Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu-Applied Engineering Science 1(2013)11

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 10(2012)4

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J O U R N A L O F A P P L I E D E N G I N E E R I N G S C I E N C E (J A E S)

The journal publishes original and review articles covering the concept of technical science, energy and environ-ment, industrial engineering, quality management and other related sciences. JAES is Open-Access Journal that follows new trends and progress proven practice in listed fi elds, thus creating a unique forum for interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary dialogue. JAES is part of the electronic journal editing with a transparent editorial and review policy. Provided are:

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PublisherInstitute for Research and Design in Commerce and Industry - IIPP; www.iipp.rsFor publisher: Prof. dr Branko VasićCopublishersFaculty of Mechanical Engineering - Belgrade University; www.mas.bg.ac.rsFor copublisher: Prof. dr Milorad Milovančević Faculty of Transport and Traffi c Engineering – Belgrade University; www.sf.bg.ac.rsFor copublisher: Prof. dr Branimir StanićEditor in ChiefProf. dr Jovan TodorovićFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade;Assistant EditorDr Predrag Uskoković, IIPPEditorial Board Prof. dr Gradimir Danon, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade; Doc. dr Dušan Milutinović, Institute for Transport and Traffi c CIP, Belgrade; Mr Đorđe Milosavljević, CPI - Process Engineering Center, Belgrade; Prof. dr Miodrag Zec, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade; Prof. dr Nenad Đajić,Mining and Geology Faculty, Belgrade; Prof. dr Vlastimir Dedović, Faculty of Transport and Traffi c Engeneering, Belgrade;Prof. dr Mirko Vujošević,Faculty of organizational sciences, Belgrade;Doc. dr Vladimir Popović,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade;Doc. dr Vesna Spasojević Brkić,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade.

ISSN 1451-4117 UDC 33Papers are indexed by SCOPUS

International Editorial BoardProf. dr Vukan Vučić,University of Pennsylvania, USA;Prof. dr Robert Bjeković, Hochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten, Germany;Prof. dr Jozef Aronov, Research Institute for Certifi cation JSC, Russia;Prof. dr Jezdimir Knežević, MIRCE Akademy, England;Dr Nebojša Kovačević, Geotechnical consulting group, England;Adam Zielinski, Solaris Bus & Coach, Poland;Prof. dr Miloš Knežević, Faculty for Civil Engineering, Montenegro;MSc Siniša Vidović, Energy Testing & Balance Inc, USA;Dr Zdravko Milovanović,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Banja Luka.Publishing CouncilMilutin Ignjatović,Institute for Transport and Traffi c CIP, Belgrade; Dragan Belić,Transport Company “Lasta”, Belgrade;Dr Deda Đelović, Port of Bar, Bar;Dr Drago Šerović, Adriatic Shipyard, Bijela;Cvijo Babić,Belgrade Waterworks and Sewerage, Belgrade;Nenad Jankov, Power Plant Kostolac B, Kostolac;Miroslav Vuković, Mercator Business System, Belgrade;Dušan Đurašević, Euro Sumar, Belgrade.Editorial Offi ceNada Stanojević, Miloš Vasić, Darko Stanojević,Miloš Dimitrijević, Ivana Spasojević, IIPP, Belgrade;

Journal of Applied Engineeering Science is available at: www.engineeringscience.rs http://scindeks-eur.ceon.rs/index.php/jaeshttp://www.singipedia.com/content/1166-naucni-casopisiPrinted by: Sigrastar, Beograd

Institute for research and design in commerce & industry, Belgrade. All rights reserved. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)1

C O N T E N T S

Ana PerićTHE REVIEW OF PLANNING PRACTICE IN BROWNFIELD

REGENERATION - SOME EUROPEAN EXPERIENCES1 - 8

Orlando Chiarello, Dr Jezdimir KneževićSIMPLIFIED TECHNICAL ENGLISH IN MIRCE MECHANICS 9 - 14

Bojana Jovanović, Dr Vojislav Božanić, Bojan JovanovićEDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN SERBIA - SURVEY

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 15 - 22

Dr Miroslav Demić, Dr Đorđe Diligenski, Dr Milan MilovanovićA CONTRIBUTION TO RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF DEGRADATION OF

VEHICLE VIBRATION PARAMETERS ON THERMAL LOAD OF SHOCK ABSORBERS23 - 30

Hrvoje Puškarić, Dr Danijela Tadić, Dr Mirjana Misita, Dr Miladin Stefanović, Dr Dragan Milanović

THE EVALUATION OF QUALITY GOALS AT THE PROCESS LEVEL IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT

31 - 38

Vladimir Janko Desnica, Dr Dragana ŠaracIMPLEMENTATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

IN MAIL DELIVERIES ORGANIZATION39 - 43

EVENTS REVIEW 44 - 45

ANNOUNCEMENT OF EVENTS 46 - 47

BOOK RECOMMENDATION 48

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS 49 - 50

EDITORIAL AND ABSTRACTS IN SERBIAN LANGUAGE 51 - 56


E D I T O R I A L

Prof. dr Mirko Vujošević

The phrase that the world is changing rapidly and that everyone must rap-idly adapt to environment is frequently being repeated for very long time. Needs must be satisfi ed faster, tasks must be performed faster, learning and professional advancement must have faster progress. That becomes dominant form of social behavior of society which is managed by invisible hand of greed, market and competition - favoring effi ciency above every-thing else. Typical consequence is the omnipresent practice of fast food. A modern man has accepted such practice; he demands fast serve of the meal and he got used to eat fast. Similarly, the need to quickly learn ex-ists and it seems that can be satisfi ed fast, also. About this phenomenon I want to give a few personal experiences and observations.

FAST LEARNING, KNOWLEDGE AND ADVANCEMENT

Even in the fi rst grade of elementary school, back in 1957 I had friends who repeated fi rst grade. Then it was acceptable that someone cannot and does not have to fi nish elementary school. Long time ago was brought out the Law under which pupils of elementary school can not repeat grade. The same principle will be later implicitly transferred to high school too. In a last few years, under the principle of Bologna Process, similar approach is applied to higher education.A study today is fundamentally different from studies in seventies of the twentieth century, when I was a student. First year of faculty was rigorous fi lter: many students left faculty because they could not reach the second year. Average studies lasted even 50% more than nominally required. High marks were hard to earn and 10, as the highest mark, was real rarity. Today exist binding “standards” of mandatory high percentage of passing the exams and mark distribution.Huge difference also exists in respect to available textbooks literature. My generation from depart-ment of electronics had to study new semiconductor technologies about which in the domestic text-books was hardly a word. Very small number of students was privileged to have some new and expensive book in English language, and beside that, were lucky to know English which back then was very rarely learned in schools. Photocopying did not exist. Since kindergarten today’s students grew along with the computers and internet and learned Eng-lish language from TV and CDs along with fi rst words of mother tongue. Abundance of information was always accessible at the push of a key. There is no topic or term on the internet about that they cannot fi nd some information and knowledge. Phrase was made: if one does not have in head, has it in Google. And when is so, why anything must be in our head, when internet can be approached always and anywhere?Fast as eating sandwiches bought on counter of fast food restaurants, information from internet sites are fl ew over. As men felt he is fed very fast, thus also got the impression that he knows something he saw on the internet. Effi ciency is increasing also in the fi elds of postgraduate studies and scientifi c research work. For me, Magister studies were serious challenge, because statistic data told that only 10 % and less of the total number of enrolled students ends them. Diplomas Doctor of Philosophy were even rarer. Today, a Magister degree studies does not exist. Their curricula have been mostly facilitated and repacked in Doctoral (PhD) programs in which is, in aim of accreditation and according to some stan-dards, precisely quoted what and in which time (most in fi ve years) needs to be learned, researched and discover to get PhD degree. Basic aim of invisible hand is reached, because effi ciency is sig-nifi cantly increased: on some faculties, in the last three years, PhD degree gained around the same number of candidates as altogether in the last 20 years! It seems that elementary school rules had reached also Doctoral studies: Student should only enroll and be persistent, and for the eventual failure guilty would be alleged disorganization of the faculty. After completing doctoral studies one must progress quickly. Sometimes it was not uncommon to go retire from the university with the title of Associate professor. Now would be considered a personal disaster when someone does not meet the formal bureaucratic requirement for a title of a Full profes-sor before the fi ftieth year of life.


E D I T O R I A L

Sincerely yours,Prof. dr Mirko Vujošević

Consumers of fast food are exposed to high health risks that have been identifi ed as a serious social problem. In order to protect populations, regulations becoming stricter and awareness about the hazards of fast food are being raised over media. When it comes to quickly acquired knowledge and degrees, it seems to me that we are in the process of massive expansion of the phenomenon and only at initial phase of associated risks recognition. Of course, also here the bureaucracy is trying to achieve some protection by prescribing instruments for measuring the individual research work quality. While in the fi eld of food quality is possible to apply knowledge from fundamental sciences (chemistry, biochemistry, biology ...), in the fi eld of knowledge-based rapid progress fundamental scientifi c knowledge does not exist, regardless of the formation and development of scientomet-rics. We witness that papers published in journals within famous SCI lists are imposed as the most important and almost the sole criterion for assessing the quality of research. Such an approach is crucial infl uence on the perverse behavior of researchers: in the foreground puts the publication and not necessarily actual enrichment of knowledge repositories. The principle of “publish or perish” was subjected to fi erce criticism in serious scientifi c communities.Bureaucratic rules have made legitimate greed within the established competition in the fi eld of edu-cation, knowledge and certifi cation. So they do not make it impossible, but on the contrary, they en-courage its substantially corruptive infl uence. Without an ethical dimension, which has been widely written by Adam Smith as the protagonist of socially useful greed and invisible hand of the market, there is no real progress in the development of social relations in this area.

Paper number: 11(2013)1, 243, 1 - 8

THE REVIEW OF PLANNING PRACTICE IN BROWNFIELD REGENERATION - SOME

EUROPEAN EXPERIENCESAna Perić*University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade, Serbia

doi:10.5937/jaes11-2122

The research subject is the analysis of the possible ways to achieve stakeholder compliance in the brownfi eld regeneration process. In a narrow sense, the treatment of brownfi eld sites within different planning systems is considered. Each of the selected planning systems is described through the in-stitutional structure as well as the regulative framework. The aim of the paper is to show urban plan-ning mechanisms that are used for the establishment of collaboration between different stakeholders involved in brownfi eld regeneration. In the very beginning, a brief history of spatial development is given. A special emphasis is on the current trends in the brownfi eld regeneration. The central part of the paper deals with the overview of selected examples in terms of brownfi eld regeneration. It is fol-lowed by the overview of the institutional aspect within the planning system in Switzerland and Austria. The determination of the responsible institutions for the brownfi eld regeneration process is of particular importance. Also, it is important to show the basic documents dealing with the above-mentioned top-ics. However, the focus of research concerns the collaborative procedures to achieve the successful regeneration of brownfi elds. Those results stem from the analysis of the brownfi eld sites examples. Namely, the fi rst example relates to the regeneration of wood-industry complex in the Swiss town of Solothurn, while the second case indicates the regeneration of cable and wire factory in Vienna. The fi nal section of the paper systemizes the experiences from the developed countries which provide a possible formulation of general brownfi eld regeneration model to be applied within different contexts. Key words: Brownfi eld regeneration, Collaboration, Stakeholders, Interest compliance, Switzerland, Austria

1* University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Bulevar Krallja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Brownfi eld redevelopment is defi ned as a rede-velopment of “any land or premises which has previously been used or developed and is not currently fully in use, although it may be partially occupied or utilized, (…) and which may also be vacant, derelict or contaminated” [01]. It has op-posite goals from those which are the expression of modern urban growth trends. Also, it occurs un-der the direct impact of socio-economic factors, as an expression of a broader socio-political con-text. Only the synthesis of these factors can lead to a common goal - the transformation of space.Since the 1980s brownfi eld regeneration has be-come a central topic in most important interna-tional documents [12,02,15]. This especially re-lates to urban practice in North America (U.S. and Canada) as well as Western Europe. However, the new millennium trend of sustainable regener-ation has also spread to the transition countries. Nevertheless, the mentioned countries tend to

integrate European models of urban transforma-tion. Since they established market economies, these countries have become open to global in-fl uences and foreign direct investment. Accord-ing to the views of certain authors, cities have fallen under the simultaneous infl uence of the local system of social transformation as well as global processes, which created a specifi c ‘post-socialist’ context of urban restructuring [15]. This is particularly done by the creation and adoption of many local planning documents, which were prepared on the base of western experience. The issue of the collaboration among various actors in the brownfi eld regeneration process is considered to be complex, because it is often very diffi cult to examine and defi ne the interests of different stakeholders. This problem is present even in the developed countries as evidenced by the studies where brownfi eld regeneration is seen as a specifi c urban process due to a large number of participants [03,04,08]. According the same source, communication, understand

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)1 2 , 243

Ana Perić - The review of planning practice in brownfi eld regeneration-some european experiences

ing and trust among stakeholders are the key goals in brownfi eld regeneration process. Re-search also shows that the understanding of the process with a large number of participants led by different driving forces can be interpreted by the network as a basic concept, where the network is considered as a set of relations be-tween different groups composed of actors with same interest [05]. This can be explored on the brownfi eld regeneration example, which begins as a specifi c process, but it has the potential to spread through a process of imitation, learning, adaptation, evolution, and fading of actors and networks that were originally involved in the pro-cess.The main hypothesis of the research is that brownfi eld regeneration process should be placed within the collaborative planning para-digm, i.e. within the context of multiple stakehold-

ers and their often contradictory interests, where the fi nal aim of such collaboration is a consen-sus building and solution achievement. The aim of the research is to assess to what extent the brownfi eld regeneration process has been really collaborative within the selected cases.

REGULATIVE FRAMEWORK OF BROWNFIELD REGENERATION

Since one of the main aims of the Swiss spatial planning policy is economical use of the limited land area [17], the regeneration of the brownfi eld sites is one of the top mechanisms to sustain-able spatial development. In order to achieve op-timum spatial organisation, the coordination of all the activities with spatial impact is needed. This relates to the representatives of the federal, can-tonal, and communal authorities [09]. The detailed institutional framework is shown in the Table 1.

Functional level Administrative organization Institutional framework Planning instruments

National Confederation

Federal Council Federal Law on Spatial Planning

Federal offi ce for Spatial Development

Swiss Planning Policy Guidelines

Other federal offi ces Sectoral strategiesSectoral plans

CantonalCanton

Cantonal governmentsCantonal Planning and Building LawsCantonal structure plan

Cantonal spatial planning offi ces Planning studies

Region Regional planning associations Regional structure plan

Local Commune Communal authorities

Communal Zoning and Building regulationsCommunal structure planLand use plan (M1:10.000)Special plan (M1:5.000)Building regulations

Table 1: The main institutional and legislative framework for brownfi eld regeneration in Switzerland

(Source: Prepared by author according to Muggli, 2008)

Although the new article on spatial planning, incorporated in the Federal Constitution, trans-ferred the responsibility for framework legisla-tion on spatial planning to the confederation, the practice of planning implementation remained a matter of the cantons [13]. The transdisciplinary approach can be observed just in the process

of collaboration between the confederation and cantons, which is the central postulate of coop-erative federalism. This is achieved by the set of documents indicated in the table above, where the most important one is the Cantonal structure plan which should be approved by the federa-tion as a proof of mutual collaboration. Also, the

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)1 3, 243


cantonal executives approve the communal zon-ing plans and building regulations. All communal zoning and building regulations are subject to a public referendum on local level [09]. The multi-disciplinary approach is obvious on the federal level, where the other federal offi ces together with the Federal Offi ce for Spatial Development participate in the spatial strategies and sectoral plans formulation. Also, many cantons provide the cantonal land use plans for the projects which are of special importance to their spatial planning policy, such as industrial zones or waste disposal sites of regional importance. In these cases, can-tonal land use planning replaces communal land use planning confi ned to specifi c designated ar-eas [13]. Stakeholder participation is seen is the fact that planning authorities have to inform the population about the structure plans and the land use plans. Everybody can object to these plans.

The responsible authorities have to consider the objections made and either accept them or give a reason for not accepting them [09]. According to the same source, the confl icts between com-munal and cantonal planning authorities are de-cided by the cantonal executive or fi nally, by the Federal Court of Law. Confl icts between canton-al and federal planning authorities are dealt with in a conciliation procedure [09].In Austria, the crucial role in increasing aware-ness about brownfi eld regeneration lies in the hands of policy makers and the authorities. The main obstacle in effi cient problem-solving at lo-cal level is the fuzziness of local authority com-petences in regard with the mentioned problem [06]. Some of the main institutions as well as their documents concerning brownfi eld regen-eration on the national, state, and local level are given in the Table 2 below.

Functional level Administrative orga-nization

Institutional framework Planning instruments

National Federal Republic

Federal administration no federal competence in spatial planning

ÖROK - Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning

ÖREK - Austrian spatial development conceptSTRAT.AT - Spatial development strategySpatial Development Scenarios - Austria 2030Sectoral plans from different ministries

Austrian Environment Agency National Policy Target

Ministry of Environment Enough Ground

Regional

State (NUTS II) Länder administration

Spatial Planning Law (9 laws)State Spatial planning concept

Region (<NUTS III) Regional associations

Regional spatial development conceptRegional spatial development programmeSectoral spatial development programme

Local Municipality Municipaladministration

Local spatial development programmeLocal development scheme (M1:10.000)Land use plan/ zoning plan (M1:5.000)Lay out plan, local development plan (M1:2.000, 1:1.000)

Table 2: The main institutional and legislative framework for brownfi eld regeneration in Austria

The general conclusion about the Austrian in-stitutional framework of brownfi eld regeneration can be drawn here. Firstly, of utmost importance are the two federal documents directly concern-ing the issue of brownfi eld regeneration, as well as the provincial instruments of implementation the brownfi eld policies. Secondly, the multidis-

ciplinary approach is expressed in the activities of the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning - ÖROK (Österreichische Raumordnungskon-ferenz). Its main role is to serve as a base for the informal cooperation between institutions re-sponsible for spatial planning [11]. In a narrow sense, this means that all the sectoral policies


the brownfi eld regeneration are integrated into the consistent policy of the one federal author-ity. It is not the case on the state level - there is a need for better exchange of experiences. This is also requested on local level, where the differ-ences between municipalities come to the fore. Thirdly, transdisciplinary approach is noticed in the transfer of knowledge between the federal and lower levels of institutional structure, but also and vice versa. The top-down approach is not an obligation for brownfi eld regeneration in Austria, which has to be recognized as a great advantage of the entire system [14]. Finally, the involvement of stakeholders from diverse sectors is particularly simple on local level due to the ter-ritory coverage. Most municipalities mainly col-laborate with private sector or the international organizations as partners in funding the brown-fi eld regeneration projects.

COLLABORATIVE PROCEDURES FOR SUCCESSFUL BROWNFIELD REGENERATION

The collaborative procedures for successful brownfi eld regeneration are going to be pre-sented and examined on the two selected case studies. The methodology used for the deter-mination of the collaboration extent within the

cases is based on the extensive semi-structured interviews conducted among the selected actors who were directly in charge of the preparation (planning) phase of brownfi eld regeneration pro-cess [10, 07, 16]. The structure of the interview as well as the section of the article that follows consists of several parts:

Major stakeholders who have contributed to the project initiation;Planning experts in this project - their actions, organization and project management;Negotiation process and decision-making procedures in the specifi c project;Identifying the ways to confl ict resolution.

THE SWISS CASE - WOOD-INDUSTRY COMPLEX, SOLOTHURN

The fi rst case refers to the ex-wood-industry complex in Solothurn, the city in the central part of Switzerland. The site is located near the river Aare and occupies the territory of 107 hectares, what makes it the second largest brownfi eld area in Switzerland. During the past decades it was owned by the Norwegian company named Borregaard AG, which during the recent years, to be more precise in 2008, lost the interest to continue with production due to a low profi t.

