http://www.j-biology.ac.jp

(to be continued on the next page)

Guidelines below are provided to ensure that all papers will be in a consistent format.

1. Sheets for Papers and TypingPrepare the manuscripts in A4 paper, sheet size 297 mm x 210 mm. The size of characters should be 10 points of Times. All text is to be single-spaced. Left and right justified typing is preferred. Each page must be typed on a high quality computer printer. 2. LengthAll manuscripts (with the exception of Invited Papers) are limited to 8 single-spaced pages, including the Title Block, abstract, figures, tables and references. 3. AbstractWrite a concise abstract (limited to 300 words), which presents in short the content and, very important, in words understandable also to the non-specialists. 4. ReferencesReferences should be cited in the text, and listed in alphabetical order in the reference section.

(to be continued on the next page)

5. CopyrightIf your article contains any copyrighted illustrations or imagery, please include a statement of copyright. It is the authors?responsibility to obtain any necessary copyright permission.

Ex. 18 Use the information given below to write a call for papers, including submission guidelines.

Ex. 18 Use the information given below to write a call for papers, including submission guidelines.

ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference

Conference: The Indian Conference on Computer Graphics Sponsor: Premier Academic Institutions Theme: Recent advances in computer image processing Paper length: 12 single-spaced pages including references, figure

s, tables, etc. Sheets for Papers: 8.5 x 11 inch pages Paper judgment: On originality, technical strength, significance, q

uality of presentation, interest and relevance to the conference attenders

Copies accepted: Both hard copy and electronic submission Paper originality: Papers may not appear in or be considered for

another conference Publication: The best papers from the conference may be consid

ered for publication in Electronic Graphics.

Conference: The Indian Conference on Computer Graphics Sponsor: Premier Academic Institutions Theme: Recent advances in computer image processing Paper length: 12 single-spaced pages including references, figure

s, tables, etc. Sheets for Papers: 8.5 x 11 inch pages Paper judgment: On originality, technical strength, significance, q

uality of presentation, interest and relevance to the conference attenders

Copies accepted: Both hard copy and electronic submission Paper originality: Papers may not appear in or be considered for

another conference Publication: The best papers from the conference may be consid

ered for publication in Electronic Graphics.

CALL FOR PAPERSThe Indian Conference on Computer GraphicsSponsored by Premier Academic Institutions

Theme: Recent advances in computer image processing.

Submitted manuscripts may not exceed 12 single-spaced pages of text using 12-point size type on 8.5 x 11 inch pages. References, figures, tables, etc. should be included in the total of twelve pages of the text. Either hardcopy or electronic submissions will be accepted. Submissions will be judged on originality, technical strength, significance, quality of presentation, interest and relevance to the conference attendees. Submitted papers may not have appeared in or be considered for another conference. The best papers from the conference may be considered for publication in Electronic Graphics.