It borders in north and east for about 600 miles with Sin kiang and Tibet provinces of China and in the south and west for about 750 miles with

Pakistan. A thirty miles stretch of Wakhan, an Afghan territory separates it from Tajikistan, whereas towards south, it forms a border with India.

• Strategically, the importance of this area cannot be over emphasized as it lies at the intersection of the great Himalayas, Hindukush and Karakoram ranges.

• It is located in the extreme NW corner of Sub-Continent. where borders of five countries converge, i.e. former USSR, China, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan.

• Geographical Over View• The state of Jammu and Kashmir before 1947 had an area of 84,471 square miles

• Kashmir – Implications on Pakistan The importance of Kashmir to Pakistan as the lifeline of Pakistan can be well -understood by having a look at the map of Pakistan. Three out of six rivers, which run through Pakistan, originate from Kashmir namely Rivers Indus, Jhelum and Chenab where as remaining three Rivers Ravi, Sutlaj and Biyas originate from India. Economically, the waters of the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab, which originate through Kashmir, are vital to the agricultural life of Pakistan. Assuming that Kashmir was to accede to India, the same would also apply to the other three rivers, and not only the water of the rivers which flow from India to Pakistan but also that of the rivers which flow from Kashmir into Pakistan would be denied to Pakistan.

• Millions of acres of cultivated land would be turned into wasteland and millions of people would be faced with starvation• b. Kashmir also assumes added importance for Pakistan from military point of view. Without Kashmir, Silk route to China will be greatly endangered and there will be no link with China-a time tested ally and friend of Pakistan.• c. There will be no ground defense of Pakistan if the rivers and canals of Pakistan are dried up.• d. The strategic location of the state, close proximity of its SE borders to 180 miles long vital road and rail route between Rawalpindi and Lahore.

• Kashmir – Implications on IndiaIf critically analyzed, the presumed strategicimportance of Kashmir as per Indian viewpointis more based on desire to having hegemony inthe region rather than based on securitycompulsions, as is the case with Pakistan. It isexactly what was termed by Mr. Liaqat Ali Khan,the Late Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1951 as“luxury to India” and a “vital necessity ofPakistan” if judged from the securitycompulsions of both the countries.

• Kashmir – Implications on Pakistan• Three out of six rivers, which run through Pakistan, originate from Kashmir namely Rivers Indus, Jhelum and Chenab where as remaining three Rivers Ravi, Sutlaj and Biyas originate from India.• Kashmir also assumes added importance for Pakistan from military point of view. Without Kashmir, Silk route to China will be greatly endangered and there will be no link with China-a time tested ally and friend of Pakistan.• There will be no ground defence of Pakistan if the rivers and canals of Pakistan are dried up.• The strategic location of the state, close proximity of its SE borders to 180 miles long vital road and rail route between Rawalpindi and Lahore.

• Pakistan is located at a region which has great political, economic and strategic location. It has been hub of activities of great powers for last 20 years. It has witnessed intervention of three great powers I-e Britain, USSR, and USA. Its significance was further enhanced during cold war when it becomes ally of US policy of containment of USSR and now the post cold war era has witnessed its significance particularly after the events of 9/11.

• Bridge between South Asia and South West Asia; Iran and Afghanistan are energy abundant while India and China are lacking of. China finds way to Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea through Karakorum. China with its fastest economic growth rate of 9%; is developing its southern provinces because its own port is 4500 km away from Sinkiang but Gawader is 2500 km away. Pakistan offers to CARs the shortest route of 2600 km as compared to Iran (4500 km) or Turkey (5000 km). Land locked Afghanistan now at the phase of Reconstruction, finds its ways through Pakistan. Gawader port with its deep waters attracts the trade ships of China, CARs and South East Asian Countries.

• Iran is struggling to export its surplus gas and oil to eastern countries. Qatar Pakistan and Turkmenistan Pipeline projects highlight the position. Pakistan would get 400 million dollar annually if IPI gets success. Mountain Ranges such as Himalayas, Hindu Kush in the North are plentiful in providing water and natural resources.

• It has resource rich area in the north-west, people rich in the north-east.” Pakistan is a junction of South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, a way from resource efficient countries to resource deficient countries. The world is facing energy crisis and terrorism. Pakistan is a route for transportation

• Pakistan is located at the junction of great powers. In its neighbor’s one world power Russia and the other emerging power china. Any alliance among world powers enhances its significance. This factor has been utilized by Pakistan after 9/11. Security and business are two main US interests in the region while Pakistan is playing a front line role in the war against terrorism.

• Central Asia is the center stage of new Great games. Western quest for resources- oil and energy resources in the central Asia. After USSR decline, new quest started which is as manifested by politics of oil. Pakistan is located very close to the oil rich Middle Eastern countries. The belt started from Iran and extended to Saudi Arabia.