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Figure 1: Ex-wood-industry complex in Solothurn, Switzerland



The fi rst idea about the possible start of brownfi eld regeneration process occurs due to a closure of the company Borregaard. Since it was an industry of the great importance for the whole region, in the very beginning many possible stakeholders were willing to partici-pate. This, primarily, refers to the canton and municipality authorities as well as the private company representatives. In a meantime, the private companies appraised that any kind of investment will not be profi table, so the can-ton authorities separated from other stake-holders and took over the crucial role in the future process of brownfi eld regeneration. The major cantonal representative decided to start the liaison with the academic institu-tions in order to create the purposeful spatial intervention, so the head of the spatial plan-ning institute from ETH Zurich was invited to participate in the process. All signifi cant in-formation in the process was transmitted in a direct way through the network building. The responsibility for the project group establish-ment, its members, and the leadership was in the hands of the cantonal authorities who, after the consultation with many partners, suggested the fi nal organisational group. No external consultants were involved in the process, because of the canton’s willingness to exert the direct infl uence. Therefore, the project management and all the responsibili-ties lay within the canton.The participants in the process were numer-ous. Among the members of the cantonal of-fi ces we should mention the Department for Spatial Planning, Department for Economic Development and Labour, and Building De-partment. Besides the cantonal offi ces, local communities and landowners were also invit-ed to express their own interests. The role of a technical expert in the whole process was dedicated to a broad-based technical evalu-ation committee, consisted of transportation/infrastructure, urban and spatial planning, and economic experts. In this way, the proj-ect covered all the relevant interests. Despite the large number of participants, the whole process ran smoothly due to its effi cient or-ganisational structure. Namely, the whole or-ganisation scheme was divided in two levels. On the strategic level, the main role of deci-sion-making was assigned to the executive board, while on the operational level the most

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important body was the technical evaluation committee composed of the members with practical spatial planning expertise, i.e. plan-ning teams whose main task was to create the urban design for the given area. To be more precise, the work of all the stakehold-ers was brought together by the chairman of the technical evaluation committee. He had the important control function - before, dur-ing, and after the interim meetings in plenary. Organisational level also comprises the or-ganisation offi ce which acted as a hub and to which the production of the protocols and reports was entrusted.The negotiation and decision-making pro-cess took place within a structured proce-dure. The four invited teams presented their ideas at two meetings. The results of the con-sultations were communicated to the team. After the fi nal presentations by the teams, the technical evaluation committee met for a two-day closed session to discuss the results and evaluate on the basis of a planning pro-gramme (with the required criteria). After ex-tensive discussions, the technical evaluation committee formulated the recommendations to the executive board. Although the chair-man of the committee had a great knowledge and negotiation skills, the recommendations were based on the stance of the whole team. The “external” negotiation, i.e. the negotia-tion with land owners, local municipality, and the canton of Solothurn, was conducted in the early phase of the process. At this stage, the investors were not included. The possible role of investor took over a real estate expert, who was also involved in the process.The planning phase was relatively harmoni-ous. All communication was placed via the representative of the canton, in consultation with the chairman of the technical evaluation committee. The confl icts have been man-aged in this group. The public had the op-portunity to give comments on the results of the planning phase. They were informed on the progress made in the plan at regular in-tervals. However, there were no suggestions from the public in the mentioned phase. The specifi c way of planning phase organisation provided security to the potential investors. Also, the community could support the vari-ous participants, if there are different inter-ests, for example between the land owners

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Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)1 , 2436

and investors through the presentation of their calls (e.g. round table). Nevertheless, the re-sponsibility clearly lies within the canton.

THE AUSTRIAN CASE - CABLE AND WIRE FACTORY, VIENNA

The second example is the ex-cable and wire factory in Vienna, located in the municipal dis-

trict of Meidling on the area of almost 7 hectares. For the entire century, the factory has been a prosperous enterprise with the several hundred employees. After the year 1989, due to a course of privatization, the company was sold and con-sequently started to weaken. Finally, in 1997 the plant was closed.

Figure 2: Ex-cable and wire factory in Vienna, Austria

Since the factory had the specifi c infl uence on the whole district, not only in terms of pre-vious employees, but also the very special reference factor for the population, the fi rst initiators of the possible area development were the laid-off staff and local residents. The citizens’ participation was refl ected in the or-ganisation of a citizens’ competition, where they were invited to provide any kind of sug-gestions for future development. The jury, which was intentionally not formed of a ma-jority of urban planners, but from the chair-man of the district offi ce, local parish priest, journalist, and the representatives of the City of Vienna, chose the fi rst three places. The principal recommendations and demands of the district residents were published by the Municipal District Offi ce. Shortly after the closedown of the factory, a syndicate com-posed of eight developers bought the site. Nevertheless, the course of the future de-velopment was already formulated and the developers had to conform to that. This was followed by the one-tier urban design compe-tition, where two winners formed joint venture for the urban master concept and draft. The collaboration and interaction of the stakeholders was an intention from the very beginning of the process. The project man-agement was led by two groups. In the be-ginning the main signifi cance was devoted to

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a working group, composed of the planning experts, from a variety of fi elds and munici-pal departments, the winners of the urban design competition, and the representatives of the developers. This group served as an instrument of planning information, discus-sion, and control. Later, the focus shifted to the urban monitoring group which acted as advisory board on the fi ndings and propos-als made by the working group. This group relayed on the opinion of primary external experts, but also the representatives of both Chief Executive Offi ce and Municipal Depart-ment, as well as the municipal district mem-bers. This control group turned to be crucial for the success of the entire process. Negotiation process was on the very high level during the entire project due its organi-sation. In the beginning phase, intensive in-formation and citizen involvement made the land use plan and the development plan pro-cedures to run very smoothly. Nevertheless, the citizens’ advisory board did not partici-pate in the master concept and master proj-ect development. This was reserved for the planning experts who still respected the mu-tual consultation activities. Later, the mem-bers of the working group were convinced that the high-quality project can be achieved only through the collateral agreements and area management based on the planning

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Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)1 7

work. The mediation phase was achieved in the urban monitoring group through the test projects prepared by the architects and then examined by the developers.In such a complex network composed of several expert groups combined with a great impact of citizens and interwoven with de-velopers’ demands, it was not possible to collaborate without confl icts. Some of them were so strong that it seemed the whole pro-cess was going to fail. It was particularly ex-pressed within the working group, composed of the members with a different interest back-ground. Nevertheless, the elimination of mu-tual confrontations was achieved through the sessions of the urban monitoring group. The possible confl icts with the city administration were avoided since the political representa-tives were the signifi cant part of the urban monitoring group. Before the fi nal draft adop-tion, it was presented to the citizens’ repre-sentatives, which ensured the fi nal solution appropriate for all the direct participants in the planning process.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

From the previous overview of the planning pro-cess in the case of the brownfi eld regeneration we can draw some general characteristics of the collaborative procedures applied in such a process. It is interesting to observe whether the inclusion of certain sectors is prescribed by the legal measures or it represents a personal ap-proach of the interviewees. Thus, from this we can discover the extent to which innovative ap-proaches are implemented in brownfi eld regen-eration process.When it comes to the Swiss brownfi eld case, it is the typical example of the so-called test-plan-ning. During test planning procedure, a few ba-sic rules have to be followed. Namely, there is a need for:

A specifi c role differentiation (technical eval-uation committee, 3-5 design teams, the ex-ecutive board, and organisation offi ce);Three consultation meetings;At least three competing teams;The simultaneous development of the fi nal draft - there are no winners.

Those rules are the part of an informal planning procedure. They are not regulated by the law, but they surely contribute to an effi cient and mean-

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ingful planning process. The described proce-dure provides the opportunity to “be smarter when working together”. Only jointly recognized problems motivate collaboration. Planner, as an expert, does not insist on his own opinion. On the contrary, the consensus building is the main prerequisite for the successful results of the test-planning procedure.In the case of the Austrian brownfi eld regenera-tion project, the organisational structure of proj-ect management can be also drawn:

A specifi c organisational roles are divided between working group and urban monitor-ing group;Only one-tier competition, over 20 consulta-tions within the working group, 4 consulta-tions within the urban monitoring group;27 project teams; Two prize winners - joint venture urban de-sign.

The working group networked all the relevant stakeholders with no require for formal or legal competence to do so. Also, the one-tier competi-tion is not often seen in the urban design proce-dures. Nevertheless, this affected all the stake-holders to express their own opinions as much as possible. “Open” planning process resulted in a high-level of mutual understanding. Namely, only three negative opinions were submitted dur-ing the draft formulation phase. The fi nal solution was consensus-based, i.e. it was the result of the extensive discussions, well-documented interim planning phases, clearly formulated qualities of the urban design, and avoiding the requirements carrying the risk for implementation.In the end, there are some general recommen-dations which were observed within the both cases. Firstly, the role of every expert involved into the planning process has to be differentiat-ed. This means that the professionals in the fi eld of real estate economics, transport, landscape planning, urban planning, etc. have to incorpo-rate their own knowledge, skills and experiences in the concrete process. Expert opinion should be expressed in the early stage of process. It should be provide in the form of explicit answer, e.g. a written progress reports. Also, a careful selection of proven experts should be taken into account. Also, public relations (PR) are very important and should be approached carefully. Firstly, some common opportunities and problems with a po

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tential to motivate collaboration should be recog-nized. Later, the document in paper form should be presented in the public exhibition in order to involve a great number of general public.Finally, to cope with diffi cult unsolved problems in planning a comprehensive training is required. Besides knowledge and skills in project manage-ment, it is important that there is a basic under-standing of spatial processes and some experi-ence in the fi eld of designing.Some of the mentioned general recommenda-tions can be applied within the further projects of brownfi eld regeneration in Europe and beyond.

REFERENCES

Alker, S., Joy, V., Roberts, J., and Smith, P., (2000) The defi nition of brownfi eld, Journal of Environmental Planning and Manage-ment, 43(1), 49-69.CABERNET (Concerted Action on Brown-fi eld and Economic Regeneration Network), (2009) Sustainable Brownfi eld Regenera-tion, http://www.cabernet.org.uk, preuzeto 10.12.2010.Dixon, T. and Doak, J., (2005) Actors and Drivers: Who and what makes the brownfi eld regeneration process go round? In: Proc., SUBR:IM conference, Sheffi eld, UK, http://www.subrim.org.uk/publications/subrim-1stconference/1030_1100actorspaper.doc, preuzeto 25.11.2008. Dixon, T., Raco, M., Catney, P. and Lerner, D. (Eds.), (2008) Sustainable Brownfi eld Re-generation: Liveable Places from Problem Spaces, Chichester: Wiley.Doak, J. and Karadimitriou, N., (2007) (Re)development, complexity and networks: a framework for research, Urban Studies, 44(2), 1-22.Ferber, U. and Grimski, D., (2002) Brown-fi elds and redevelopment of urban areas, Vi-enna: Austrian Federal Environment Agency on behalf of CLARINET.Grams, A., (2011) [Personal communication], 4 September.Mrđenović, T. (2011): Integrative urban design in regeneration – principles for achieving sus-tainable places, Journal of Applied Engineer-ing Science, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 305-316.

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Muggli, R., (2008) Spatial planning in Swit-zerland: a short introduction. In: J. Ryser and T. Franchini (Eds.), International Manual of Planning Practice (IMPP), International So-ciety of City and Regional Planners (ISo-CaRP), 304-314.Pamer, V.K., (2011) [Personal communica-tion], 6 November.Prokop, G., Jobstmann, H. and Schönbauer, A., (2011) Report on best practices for lim-iting soil sealing and mitigating its effects, Luxembourg: European Commission.RESCUE (Regeneration of European Sites in Cities and Urban Environments) (2004–III), (2004) Guidance report for the man-agement of the Brownfi eld Regeneration Projects (Work Package 6, Deliverable 6.1), http://www.rescue–europe.com, preuzeto 13.12.2010.Scholl, B. (Ed.), (2008) Spatial planning and development in Switzerland - observations and suggestions from the international group of experts, Zurich: ETH Zurich, Institute for Spatial and Landscape Development.Schremmer, C., (2010) Austrian Spatial De-velopment Strategy in a European Perspec-tive. In: Proc., Symposium ’Spatial Planning in the Danube Region: A Comparison of Ser-bia and Austria’, Vienna, Austria.Stanilov, K. (Ed.), (2007) The Post-Socialist City: Urban Form and Space Transforma-tions in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism, Dordrecht: Springer.Staub, B., (2011) [Personal communication], 3 December.Swiss Federal Council, (2008) Sustainable De-velopment Strategy: Guidelines and Action Plan 2008–2011, Bern: Swiss Federal Council.

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Paper number: 11(2013)1, 244, 9 - 14

SIMPLIFIED TECHNICAL ENGLISH IN MIRCE MECHANICS

Orlando Chiarello*Secondo Mona S.p.A., ItalyDr Jezdimir KneževićMIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, United Kingdom

doi:10.5937/jaes11-3322

The second Axiom of Mirce Mechanics, states, “The probability of faulty execution of any mainte-nance task is greater than zero”. Analysis of maintenance processes clearly shows that ineffec-tive communication between system designers and maintenance personnel, through maintenance documentation, is a well-recognised contributor to the occurrence of faulty maintenance task, which in turn could have a signifi cant impact on reliability, availability, safety, cost and effectiveness of technical systems. This paper addresses the lack of understanding of maintenance manuals, written in English, by 80% of the global maintenance personnel whose native language is not English. The majority of them have knowledge of English that is rather limited and are easily confused by complex sentence structures and by the number of meanings and synonyms that English words may have. Signifi cant improvements in the direction of effective communication have been achieved by the cre-ation and use of Simplifi ed Technical English, the benefi t of which is presented in this paper. Keywords: Mirce mechanics, Maintenance errors, Maintenance documentation, Simplifi ed technical english, Technical authors training

INTRODUCTION

Mirce Mechanics: is a scientifi c theory of the mo-tion of observable functionability phenomena through the life of technical systems. Its axioms, mathematical formulas, rules and methods en-able accurate predictions of a system’s measur-able functionability performance characteristics like reliability, availability and others to be made with probabilistic regularity [08].According to Mirce Mechanics the motion of functionability through negative functionability state is driven by the execution of maintenance tasks, among other factors. Maintenance tasks typically include removal, installation, servicing, rigging, inspection and other scheduled mainte-nance. The execution of any maintenance task involves the possibility of human error. Human error in aircraft maintenance is the consequence of a complex interaction of many factors in-cluding system and maintenance task design, maintenance personnel and other resources, maintenance organisation, and the physical en-vironment in which the maintenance occurs.Hence, to assess the impact of human errors on successful execution of maintenance tasks,

analysis of over tens of thousands of mainte-nance tasks, in defence, aerospace, transpor-tation, motorsport, nuclear, communication and other industries, had been studied at the MIRCE Akademy. It has lead to the formulation of the second Axiom of Mirce Mechanics, which states, “The probability of faulty execution of any main-tenance task is greater than zero”. [09] As it has a profound impact on all aspects of the in-service life on any maintainable technical system sev-eral research studies have been performed by the Master and Doctoral students of the MIRCE Akademy with aim to understand the physical mechanisms that caused their occurrences. The human constituents of a maintenance pro-cess, either as decision maker or as a task executor, bear the ultimate responsibility for recognising, interpreting, compensating for, and correcting or mitigating the consequences of de-fi ciencies and faults of a maintenance process. Thus “human error” and “judgement error” are terms found frequently in reports on malfunc-tioning of technical systems. For example, ac-cording to a Pratt & Whitney survey the major causes for the 120 in-fl ight engine shutdowns on Boeing 747 aircraft’s, due to human errors

* Secondo Mona S.p.A., Via Carlo Del Prete 1-21019 Somma Lombardo (VA) Italy; [email protected]


Orlando Chiarello - Simplifi ed technical english in Mirce mechanics

in maintenance, were mainly due to:Incomplete installation (33%)Damaged on installation (14.5%)Improper installation (11%)Equipment not installed or missing (11%)Foreign object damage (6.5%)Improper fault isolation, inspection (6%)Equipment not activated or deactivated (4%)

Some of the other related causes are:Complex maintenance related tasksTime pressure for delivering the aircraftFatigue of the maintenance personnelMaintenance procedures not followed accordinglyUsage of outdated maintenance manuals

However, as statistics does not study the causes of statistical behaviour, full understanding of the human errors in maintenance is only possible by understanding physical causes and mechanisms that lead to the occurrence of maintenance faults during the maintenance process.Analysis of maintenance processes clearly shown that ineffective communication between system designers and maintenance personnel, through maintenance documentation, is a well-recognised contributor to the occurrence of faulty maintenance task, which in turn could have a signifi cant impact on reliability, availability, safe-ty, cost and effectiveness of a system [07].For example, in the article [10] it was reported that in a given service bulletin a certain mainte-nance procedure was “proscribed”. The techni-cian reading this bulletin concluded to proceed and perform that task as it was “prescribed”. Clearly this is an excellent example of misun-derstanding of English word “proscribed”, which means “prohibited” with the English word “pre-scribed” which means “defi ned”. Consequently, the main objective of this paper was to address the lack of understanding of maintenance manuals, written in English, in re-lation to the second Axiom of Mirce Mechanics.

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE MAINTENANCE DOCUMENTATION

The maintenance documentation used in main-tenance of technical systems has the following three functions:

To support correct execution of a mainte-nance task. It is a procedural document that guides maintenance personnel trough a se-quence of instructions in the task execution.

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Comprehensible and accurate documenta-tion is a vital part of the successful execution of a maintenance task.To support maintenance training. In well-or-ganised and structured organizations mainte-nance documentation is used during the train-ing process. However, in some organisations maintenance documentation is discovered after the unsuccessful completion of a task. To support a legal process, when necessary. For example, in aviation industry the use of maintenance documentation is a legal obliga-tion. It constitutes a proof that a maintenance task has been executed in accordance with the related instructions. Thereby, the main-tenance documentation is a mean of certify-ing safety and security of the aircraft systems after the completion of a maintenance task. Indeed, the maintainer must sign in the docu-mentation used at the end of the maintenance operation. The signature has an important le-gal role. For third party maintenance organi-zations, it constitutes a protection in case of a confl ict with the customer after the delivery of the aircraft.

ENGLISH AS THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE

With the development of “computerized” techni-cal reality, English became the international lan-guage mostly used by communities, organiza-tions and industries for promoting their business and defi ning their products. However, it is not the native language of the majority of the people in-volved. Hence, potentials for misunderstandings and miscommunications are endless and con-tinuously present. The fi rst solution to this problem was proposed by Professor Charles K. Ogden in the Thirties who created the Basic English [06] that consist-ed of a set of simple grammar rules and a re-stricted vocabulary of 850 words. It was the fi rst real attempt to “give everyone a second or inter-national language” for business and education in every country, with the primary aim of creating more communication among people. Therefore, Basic English can be considered as a pioneer controlled language. From there, some other controlled languages were developed, each of them dedicated to different fi elds of application. In the Seventies, Caterpillar created the Caterpil-lar Fundamental English [6] to make the operat-ing and maintenance instructions of their products easily understood by their customers and users.

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In the Nineties, the President of the United States introduced the use of Plain Language in all government regulations, the Great Britain Government, and other English-speaking Coun-tries used the same approach. The new South African Constitution of 1996 is perhaps the fi rst in the world written in scrupulous respect of the principles of Plain Language.

ASD SIMPLIFIED TECHNICAL ENGLISH

English became also the language of industrial and technological domains, especially aviation and military industries where the need of shar-ing a common code for operation, maintenance and logistics support was essential to guarantee, other than the correct understanding of the pro-cedures, the fl ight safety and the human life. A standard was created to regulate technical writ-ing: the ASD Simplifi ed Technical English, Speci-fi cation ASD-STE100 (STE) [01].The STE project (formerly known as AECMA Simplifi ed English) started in 1979 with a request made by the Association of European Airlines, which approached AECMA (the European Asso-ciation of Aerospace Industries) to investigate a possible form of controlled English to be used by all manufacturers in their maintenance manuals. After researching several types of controlled lan-guages that existed in other industries, AECMA decided to produce its own controlled English and, in 1983, set up a project group, under the leadership of Fokker. The project was not limited to the European industry and the American Aero-space industry, through the AIA (Aerospace In-dustries Association of America), was invited to participate, especially as some American com-panies had already done some standardization along the same lines. AECMA Simplifi ed English was fi rst released in 1986 as a guide. Soon, it was included as a requirement in the major international specifi ca-tions for writing maintenance manuals such as ATA100 (now ATA Spec i2200) [09] and S1000D [03]. In 2004, AECMA became ASD, “The Aero-Space and Defence Industries Association of Eu-rope” and the Simplifi ed English guide became an offi cial specifi cation, ASD-STE100, with the word “technical” added to its name. Although to-day the STE structure is stable and consolidat-ed, the language has to be kept in line with the technology evolution and amended on the con-tinuous and important feedback from the users.Today, the success of STE is such that other in-

dustries want to use it beyond its intended pur-pose of aviation maintenance documentation.

