ISTA Reference pest list - International Seed Testing ......seed-borne? Is the pest...

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32nd ISTA Congress – ISTA Seed Symposium - Hyderabad, India – 26-28 June 2019

ISTA Reference pest list:

An annotated list of seed-borne diseases (curated & updated)

Nicolas Denancé

The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops

Savary et al. Nat. Ecol. Evol. (2019) 32nd ISTA Congress – ISTA Seed Symposium - Hyderabad, India – 26-28 June 2019

Participative science (farmers)

Many diseases, different locations

Seed-borne diseases

Region-dependent yield losses

Fight diseases to help agriculture to feed the world efficiently

Global threat to agriculture from invasive species

Strange & Scott, Annu. Rev. phytopathol. (2005); Engering et al., Emerg. Microb. infect. (2013); Paini et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A (2016)

Infected seed, propagative material, or intact plants are often the

means by which a pathogen may traverse long distances &

establish in a new country

Existing diseases ---> Emerging diseases New host

New traits

New area

(1,297 invasive species vs. 124 countries)

OTt>0.80 for 32% countries (40/124)

Invasion Threat

arrival likelihood * establishment likelihood


•Ancient Roman religion (April, 25th)

•Named after the god Robigus.

•Main ritual: a dog sacrifice to

protect grain fields from disease

(wheat rust).

Managing pests and plant diseases: from myth to reality

AGRICULTURAL METHODS

•Resistant varieties

•Crop rotation

•Multi-cropping

•Non-tillage

PATHOGEN CONTROL IN THE FIELD

•Agrochemicals

•Biocontrol

PLANT MATERIAL CONTROL

•Quarantine period if imported

•Seed certification

Zhan et al., Trends Plant Sci. (2014); Shaw & Pautasso, Annu. Rev. phytopathol. (2014) 32nd ISTA Congress – ISTA Seed Symposium - Hyderabad, India – 26-28 June 2019

Seed health quality is the first lever of prophylaxis

Want to know if your seed is free of pest?

You must know its enemies


I.D.SEED®: https://www.geves.fr/tools/i-d-seed/ [an open access seed database that helps in seed identification – developed by GEVES]

https://www.geves.fr/tools/i-d-seed/

The importance of seed pathology

A reference for NPPOs in defining phytosanitary rules

Delegates to the 1st Seed Pathology Workshop Seed Testing Station, Cambridge, UK, 1958.

Neergaard, Annu. Rev. phytopathol. (1986); Yorini et al., In: Seed pathology – Progress and problems (1979)

“An Annotated list of seed-borne diseases”


1st ed.: 1958 M. Noble, J. de Tempe, P. Neergaard 2nd ed.: 1968 M. Noble and M. J. Richardson 3rd ed.: 1979 M. J. Richardson 4th ed.: 1990 M. J. Richardson

But: with a 30-year history, annotations that may be imprecise does not provide direct access to scientific data

Terminology on seed-associated pests

Seed-borne: a pest carried by seeds externally or internally that may or may not be transmitted to plants growing from the seeds, causing their infestation.

https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/84340/

Seed-transmitted: a seed-borne pest that is transmitted via seeds directly to plants growing from these seeds, causing their infestation.

Seed is a pathway: seed is a mean of entry and establishment of pests in new geographic areas.

Pests: bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, viruses, or nematodes that are pathogenic or saprophytic on seed


https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/84340/

Scientific literature revisited: a hard task!

Literature survey: “seed-borne”

“seed-transmitted” “seed pest”

“seed disease”


Vegetables Non-vegetables

Pest lists: key resources from ISF and ISTA

https://pestlist.worldseed.org/public/pestlist.jsp

https://www.seedtest.org/en/ista-reference-pest-list-_content---1--3477.html

Vegetables Non-vegetables


















How was the review process of the ISTA Reference pest list set up?

• Identify experts (seed pathologists)

Action 1

• Reviewing by experts

Action 2 • Evaluation of

the review reports

Action 3

• Update the pest list

Action 4

Questions: • Is the crop a host for this pest? • Is the pest a pathogen or only a saprophyte? •Does the article confirm that the pest is seed-borne? •Was there a seed transmission test done? • If yes, can it be concluded that the pest is seed-transmitted? •Does evidence come from field or greenhouse experiments?