• If we look at the map of Muslim countries, Pakistan occupies a central location. Towards west of Iran, china extends to North Africa. Thus it can actively participate in the activities of Muslim world-economic development, transport of resources and above all combat terrorism. Among the Muslims countries Pakistan is the only Muslim country having nuclear capability which has great influence on the political, socio-economic activities in the region and the maintenance of status quo in the region.

• China's link to the Middle East: Pakistan is the only direct and shortest link between China and the Middle East. Imagine the impact of China on the Middle East, if this link is fully functional. Gawader Port located in proximity of Arabian Gulf and Central Asian Republics provide it unique opportunity to serve both.

• China's link to the Middle East: Pakistan is the only direct and shortest link between China and the Middle East. Imagine the impact of China on the Middle East, if this link is fully functional. Gawader Port located in proximity of Arabian Gulf and Central Asian Republics provide it unique opportunity to serve both.

• Pakistan is a junction of south Asia, west Asia and central Asia; a way from resource efficient countries to resource deficient countries. The world is facing energy crises and terrorism. Pakistan is a route for transportation and a front line state against terrorism. Moreover Pakistan has been traditionally ally of emerging economic giant; china. So in the vague of any change in world politics, Pakistan’s geo-strategic significance would further be enhanced.

• How dangerous is the Kashmir dispute?• It is potentially one of the most dangerous disputes in the world and in the worst-case scenario could trigger a nuclear conflict.• In 1998 India and Pakistan both declared themselves to be nuclear powers with a string of nuclear tests.• In 2002 there was a huge deployment of troops on both sides of the border as India reacted to an armed attack on the national parliament in Delhi the previous December. Tension between the two countries has rarely been so high.• India said the attack was carried out by Pakistani-based militants assisted by the Pakistan government - a charge always denied by Pakistan.• For much of the last two decades, separatist militancy and cross-border firing between the Indian and Pakistani armies has left a death toll running into tens of thousands and a population traumatised by fighting and fear.

• • GEO STRATEGIC LOCATION• “While history has been unkind with Pakistan,

its geography has been its greatest benefit.”• Pakistan is located at a region which has great

political, economic and strategic location.

• PAKISTAN GEOGRAPHICALLY LOCATION:

• Location: Southern Asia lies between 24 and 36.75 northern latitude and between 61 and 7505 eastern longitude. Area: 7,96000 sq.km.

• Towards north apart from the state of Kashmir is china. It shares 400 km long border with china.• Towards north Tajikistan though no boarder but a narrow strip as Wahkhan strip separate the

two.• • Towards east, Punjab-Rajasthan boarders which is 1650 km long• Towards west, Afghanistan and Durand line of 2250 km.• Towards south, Arabian and Indian sea. Coastal belt is about 700 km.•

Proximity to great powers such as China & Russia, proximity to central Asia & oil rich Middle East countries are few points that signify the importance of Pakistan`s Geo-strategic location. RINP`s programme will focus on recommending strategies to policy makers & decision makers on how the geo strategic location can help in development & management of natural resources of Pakistan.

• Outflow of goods from western China and Central Asia through Gwadar PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR• 9. CURRENT PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT Gwadar-Khunjerab-Kashgar rail network Gwadar-Khunjerab-Kashgar rail

network connecting the maximum number of population through a network of highways and railways six-lane motorway to be built from Karachi to Lahore. MoU’s signed with China PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 10. OBJECTIVE OF PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Increase the volume of trade between Pakistan and china Take full advantage of preferential trade agreement(PTA) and free trade agreement (FTA) Increase export to china, recently export to china is $3.14 billion PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 11. OBJECTIVE OF PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Pakistan and china are second largest partners in south Asia, this will help to retain partnership Widen Karakorum high way and open new economic corridor from china to Gwadar Approximately reduce 10000 km distance and it is the shortest route PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 12. PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR• 13. OBJECTIVE OF PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Expand trade with Afghanistan and it help both countries to play their role in post-

2014 Afghanistan Expand trade with Russia by providing trade route till Gwadar port Development of infrastructure along Pakistan PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 14. OBJECTIVE OF PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR China access to the Indian Ocean with the aim of widening its geopolitical influence and military presence in the region Job opportunities and economic development in Baluchistan Increase Chinese investment, Pakistani investment in china will also be encouraged PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 15. OBJECTIVE OF PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Regional peace, prosperity and elevate the life of poor people of south Asia Enhance trade among Pakistan, China, Gulf States, Central Asia and Africa China is interested to extend the IranPakistan pipeline to its western territory PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 16. ADVANTAGES OF PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Can benefit new emerging regional cooperation Save time, cost and freight charges Facilitate trade, have Economic Zone en-route and will allow reaping of full benefits of development, economic and social uplift