PRINCIPLES AND STRUCTURE OF STE

The STE specifi cation provides a set of writing rules and a dictionary of controlled vocabulary. The writing rules (approximately 60) cover aspects of grammar and style; the dictionary (approximately 860 approved words) specifi es the general words that can be used. These words were chosen for their simplicity and ease of recognition. In gen-eral, there is only one word for one meaning, and one part of speech for one word. The STE specifi cation consists of two parts, namely:Part 1: Writing Rules, which specifi es restrictions on grammar and style usage. For example, they require writers to:

Use the approved words in the Dictionary, and the relevant Technical Names and Technical VerbsUse consistent language and spelling Avoid slang and jargon Make instructions as specifi c as possible Restrict the length of noun clusters to no more than 3 words Use articles when appropriate Use simple verb tenses (past, present, and future) Use active voice and not passiveNot use -ing participles or gerunds Keep to one topic per sentenceUse vertical lists for complex textsKeep sentence length as short as possible (20 words maximum for procedural sentences, or 25 words maximum for descriptive sentences)Write sequential steps as separate sentences Write only one instructions per sentenceUse the imperative (command) verb in procedures Use paragraphs to show the reader the logic of textRestrict paragraphs length to no more than 6 sentences Identify and write warnings and cautions correctly Use notes to give information and not commandsUse punctuation correctly

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Do different constructions when it is not possible to replace an unapproved word with an approved word

Part 2: Dictionary, which includes entries of both approved and unapproved words. The approved words can only be used in their specifi ed mean-ing. For example, the word “close” (verb) can only be used in one of two approved meanings:

To move together or to move to a position that stops or prevents materials from going in or out. To operate a circuit breaker to make an electrical circuit.

The verb can be used to express “close a door” or “close a circuit”, but it cannot be used in oth-er senses (for example “close the meeting” or “close a business”). The adjective “close” ap-pears in the Dictionary as an unapproved word with the suggested approved alternative “near” (as a preposition). So STE does not allow “do not go close to the landing gear”, but it does al-low “do not go near the landing gear”. Besides the specifi ed general vocabulary, STE accepts the use of company-specifi c or project-oriented technical words (referred to in STE as Technical Names and Technical Verbs), if they fi t into one of their categories listed in the specifi ca-tion. Section 1, Words, gives explicit guidelines for using technical terms and verbs that writ-ers need. For example, nouns such as “over-head panel”, “grease”, “propeller”, or the verbs “ ream”, and “ drill” are not listed in the Diction-ary, but they qualify as approved terms under the guidelines listed in Part 1, Section 1 (specifi cally, Writing Rules 1.5 and 1.13).

STE AND TRANSLATION

Helping the translation process was a primary goal of the controlled languages and STE is no exception. As said before, the Simplifi ed English project offi cially started on June 30, 1983, with the “First Ratifi cation Meeting for AECMA Simpli-fi ed English”, held at Fokker, Amsterdam. This signifi cant statement is included in the minutes of that meeting: “Simplifi ed English should be seen as a code that uses English words for its symbols. The users of the texts learn to recognize the “code symbols” (words) that tell them what to do. The users do not learn how to speak or write English. They do not even learn “everyday” English, but only SE. But at the same time, SE must still meet the de-

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mand of being an idiomatic version of English. … This “code” aspect of SE makes it very suitable for machine translation”. [02]The use of STE throughout the years indicates that translation from STE texts is not necessary in aviation if the readers have a basic knowledge of English but it may be necessary if the readers do not have that knowledge. However, outside aviation a translation could always be neces-sary. In this case, if the “source text” is English and correctly written in STE, the translation, es-pecially Machine Translation, can be dramati-cally helped by the principle of “one word = one meaning”. The translation will be more and more accurate if the machine is “guided” to replicate in its translation the “assigned meaning” given to the STE words. This does not necessarily require sub-sets of STE translated in other languages but the availability of a “mirror” controlled language based on STE would greatly help the translation process. A “mirror” controlled language may use the same structure of the STE writing rules and dictionary suitably adapted to a specifi c language. A sig-nifi cant attempt was made in the past in France (Rationalized French) with exceptionally good re-sults and enormous benefi t to translation. Other attempts were made with other languages and some are in process. Having as a reference a consolidated and in-ternationally recognized standard is very impor-tant in translation. It could be ASD-STE100 or another standard but the starting text should be correct, simple and understandable. Sometimes people are confused by the instructions. For ex-ample, they may not be able to set their TV, mo-bile phone or video camera, because the texts in the user’s manuals are not translated correctly into their language. These manuals are clear examples in which the starting texts – although understandable in the original starting language – can be misinterpreted by the translators and the resulting translation may lead to something incorrect or meaningless. The common “code” (i.e. the Standard) is essential to the effective translation and communication in general.

STE AUTHORING TOOLS

The primary objective of STE is the creation of simplifi ed texts for the readers. However, STE is not a simplifi ed version of English for the writ-ers. Writing correctly in STE is not an easy task as it requires a good command of the English language together with a good knowledge of the



matter of the writing. This combination is without a doubt the key to writing successfully in STE. Authors who would like to write profi ciently and correctly in STE must have as the only point of reference the STE specifi cation itself. There is nothing that can replace it. The use of manipulat-ed versions of the STE specifi cation, partial use of the specifi cation or deviations from its writing rules and vocabulary will diminish the accuracy of STE and create confusion among its users. To assist users and potential users of STE, there are on the market software products that support STE. The basic question is: “Do we need a soft-ware product to write in STE correctly?” Well, the answer is “no” simply because software does not think in place of authors and does not replace the STE specifi cation.STE checkers should only be seen as aids for those authors having a good knowledge of STE. None of these checkers write STE text for au-thors, nor can they convert non-STE text into STE. Although STE checkers can be helpful with highlighting non-STE terms and incorrectly writ-ten STE text, they are not fool-proof. We have cases in which STE checkers parse STE texts correctly (no errors fl agged) even if these texts do not obey the Standard English Grammar! Au-thoring tools must be used with discernment and if authors rely blindly on what checkers tell them, they are likely to write rubbish. The authors are the ones who know, think and control. Only the authors are the ones who must decide whether what a tool has told them is correct or not.

TRAINING PROGRAMME IN STE AT THE MIRCE AKADEMY

Effective maintenance communication is very im-portant and sharing a common “code” is essen-tial. In the present global and complex scenario, Standards are playing a key role for the purpose. In the same way that XML regulates the format-ting of texts for electronic release, there is strong need to regulate the writing itself. The controlled languages, as internationally recognized stan-dards, can serve the scope in certain instances. The use of controlled languages in writing and translation does not diminish the everyday lan-guages but makes the messages and texts eas-ily understandable to everyone. The misconcep-tion about controlled languages, reluctance and resistance to use them are often derived by the fact that it is thought they could limit the authors. In reality, nobody will try to translate poems or

literature books into STE or similar, and it is nec-essary to keep literature material well separated from general communication and technical do-mains. Plain Language, Plain English, Simpli-fi ed Technical English etc. should be seen as vehicles and tools for improving clarity and hit the target of effective communication. Without standards, there will be a serious risk of an un-controlled “jungle”.Consequently, in collaboration with Secondo Mona, the MIRCE Akademy offers the oppor-tunity for learning the needs for and principles of effective technical communication in general and its in-depth applications to maintenance. It is based on the philosophy and methods of ASD-STE100, which is created to prevent the misunderstanding of technical instructions that can lead to errors and accidents. An example of a 30-hour training course in STE offered by the Akademy is given in the Appendix.

CONCLUSIONS

Analysis of maintenance tasks required during the in-service life of technical systems, preformed under the auspices of Mirce Mechanics, clearly showed that ineffective communication between system designers and maintenance personnel, through maintenance documentation, is well-recognised contributor to the occurrence of faulty maintenance task, which in turn could have a signifi cant impact on reliability, availability, safety, cost and effectiveness of technical systems. Although, English is the language of industrial and technological domains, especially aviation and military industries, where the need of shar-ing a common code for operation, maintenance and logistics support is accepted, for 80% of global population it is not native language. Many of them have knowledge of English that is rather limited and are easily confused by complex sen-tence structures and by the number of meanings and synonyms that English words may have. Signifi cant improvements in the direction of ef-fective technical communication have been achieved by the creation of controlled languag-es, and a standard that regulates technical writ-ing: the ASD Simplifi ed Technical English, ASD-STE100 (STE). STE, as described in this paper and as a consolidated international standard, can be seen as the gate to successful and ef-fective technical communication. As previously remarked, today the success of STE is such that other industries want to use it beyond its intend


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ed purpose of aviation maintenance documenta-tion. STE interest is also growing within the Aca-demic world. For its principles and accuracy it is a model-writing standard for other domains and industries like medical, oil, high-tech, IT, automo-tive, and many others. A recent study on STE shows that only 3% of the current content is spe-cifi c to aviation, the remaining 97% is applicable in all contexts, without any need of adaptation.The same study shows that, during the writing process, authors tend to focus mainly on the Dic-tionary and not on the Writing Rules, which are equally important. Simply giving authors a copy of the STE specifi cation is probably the best way to discourage them from learning about STE, and applying it correctly. It is important for au-thors to fully understand the STE writing rules, and to think about what they are writing. There-fore, STE training is the fi rst essential step for a technical author to be able to apply STE cor-rectly. The STE training programme for technical writers, conducted at the MIRCE Akademy, has been briefl y discussed and presented.

REFERENCES

ASD – Aerospace and Defence Industries Associ-ations of Europe – “ASD Simplifi ed Technical Eng-lish, Specifi cation ASD-STE100”, 1986 - 2013.ASD - Aerospace and Defence Industries Asso-ciations of Europe – “First Ratifi cation Meeting for AECMA Simplifi ed English”, 1983 – 2013.ASD – Aerospace and Defence Industries As-sociations of Europe – “S1000D – International specifi cation for technical publications utilizing a common source database”, 1989 - 2009ATA, Air Transport Association of America – “ATA iSpec 2200, Information Standards for Aviation Maintenance”, 1956 and subsequent dates of revisions and issuesCharles A. Verbeke, “Caterpillar Fundamen-tal English”, Training and Development Jour-nal, 27, 2, 36-40, Feb 1973.Charles K. Ogden, “BASIC English – A general introduction with rules and grammar”, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd., 1930 and subsequent editions.Chiarello, O., “Impact of Accuracy of Technical Communication on the Motion of Functionabil-ity”, Proceedings of the 1st World Congress of Mirce Mechanics, 28-30 May 2012, Exeter, UKKnezevic, J. (2012): Time to Choose Between Scientifi c and Administrative Approach to Reli-

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ability, Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol.10, No. 3, pp. 167-173Knezevic, J., “Quality of Maintenance – Mirce Mechanics axiom”, Journal of Quality in Main-tenance Engineering, Vol. 18, No 2, 2012, pp 216-226, Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. UKWerfelman, L. “Simplifying the Technicalities”, Flight Safety Foundation, AeroSafety World, August 2007.

Paper sent to revison: 05.02.2013.Paper ready for publication: 05.03.2013.

Appendix: Training Course in Effective Mainte-nance Communication

The Program Day one: Operational Reliability, Cost Effectiveness of Technical Systems, Mirce Mechanics PrinciplesMaintenance induced failures, types and categories Impact of Maintenance Communication on In-service Reliability, Cost and EffectivenessIntroduction to ASD-STE100

What is Simplifi ed Technical English? Why do we need a controlled language? Other controlled languages History, background and philosophy of STE Who uses STE? Is it only for aviation and maintenance?The ASD-STE100 Specifi cation: Part 1 Writing Rules How to use the Dictionary Overall overview of the Writing Rules Detailed tutorial of the Writing Rules Section 1 - Words Section 2 - Noun Phrases

Day two: Writing Rules

Section 3 - Verbs Section 4 - Sentences Section 5 - Procedures Section 6 - Descriptive Writing Section 7 - Warnings, Cautions and Notes Section 8 - Punctuation and Word Count Section 9 - Writing Practices Practical exercises are given after the tutorial of each section

Day Three Final review of the Specifi cation Practical texts (also proposed by the participants) Final Test and its correctionQuestion time, fi nal discussion and course assessment Certifi cate Award Ceremony

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Paper number: 11(2013)1, 245, 15 - 22

EDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN SERBIA – SURVEY RESULTS

AND ANALYSISBojana Jovanović* Iritel a.d. Belgrade, SerbiaDr Vojislav BožanićUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of organizational science, Belgrade, SerbiaBojan JovanovićUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of electrical engineering, Belgrade, Serbia

doi:10.5937/jaes11-3489

* Iritel a.d., Batajnički put 23, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected]

In the Balkan region and in the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the energy consumption in relation to gross domestic product is huge. The Republic of Serbia consumes two to three times more energy than the gross domestic product, compared with the average in the European Union. At the beginning of 2013, on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, will be announced the Law on rational use of energy, which is currently in draft form. Adoption of the Law is a step in Serbia’s accession to the EU, because the Law will basically have taken a European directive on energy effi ciency. In order to determine the extent to which the concept of energy effi ciency is presented in the formal and informal education, as well as knowledge of this area in general, the survey was done. This paper describes a results of sur-vey that was done with the aim of gaining information about education in the fi eld of energy effi ciency in formal and informal education systems in Serbia, as well as how much are the citizens familiar with the term. This paper shows the questionnaire which was distributed to the respondents. For easily and quickly collecting the necessary data, it was used the on-line questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed as a web application. The survey was conducted on a sample of 200 respondents, from Sep-tember to December 2012. After the structure of the respondents, the results of research and analysis are presented in this paper, with one proposed research in future.Key words: Energy effi ciency, Education, Survey

INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

In improvement of energy effi ciency, education of people plays the most important role. Topic of energy effi ciency in extremely increasing: in 2010 there are 41,833 papers about energy ef-fi ciency, in 2011 51,427 papers, in 2012 59,029 papers, 24,780 papers accepted for publication and publicated paper in 2013 and one paper ac-cepted for publication i 2014 [10]. There are some papers which deal with spe-cifi c fi elds of energy effi ciency. Santos, Faga & Santos (2013) discussed the impact of different approaches through a case study on the regu-lations of energy effi ciency for buildings in four countries: Brazil, China, India and Russia [16]. Gunn (1997) analyzed the interactions between the concepts of energy effi ciency and economic effi ciency [07]. Momčilović, Medar, Manojlović & Papić (2003) analyzed energy effi ciency as one

element in development of information system in transportation company [15]. Mandal (2010) estimated energy use effi ciency in the presence of energy related undesirable emission by taking Indian cement industry as a suitable context of analysis [14]. Griffi n, Hammond, Ng & Norman (2012) presented a bottom-up/top-down data analysis to examine the infl uence of the scheme on the overall energy demand trend of the UK in-dustrial sector as separated from structural and output effects [06]. Fleiter, Fehrenbach, Worrell & Eichhammer (2012) analyzed improvements in energy effi ciency in the German pulp and pa-per industry up to 2035 using a techno-economic approach [05]. Cagno, Worrell, Trianni & Pigliese (2013) provided a novel approach for barriers to the adoption of industrial energy-effi cient tech-nologies [03]. Al-Mansour (2011) analysed the structure, trends of energy consumption and en-ergy effi ciency indicators by sectors of economic


Bojana Jovanović - Education in the fi eld of energy effi ciency in Serbia-survey results and analysis

Figure 1 and 2: Part the questionnaire and statistics of answers

activity in Slovenia [01]. Lopes, Antunes & Martins (2012) presented a review on energy behaviours in order to recognise recent trends, quantify en-ergy behaviours potential savings, characterise energy behaviour modelling strategies and iden-tify potential research gaps. Energy behaviours have a crucial role in promoting energy effi cien-cy, but energy behaviours characteristics and complexity create several research challenges that must be overcome so energy behaviours may be properly valorised and integrated in the energy policy context [13]. Backlund, Thollander, Palm & Ottsson (2012) introduced an extended energy effi ciency gap, mainly in manufacturing industries and the commercial sector [02]. The inclusion of energy management components in future energy policy will play an important role if the energy savings targets for 2020, and later 2050, are to be met in the EU. There is one study about relationship of energy effi ciency and human behavior and education. Sola & Xavier (2007) presented a study accom-plished in the State of Parana in Southern Brazil, aiming at verifying the correlation between orga-nizational human factors and the level of energy losses in organizations. They determined that management system, education of employees and strategical vision has an important infl uence on energy effi ciency [17].

PROBLEM OVERVIEW

The importance of energy for the development of economy and society contribute to energy policy development in each country [04]. In the Balkan region and in the territory of the Repub-

lic of Serbia, the energy consumption in relation to gross domestic product is huge. The Repub-lic of Serbia consumes two to three times more energy than the gross domestic product, com-pared with the average in the European Union [09]. In addition to the lack of funds for invest-ment in energy-effi cient equipment and technol-ogy, a special challenge is the lack of awareness of citizens and companies about the benefi ts of investing in energy effi ciency. As for most of the socio-economic problems, education is a maner for achieving the improvement, both in formal educational institutions (primary and secondary schools, universities) and through non-formal education, which is very important.In order to determine the extent to which the con-cept of energy effi ciency is presented in the for-mal and non-formal education, as well as knowl-edge of this area in general, the survey was done. The survey was conducted on a sample of 200 respondents of different gender, education level, place of residence, etc. The survey was conducted from September to December 2012. This paper presents the results and analysis of the survey.

CREATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE

For easily and quickly collecting the necessary data, it was used the on-line questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed with the help of free on-line application, written by one of the authors [08]. Part of the questionnaire, which was distrib-uted to participants in the survey, has the following format (print screen):



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Figure 3: Structure of respondents - gender

Figure 4: Structure of respondents – level of education

Figure 5: Structure of respondents – territory of residence

Figure 6: Knowing the meaning of the term “energy effi ciency”

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Gender of respondentsThe gender structure of the respondents is showed in this part of the analysis of the results. The sample was representative in terms of gen-der of respondents, because the overall struc-ture represented 58% of female and 42% male respondents. The following graphic shows the structure of the respondents.

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Level of educationThe structure of the respondents, according to the level of their education, is shown in this part of the analysis of the results. The survey in-cluded respondents with primary schools, high schools, colleges and university graduates (BSc, MSc, PhD). In relation to the level of education of the respondents, it can be concluded that the re-search involved different groups of respondents, according to the level of education. Thus, the sample of respondents is representative from this point of view. The following graphic shows the structure of respondents by education level.

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Territory of residenceThis part of the analysis of the results shows the structure of the respondents to the territory of

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their residence. The aim was to include respon-dents with different territories, because not all of the territory of Serbia has the same access to information and education in the fi eld of en-ergy effi ciency. As can be seen in the structure of respondents, the respondents have a place of residence in different territories (cities) in Serbia, and then the sample is representative. The fol-lowing graphic shows the territorial distribution of the respondents.

Knowing the meaning of the term “energy effi ciency”

According to standard ISO 50001 [11], which provides the requirements for energy manage-ment systems, energy effi ciency is defi ned as the ratio of quantitative or quantitative relation between output performance, service, goods or energy, and the energy input. When respondents were asked if they know the meaning of the term “energy effi ciency”, the majority of respondents (127 respondents) answered that fully knows the meaning of the term “energy effi ciency”, 68 re-spondents said that heard for the term but did not know what it means, and only 5 respondents have never heard for term “energy effi ciency”.

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The presence of energy effi ciency as a topic within formal education (primary school, sec-ondary school, college, faculty)

Formal education systems are extremely impor-

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Figure 7: Presence of energy effi ciency as a topic within formal education

Figure 8: Frequency of meetings visits, forums visits, conferences visits, etc.

tant in the development of people’s awareness on rational use of energy and conservation of the environment in general. Respondents were asked if they had a subject about energy ef-fi ciency in formal education. Most respondents have never had subject about energy effi ciency in formal education (158 respondents), and only 42 respondents said that during a formal educa-tion encountered on the concept of energy ef-fi ciency. It was not analyzed how this concept thoroughly addressed in these subjects. The following graphic shows a graphical analysis of received responses.