Is seed a pathway?


oat

v1.0

ISTA Reference Pest List - Current version (v3.0)

Oilseed rape

rice

147 experts contacted: 23 reviewers - 11 female, 12 male - 12 countries - Academic, Private - 2 to 86 articles/reviewer - 1 to 6 crops/reviewer sunflower

sorghum

triticale

cotton

wheat

soybean

v1.0

v1.0

v1.0

v1.0

v2.0

54 24

85 46

31 21

40 22

65 52

85 36

47 55

55 18

v3.0

14

14

10

7

18

13

12

For 99 pests, “seed is pathway” = High risk of dissemination through seed

462 articles

274 pests

Done

8 crops 10 crops

269 articles

229 pests

Asked

10 10

37 44

11 5

13 9

38 34

53 12

39 39

33 28

27 37

8 11

Many irrelevant references

Many lacking pests

Time-consuming


barley 11

What does the ISTA Reference Pest List look like?


Crop RICEReviewers Arnaud BOISNARD (Centre Français du riz, France), Nicolas DENANCÉ (GEVES, France), Didier THARREAU (CIRAD, France), Michel VALES (CIRAD, Bolivia). All are warmly acknowledged for their contribution to the project.

Crop Species Disease Pest name Synonyms Kingdom Phylum

Rice Oryza spp. Brown stripe Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Manns, 1909) Willems et al., 1992 Bacillus avenae (Manns) Burgvits 1935Bacterium alboprecipitans (Rosen) Ell iott 1930Bacterium avenaeBacterium rubrilineans (Lee et al.) Ell iott, 1930Bacterium setariae Okabe 1934Chlorobacter setariae (Okabe) Patel & Kulkarni 1951Chlorobacter stariae OkabePhytobacterium alboprecipitans (Rosen) Magrou & Prévot 1948Phytomonas alboprecipitans (Rosen) Bergey et al. 1930Phytomonas avenae (Manns) Bergey et al. 1930Phytomonas rubrilineans Lee, Purdy, Barnum & Martin, 1925Phytomonas setariae (Okabe) Burkholder 1939Pseudomonas alboprecipitans Rosen 1922Pseudomonas avenae Manns 1909Pseudomonas avenae subsp. avenae Manns 1909Pseudomonas rubrilineans (Lee et al. 1925) Stapp 1928Pseudomonas setariae (Okabe) Savulescu 1947Xanthomonas rubrilineans (Lee et al.) Starr & Burkholder 1942Xanthomonas rubrilineans var. indicus Summanwar & Bhide, 1962

Bacteria Proteobacteria

Rice Oryza spp. Blotch Albifimbria verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) L. Lombard & Crous, 2016 Gliocladium fimbriatum J.C. Gilman & E.V. Abbott, 1927Metarhizium glutinosum S.A. Pope, 1944Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) Ditmar, 1813 Peziza verrucaria Alb. & Schwein., 1805

Fungi Ascomycota

Plant Pest

Yes Pathogen Yes Yes Yes #From Shakya et al. (1986):Naturally infected rice seed (cv. Milyang 23) was harvested from diseased plants. Either 150 hulled or 100 unhulled seeds wereplaced in test tubes. Germination levels were of 35% and 86% for hulled and unhulled seeds, respectiveley. From the germinated seeds, resulting infected seedlings counted for 32% and 73%, respectively. Seedlings from hulled and unhulled seeds producedsimilar symptoms. The bacterium may be located between the glumes and the pericarp. During the germination, the pathogeninvaded the coleoptiles and first leaf through the stomata.

Yes Pathogen Yes Not proven Not proven #From Nguyen et al. 1973):Seeds of rice were collected and placed without surface steril isation on moist blotters in Petri dishes. One isolate of M. verrucaria was recovered from a single seed (out of 400). Fungal sporodochia were present on the seed surface, beingsurrounded by a white rim of flocculent contorted hyphae, without setae. Pathogenicity of the isolate was then confirmed onrice and other host follwoing artificial inoculations of leaves.

Is seed a pathway? Experimental design and results

Is the crop a host?

Is the pest a pathogen or a saprophyte?

Is the pest seed-borne?

Is the pest seed-

transmitted?

*The report from Shakya et al. (1986) provided evidence that P. avenae is both seed borne and seed transmitted in rice. Shakya DD, Chung HS, Vinther F. Transmission of Pseudomonas avenae, the cause of bacterial stripe of rice. J. Phytopathol.,1986:116:92-96.