• 17. ADVANTAGES OF PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Increase the economic collaboration between both countries by connecting western china to Gwadar Regional stability in Asia as well as whole world Pakistan economy will Boost PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 18. ADVANTAGES OF PAK-CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Pakistan can avail great opportunities from chine’s expert in various sectors like energy ,Technology and Education sector Create new employment opportunities Pakistan and china both collectively target the half of the population of the world ,it will provide great opportunity for both countries to expend their market PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 19. DISADVANTAGES: FTA leads to threat for local markets and local manufacturers Disturb of local industries Difficult to compete chine’s product in market Increase the ratio of unemployment Dependent to China PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 20. Huge difference between Balance of payment Trade deficit Trade Deficit Pakistan-China trade increased by 17.6% to a total of US$ 12.4 billion in 2012. 00 3.14 China export to Pakistan is 9.3billion Pakistan’s export to china is 3.14billion PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR 9.2

• 21. DISADVANTAGES: Focus on import rather than Domestic production Threat for potential group Due to free trade agreement with china leads to lack of competition. PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 22. Recommendation: Pakistan should create stability In its terrority to implementation on that plan To make positive balance of trade Pakistan should increase exports Agriculture products Textile products Leather PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 23. Maintain favorable balance of trade Precious stone Sports goods Textiles products• 24. RECOMMENDATION: • Restriction on that commodities which is harmful for our industries • To make a frame work to use Domestic

currency for trade (barter system) • Develop auto industries rather than focusing on import parts. PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR• 25. Implementations of agreements should be addressed Should provide latest technology Think tank should collaborate by both countries

PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR• 26. RECOMMENDATION: Pakistan should implement and handle policies up to the mark Utilization of raw material and value added process

should be done in Pakistan PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR• 27. Recommendations Make efforts to diversify market in China Security issues, law and order system are main obstacles in the way of Pak-

china economic corridor { Pakistan should develop the training centers and Chinese language centers in order to make effective communications PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 28. CONCLUSION Natural Gateway for China Positive response by both countries through mutual cooperation Both countries are keen to enhance trade activities PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• 29. Infrastructural improvement and Development of Dams Stability of economy by investment in different sectors “our friendship is “higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, stronger than steel, dearer than eyesight, sweeter than honey”. PAK CHINA ECONOMIC CORRIDOR

• Geo political is defined as, stressing the influence of geographic factors on the state power, international conduct and advantages it derives from its location

• US interests in the regions to contain the Growing China, nuclear Iran, terrorist Afghanistan, and to benefit from the market of India.

• Security and Business are two main US interests in the region while Pakistan is playing a front line role against terrorism

River system for Pakistan Pakistani dependence is many fold: 1) The foremost is Pakistani agricultural dependence.

2) The dams constructed en-route the rivers are the largest source of water supply for irrigation 3) The river water is used for hydroelectric power generation 4) The water is used for drinking. 5) Less importance is that the river water is used as source of sweet water fish in Pakistan.

• China illegally occupying:- North East Ladakh: sq km 38,000 Central Sector: sq km 2100 (Kaurik, Shipkila, Pulam, Sumdo,Jadhang,Barahoti) Ceded by Pak to China: sq km 5180 Total 45,280

• The significance of the Karakoram Highway lies in the fact that it cuts through the zone between Asia and the Indian subcontinent, wherein China, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan come within 250 km of each other.

• 411-mile-long railroad, which will connect the town of Havelian in Abbottabad district in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the Khunjerab Pass.

• But even though renewable energy and nuclear technology will gradually offset demand for coal, China’s continued dependence on oil and rising demand for gas—that it will be incapable of supplying wholly from domestic sources—will sustain a high dependence on imported resources. With China’s domestic oil production stagnating, the International Energy Agency (IEA) expects its import dependence ratio to reach 80 percent in 2030. Beijing has over the past two decades made efforts to diversify its sources of imported oil, but it has only managed to tinker at the margins with its heavy reliance on the Middle East and Africa. China remains dependent on six countries for over half of its oil supplies: Saudi Arabia, Angola, Iran, Russia, Oman, and Sudan. And as demand for imported oil and gas will continue to grow, supply security will remain a prominent feature of China’s energy strategy and its foreign policy calculus.

• India is now the world’s fourth largest energy consumer. India’s demand for energy is expected to double over the next 20 years supplied by growing consumption of high-ash coal-fired power and increased imports of oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium. India’s import dependence from 2010 to 2035 is projected for each of the primary fossil fuels as follows: coal’s dependence doubles from 16 percent to 33 percent, oil jumps from 76 to 92 percent, and gas, mostly LNG, grows from 20 to 36 percent. Given the sheer scale of India’s energy needs