The survey led to the data about schools/facul-ties in Serbia which have subjects related to en-ergy effi ciency. We hope that this list is not de-fi nitive, and certainly there are some educational institutions that deal, dealt with or have plans about these subjects:

Social responsibility (Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade)Sustainable development (Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade)Environmental management (Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade)Environmental management systems (Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade)Technology and development (Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade)Ecology (Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade)The management of natural and cultural resources (Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in Tourism, Belgrade)Geography (Valjevo Gymnasium, Valjevo)Town sociology (Faculty of Arts, Belgrade)Power electronics (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade)

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Transformers (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade)Power system analysis (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade)Power (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade)Technical education (Elementary School)Ecology (Elementary School)Heating and air conditioning (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade)Energy processes and environment (Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš)Utility systems and environment (Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš)Sustainable development (Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš)Industrial ecology (Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš)Thermal power processes (Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš)Energy (Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš).Frequency of meetings visits, forums visits, conferences visits, etc. (informal education) with the subject of energy effi ciency

Informal education systems also have an impor-tant role in developing and maintaining aware-ness of the rational use of energy. This type of education is often focused on the population of a higher level of education. Respondents were asked if they have ever visited meetings, semi-nars, conferences, forums, etc. with the sub-ject of energy effi ciency and renewable energy sources. The majority of respondents (141) said they have never visited seminars like this, 30 respondents were on one conference with this subject, 26 respondents were several times, and only 3 respondents regularly visit these confer-ences. Graphical analysis of the results is shown below.

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Figure 9: Familiarity with the legislation and standards in the fi eld of energy effi ciency Figure 10: Familiarity with various sources

of renewable energy

Familiarity with the legislation and standardiza-tion in the fi eld of energy effi ciency (the Law on the rational use of energy, energy passports for buildings, standard ISO 50001, etc.)

Innovation in terms of legislation in this fi eld, which is expected in the Republic of Serbia is a publication of the Law on the rational use of en-ergy [12], and translated version of the Interna-tional Standard ISO 50001. With the publication of the Regulations concerning energy effi ciency in buildings, almost every building is subject to these rules. The obligation to obtain energy passports for building affects both companies and private households. Energy labeling class of electronic devices will also be a liability for man-ufacturers. For all these reasons it is important to be familiar with the legislation promptly, enabling the timely and appropriate application. Law on the rational use of energy in Serbia is in the draft form. Its publication is expected in early 2013. The Law would be obligatory for all large energy consumers, energy producers and all public and state enterprises and organizations. Organiza-tions will have obligation to establish and main-tain an energy management system, to monitor consumption and reported to the authorities. The Law also sets out the requirements for class of energy labeling of electronic devices. Standard ISO 50001 provides requirements for establish-ing, implementing and maintaining the energy management system.Question posed to respondents was if they have ever heard about the new legislation and standards in the fi eld of energy effi ciency (en-ergy passports for buildings, the Law on ratio-nal energy use, standard ISO 50001, etc.) and are they familiar with the requirements of these documents. 96 respondents said they had heard but did not understand the requirements of these documents, 79 of respondents have not heard for these documents, and 25 respondents were fully aware of the requirements. Graphical analy-sis of the results is shown below.

7) Familiarity with various sources of renewable energy

Application of renewable energy and the use of cleaner energy instead of traditional fossil fuels, signifi cantly reduced the environmental pollution. There are different sources of renewable energy. Whether they are more or less available, more or less used, they are very important, because they enable the preservation of natural resources. In contrast to the limited natural resources, renew-able energy sources are unlimited and available to everyone. Some of the most important and widely used renewable energy sources are: so-lar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hy-dropower, fuel cells and biomass. Solar energy is the energy of solar radiation in the form of light and heat. Wind energy is the energy that comes from wind power. Hydropower is the power re-ceived from the generation from the water. The term geothermal energy refers to the use of heat inside of the Earth, which is at the center approx-imately 4000-7000°C, which is approximately the temperature of the Sun’s surface. Biomass refers to matter plant or animal origin, which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Fuel cells are electrochemical cells that generate electricity from the energy released by chemical reaction of fuel continually leads with oxidizing agents.Using the questionnaire, the authors wanted to determine awareness of respondents about the existence of various forms of renewable energy. In the analysis it was not determined the level of familiarity with some of the renewable energy sources. The survey only included analysis of are respondents heard about the renewable energy sources that are listed in the questionnaire. The question was: Which forms of renewable energy are you familiar with? The largest number of re-spondents (197) had heard for solar energy, 194 respondents for wind energy, 161 respondents for water energy, 134 for geothermal energy, 99 for biomass, and only 57 respondents had heard for fuel cell. Graphical analysis of the results is shown below.

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Figure 11: Factors which effect on energy effi ciency

Figure 12: Familiarity with funds to encourage implementation of energy effi ciency projects

Respondents opinion about factors which the most effect on energy effi ciency

In this section of paper, it was determined what the respondents think about which factor has the biggest impact on energy effi ciency. The ques-tion was: In your opinion, which of the following factors have the biggest impact on energy effi -ciency? 74 respondents said that the most af-fects technologies and technical solutions, 67 of the respondents said habits of the people, 287 respondents fi nancial incentives, 26 respondents regulations and standards, and only 6 respon-dents considered that the design of work pro-cesses signifi cantly affect on energy effi ciency. Answers are presented in the following graphic.

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Familiarity with funds to encourage and as-sist in the implementation of projects in the fi eld of energy effi ciency

Funds for the encouragement and assistance in the implementation of projects in the fi eld of energy effi ciency have been established both at the state level, and in the level of individual com-panies and NGOs. According to the draft form of Law on rational use of energy, will be formed an Energy Effi ciency Fund, which will fund projects that promote energy effi ciency. Also, there are funds in the Ministry of natural resources, min-ing and spatial planning, which is funding proj-ects that improve energy effi ciency, although these funds are generally intended for public companies. Within the commercial banks, there are also credit lines to fi nance energy effi ciency projects. For this credit line, basic requirement is to achieve energy effi ciency improvements of at least 20%.Question for respondents was: Do you know that there are funds to fi nance projects in energy ef-fi ciency? 107 respondents said they are not fa-miliar with the existence of funds, and 93 that are familiar. The answers are presented graphically.

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Opinion of respondents about areas in which may be the signifi cant improvements in en-ergy effi ciency

The question for respondents was: In what ar-eas would you believe that there may have been signifi cant improvements in energy effi ciency? 99 respondents think that the main area of im-proving is energy production, 77 of respondents believe that is the energy consumption in house-holds, 16 respondents believe that energy ef-fi ciency can be improved signifi cantly in trans-port, and only 8 respondents considered that the improvement in construction and buildings can be signifi cant (although adopted a “package” of legislation in the fi eld of energy effi ciency in the construction industry). The answers are present-ed graphically.

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It was investigated how the level of education of the respondents effect visiting conferences, fo-rums and seminars about energy effi ciency. How often such events were visited by respondents with high school, college and faculty, is shown be-low. The results are presented in Figures 14-17.

Figure 13: Areas with the signifi cant potential for improvement in energy effi ciency

Figure 14: How often respondents with high school visit conferences, seminars and forums about energy

effi ciency


It has been also investigated how much of re-spondents which visited conferences on energy effi ciency understand the meaning of the term “energy effi ciency”. The obtained results show that the majority of respondents in this group understand the concept of energy effi ciency, however there are respondents which visit con-ferences, but this term is still not clear for them. The results are shown in Figure 18.

Figure 15: How often respondents with faculty degree visit conferences, seminars and forums about energy

effi ciency

Figure 16: How often respondents with Master degree visit conferences, seminars and forums

about energy effi ciency

Figure 17: How often respondents with PhD degree visit conferences, seminars and forums about

energy effi ciency

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH

Based on collected data in survey, as present-ed in this paper, the following conclusions were made:

The majority of respondents were familiar with the concept of energy effi ciency, but there is still a large number of respondents who had heard of energy effi ciency (probably due to the frequent campaigns on television and in the paper), but do not know what the term means;Energy effi ciency is an important concept in many areas of human activity (tourism, construction, energy, etc.), but it is not suf-fi ciently represented in the formal education system in the Republic of Serbia;In addition to the above, respondents poorly visit meetings with subject of energy effi ciency, though in Serbia has a large number and most of them are free;The majority of respondents do not know or only superfi cially are familiar with the new regulations and standards in the fi eld of energy effi ciency, which will cover almost every area of work and even everyday life;A large number of respondents were aware of the existence of various forms of renew-able energy sources;The majority of respondents believe that the investment in technology and the changing habits of people may signifi cantly affect the energy effi ciency in the territory of the Republic of Serbia;Most of respondents were not aware of the existence of funds that are fi nancing projects for improvements in energy effi ciency;The majority of respondents considered that improvements in production and consump-tion areas can result in signifi cant improve-ments in energy effi ciency in the future;With the higher education level of the re-spondents, grows interest in visiting confer-ences on energy effi ciency;With increasing visits to conferences in the fi eld of energy effi ciency, grows the level of understanding of the term “energy effi cien-cy” by respondents.

In future research we will conduct survey on a controlled group respondents, which will be sent

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Figure 18: How much respondents which visit conferences, seminars and forums understand

meaning of term of “energy effi ciency”


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to the appropriate training in the fi eld of energy effi ciency and we will monitor the effect of train-ing. Also, the idea of this paper is to use conclu-sions in order to create a new subject in faculty, dealing with energy effi ciency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper is part of a project supported by the Republic of Serbia Ministry of education, science and technological development, under the num-ber III 43008.

REFERENCES

Al-Mansour, F., (2011) Energy effi ciency trends and policy in Slovenia, Energy, Vol-ume 36, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 1868–1877Backlund, S., Thollandera, P., Palm, J., Ot-tosson, M., (2012) Extending the energy ef-fi ciency gap, Energy Policy, Volume 51, De-cember 2012, Pages 392–396Cagno, E., Worrell, E., Triannia, A., Puglie-sea, G., (2013) A novel approach for barriers to industrial energy effi ciency, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 19, March 2013, Pages 290–308Đajić, N. (2003): Energetika - preduslov održivog razvoja privrede i društva naše zemlje, Journal of Applied Engineering Sci-ence, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 7-14Fleiter, T., Fehrenbach, D., Worrell, E., Eich-hammera, W., (2012) Energy effi ciency in the German pulp and paper industry – A model-based assessment of saving potentials, En-ergy, Volume 40, Issue 1, April 2012, Pages 84–99Griffi n, P.W., Hammond, G.P., Ng, K.R., Nor-man, J.B., (2012) Impact review of past UK public industrial energy effi ciency RD&D programmes, Energy Conversion and Man-agement, Volume 60, August 2012, Pages 243–250Gunn, C., (1997) Energy effi ciency vs eco-nomic effi ciency?: New Zealand electricity sector reform in the context of the national en-ergy policy objective, Energy Policy, Volume 25, Issue 2, February 1997, Pages 241–254

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http://ankete.izrada-web-sajtova-beograd.com/, downloaded 15.01. 2013.http://www.euractiv.rs, Euractiv Srbija, down-loaded 19.11. 2012.http://www.sciencedirect.com, downloaded 02.03. 2013.ISO 50001:2011 Energy management sys-tems — Requirements with guidance for use, International Organization for Standardiza-tion, 2011.Law on rational use of energy, draft, Repub-lic of Serbia Lopes, M.A.R., Antunes, C.H., Martins, N., (2012) Energy behaviours as promoters of energy effi ciency: A 21st century review, Re-newable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 16, Issue 6, August 2012, Pages 4095–4104Mandal, S.K., (2010) Do undesirable output and environmental regulation matter in ener-gy effi ciency analysis? Evidence from Indian Cement Industry, Energy Policy, Volume 38, Issue 10, October 2010, Pages 6076–6083Momčilović, V., Medar, O., Manojlović, A. ,Papić, V. (2003): Povećanje energetske efi -kasnosti kao element razvoja informacionog sistema transportnog preduzeća, Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 35-43Santos, A.H.C., Fagá, M.T.W., Santos, E.M., (2013) The risks of an energy effi ciency policy for buildings based solely on the con-sumption evaluation of fi nal energy, Interna-tional Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Volume 44, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 70–77Sola, V.H., Xavier, A.A.P., (2007) Organiza-tional human factors as barriers to energy effi ciency in electrical motors systems in in-dustry, Energy Policy, Volume 35, Issue 11, November 2007, Pages 5784–5794

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Paper sent to revison: 03.03.2013.Paper ready for publication: 12.03.2013.


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Paper number: 11(2013)1, 246, 23 - 30

A CONTRIBUTION TO RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF DEGRADATION OF VEHICLE

VIBRATION PARAMETERS ON THERMAL LOAD OF SHOCK ABSORBERS

Dr Miroslav Demić* University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kragujevac, SerbiaDr Đorđe Diligenski University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Dept. of IC Engines and Vehicles, Belgrade, SerbiaDr Milan MilovanovićZastava Vehicles Group, Kragujevac, Serbia

doi:10.5937/jaes11-3270

Dynamic simulation, based on modelling, has a signifi cant role during to the process of vehicle devel-opment. It is especially important in the fi rst stages of vehicle design, when relevant parameters are to be defi ned. In practice, it is commonly assumed that vehicle vibration parameters are invariable, what is basically not true. Many investigations have shown that vibration parameters degrade in service con-ditions, what consquently leads to the variation of dynamic characteristics of a vehicle. This paper at-tempts to indicate, on the basis of the preliminary results, a need to introduce these variations, caused by the thermal impact, in the early stages of vehicle design through the adequate vehicle modelling. Key words: Vehicle, Vibration parameters, Degradation, Vibration comfort, Thermal load of shock absorbers

INTRODUCTION

Shock absorbers are an integral part of the elas-tic suspension system, which directly affect the active vehicle safety. The role of damping in ad-dition to the basic, is to absorb mechanical vibra-tions transferred from the ground and to ensure the safety of passengers in a vehicle.As it is known, in shock absorbers the kinetic en-ergy of the system transforms into mechanical work or heat [17, 18, 20 ,26-28]. In practice, in the stage of vehicle development, shock absorb-er parameters are chosen from the condition of damping of vehicle vibrations, but in order to avoid the negative impact on the function, ther-mal loads should be taken into consideration [26, 28, 30]. The goal is to get as much mechanical work received from the ground into thermal ener-gy to be transferred to the environment and thus provide the cooling of shock absorbers. Wrong choice of shock absorbers, from the standpoint of thermal loads, can cause a rapid degradation of its properties during service. Too much heat, eventually kept “inside” the shock absorber,

would cause rapid deterioration of sealing ele-ments and consequently the loss of function of the damping element.Tests have shown that mechanical work is partly converted into heat which is transferred to the working fl uid and shock absorbers body, and the remaining amount of heat delivery is transferred to the environment and thus cools the absorber. Mathematically, it can be displayed by the for-mula [26, 30]:

where:A - mechanical work (equal to the quantity of heat), Qt - quantity of heat transferred to the shock absorbers body, Qf - quantity of heat transferred to the working fl uid, andQo - quantity of heat transferred to the environment.

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* University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering Science, Sestre Janjić 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; [email protected]

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Dr Miroslav Demić - A contribution to research of the infl uence of degradation of vehicle vibration parameters on thermal load of shock absorbers

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The work of the force in the shock absorber is interesting because of the analysis of its trans-formation into heat energy. The force work in the shock absorber is experimentally measurable, but it is hard to measure the amount of heat re-leased from the absorber [26]. This phenomenon is complex and diffi cult to measure, because it is known that a part of the energy is spent to heat shock absorbers elements, such as piston, cyl-inder, working fl uid, etc. In addition, the nature of heat transfer from the shock absorber to the environment is very complex. Heat transfer is carried out by convection, as dominant, and less by conduction and radiation [26, 28].From the point of maximal cooling, proper selec-tion of shock absorbers requires a comprehen-sive analysis of the transformation of mechani-cal energy into heat. Method of transformation of mechanical energy into heat is largely deter-mined by the shock absorbers design. It is not possible to infl uence directly on the conduction of heat and radiation from the absorber. It is necessary to increase the infl uence of the heat transfer by convection from the absorber to the surrounding environment, as dominant appear-ance. This is best achieved by design of the ve-hicle body (fender). The idea is to utilize convec-tion fl ow of the air around the absorber, with the least complexity of the structure. In practice, this solution is rarely used, but can certainly be ap-plied. Making some kind of air defl ectors on the elements of the body should increase the effect of convective heat transfer to the environment.Note that the objective of this study was not to analyze the cooling of the shock absorber, but only thermal load to which it is exposed. There-fore, it was deemed expedient to analyze the heat which is obtained by converting mechanical work into heat energy per time unit. Mechanical work was calculated by use of mechanical model of the vehicle, which will be discussed below. In addition, it is known that in service condition, ve-hicle vibration parameters vary with vehicle aging [16], including shock absorbers, and therefore it was deemed appropriate to investigate whether and how much infl uence of degradation of shock absorber parameters does on its thermal load.

VEHICLE MODEL

As mentioned above, kinetic energy due to mo-tion of shock absorber elements is transformed into mechanical work, which is further converted into thermal energy by the mutual friction of mov-

ing elements of the shock absorber and oil fl ow through the corresponding holes is [28]. This process will, in this paper, be explained by use of vehicle vibration model.

Vehicle vibration modelThe structure of the vehicle model is selected depending on values to be analyzed [7-13, 16-18, 20, 33]. Consequently, in practice, vibration models using different structure and complexity are utilized. In fact, the choice of model should tend to a solution as simple as possible, but to enable simulation of the desired value [7-13, 16]. Bearing in mind that the aim of this study was to emphasize a need to involve vibration param-eters degradation in the model, which will allow the study of shock absorber heat loads, it was found useful to observe vehicle vibration model, which is often, in the literature, called the quarter model [7-13, 16-18, 20, 33], shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Equivalent vehicle vibration model

m1, m2 – unsprung and sprung mass of a quarter model, respectively (in this case 27.5 and 250 kg), Fs - force in the shock absorber, andFt – force in the tire.

The force of the spring can be presented by the third-degree polynomial [7, 9-13, 17-21, 28, 31]:

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Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)1, 246 25


where:c1 and c2 – stiffness parameters, and - relative deformation of the spring.

The force in shock absorber depends not only on the relative velocity, but also on the relative displacements and relative acceleration [02, 13]. Analyses showed that the model defi ned in [02, 13], which includes transcendental functions of acceleration, can be very diffi cult to use in the modeling of vehicles with more than one degree of freedom. This follows from the fact that the acceleration of the tangent function included tan-gent hyperbolicus, so in this case problems occur with decoupling differential equations of motion for models with two or more degrees of freedom. In addition, it was shown that the acceleration is of minor infl uence on the force then the rela-tive displacement and velocity, and therefore for further analysis model [02, 13] is applied, where force is described by the expression:

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(3)

where: i – relative displacement andvelocity, respectively, andk1, k2,3, k4, k5 and k6 – parameters of shock absorber model.

Radial force in the tire is also nonlinear [07-13, 16, 17-20, 28, 31/, and the following expression is used:

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where: - radial deformation of tire, andc3, c4 and c5 - parameters of tire radial stiffness.

It was estimated to be appropriate for the aim of this study to explore the impact of vehicle speed on the amount of heat energy that is obtained from mechanical work. Therefore, two vehicle speeds were introduced, 10 and 35 m/s. It is noted that the objective of this study was not to analyze the way of heat dissipation from the shock absorber, because it is not possible with-out a complicated experimental procedures, but the analysis of the sources of heat in the shock

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absorber. Analysis was carried out for the case of a vehicle with two passengers, for the motion on a good asphalt road, whose excitation func-tion in time domain is shown in Figure 2 /7/. Spe-cifi cally, as the excitation a poliharmonial func-tion is used, because the analyses have shown that it is a good approximation for the actual road microprofi le [09-12].Given the observed vibration model of the ve-hicle, using Newton’s law [19, 20, 22, 33], the dif-ferential equation of the vehicle vibration motion is dispalyed in the following form:

..(5)

(6)where:

, - acceleration of unsprung and sprung mass, measured from the equilibrium position, respectively, Fs – force in spring given by expression (2), Fsh – force in shock absorber given by expression (3), andFt – radial force in tire given by expression (4).

Given the highly nonlinear and complex structure of the expressions [02, 03, 04], even in case of such a simple vehicle model, as well as quasisto-chastic character of excitation functions, it is obvi-ous that the model described in equations (5, 6) is complex and cannot be solved in fi nal form.Analyses showed that the argument of tangent hy-perbolicus function in expression (3) – motion divid-ed by triple variation - lies in the fi eld of -1.8 to +1.8 (determined from experimental data [02, 13]).Note that the argument of the observed func-tion mostly belongs to the range -1 to 1, and the relative error of approximation of the mentioned function by the MacLaurin polynomial of the third degree is about 9% [02, 13], which can be ac-cepted for practical reasons.During the simulation, parameters of the vehicle “Zastava 1100” were used, obtained from the manufacturer [33], and given in Table 1.