*The report from Nguyen et al. (1973) described the presence of M. verrucaria on the surface of a single seed. However, there isno evidence on how the fungus colonise the seed and wheter it is transmited through the seed or not.

Nguyen TH, Mathur SB, Neergaard P. Seed-borne species of Myrothecium and their pathogenic potential. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc.,1973;61(2):347-354.

Remarks References

How to access the ISTA Reference Pest List ?


Some examples of seed-transmitted pests

Brome Mosaic Virus

Mosaic

X. citri pv. malvacearum

Bacterial blight, boll rot

Seed is a pathway: YES Seed-borne Seed-transmitted

Verticillium dahliae

wilt

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis

Yellow leaf spot; tan spot

Colletotrichum graminicola

Anthracnose; seed rot; seedling blight

Soybean mosaic virus

Mosaic

Macrophomina phaseolina

Charcoal rot

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis

Apical chlorosis

Athelia rolfsii

Basal stem blight; collar rot

Peronosclerospora sorghi

Downy mildew

Parastagonospora nodorum

Glume blotch; leaf spot

Microdochium nivale

Snow mold, brown foot rot

sunflower sorghum

triticale

cotton

wheat

soybean



Ongoing: 34 groups of species (Trees & Legumes)

Alfalfa Chick-pea Lentil Lupin

Apple Citron/Lemon Custard apple Orange Papaya Pears Pomegranate Prunus spp.

Almond Araucaria spp. Black wattle Cedar Chestnut Coffee Douglas fir Eucalyptus False cypress/white cedar Firs Maidenhair tree Maple/Sycamore

Myrtle tree Oak Peanut Pinus spp. Pistachio nut Poplar Red cedar Red sandalwood Spruces Walnut

2020

& associated NPPOs


Stay tuned: many ways of communication

Take home message: why revisiting the pest list of seeds?

Scientific data

Pest risk analysis

N/R PPOs rules

Seed industry, farmers

seeds * pathogens interactions

Invasion threat and costs

Seed certification crop * pathogens

Crop culture from healthy seeds

Seed pathology: a support to sustainable agriculture and food safety


Acknowledgments

Christine HENRY (FERA, UK) Alex JEBB Terry AVELING (Univ. Pretoria, SA) Nicole JOUBERT Renaan THOMPSON Edgar MANGWENDE Gloria MUKWIRIMBA

ECOM members SHC members Andreas WAIS (Secretary General) Nadine ETTEL (TCOM coordinator) Yoana UZUNOVA (Marketing & Comm. Assistant) Valérie GRIMAULT (Chair of the ISTA SHC; Head

Lab. Phytopathology, SNES)

All the reviewers: Irene BÄNZIGER (Agroscope, Switzerland), Arnaud BOISNARD (Centre Français du riz, France), Guro BRODAL (NIBIO, Norway), Claire CAMPION (IRHS, France), Matthias DAUB (Julius Kühn-Institut, Germany), Douglas JARDINE (Kansas State University, USA), Randy KUTCHER (College of Agriculture and Bioresources, Canada), Marian McEWAN (SASA, Scotland), Israel PAGAN (Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Spain), Annette PENAUD (Terres Innovia, France), Rosa PIÑA GONZÁLEZ (Pinto Piga Seeds S.A., Chile), Guillaume SAUBEAU (Florimond-Desprez V&F, France), Mercedes SCANDIANI (Rosario National University, CEREMIC, Argentina), Hans-Jakob SCHÄRER (FiBL, Switzerland), Karin SPERLINGSSON (retired from Jordbruksverket, Sweden), Marie-Claire TARDIN (RAGT 2n, France), Didier THARREAU (CIRAD, France), Jane THOMAS (NIAB, England), Michel VALES (CIRAD, Bolivia), Felicity VEAR (retired from INRA, France), Patrick VINCOURT (retired from INRA, France), Ronald WALCOTT (University of Georgia, USA), Owen WALLY (Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada), Dominie WRIGHT (Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Australia).


Any questions?

[email protected]

If you: - want to be a reviewer - know good candidates - have some comments

Thank you for your attention


mailto:[email protected]

ISTA Reference pest list - International Seed Testing ......seed-borne? Is the pest...

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