•

••

•

..

c1 c2 c3 c4 c5

50000 10000 5000 500000 500000k1 k2 k3 / k4 k5 k6

20.25 -9.51 0.008/0.02 -2.091 0.0015

Table 1: The model parameters


It should be noted that the dimensions of the co-effi cients in Table 1 are in SI unit system.

Thermal load of shock absorberDue to the relative motion of the sprung and unsprung masses, mechanical work is being done in shock absorbers, which is equivalent to the amount of heat Q [06, 21-24, 27, 29, 32]. Mechanical work (amount of heat) is defi ned by the expression [28]:

(7)where:

Fsh - force in the shock absorber,sr –relative displacement of the piston rela-tive to the shock absoprber’s body, vr - relative speed of the piston relative to the shock absoprber’s body, and t - time.

Power required to excite relative motion of the piston relative to the shock absorbers body is given by:

••

•

•

(8)

As it is well known [06, 21-24, 27, 29, 32], this force is identical to the heat fl ow (fl ux) of heat transfer by convection, and its mean value is:

(9)Distribution of most of the amount of heat to the surrounding air is carried out by convection [26, 28, 32]. Formal expression is [06, 21-24, 27, 29, 32]:

(10)where:α – heat transfer coeffi cientS – area that heat is taken from, andΔt - temperature difference between the ambient and external surface of shock absorber.As already noted, this analysis did not involve the heat dissipation from the shock absorber, be-cause values α and S are not known. It is obvi-ous that a very extensive experimental studies are needed to determine these values, what will certainly be the subject of special attention in the future.

METHOD

Based on the expressions (1-10), the required parameters of shock absorbers elements are calculated, mechanical work and equivalent heat energy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of degradation of vibratory parameters, due to their aging in service, on the thermal load-ing of shock absorber. It was therefore necessary to learn how these changes occur in practice. In the absence of other data, Figure 2 shows the variation of characteristic vibratory parameters of the vehicle with the aging, expressed in kilo-meters passed [16]. From the Figure 2 it is obvi-ous that the parameters of elasto-damping ele-ments vary during service time. More precisely, their values decrease, and due to the lack of detailed data, it is assumed that the parameter values linearly decrease with the vehicle aging, expressed in kilometers. Data from Figure 2 al-low the analysis of the impact of variation of vi-bration parameters on the variation of dynamic characteristics of the vehicle, i.e. thermal loads of the shock absorber.

Figure 2: Variation of vibration parameters in vehicle service time

For the analysis of the impact of variation of dy-namic characteristics of the vehicle caused by the variation of the parameters of elastic-damp-ing elements, due to the aging in exploitation, two groups of parameters were introduced, with corresponding factors that take into account these variations. More precisely, bearing in mind Figure 2, after a straight line approximation, any variation is defi ned by the equation:

(11)


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where: - value of vibration parameter after mileage of kilometers, - value of vibration parameter at the beginning of vehicle service, and - factor taking into account degradation of vibration parameters during the vehicle service.

In order to take into account the impact of aging on dynamic characteristics of vehicles in service, based on the data in Figure 2, the corrective pa-rameters are adopted and given in Table 2. In do-ing so, it is noted that factor relates to the springs, to the shock absorbers, and to the tires, and two groups of factors: the beginning of the operation are observed: at the beginning of service (group 1) and after 200.000 kilometers (group 2).On the basis of [03-05], statistical error values of signal processing are calculated, and for the illustration only data on errors of spectra calcula-tions are given, because they are calculated us-ing signal averaging. Based on the signal length of 1024 points, time increment of 0.01, number of averagings 256, the following values were ob-tained: “bias” error - 0.003, random error of one signal 0.10 and 0.118 for two crossed signals. Such small values for the errors show that these results enable reliable analysis.

•

•

•

ξ1 ξ2 ξ3

First 1 1 1

Second 0,95 0,83 0,70

Table 2. Corrective factors of vibration parameters degradation

Figure 3: Excitation function (B), wheel bouncing (c), and sprung mass bouncing (D) at a speed of 10 m / s and for the

new elements of suspension system

DATA ANALYSIS

Since a detailed analysis of the impact of varia-tion of vibration parameters on the vehicle vi-bration system has been reported in [07-13,16-18,28,31], it is considered appropriate to show, in Figure 3, time series of vibration motion of characteristic vehicle masses, while moving over rough road at speed of 10 m/s, in case of new elements of suspension. Figure 3 shows that random excitation of road microprofi le (B), also causes a random function of wheel bounce (c) and supported mass (D).

Figure 4: Mechanical work (amount of heat) for a speed of 35 m/s (parameters: B – new suspension elements, and C - after service of 200.000 km) and a speed of 10

m/s (parameters: D – new suspension elements, and E - after service of 200.000 km)

Mechanical work, calculated according to the formula (7), is converted into heat energy in the shock absorbers, and shown in Figure 4. From the Figure it can be seen that the higher speed of vehicle contributes to the occurrence of a small-er heat load of shock absorbers, in both cases of the applied suspension elements. It is evident that the mechanical work, and consequently, the thermal load of new elements of suspension sys-tem, are greater than in those who were in ser-vice for 200.000 km, which is logical, given that forces in new shock absorbers are greater.


, 246


Figure 5: Heat fl ux for the speed of 35 m/s (param-eters: B – new suspension elements, and

C - after service of 200.000 km) and a speed of 10 m/s (parameters: D – new suspension elements, and

E - after service of 200.000 km)

Figure 6: Cross-correlation coeffi cient for the speed of 35 m/s (parameters: B – new suspension elements, and C - after service of 200.000 km) and a speed of 10 m/s

(parameters: D – new suspension elements, and E - after service of 200.000 km)

Figure 7: Ordinary coherence function for the speed of 35 m/s (parameters: B – new suspension elements, and C - after service of 200.000 km) and a speed of 10

m/s (parameters: D – new suspension elements, and E - after service of 200.000 km)

Figure 8. Magnitude of the transfer characteristic for the speed of 35 m/s (parameters: B – new suspension elements, and C - after service of 200.000 km) and a

speed of 10 m/s (parameters: D – new suspension ele-ments, and E - after service of 200.000 km)

Power that corresponds to the heat fl ux in shock absorbers is calculated, expression (8), and shown in Figure 4. From the Figure it can be seen that the higher speed of the vehicle contributes to the occurrence of a smaller heat fl ux in shock

absorbers, in both cases of the applied elements of suspension system. It is evident that the heat fl ux is greater with new elements of suspension system, which is logical, given that forces in new shock absorbers are greater.


, 246


Previously mentioned is illustrated by the data on the mean power, i.e. mean heat fl ux, expression (9), given in Figure 5, as follows: B: 680,878, C: 227,549, D: 2024,819 and E: 547,802 W. It is obvious that at low vehicle speeds higher mean values of heat fl ux appear, and given the diffi -culty in heat dissipation, it is evident that lower vehicle speeds are more critical in terms of cool-ing of shock absorber.Calculated cross-correlation coeffi cient between excitation and heat fl ux, Figure 6, has values that are relatively high, which means that in the time domain, between these values, there is a signifi cant coupling /3-5/. It should also be noted here that the infl uence of speed and the degree of wear of the elements of suspension system can be observed, but it is somewhat less than that concerning heat and fl ux.The measured ordinary coherence between road excitation and heat fl ux, in Figure 7, has values that are relatively high, which means that in the frequency domain, between these values a signif-icant coupling exists /3-5/. In addition, the impact of speed and the degree of wear of the elements of suspension system should be noticed, but it is somewhat less than in case of heat and fl ux.The magnitude of transfer characteristic is shown in Figure 8. Obviously, the resonance of the heat fl ux occurs in an area of around 2.5 Hz, which coincides with the resonances of the sprung mass. It should also be noted that there is an impact of vehicle speed on the heat fl ux, as a result of the infl uence of the degree of wear of the elements of suspension system. In addition, in the fi eld of resonance, higher vehicle speeds cause higher heat fl ux.

Phase angle of the transfer characteristic de-pends on the frequency. However, in this case the impact of vehicle speed and the degree of wear of the elements of the suspension system on heat fl ux is of minor importance.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the performed research the following can be concluded:

thermal load of shock absorbers can beinvestigated based on the results of dynamic simulation,vehicle speed affects the thermal loads of shock absorbers. Thermal loads are higher at lower speeds,variation of vibration parameters during the service time infl uences the thermal load of shock absorber. Thermal loads are also higher with new shock absorbers, andin the period to come, the experimental research should be carried out to allow the analysis of the heat dissipation (cooling) of shock absorbers.

REFERENCES

Atkins, P. (2010), The Laws of Thermody-namics (A Very Short Introduction), Oxford.Belingardi, G., Demić, M. (2009), A possible model for shock absorber by using the „Black box“ method, Journal of Applied Engineer-ing Science, VII/4, pp. 45-53.Bendat, J. and Piersol, A., (1980), Engineer-ing applications of correlation and spectral analysis, John Wiley and Sons, New York.Bendat, J. and Piersol, A., (2000), Random data analysis and measurement, John Wiley and Sons, London.Bendat, J., Nonlinear Systems - Techniques and Applications, (1998), John Wiley and Sons, London.Bojić, М., (2011), Thermodynamics (in Serbian), Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Kragujevac.Demić, M. (1997), The optimization of vehi-cle vibration systems (in Serbian), Mechani-cal Engineering Faculty, Kragujevac.Demić, M., (2004), Design of passenger cars (in Serbian), Mechanical Engineering Fac-ulty in Kragujevac.

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Figure 9: Phase angle for the speed of 35 m/s (parame-ters: B – new suspension elements, and C - after service of 200.000 km) and a speed of 10 m/s (parameters: D – new suspension elements, and E - after service of 200.000 km)

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Demic ́, M. (1999), The defi nition of the tires limit of admissible nonuniformity by using the vehicle vibratory model. Vehicle System Dy-namics 31 (3), pp. 183-211Demić, M., (1994), Optimization of Vehicles Elasto-Damping Element Characteristics from the Aspect of Ride Comfort, Vehicle System Dynamics, Vol. 23, pp.351-377.Demić, M. (1996), Optimization of Characteris-tics of Elasto-Damping Elements from the As-pect of Oscillatory Comfort and Vehicle Han-dling, Int. J. of Vehicle Design, Vol. 17, No 1.Demić, M., Diligenski, Đ., Demić, I., Demić, M. (2006), A method of vehicle active sus-pension design, Forschung Im Ingenieurw-essen, 5, 70: DOI 10.1007/s10010-06-0025-, pp 145-158.Demić, M., Belingardi, G. (2010), A Con-tribution to shock absorber modelling and Analysis of their Infl uence on Vehicle ride Charakteristics, Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars (MECCA), 01, pp 6-17.Demić, M., (2003) Analsigdem Software for signal analysis, www.ptt.yu/korisnici/i/m/im-izm034/index.swf.Demić, M. (2003), Demparcoh Software, www.ptt.yu/korisnici/i/m/imizm034/index.swfDemić, M., Diligenski, Đ. (2012): A Contribution to Research of Degradation of Characteristics of Vibration Parameters on Vibration Aspect of Vehicle Comfort, Journal of Applied Engineer-ing Science, Vol. 10, No 4., pp.185-190.Genta A. (2003), Motor Vehicle Dynamics. Politecniko di Torino. Gillespie T. (1992), Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics. SAE, Warrendale.Magneti Marelli, (2012), Informations.Miliken WF, Miliken D.L., (1995), Race Car Vehicle Dynamics. SAE, Warrendale, 1995.

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Ilić, G., Radojković, N., Stojanović, I., (1996), Ther-modynamics II – The basics of heat transfer (in Serbian), Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Niš.Malić D., (1972), Thermodynamics and ther-motechnics (in Serbian), IP „Gradjevinska knjiga“, Belgrade.Milinčić D., Vasiljević B., Djordjević R., (1984), Problems with heat transfer (in Serbian), IP Gradjevinska knjiga“, Belgrade.Marić, M., (2002), Thermal Science - ther-modynamics, heat transfer, combustion (in Serbian). University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences.Milinčić D., Voronjec D., (1991), Thermody-namics (in Serbian), Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Belgrade 1991.Mohd Sh., Mohd. S., Erlifi H., Nor, M. M., (2008), Experimental heat transfer study on the shock absorber operation”, International Conference on Science & Technology: Appli-cations in Industry & Education, Moran, M.J. et al., (2010), Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley.Mitschke, M., (1997), Kraftfahrzeugkonstruk-tion, Teil D., TU Braunschweig, Forlesung.Fermi, E., (2011), Thermodynamics, Dover Books on Physics.Riesenburg, O., (1970), „Beitrag zur Klärung der Vorgänge in einem hydraulischen Schwingungsdämpfer“, Dissertation TU Braunschweig.Rajamani, R., (2005), Vehicle Dynamics and Control, University of Minesota.Šelmić, R., (1986), Technical thermodynam-ics (in Serbian), Naučna knjiga, Belgrade.Zastava informations (1977-2010) (in Serbian).

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Paper number: 11(2013)1, 247, 31 - 38

THE EVALUATION OF QUALITY GOALS AT THE PROCESS LEVEL IN A UNCERTAIN

ENVIRONMENTHrvoje Puškarić* University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kragujevac, SerbiaDr Danijela Tadić University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kragujevac, SerbiaDr Mirjana MisitaUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, SerbiaDr Miladin StefanovićUniversity of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kragujevac, SerbiaDr Dragan MilanovićUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia

doi:10.5937/jaes11-3271

Improvement of business processes is achieved, among the other, through improvement of quality goals which are defi ned on the level of each process. In practice, it is not possible to improve all identifi ed quality goals simultaneously. It is assumed that it is necessary that the quality goals val-ues be determined by applying determined metrics. With respect to given values of quality goals, management team determines the order by which quality goals are improved. In this paper, the rela-tive importance of quality goals is stated by fuzzy pair-wise comparison matrix. The performances of quality goals are described by linguistic expressions. All linguistic expressions are modeled by triangular fuzzy numbers. The new model for evaluation of quality goal values with respect to their relative importance is proposed. The developed model is tested by illustrative example with real life data of development process.Key words: Quality goals, Fuzzy sets, Evaluation

INTRODUCTION

The analysis and design of enterprise which is based on process approach has been an ac-tive area research for many years. The pro-cess model of enterprise leads to organizational structure which is absolutely benefi ciary oriented and fl exible. At the level of each process, aims and responsibilities are uniquely defi ned and in this way higher control over process resources can be achieved, as well as the interest for ac-complishing the identifi ed quality goals which is kind of business goals, etc. Accomplishment of the identifi ed quality goals leads to increasing of competitor’s advantage, process improvement, increasing quality of products, etc.Development process management problem is one of the most important management tasks of quality management, and it can be among the others defi ned as identifi cation, evaluation and improvement of quality goals. These tasks are

implemented in ISO 9000:2000 and ISO 14000 as presented in [13].In the process of setting goals it is important to point out the following:it is desirable to accom-plish management consensus over goals as wide as possible, goals can never be realized without the basic knowledge, it is necessary to be devoted to goal achievement and having too many goals is as bad as not having them at all. Also, it can be possible to apply proposed deci-sion making systems [12], [14, 15, 16]. The solu-tion of this sub-problem affects effi ciency and successfulness of process realization. Measuring the performance or characteristic of quality goals is the second sub-problem of de-velopment process management problem. The results which are given by appropriate measure methods enable to observe quality goals better, as well as the effi ciency of process management too. In other words, quality goal values enable better understanding of the process, better

31* University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering Science, Sestre Janjić 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; [email protected]


control, better delegation of responsibilities, com-pliance with business goals, determination of effi -ciency management which is defi ned as quotient of achieved and projected values of each quality goal. To overview achieved and recognized result.Based on acquired performance values, quality goal values are calculated. It is highly important to set performance metric system of quality goals.The process improvement is acquired by increas-ing the quality goal values. In practice, it is not pos-sible to improve all quality goals in the same time. It is obvious that you should focus efforts to under-take management mesaures fi rst which lead to im-provement of quality goals which are associated as the least weighted normalized values.It is not possible to determine precisely the char-acteristics of quality goals. Their value is esti-mated by management team (quality managers, process managers, external experts). These estimations are based on their knowledge, evi-dence data, current data, etc. It is closer to hu-man reasoning that management team states their evaluations by linguistic expressions more so than by precise values. Development of some areas of mathematics, such as fuzzy set theory [8] enables all uncertainties and vaguenesses to be adequately numerically introduced. In the presence of imprecise, approximate and vague data fuzzy set theory can simulate human way of thinking in the decision making process [07].The considered problem is solved in two steps. In the fi rst step, the relative importance of quality goals is determined. In many papers which can be fi nd in the literature, the relative weight of considered entitets is stated by pair-wise com-parison matrix (by analogy Analytic Hierarchy Process) [17]. In conventional AHP, the pairwise comparison is established by using a standard integer scale (1-9). Value 1, that is value 9, de-notes that every considered quality goal pair has equal that is extreme importance, respectively. The use of discrete scale of AHP is simple and easy, but it is not suffi cient to take into account the uncertainty associated with the mapping of one’s perception to a number [10]. Decision makers express their judgments far better by us-ing linguistic expressions than by representing them in terms of precise numbers. It feels more confi dent to give interval judgments than fi xed value judgments.

The relative importance relation of considered values in many papers [6, 19, 2] is given through comparison pair matrix , where the elements of this matrix are linguistics expressions. The quali-ty weights are determined by applying procedure which is developed in [3]. The evaluation of quality goals and model of business process management selection is pos-sible to realize by applying business planning management (Business Planning Management) (BPM) which leads to signifi cant success of the enterprise. However, it is diffi cult to systematical-ly and reasonably evaluate business processes for enterprises that plan to introduce BPM [4].The performance measures for web designed processes are based on numerous indicators of successfulness for different types of processes [20]. The example of industrial implementation shows usage of this metrics as part of the sys-tem for monitoring quality of paper factory. Ratting of dynamic enterprise performance pro-cess is based on using sophisticated simulation of the process and optimization tools. Performance evaluation of quality goals represents the base for applying simulation method of processes and researching the possibility of applying optimiza-tion tools for re-engineering processes [21, 5]. In this paper, methodology for evaluation of dy-namic enterprise performance process with met-rics measurement models is suggested, accord-ing to expenses calculation based on activities: Activity Based Costing (ABC) and management based on activities: Activity Based Management (ABM). Prototype software system is implement-ed in order to validate suggested methodology.Contributions of this paper are the follows: (1) it handles uncertainty in relative importance of quality goals and performance values using fuzzy sets, (2) model for evaluation and rank-ing of quality goals during the time period is pro-posed and (2) monitoring of quality goals man-agement effi ciency by control cards.This paper considers: basic assumptions of pro-posed model, modeling of the relative impor-tance of quality goals and performance values of quality goals, proposed model for ranking of quality goals and verifi cation of proposed mod-els by real-life data which come from developing process.

32 , 247

Hrvoje Puškarić - The evaluation of quality goals at the process level in a uncertain environment


THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

The following are assumptions underlying a model of the considered problem:

Management team (process managers and external experts) identifi es quality goals of development process. These quality goals are formally presented by set C={1,...,c,...C} . The total number of identifi ed quality goals is denoted as C and c is index of quality goal.Relative importance of treated quality goals depends on rating of decision makers and, in most cases, hardly changes. Management team evaluations are based on: (a) analysis of historical data based on the experience of other companies, (b) using data which are found in offi cial bulletins, (c) judgments of experts, (d) professional observation, etc. In practice, different approaches are more of-ten combined. Generally, the relative impor-tance of criteria is different and determined according to knowledge and experience of management team. In this paper, the relative importance of each pair of identifi ed quality goals is described by linguistic expression and modeled by triangular fuzzy number.Management team defi nes parameters of quality goals: percentage of deviation, project-ed time and management resource effi ciency. Parameter values are determined by man-agement team by consensus. These values are uncertain and changeable over the period of time. The considered parameters of quality goals can be benefi t and cost type. They are described by linguistic expressions which are modeled by triangular fuzzy numbers.

Time period in which development process qual-ity goals values of are evaluated is discretized by discretization step t . It can be formally pre-sented by set T={1,...,t,...T} . The total number time period interval is T and t is index for discreti-zation time period.

MODELLING OF UNCERTAINTIES

In this Section, modeling of uncertainties in rela-tive importance of quality goals and values of quality goal parameters are described. All un-certainties are described by linguistic expression which is modeled by fuzzy sets [08]. A fuzzy set is represented by its membership function. The parameters of membership function are shape, granularity and location on the universe of dis-

•

•

•

course. The membership function of a fuzzy set can be obtained based on one’s experience, subjective belief of decision makers, intuition and contextual knowledge about the concept modeled [22]. The triangular fuzzy numbers are most used in the literature. They offer a good compromise between descriptive power and computational simplicity. The range of maximum triangular shape membership has to be around the crisp point of the triangle. Fuzzy sets of high-er types and levels have not as yet played a sig-nifi cant role in applications of fuzzy sets theory [09]. Granularity is defi ned as number of fuzzy numbers assigned to the fuzzy rating of the rela-tive importance and parameter values of quality goals. It can be mentioned that human being can only seven categories at most [11].

MODELING OF QUALITY GOALS WEIGHTS

Management team determines the number and kind of quality goals of development process primarily depending on the type of industry and size of considered industrial organization.All the quality goals of development process are usually not of the same relative importance. Also, they can be considered as unchangeable during the considered period of time. They involve a high degree of subjective judgment and individu-al preferences of decision makers. We think that the judgment of each pair of treated criteria best suits human-decision nature (by analogy with AHP method). In this paper, the relative importance of each pair of the considered quality goals is described by triangular fuzzy number with the lower and upper bounds and modal value , respectively.If strong relative importance of quality goal c’ over quality goal c holds, then pairwise comparison scale can be represented by the fuzzy number:

If c=c’(c, c’=1,...,C) then relative importance criteri-on c over criterion c’ is represented by single point 1 which is a triangular fuzzy number (1,1,1).In this paper, the fuzzy rating of each decision maker can be described by using three linguis-tic expressions. These linguistic expressions are modeled by triangular fuzzy numbers which are given in the following way:

33, 247



low important - moderately important - strongly important -

MODELING OF QUALITY GOAL PARAMETERS

The parameter values are not measurable val-ues, that it is nearly impossible to be described by precise numbers. Because of that, it is as-sumed that these values are adequately de-scribed by linguistic expressions. Management team determines number and type of linguistic expressions depending on type of enterprises. These linguistic expressions are modeled by tri-angular fuzzy numbers. The parameter values of quality goals in time period t is modeled by triangular fuzzy number so that . Lower and upper bounds and modal value of triangular fuzzy num-ber are denoted as lpct, ucpt and mpct, respectively. Domain values are defi ned on real set numbers into interval (1-9). The value 1, that is 9 denotes that parameter value has smallest, that is the highest values.In this paper, the following linguistic expresses are used for describing parameter values:

low value - V1=(1,1,3)medium value - V2=(1,3,5)medium hight value - V3=(3,5,7)high value - V4=(5,7,9)very high value - V5=(8,9,9)

•••

•••••

THE PROPOSED MODEL FOR EVALUATION QUALITY GOALS

For management team carrying out the analy-sis, the following tasks are important: (1) to determine which identifi ed quality goal has the smallest value in time period t, t=1,..,T, (2) to determine degree of belief that quality goals are smaller than quality goal which is based at the fi rst place in rank, and (3) quality goals man-agement effi ciency with the worst performance to present by relation diagram. Answers to fi rs two questions are given by comparing triangular fuzzy numbers by using method [1]. Values of quality goals with the worst performance values are visually presented by relation diagram. With the analysis of this diagarm it is possible to de-termine quality goals effi ciency improvement of development process.

Ranking of quality goals depends on their val-ues and relative importance. The relative im-portance of quality goals is stated as pair-wise comparison matrix. The elements of this matrix are linguistic expressions which are modeled by triangular fuzzy numbers. The weight of each identifi ed quality goal c, c=1,..,C is calculated as average value of all triangular fuzzy numbers of row c, c=1,..,C. The calculated value of quality goal weight is described by triangular fuzzy num-ber according to fuzzy rules algebra [08].In general, treated performance of quality goals can be benefi t and cost type. Their values are normalized by using linear normalization pro-cedure [18]. In this way, parameter values are mapped into interval (0-1). Value 0, that is 1 denotes that parameter value has the smallest, that is the highest value. The normalized values of parameters are presented by triangular fuzzy numbers rpct=(y; Lpct, Mpct, Upct). It is assumed that quality goal is consisted of three performances, and then the values of quality goals can be pre-sented graphically by polyhedron. It is assumed that, the value of each quality goal can be pre-sented by volume of polyhedron, vct= Пp=1,2,32Mpct The weighted normalized value of quality goal c, c=1,.,C is denoted as dct=(y; lct, mct, uct) . The rank of quality goals in each time period t, t=1,..,T corresponds to rank of triangular fuzzy numbers dct. First, dct with the smallest value , mct is found. The quality goals are ranked in increasing order of their modal value mct, c=1,...C; t=1..., T . The fi rst in the sequence is dct . These ranked triangular fuzzy numbers are further analyzed to determine a measure of belief that one fuzzy number is smaller than the other one and a mea-sure of belief that it is not. This procedure is ap-plied in order to determine the measure of belief that a fuzzy number, which is ranked higher, is smaller than another fuzzy number which has a lower rank position.The algorithm for ranking of quality goals devel-opment process is formally given as follows.Step 1. The pair-wise comparison matrix of the relative importance of quality goals is stated:

The relative importance of quality goal c, c=1,..,C is given:




Step 2. To normalize parameter values by using linear normalization procedure [18]:а) For benefi t type of quality goal parameter:

b) For cost type of parameter:

where:

Step 3. To determine quality goal value c, c=1,..,C in time period t, t=1,..,T:

Step 4. Calculate weighted normalized quality goal values. By using method which is proposed in [1], the rank of quality goals are determined. The rank of quality goals corresponds to rank of fuzzy numbers.Step 5. Calculate degree of belief that quality goals can be stated in the fi rst place of deter-mined rank.Step 6. Determine representative scalar of fuzzy number, , dct in time period t, t=1,..,T. The change of values of each quality goal during the considered time period is presented by relation diagram.

THE ILLUSTRATED EXAMPLE

In this paper, the proposed procedure is illustrat-ed by example with real-life data of development process of one food company exists in Šumadia region. In this company work about 50 employ-ees. According to size criterion, the considered enterprise is small and medium type. The stan-dards ISO 9001 and ISO 22000 are implement-ed in this food company by Quality Center of the Faculty of Engineering, Kragujevac. The devel-opment process of this food company is one of the most complex business processes. Manage-ment of this business process is the most im-

portant task of management. The solution of this problem has an impact on growth, development and endurance of the enterprise on the market. The identifi ed quality goals are: on the time de-livery (c=1), fulfi llment of initial demands of the project (c=2), and engagement of employees (c=3). The parameters of these quality goals are: percentage deviation (p=1), projected time (p=2), and effi cient management resources (p=3). First two parameters are cost type and the third con-sidered parameter is benefi t type.The fuzzy pair-wise comparison matrix of the relative importance of quality goals of develop-ment process is:

and

The parameter values are presented in Table 1. The considered period is three months (one quarter). By applying proposed Algorithm (Step 1), the weights of quality goals are calculated:

By applying Algorithm (Step 2 and Step 6) the weighted normalized values of quality goal param-eter and their representative scalar for each time period are calculated and presented in Table 2.

c=1 c=2 c=3

p=1V2, V3

V2, V1

V4, V3

V5, V2

V2, V3

V2, V1

p=2V4, V5

V2, V4

V3, V3

V5, V2

V3, V2

V4, V1

p=3V2, V2

V1, V2

V3, V2

V2, V3

V3, V2

V3, V3

Table 1: Parameter values of quality goals for each time period


The least weighted normalized value in time period t=1 is quality goal engagement of employees (c=3). With respect the given results (see Table 1), it can be concluded that management team should under-take management measures which lead to improve-ment of denoted quality goal values Table 3.In the second quarter, the quality goal on the time delivery (c=1) has the least weighted nor-malized value. Degree of belief that performance of quality goal engagement of employees (c=3) have lower values than performance on the time

delivery (c=1) is 0.96. Management team has to undertake appropriate measures to improve per-formance values of both analyzed quality goals almost simultaneously Table 4.In the third quarter, quality goal fulfi llment of initial demands of project (c=2), has the lowest weighted normalized value. Management team in considered time period should focus its atten-tion on possibility of improvement of this quality goal Table 5.

Table 2: The rank of quality goals of development process in time period t=1

Quality goals

The weighted normalized quality goal values Rank

Degree of belief that quality goal can be placed in the fi rst place of

the rankThe representative

scalar values

c=1 d11=(0.0254, 0.0529, 0.0739) 2 0.305 0.0529

c=2 d21=(0.058, 0.0739, 0.0897) 3 0 0.0739

c=3 d31=(0.0209, 0.0226, 0.0387) 1 1 0.0226


Quality goals




scalar values

c=1 d12=(0.0178, 0.0371, 0.0517) 1 1 0.0371

c=2 d22=(0.0489, 0.0622, 0.0756) 3 0.1 0.0622

c=3 d32=(0.0348, 0.0378, 0.0563) 2 0.96 0.0378

Quality goals




scalar values

c=1 d13=(0.0198, 0.0412, 0.0576) 3 0.13 0.0412

c=2 d23=(0.015, 0.0191, 0.0232) 1 1 0.0191

c=3 d33=(0.0249, 0.0269, 0.0402) 2 0 0.0269

Table 4: The rank of quality goals development process in time period t=3

Quality goals




scalar values

c=1 d14=(0.0762, 0.1589, 0.2218) 1 1 0.1589

c=2 d24=(0.2258, 0.2875, 0.3492) 2 0 0.2875

c=3 d34=(0.5222, 0.5667, 0.8444) 3 0 0.5667



Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)1, 247

In the last of considered quarter, the quality goal on the time delivery (c=1), has the least weight-ed normalized value. Management team should make an effort to undertake and monitor man-agement measures which lead to improvement of this quality goal.The representative scalars of quality goals values for each considered time period are presented by relation diagrams Figure 1., Figure 2. and Figure 3.

Figure 1: The weighted normalized values of on the time delivery (c=1) during the time period

Figure 2: The weighted normalized values of initial demands fulfi llment of project (c=2) during

the time period

Figure 3: The weighted normalized values of engage-ment of employees (c=3) during the time period

According to relation diagrams it can be conclud-ed that values of each identifi ed quality goal in fi rst three quarters have almost same values. In

the last quarter value of each quality goal is sig-nifi cantly increasing. According to given results, management measures taken are adequate and lead to increasing of quality goal values which further enables improvement of considered busi-ness process.

CONCLUSION

The evaluation of quality goals on the business process level is important task of management team. Improvement of business processes de-pends on the solution of considered problem. Consequently, a fuzzy logic based approach ap-pears as a natural way to describe vagueness of effects parameters of quality goals.The proposed fuzzy model contributes to form-ing an opinion which quality goal has the low-est value in considered time period. Finding the degrees of belief that a quality goal has a higher predisposition to have the worst value than some other quality goals, helps management team to recommend the application of specifi c manage-ment measures.The proposed model was tested on a randomly selected group of quality goals which are given from the telecommunication enterprise in Re-public Serbia. The results obtained by using real world examples showed good performance of the new model. The propsed model is very fl ex-ible in the sense that it can be easily extended to include more quality goals.

REFERENCES

Bass, M.S., Kwakernaak, H. (1977). Rating and Ranking of Multiple-aspect Alternatives using Fuzzy sets. Automatica, 3, 47-58.Chan, S.T.F., Kumar, N. (2007). Global sup-plier development considering risk factors us-ing fuzzy extended AHP-based approach. Int. Journal of Production Research, 46, 417-431.Chang, D.Y. (1996). Applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP. European Jour-nal of Operational Research, 95, 649-655.Chiwoon C., Seungsin, L. (2010) A study on process evaluation and selection model for business process management. School of Industrial Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749.Gaben. M., Krčevinac. S., Vujošević. M. (2007): Modelujući sistemi u optimizaciji. Journal of Ap-plied Engineering Science, No.18, pp. 37-46.

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Gumus, T.A. (2009). Evaluation of hazardous waste transportation fi rms by using a two step fuzzy-AHP and TOPSIS methodology. Expert System with Applications, 36, 4067-4074.Kaur, P., Chakrabortyb, S. (2007). A New Approach to Vendor Selection Problem with Impact Factor as an Indirect Measure of Quality. Journal of Modern Mathematics and Statistics, 1, 1-8.Klir, G.J., Folger, T.A. (1988) Fuzzy Sets, Uncertainty and Information (1st ed.). New Yersy: Prentice-Hall.Klir G.J., Yuan, B. (1995) Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic, theory and applications. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.Kwong, C.K., Bai, H. (2003). Determining the importance weights for the customer require-ments in QFD using a fuzzy AHP with an ex-tent analysis approach. IIE Transakcions, 35 (7), 619-625.Lootsma, F.A. (1997) Fuzzy Logic for Plan-ning and Decision making. Kluwer Academ-ic, Boston, USA.Milanović, D., Ranđić. D., Ristić. Lj.(2007): Unapređenje sistema upravljanja životne sre-dine po standardima ISO14000, Journal of Ap-plied Engineering Science, No. 18, pp. 7-12.Milosavljević, Đ. (2003): “Unapređenje siste-ma upravljanja životne sredine po standardi-ma” Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 41-48.Misita. M., Senussia. G., Milovanović. M.(2012): A combining genetic learining algo-rithm and risk matrix model using in optimal production program”Journal of Applied Engi-neering Science, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 147-152Nunes. I.(2012): ”Fuzzy systems to support industrial engineering management”, Jour-nal of Applied Engineering Science, No. 3, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 143-146

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Popović. M., Vasić. B., Curović. D.(2010): A possible answer to the question: What is as-set management? Journal of Applied Engi-neering Science,Vol. 8, No.4, pp. 205-2014Saaty, T.L. (1990). How to make a decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. European J. Oper., 489-26.Shih, H.S., Shyur, H.J., Lee, E.S. (2007). An Extension of TOPSIS for Group Decision Making. Mathematical and Computer Model-ling, 45, 801-813.Tadić, D., Milanović, D., Misita, M., Tadić, B. (2011). New integrated approach to the prob-lem of ranking and supplier selection under uncertainties. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part B: Journal of Engineering manufacture, 225, 1713-1724.Vesa, H., Heikki, K. (2011) Performance metrics for web-forming processes, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, Department of Automation and Systems Technology, P.O. Box 15500, 00076.WenAn T., Weiming S., Jianmin Z. (2006) A methodology for dynamic enterprise process performance evaluation, a Software Engi-neering Institute. Zhejiang Normal University, JinHua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China.Zimmermann, H.J. (1978). Results of empiri-cal studies in fuzzy set theory (ed. G.J. Klir). Applied General Systems Research, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 303-311.

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doi:10.5937/jaes10-2164

* Public Enterprises of PTT, Bulevar Mihajla Pupina 16, 21108 Novi Sad, Serbia; [email protected]

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Paper number: 11(2013)1, 248, 39 - 43

IMPLEMENTATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY IN MAIL

DELIVERIES ORGANIZATIONVladimir Janko Desnica*Public Enterprises of PTT, Novi Sad, SerbiaDr Dragana ŠaracUniversity of Novi Sad, Faculty of tehnical science, Novi Sad, Serbia

The Post of Serbia should create conditions for improvement of its assortment of services by in-novations of the current services and introduction of new commercial services in the work process. This can be achieved if high technologies – automation, mechanization and particularly information-communication technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) are introduced. The paper discusses results of the case study which comprises application of GIS on the example of delivery areas of the Post of Serbia in Novi Sad based on created thematic maps. The aim is to increase ef-fi ciency and productivity of delivery services by application of this technology.Key words: Delivery service, Geographic information system (GIS), Thematic maps

INTRODUCTION

Geographic information system (GIS) is a tech-nological fi eld that incorporates geographi-cal features with tabular data in order to map, analyze, and assess real-world problems [12]. Almost every human activity relative to a ter-ritory or the whole planet may be improved by application of optimized geographic information system. GIS is used in business, scientifi c and public projects. It is considered as a dominant tool which provides effective planning, analyzing and managing, from the cartography itself, which is a base for GIS development, all along to busi-ness, public and military systems. It is used in all fi elds which use spatial i.e. geographic data (for scientifi c research, management of resources, property management, development planning, infrastructural planning, in electrical, machine and civil construction industries, architecture, banking, economics, urban planning, transport, health care system, tourism, for marketing re-search, geology, ...). GIS is used on the global as well as on the local level (e.g. national atlas of a country (cities, population, telephone area codes, postal codes), hydrography of a country (rivers, lakes), infrastructure (hospitals, schools, parks, cemeteries, museums), transport (air-ports, roads and highways, rivers, railroads), education, entrepreneurship, etc.) [02,11,13].

GIS in Serbia is mainly used in the following ar-eas: traffi c and transport, telecommunications, tourism, city infrastructure (water pipelines, heat-ing system, gas pipelines), education, local self-government [03, 07]. The topic of the paper is improvement of the situ-ation in the Post of Serbia, especially its delivery services, as well as providing an effective work and optimal use of working hours of post deliver-ers by application of GIS technology.

NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE POST OF SERBIA

A state company for offering postal services “Srbija” (JP PTT “Srbija”) is the oldest, the most powerful and the widest available infrastructural system in the country. The Post of Serbia is a company which offers postal services including carrying various kinds of mail from a sender to an addressee, so the mail delivery service plays an important part in the system.The notion of mail transport signifi es a continu-ous manner of transferring mail in all phases of a unique technological process. A unique techno-logical process which comprises all interdepen-dent phases of transfer makes up a completed production cycle. A production cycle in mail transport is made up of 5 phases: reception, dis-patch, transport, arrival and delivery [05].


It is very important to deliver mail quickly, prop-erly and safely. In order to achieve this, it is nec-essary to organize the work of the mail delivery service in such a way that it satisfi es the require-ments of the market and the needs of the cus-tomers and to work in a cost-effective way, i.e. to make profi t [01].Facing a competition which is getting more and more powerful, the Post of Serbia should main-tain its rightful position of the national leader and one of the regional leaders in the modern market of postal services by innovations of the current services and introduction of new commercial services. Replacement of out-of-date technol-ogy and introduction of high technology (auto-mation, mechanization and particularly informa-tion-communication technology and GIS) in the work process create conditions for improvement of assortment of services. In the fi rst place reengineering in the delivery process means the process of innovation, or in other words, it provides the delivery process in-novations by use of modern technical solutions (introduction of modern equipment and facilities, application of Postal Address Code (PAC) and especially GIS). GIS has proved its advantages where visualization of spatial data is required as well as manipulation with a large number of data. It is quite certain that wider application of GIS technology in the Post of Serbia will confi rm its advantages.

Organization of mail deliveryMail delivery to addressees is a fi nal phase of a single technological process. Regarding the manner of mail delivery, two organizational sys-tems can be distinguished:

mail delivery to home or business premises addresses of an addressee,mail delivery in the post offi ce through PO box service and delivery counters.

Delivery is certainly the most expensive process in postal technology; hence it is quite understand-able to try to reduce the expenses [6]. Possibili-ties to reduce delivery expenses are numerous, only an effective tool is required to fi nd the most effi cient solution to this problem. More intensive application of GIS proves that this technology is one of the most effi cient solutions regarding more qualitative delivery organization.

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Vladimir Janko Desnica - Implementation of geographic information systems technology in mail deliveries organization

APPLICATION OF GIS IN THE PROCESS OF DELIVERY ORGANIZATION

In order to analyze territorial availability of postal services to citizens, rationalization of transport and delivery of postal items, the Post of Serbia bas been developing Geographic information system - GIS since 2002.Based on the information about addresses where the postmen deliver the mail, the Post of Ser-bia has positioned on the map (geo-referenced) about 1 million of house numbers in all major cit-ies in Serbia. Based on the data from Geographic information system, the Post of Serbia is able to conduct the following analyses:

analysis of territorial access to facilities and users,planning the distribution of advertising material,route planning,generation of address lists by zones,analysis of population density in order to plan the capacity of infrastructure orselection of the best locations for opening new facilities and others [14].

The most important segment of GIS is geograph-ic information. It comprises spatial, time and at-tribute components. Each of these components can be changed, which affects the manner and selection of analysis, storage and presentation of information itself. Every variable, i.e. informa-tion which may be located spatially, can be inte-grated in GIS.Development of GIS and introduction of PAC help meet the conditions for application of this technology in the Post of Serbia, particularly in delivery organization [9]. PAC is a new way of addressing mail in Serbia and is made up of six digits written beside the city or town name. This code helps describe the territory of Serbia, i.e. a series of digits replaced the name of municipality, part of the city and street (or its part). Writing the PAC ensures unmistakable dispatch and delivery of mail to the recipients. The software package Maplnfo is used for work with Geographic Infor-mation System in the Post of Serbia. The main prerequisite for creation of qualitative and usable vector maps is a good and detailed base.

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The base for this creation may be a detailed aer-ial photo (orthophoto) or a satellite image.Spatial data are fi rst collected and stored in rela-tional databases, i.e. a connection between geo-data and relational databases is generated. Files created to write geometric elements in a binary form in them are used to describe spatial data. The fi rst step in database creation in the Post of Serbia is inserting the streets i.e. street network and assigning a code. Drawing in the complete street network is followed by drawing in objects (houses, buildings, industrial facilities). Each object is assigned a street code which contains house number. There follows data pairing which involves available data with the assigned codes. Microsoft Offi ce Access which is compatible with Maplnfo software is used for application of data from databases [08].GIS is more and more used in automated vehi-cle control (AVC). The vehicles contain a built-in Global Positioning System- GPS so the vehicle fl eet may be controlled in real time thus provid-ing security of both deliverer and the vehicle [10]. Fuel fi lling and consumption can be also controlled along with departure time and stops, opening and closing of the doors, etc. Vehicle

movement is possible to control in earlier period as well and this enables analyses and control of accuracy and quality of deliverer’s work. It is also possible to control a mailman in his delivery area by means of personalized locators. For the pur-pose of further improvement of delivery quality a greater use of personalized locators for mailmen is necessary. Their use contributes to security of mailmen in the fi rst place (because the alarm is activated in case of emergency) while the control of movements of mailmen in a particular area pro-vides and improves quality of delivery. Application of GIS technology in past time and real time helps to establish if the movements are appropriate or certain corrections are possible to make.

Analysis of productivities of delivery areas based on thematic maps - case study

When organizing the delivery the following basic elements for formation of delivery areas must be considered: number of users (legal entities and physical persons), quantity and type of mails and distance traveled by a mailman in the area. Ap-plication of GIS and creation of thematic maps offer quickly obtained data about the way of de-livery organization in a delivery area or a city.

Figure 1: Thematic map with the data: delivery mail area (21101, 009), distance traveled by a mailman in a delivery area (4510 meters), number of households (919), number of telephone bills for physical

persons and legal entities (1514 and 521), number of pensioners (399), number of electricity bills for physical persons and legal entities (136 and 156), number of bank reports (1251and 302), number of mobile

operators bills (1173), 248


Thematic maps provide an overview of delivery capacity for a specifi c segment, delivery area and for the whole company. In working unit Novi Sad GIS technology is used in the mail delivery phase in order to equal productivities of areas in the Post of Serbia. A thematic map which is created contains all necessary and relevant data for delivery organization, such as: population number, number of households, number of un-registered mails for a particular period, distance traveled by a mailman in a particular delivery area, optimal number of post offi ces for a partic-ular area, number of telephone bills, number of mobile operators bills, number of electricity bills, total number and amount of pensions, number of legal entities, and so on. If a particular area is selected, the requested data are quickly given, which is shown in fi gure 1.In earlier period it was necessary to spend a large number of working hours to collect these data, which involved physical counting of house-hold, legal entities and mails in a particular area. A great difference in numbers of household and legal entities in areas was established based on thematic maps and their analysis. Selection of specifi c postal address codes quickly offered the requested data so it was possible to establish which segments could be transferred from one (more productive) area to the neighboring (less productive) area. Thus productivities of areas were balanced (by number of households and of legal entities and by distance traveled by a mail-man in the area). Moreover, only measuring dis-tance traveled by a mailman in an area required at least 5 measurements (by bicycle or moped) in order to establish the average distance trav-eled by a mailman [01].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A very important step in database creation and creation of entire GIS is data collection phase. Preciseness and exactness is especially under-lined in this phase because mistakes in mea-surements, input and data classifi cation may produce completely wrong results and conse-quently wrong analyses and models in further phases. Variety of information which enters the database is great because all entered data are spatial reference information and location refer-ence information. In the Post of Serbia GIS has even greater ap-plication in organization of letter delivery, parcel

delivery and specialized delivery, mail delivery, desk operations, timetable and transport optimi-zation. Using the data and thematic maps which GIS offers, the delivery operator can analyze the obtained data and very quickly make decisions about possible changes for the purpose of opti-mization of delivery organization: organizer may decide whether to transfer one segment from one delivery area to another, or to transfer one part of the city to a delivery area of another de-livery post offi ce. All data from the thematic map in fi gure 1 are immediately available for delivery organization in working unit Novi Sad for 263 de-livery areas (including district of South Bačka in AP of Vojvodina). It used to take several working days to obtain these data.Application of GIS technology on the concrete ex-ample shows that analysis is performed in a faster, more qualitative and cheaper way while the results are immediately visible. It provides improvement in effi ciency and delivery, more qualitative defi nition of expenses, fuel consumption control and more effective organization; on the other hand, it reduc-es unproductive walk of mailmen.

CONCLUSION

The tendencies of the future development of the post offi ce should be based on spreading and modernizing, introducing new technologies in compliance with general development in Europe and the world. It could be said that the Post of Serbia has found in GIS a suitable engineering tool which provides a qualitative work that can be performed in the offi ce and which improves post offi ces organiza-tion and desks work organization, transport and processing as well as delivery.The Post of Serbia must timely respond to a challenge of increasing competition and intro-duce GIS in the system of delivery organization, but also in the system of strategic decision-mak-ing in general if it wants to remain the leader in its work.Since in the Post of Serbia all relevant postal capacities such as PAC, regular delivery (areas, mailboxes, depots, mailmen stations), special-ized delivery, timetable, reception and delivery are georeferenced, more intensive application of GIS technology is the main prerequisite to advance the process and improve quality in all phases of production cycle, in other words, from mail reception, dispatch, transport and arrival to

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analyses and defi ne priorities in a more quali-tative way as well as to provide more effective and faster decision-making. Application of GIS technology in the process of delivery organiza-tion ensures signifi cant increase in productivity, more effective use of working hours and more qualitative services and overall operations of the organization.

REFERENCES

Desnica,V., Šarac, D., (2012) Application of new technologies in the Post of Serbia in function of effi cient business, II International Symposium Engineering Management and Competitiveness 2012 (EMC 2012), Zren-janin, 108-112.Gerasimović, M., Stanojević, Lj., Veljović, A., Cvijović, N., (2010) Application of geographic information systems technology in entrepre-neurship education, Annals of faculty engi-neering Hunedoara – International journal of engineering, 8( 2), 197-200.Grgurović, B, Štrbac, S, Popović, M., (2010) Positioning in the market of commercial services the postal activities, International Scientifi c Conference Management 2010., Krusevac, Serbia, 554-560.Janković, D., Milidragović, R., (2011) Model for improving spatial planning area manag-ment in local government implementation of GIS technology, Annals of faculty engineer-ing Hunedoara – International journal of en-gineering, 9 (1), 43-52.Kujačić, M., (2005.) Postal traffi c, Novi Sad: Faculty of technical sciences

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Marković, Z., (2009) Automated processing centers – prerequisite for postal services business processes re-engineering, PosTel 2009, Beograd, 185-194.Marković, Z., Ostojić, Lj., (2006) Ptt route - software for designing of transport vehicles route and creation of timetables used in transport of postal items, PosTel 2006, Beo-grad, 243-252.Nedeljković, S., (2005) Application of GIS technology in delivery organization, Modern Post, no. 3, 55-60.Ostojić, Lj., (2004) Application of GIS tech-nology in postal traffi c, Postfest, Beograd.Stanković, S., Tadić, Z., Vasković, V., Ljubojević, M. (2010):The application of the ICT on optimization of traffi c currencies and fl uency of public city transport system”, Jour-nal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 27-32Zahorjanski, M., Veljović, A., (2011) Use of analytical data bases and gis for monitoring performance of institutions of higher edu-cation, Journal Metalurgia international, 16 (12), 136-139.www.gislounge.com (Retrieved January, 2013)www.gis.ba (Retrieved December, 2010)www.posta.rs (Retrieved May, 2011)

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E V E N T S R E V I E W

44

8th SYMPOSIUM RESEARCH AND DESIGN FOR COMMERCE & INDUSTRY

ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN PUBLIC TRAFFICEcological and economic benefi ts of alternative fuels and unity of relevant regulations

18th December 2012, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade

Symposium iipp 2012 was organized by Editorial Board of scientifi c journal: “Journal of Applied En-gineering Science in cooperation with Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Special focus was given to transport and energy and the relationship between scientifi c research, transportation companies and the relevant municipal and government institutions, with the aim of strengthening and its further development.Idea of alternative fuels is based on reduction of fossil and other hazardous fuels consumption, sup-ported by continuous technology advancement that push the boundaries we know today. For this reason, organizers gathered teams of experts of the largest transportation companies in Serbia in sector of urban and intercity passenger transportation together with relevant representatives of City and State institutions with purpose to exchange knowledge, experiences and ideas in order to re-spond timely to the rapid development of this sector, both in technical and regulatory domain.Topics of Symposium iipp 2012 were:

Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines / liquid or gaseousTechnical aspects and the possibility of useRegulatory frameworks / incentive for ecological and economic benefi ts

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Institutions - participants were:Ministry of Transport of Republic of SerbiaMinistry of Energy, Development and Environmental protection of Republic of SerbiaCity of Belgrade, Directorate for Public Transport Novi Sad City Council for Traffi c and Roads Serbian Chamber of CommerceMinistry of Education and Science of Republic of SerbiaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade

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Companies - participants were:GPS BelgradeJGSP Novi SadSP Lasta a.dSuboticatransNiš ExpressKryogasMesser Tehnogas. . .

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Symposium was opened by prof. dr Milorad Milovančević, Dean of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

All presented topics are given in Symposium proceedings published as CD edition.

Afterwards presentations were held by:Prof. dr Dragoslava StojiljkovićFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Dušan Drčelić, Kryogas, Prof. dr Gradimir Danon - Faculty of Forestry, Doc. dr Ivan BlagojevićFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slobodan Mišanović - Public Transport Company Belgrade, Aleksandar Živanović - Transport Company Lasta, Holo Apolonija - Public Transport Company Novi Sad and Ivan Stevanović - Directorate for Public Transport Belgrade.


E V E N T S R E V I E W

45

7Tth CONFERENCE - TYRES 2012Regulations in traffi c safety related to the tires of passenger

and commercial vehicles20th December 2012, Serbian Chamber of Commerce, Belgrade

Intention of the organizers was to bring together in one place experts who are engaged in the development, production, sales, retreading, service, maintenance and research in the fi eld of tires.It was a good opportunity to learn of new products, technologies, software and literature in the fi eld of tires. Participants who are primarily engaged in maintenance and exploitation of the tires presented possibilities and limits of current domestic and global industry in this area.The main topic of the conference was:“The regulation of traffi c safety related to the tires of passenger and commercial vehicles”Other conference topics were:

New product materials for tiresNew regulations in the fi eld of tiresTire waste managementExploitation experiencesComputer applications in tire design

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Equipment and facilities for tire maintenanceTires retreadingTires and Road SafetyVehicle dynamicsTire pressure and temperature control systems

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7th conference-Tires 2012 was organized by Institute for Research and Design in Commerce and Industry in cooperation with Faculty of Forestry and Serbian Chamber of Commerce with fi nancial support of Ministry of Education, Science and Technological development of Republic of Serbia.Conference was opened by Dr Demir Hadžić, Head of the roads and traffi c safety in the Serbian Ministry of Transport together with Dejan Tomašević, independent adviser for homologation from the Traffi c Safety Agency. Beside them, presentations were held by:Prof. dr Gradimir Danon - Faculty of Forestry, Vekoslav Šošević - Serbian Chamber of Commerce, Nikola Korunović - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Niš, Miroljub Petković - Goodyear Serbia, Emil Kapetanović - Autotehnik Vejić, Vlada Marinković - Hoffman Marinković, Miloš Petrović - Stanton Chase International and Darko Stanojević - Institute for Research and Design in Commerce and Industry.All presented topics are given in Conference proceedings published as CD edition.


A N N O U N C E M E N T O F E V E N T S

IIPP QUALITY MANAGEMENT SCHOOL

Considering business conditions of European market, quality has a signifi cant role, not only in pro-viding new markets, but also in maintaining the existing ones. Nowadays, customers do not only expect a quality product, but they require a proof that the company is capable to produce high quality products and provide quality services. Obtaining of this evidence should be the fi rst goal for each company that has high aspirations when it comes to new markets but also standard’s procedure in order to maintain its reputation. Implementation is not complete if employees are not familiar with standards.

With the aim to closer inform the employees of the meaning and signifi cance of ISO standards, Insti-tute for research and design in commerce & industry – IIPP organize training “School of Quality”.

During the training participants will:expend their knowledge about implementation of ISO standards,learn how to maintain and improve quality level of companies learne how to verify and improve business performance of companies

Training will be held during four days in two locations. First lectures will be held at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade, while the fi nal lecture and the test will take place in some of attractive location in Serbia.

ProgrammeFundamentals of quality concepts, defi nitions, approachesStandards, review and interpretationManagement ResponsibilitySystem and process approachData management, information systemStatistical methods (engineering methods, quality

management methods)RISK, FMEA, FTASupply and storage, evaluation of supplier MaintenanceEvaluation, audit, certifi cation Examples, practice, Deming management experimentPAS 99 - Integrated Management Systems

ResultAfter implemented training, Qiipp consultant is able to assume responsibility for independent work in the following fi elds of activity:

Implementation of quality standardsMaintaining a high level of qualityConstant improvement of the quality systemAssessment and audits of own companies and their suppliers

Candidates who passe the test will get a diploma “Qiipp consultant for implementation, maintenance, analysis, evaluation and testing, design and improvement of the quality system”.

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Institute for research and design in commerce & industryPhone: 011/6300750; Fax: 011/6300751; E-mail: offi [email protected]; web: www.iipp.rs

Time and location:April 2013, Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

info: www.iipp.rs

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A N N O U N C E M E N T O F E V E N T S

IIPP MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SCHOOL Maintenance Management School presents practical experience in combination with adopted theo-retical knowledge, thus creating maintenance management experts capable to perform and coordi-nate the maintenance of complex technical systems. Use unique opportunity to expand knowledge in the fi eld of technical systems maintenance.

During fourdays training focus will give to the following topics:

Result: More than 240 national certifi cates and 16 internationally recognized certifi cates:European Maintenance Manager.

Time and location: April 2013, Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Info: www.dots.rs

Maintenance Objectives and PoliciesMaintenance ConceptsMaintenance TerminologyLaws and RegulationsCondition MonitoringFault Finding TechniquesSpare Part Management

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Corporate/Company EnvironmentWork PlanningTeam Working and CommunicationsInformation TechnologyQuality Assurance (Systems)Environment and Occupational Health and Safety

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The school program merges best local knowledge and experience modernized and harmonized with the recommendations of European Federation of National Maintenance Societies.Since Maintenance Management School connected and unifi ed local tradition and experience in the maintenance process with the European norms and requirements, it’s result is thus twofold - to all who signed up gives a chance to gain national certifi cate ’’Expert for maintenance management” and to those who can and want more, Maintenance management school opens the possibility of obtaining the International certifi cate “European maintenance manager”.

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B O O K R E C O M M E N D A T I O N

A publication of European Federation of National Mainte-nance Societies vzw (www.efnms.org) and the Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals (www.smrp.org)When comparing Maintenance and Availability performance internally or externally, you need a set of clearly defi ned and standardized indicators supported by defi nitions. In Europe you can use the indicators defi ned in EN 15341: 2007. In North America one can take advantage of the SMRP met-rics.If you want to compare and translate the different local indi-cators and defi nitions you can use the “Global Maintenance and Reliability Indicators” book.Harmonised indicators are those which are similar between the SMRP and EN 15431, and those for which any differences can be identifi ed. The harmonised indicators provide a com-mon platform for global organizations to benchmark their facili-ties across borders. The “Global Maintenance and Reliability Indicators” book includes 29 Indicators identifi ed as harmon-ised. Each indicator is documented by “hands on” examples on the calculation of the indicator to enhance understanding.

Recommended by Ms Nada StanojevićEFNMS General Assembly Member

GLOBAL MAINTENANCE AND RELIABILITY INDICATORSFITTING THE PIECES TOGETHER4th EDITION

Language: EnglishFormat: A4, 93 pages, Copyright © 2011 by the European Federation of National Maintenance Societies vzw and the Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals

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Why use standardized indicators or metrics such as the indicators from the standard EN 15341 or the SMRP metrics?

Maintenance managers can rely on a single set of predefi ned indicators supported by a glossary of terms and defi nitions.The use of predefi ned indicators makes it easier to compare maintenance and reliability perfor-mance across geographical bordersWhen a company wants to construct a set of company indicators or scorecard, the development process based on predefi ned indicators will be simplifi edThe predefi ned indicators can be incorporated in various CMMS software and reportsThe predefi ned metrics can be adopted and/or modifi ed to fi t specifi c requirementsThe need for discussion and debate on indicator defi nitions is ended and uncertainties are eliminatedApplicable for whom?

The objective of this harmonization document is to offer the global maintenance and reliability community a set of predefi ned indicators to be used by companies with a need to measure maintenance and reliability performance on a global basis. The indicators can be used by all organizations with a need to measure, track, report and compare maintenance and reliability performance. The indicators or metrics are supported by a set of guidelines and examples of the calculation. This provides maintenance and reliability profes-sionals with an easy-to- use guide for understanding of the indicators, and of the components included or excluded in the calculation of each indicator. The target group for the Global Maintenance and Reliability Indicators is comprised of: Maintenance managers, Asset managers, Plant managers, Operations manag-ers, Reliability Engineers, Technical managers, General Managers or in general any other personnel who are involved with benchmarking, or maintenance and reliability performance measurement.

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I N S T R U C T I O N S F O R A U T H O R S

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The benefi ts of publishing in Journal for Applied Engineering Science are:No page charges World wide exposure of your workAccelerate publication timesOnline author service Automatic transfer of metacontent in SCOPUS, SJR, SCIndeks and other bases supporting international protocols for data transferAssignment of numerical identifi ers DOIFair, constructive and able to follow reviewing processDedicated team to manage the publication process and to deal with your needs

Submission of the papers has to be done online, trough journal e-service at http://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/jaes/loginFor assistance during the process of submission and publication, please contact graphical editor Mr. Darko Stanojevic at [email protected] or +381 116300750Every manuscript submitted to JAES will be considered only if the results contained in the paper were not already published, that are not currently in the process of publishing and not to be published in another journal. Each paper is sent to a review by two independent experts and the authors are obligated to adopt the observations and comments of the reviewers. Articles presented at conferences may also be submitted, provided these articles do not appear in substantially the same form in published conference proceedings.All articles are treated as confi dential until they are published.Manuscripts must be in English free of typing errors. The maximum length of contributions is 10 pages.

THE FORMAT OF THE MANUSCRIPTThe manuscript should be written in the following format:

A Title, which adequately describes the content of the manuscript.An Abstract should not exceed 250 words. The Abstract should state the principal objectives and the scope of the investigation, as well as the methodology employed. It should summa-rize the results and state the principal conclusions.Not more than 10 signifi cant key words should follow the abstract to aid indexing.An Introduction, which should provide a review of recent literature and suffi cient background information to allow the results of the article to be understood and evaluated.A Theory or experimental methods used.An Experimental section, which should provide details of the experimental set-up and the methods used for obtaining the results.A Results section, which should clearly and concisely present the data using fi gures and tables where appropriate.A Discussion section, which should describe the relationships and generalizations shown by the results and discuss the signifi cance of the results making comparisons with previously published work. (It may be appropriate to combine the Results and Discussion sections into a single section to improve the clarity).Conclusions, which should present one or more conclusions that have been drawn from the results and subsequent discussion and do not duplicate the Abstract.References, which must be cited consecutively in the text using brackets [1] and collected together in a reference list at the end of the manuscript and in alphabetic order.

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Units - standard SI symbols and abbreviations should be used.

Abbreviations should be spelt out in full on fi rst appearance, e.g., variable time geometry (VTG). Meaning of symbols and units belonging to symbols should be explained in each case or quoted in a special table at the end of the manuscript before References.

Figures must be cited in a consecutive numerical order in the text and referred to in both the text and the caption as Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc. Figures should be prepared without borders and on white grounding and should be sent separately in their original formats.

Pictures may be saved in resolution good enough for printing in any common format, e.g. BMP, GIF or JPG.

Tables should carry separate titles and must be numbered in consecutive numerical order in the text and referred to in both the text and the caption as Table 1, Table 2, etc. The tables should each have a heading. Tables should not duplicate data found elsewhere in the manuscript.

Acknowledgement of collaboration or preparation assistance may be included before References. Please note the source of funding for the research.

REFERENCES must be written in alphabetical order and in the following form:Journal:/Number/ (must match number in the text), Last name, Initial of the authors name, (Year of publica-tion). Article title: secondary title. Title of the Journal (italic), volume number (number of the journal), page number./1/ Sekulić, D., Dedović, V. (2008): Simulation of oscillatory behavior of buses with conventional and active suspension systems, Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 6, No. 20, pp. 23-32

Book:/Number/ (must match number in the text), Last name, Initial of the authors name, (Year of publica-tion) Book title: secondary title, Place of publishing: Publisher./2/ Vasić, B., Popović, V. (2007) Inženjerske metode menadžmenta, Beograd: Institut za istraživanja i projektovanja u privredi.

Book chapter:/Number/ (must match number in the text), Last name, Initial of the authors name, (Year of publica-tion) Chapter title: secondary title, Book title: secondary title, Place of publishing: Publisher, page numbers./3/ Vasić, B. (2004) Model Hardverskog resursa, Menadžment i inženjering u održavanju, Beograd: Institut za istraživanja i projektovanja u privredi, 95 – 97.

Internet source:/Number/ (must match number in the text), link to the page from which the text is taken, retrieved on (state the date)/4/ http://www.autogume.net/veleprodaje/kelena/, retrieved on November 7th, 2010


S A D R Ž A J

Prof. dr Mirko VujoševićUVODNIK 52 - 53

REZIMEI RADOVA

Ana PerićPREGLED PRAKSE PLANIRANJA BRAUNFILD REGENERACIJE - NEKA

EVROPSKA ISKUSTVA54

Orlando Chiarello, Dr Jezdimir KneževićPOJEDNOSTAVLJENI TEHNIČKI ENGLESKI JEZIK U MIRCE MEHANICI 54

Bojana Jovanović, Dr Vojislav Božanić, Bojan JovanovićOBRAZOVANJE U OBLASTI ENERGETSKE EFIKASNOSTI U SRBIJI-REZULTATI

ISTRAŽIVANJA I ANALIZA55

Dr Miroslav Demić, Dr Đorđe Diligenski, Dr Milan MilovanovićPRILOG ISTRAŽIVANJU UTICAJA DEGRADACIJE KARAKTERISTIKA

OSCILATORNIH PARAMETARA VOZILA NA TOPLOTNO OPTEREĆENJE AMORTIZERA

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Hrvoje Puškarić, Dr Danijela Tadić, Dr Mirjana Misita, Dr Miladin Stefanović, Dr Dragan Milanović

OCENA PERFORMANSI CILJEVA KVALITETA NA NIVOU PROCESA U NEIZVESNOM OKRUŽENJU

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Vladimir Janko Desnica, Dr Dragana ŠaracIMPLEMENTACIJA GIS TEHNOLOGIJE U ORGANIZACIJI URUČENJA

POŠTANSKIH POŠILJAKA56

OD UREĐIVAČKOG ODBORA


O D U R E Đ I V A Č K O G O D B O R A

BRZO UČENJE, ZNANJE I NAPREDOVANJE

Odavno se ponavlja fraza da se svet ubrzano menja i da se svako mora ubrzano prilagođavati okolini. Moraju se sve brže zadovoljavati potrebe i brže izvršavati zadaci, mora se brže učiti i brže profesionalno napredovati. To postaje dominantni obrazac ponašanja društva koje uređuje nevidljiva ruka pohlepe, tržišta i konkurencije favorizovan-jem efi kasnosti iznad svega ostalog. Tipična posledica je sveprisutna praksa brze hrane. Savremeni čovek je nju prihvatio, on zahteva brzo serviranje obroka i navikao se da ga brzo pojede. Slično, potrebu sa znanjem želi i izgleda da može da zadovolji brzo. O tom fenomenu želim da iznesem nekoliko svojih ličnih iskustava i opservacija.Prof. dr Mirko Vujošević

Već u prvom razredu osnovne škole, davne 1957.g., imao sam drugove ponavljače. Tada je bilo prihvatljivo da neko ne može i ne mora da završi osnovnu školu. Davno je donesen zakon po kome deca u osnovnoj školi ne mogu da ponavljaju razred. Taj princip će kasnije biti implicitno prenesen na srednju školu. U poslednjih nekoliko godina, pod parolom bolonjizacije, sličan pristup se primen-juje na visoko školstvo. Studiranje je danas suštinski različito od onog sedamdestih godina dvadesetog veka kada sam ja bio student. Prva godina fakulteta je bila strogi fi lter: mnogi studenti su napuštali fakultet jer do druge godine nisu mogli dospeti. Prosečno studiranje je trajalo i do 50% više od nominalno propisanog. Vi-soke ocene su se teško zarađivale, a desetke su bile prava retkost. Danas se propisuju obavezujući „standardi” visokog procenta obavezne prolaznosti na ispitima i raspodele ocena.Ogromna razlika postoji i u pogledu raspoloživosti udžbeničke literature. Moja generacija na odseku elektronike morala je da izučava tada nove poluprovodničke tehnologije o kojima u domaćim udžbenicima skoro da nije bilo ni reči. Privilegovano je bilo vrlo malo studenata koji su imali neki savremeni i skupi udžbenik na engleskom jeziku i uz to, srećom, znali engleski koji se tada retko učio u školama. Fotokopiranje nije postojalo. Sadašnji studenti su od zabavišta rasli uz kompjutere i internet, a engleski su uz crtane fi lmove sa TV-a i CD-a učili uporedo sa prvim rečima maternjeg jezika. Obilje informacija im je uvek bilo raspoloživo na pritisak dugmeta. Nema teme ili pojma o kojima na internetu ne mogu pronaći neke informacije i znanja. Nastala je izreka: ako nema u glavi, ima na guglu. A kada je to tako, zašto išta mora da bude u glavi kad se internetu može pristupiti uvek i bilo gde?Kao što se brzo sažvaće sendvič kupljen na šalteru restorana brze hrane, tako se brzo preleti i preko informacije sa internetskog sajta. Kao što čovek brzo oseti da je sit, tako brzo stekne i utisak da zna ono što je video na internetu.I u oblasti poslediplomskih studija i istraživačkog rada povećava se efi kasnost. Magistarske studije su meni bile ozbiljan izazov jer su statistički podaci govorili da ih završava tek desetak pa i manje procenata od ukupnog broja onih koji su se upisali. Diplome doktora nauka bile su još ređe. Danas magistarskih studija nema. Uglavnom su njihovi programi olakšani i prepakovani u programe doktor-skih studija u kojima se, u cilju akreditacije i u skladu sa nekim standardima, precizno navodi šta sve i za koje vreme (a najviše pet godina) treba naučiti, istražiti i otkriti da bi se stekla doktorska titula. Osnovni cilj nevidljive ruke je postignut jer se efi kasnost značajno povećala: na nekim fakultetima je u poslednje tri godine stepen doktora nauka steklo približno onoliko kandidata koliko ukupno u pre-thodnih 20 godina! Izgleda da su pravila iz osnovne škole doputovala na doktorske studije: student treba samo da se upiše i bude uporan, a za eventualni neuspeh kriva bi bila navodna neorganizova-nost fakulteta. Posle završenih doktorskih studija mora se brzo napredovati. Nekad nije bilo retko da se sa univer-ziteta ode u penziju sa zvanjem vanrednog profesora. Sada bi se smatralo ličnom katastrofom kada neko ne bi ispunio formalni birokratski uslov za redovnog profesora još pre pedesete godine života. Konzumenti brze hrane izloženi su visokim zdravstvenim rizicima koji su prepoznati kao ozbiljan so-cijalni problem. U cilju zaštite stanovništava donose se sve strožiji propisi i medijski širi svest o haz-


S poštovanjem,Prof.dr Mirko Vujošević

ardima brze hrane. Kada je u pitanju brzo znanje i sticanje diploma, meni se čini da smo u fazi maso-vnog širenja te pojave i tek početnog prepoznavanja povezanih rizika. Naravno, i ovde birokratija pokušava da ostvari izvesnu zaštitu propisivanjem instrumenata za merenje kvaliteta istraživačkog rada pojedinca. I dok se u oblasti hrane u svrhu određivanja kvaliteta mogu primeniti znanja iz fundamentalnih nauka, (hemije, biohemije, biologije...), u oblasti brzog napredovanja na osnovu znanja, fundamentalna naučna znanja ne postoje bez obzira na formiranje i razvoj scientometrike. Svedoci smo da se kao najznačajniji i skoro jedini kriterijum za ocenu kvaliteta istraživača nameće broj radova objavljenih u časopisima sa famozne liste SCI. Takav pristup presudno utiče na perver-zno ponašanje istraživača: u prvi plan se stavlja objavljivanje a ne obavezno stvarno obogaćivanje riznice znanja. Princip “objavi ili nestani” (publish or perish) izložen je žestokoj kritici u ozbiljnim naučnim sredinama. Birokratska pravila su implicitno učinila legitimnom pohlepu u okviru uspostavljene tržišne utakmice u oblasti obrazovanja, znanja i sticanja diploma. Zato ona ne onemogućavaju, već naprotiv, podstiču njeno suštinsko koruptivno dejstvo. Bez etičke dimenzije, o kojoj je široko pisao i Adam Smith kao protagonista društveno korisne pohlepe i nevidljive ruke tržišta, nema stvarnog napretka u razvoju društvenih odnosa u ovoj oblasti.

O D U R E Đ I V A Č K O G O D B O R A


R E Z I M E I R A D O V A

PREGLED PRAKSE PLANIRANJA BRAUNFILD REGENERACIJE - NEKA EVROPSKA ISKUSTVA

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Ana PerićUniverzitet u Beogradu, Arhitektonski fakultet, Beograd, Srbija

Broj rada: 11(2013)1, 243doi:10.5937/jaes11-2122

Predmet rada je analiza mogućih načina za postizanje interesne usaglašenosti u procesu regener-acije braunfi ld lokacija. U užem smislu, razmatra se tretman braunfi ld lokacija u okviru različitih plan-skih sistema. Svaki od izabranih planskih sistema je opisan pomoću prikaza institucionalne struk-ture, kao i planske regulative. Cilj rada je na prikazu mehanizama urbanističkog planiranja koji se korsite za uspostavljanje saradnje izmedju različitih stejkholdera koji učestvuju u procesu braunfi ld regeneracije. Na samom početku dat je kratak istorijat prostornog razvoja, sa posebnim akcentnom na prikazu aktuelnih tendencija u domenu braunfi ld regeneracije. Centralni deo rada se bavi prika-zom izabranih primera dobre prakse u pogledu regeneracije braunfi ld lokacija. Naime, razmatra se institucionalni aspekt planskog sistema u okviru Švajcarske i Austrije. Od posebnog značaja je utvrd-jivanje nadležnosti institucija odgovornih za proces regeneracije braunfi ld lokacija. Takodje, važno je prikazati osnovne dokumente koje se bave pomenutom tematikom. Ipak, fokus istraživanja je na prikazu kolaborativnih procedura za postizanje uspešne regeneracije braunfi lda. Rezultati ovog dela rada proizilaze iz analize primera braunfi ld lokacija. Prvi primer je regeneracija kompleksa drvno-preradjivačke industrije u švajcarskom gradu Zoloturnu, dok se drugi primer odnosi na regeneraciju fabrike električnih kablova u Beču. U završnom delu rada se sistematizuju iskustava iz razvijenih zemalja što omogućava eventualnu formulaciju generalnog modela braunfi ld regeneracije koji se može primeniti u različitim kontekstima.Ključne reči: Austrija, Švajcarska, Interesna usaglašenost, Zainteresovane strane, Saradnja, Braunfi ld regeneracija

Broj rada: 11(2013)1, 244

Orlando Chiarello*Secondo Mona S.p.A., ItalyDr Jezdimir KneževićMIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, United Kingdom

doi:10.5937/jaes11-3322

POJEDNOSTAVLJENI TEHNIČKI ENGLESKI U MIRČE MEHANICI

Drugi axiom Mirce Mehanike glasi: “Verovatnoca greske u izvrsenju svakog zadatka odrzavanja je veca od nule”. Analiza procesa odrzavanja jasno pokazuje da nejasna komunikacija izmedju kon-struktora i odrzavalaca, kroz dokumentaciju odrzavanja, je poznati uzrok greskaka u odrazavanju, koje mogu imati znacajnih posledica na pouzdanost, raspolozivost, bezdednost, troskove i efektivnost tehnickih systema. Ovaj rad se fokusirana na nejasnost dokumentacije odrzavanja, napisane na en-gleskom jeziku, od strane 80% svetskog kadra odrzavanja kojima engleski nije maternji jezik. Vecina njih poseduje delimicno znanje engleskog jezika, sto znaci da ih kompleksne structure recenica i viseznacujuce reci i sinonimi mogu vrlo brzo zbuniti. Znacajan doprinos u pravcu povecanja efek-tivnosti komunikacije izmedju konstrutora i odrzavalaca techniskih sistema je ostvaren kroz kreiranje i primenu Pojednostvaljenoig Technickog Engleskog, cije prednosti su prkazxane u ovom radu. Ključne reči: Mirče mehanika, Greške održavanja, Dokumentacija održavanja, Pojednostavljeni tehnički Engleski, Trening tehničkih autora



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Broj rada: 11(2013)1, 245

Bojana JovanovićIritel a.d. Beograd, SrbijaDr Vojislav BožanićUniverzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, Beograd, SrbijaBojan JovanovićUniverzitet u Beogradu, Elektrotehnički fakultet, Beograd, Srbija

doi:10.5937/jaes11-3489

U regionu Balkana, pa samim tim i na teritoriji Republike Srbije, potrošnja energije u odnosu na bruto domaći proizvod je velika. Republika Srbija potroši dva do tri puta više energije u odnosu na bruto domaći proizvod u odnosu na prosek u Evropskoj uniji. Na teritoriji Republike Srbije se početkom 2013.godine očekuje se objavljivanje Zakona o racionalnoj upotrebi energije, koji je trenutno u fazi nacrta. Usvajanje navedenog zakona je jedan od koraka u pristupanju Srbije Evropskoj uniji, jer će zakon u osnovi imati preuzetu evropsku direktivu o energetskoj efi kasnosti. Kako bi se utvrdilo u kojoj meri je pojam energetske efi kasnosti zastupljen u sistemima formalnog i neformalnog ob-razovanja, kao i koliko je poznavanje ove oblasti uopšte, sprovedeno je istraživanje. U ovom radu je prikazano jedno istraživanje koje je urađeno sa ciljem dolaženja do informacja o tome koliko je učenje o različitim faktorima koji utiču na energetsku efi kasnost zastupljeno u sistemima formalnog i neformalnog obrazovanja u Srbiji, kao i kolika je upoznatost građana sa ovim pojmom. U radu je najpre prikazan izgled upitnika koji je distribuiran ispitanicima. Kako bi se što jednostavnije i brže pri-kupili potrebni podaci, korišćen je on-line upitnik. Upitnik je kreiran u vidu web aplikacije. Istraživanje je urađeno na uzorku od 200 ispitanika. Zatim je prikazana struktura ispitanika. Nakon toga su prika-zani dobijeni rezultati istraživanja i njihova analiza, sa predlogom daljih istraživanja u budućnosti.

OBRAZOVANJE U OBLASTI ENERGETSKE EFIKASNOSTI U SRBIJI – REZULTATI ISTRAŽIVANJA I ANALIZA

Ključne reči: Energetska efi kasnost, Obrazovanje, Istraživanje

Broj rada: 11(2013)1, 246

Dr Miroslav DemićUniverzitet u Kragujevcu, Fakultet inženjerskih nauka, Kragujevac, SrbijaDr Đorđe Diligenski Univerzitet u Beogradu, Institut nuklearnih nauka Vinča, Odeljenje za motore i vozila, Beograd, Srbija Dr Milan MilovanovićGrupa Zastava vozila, Kragujevac, Srbija

doi:10.5937/jaes11-3270

PRILOG ISTRAŽIVANJU UTICAJA DEGRADACIJE KARAKTERISTIKA OSCILATORNIH PARAMETARA VOZILA NA TOPLOTNO OPTEREĆENJE AMORTIZERA

Tokom razvoja motornih vozila, značajnu ulogu ima dinamička simulacija, koja je zasnovana na modeliranju. Uloga modeliranja je veoma značajna u prvim fazama projektovanja, tokom defi nisanja opredeljujućih param-etara. U praksi se obično pretpostavlja da su oscilatorni parametri vozila tokom eksploatacije nepromenljivi, što u osnovi nije tačno. Naime, sva istraživanja pokazuju da tokom eksploatacije dolazi do degradacije oscila-tornih parametara i, zbog toga, promene dinamičkih karakteristika motornih vozila. U ovom radu će biti učinjen pokušaj da se, na osnovu preliminarnih rezultata, ukaže na neophodnost da se, zbog toplotnih opterećenja, i u najranijim fazama projektovanja promene uključe u razmatranje tokom modeliranja vozila.Ključne reči: Vozilo, Oscilatorni parametri, Degradacija, Oscilatorna udobnost, Topotno opterećenje amortizera



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Broj rada: 11(2013)1, 247

Hrvoje Puškarić* Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Fakultet inženjerskih nauka, Kragujevac, SrbijaDr Danijela Tadić Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Fakultet inženjerskih nauka, Kragujevac, SrbijaDr Mirjana MisitaUniverzitet u Beogradu, Mašinski fakultet, Beograd, SrbijaDr Miladin StefanovićUniverzitet u Kragujevcu, Fakultet inženjerskih nauka, Kragujevac, SrbijaDr Dragan MilanovićUniverzitet u Beogradu, Mašinski fakultet, Beograd, Srbija

doi:10.5937/jaes11-3271

OCENA PERFORMANSI CILJEVA KVALITETA NA NIVOU PROCESA U NEIZVESNOM OKRUŽENJU

Poboljšanje poslovnih procesa ostvaruje se između ostalog poboljšanjemciljeva kvaliteta koji su defi nisani na nivou svakog procesa. U praksi nije moguće da se istovremeno izvrši poboljšanje svih identifi kovanih ciljeva kvaliteta. Neophodno je da vrednosti ciljeva kvaliteta budu određene primenom odgovarajuće metrike. Prema dobijenim vrednostima ciljeva kvaliteta, menadžment tim oderđuje redosled poboljšanja ciljeva kvaliteta. U ovom radu, relativan odnost važnosti svakog para identifi kovanih ciljeva kvaliteta zadat je u matričnom obliku. Performanse ciljeva kvaliteta su opisane pomoću lingvističkih iskaza. Svi lingvistički iskazi su modelirani trougaonim fazi brojevima. Nov mod-el za ocenu vrednosti ciljeva kvaliteta sa respektovanjem njihove relativne važnosti je predložen. Razvijeni model je testiran ilustrativnim primerom u kome egzistiraju podaci procesa razvoja jednog preduzeća koje funkcioniše u realnom okruženju.Ključne reči: Ciljevi kvaliteta, Fazi skupovi, Ocenjivanje

doi:10.5937/jaes10-2164 Broj rada: 11(2013)1, 248

Vladimir Janko Desnica*Javno preduzeće PTT saobraćaja, Novi Sad, SrbijaDr Dragana ŠaracUniverzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka, Novi Sad, Srbija

IMPLEMENTACIJA GIS TEHNOLOGIJE U ORGANIZACIJI URUČENJA POŠTANSKIH POŠILJAKA

Pošta Srbije treba da inoviranjem postojećih i uvođenjem novih komercijalnih servisa u proces rada, stvori uslove za poboljšanje asortimana usluga. To se može postići uvođenjem visokih tehnologija - automatizacije, mehanizacije i posebno info-komunikacione tehnologije i Geografsko informacionog sistema (GIS). U radu su razmatrani rezultati studije slučaja primene GIS-a na primeru dostavnih rejona Pošte Srbije u Novom Sadu, a na osnovu kreiranih tematskih mapa. Cilj je da se primenom ove tehnologije poveća efi kasnost i produktivnost dostavne službe.Ključne reči: Dostavna služba, Geografski informacioni sistem (GIS), Tematske mape

Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu-Applied Engineering Science 1(2013)11

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