Issue 03 Year 02 Social Sciences& Humanities · 2015-11-13 · CONTENTS - 6 - S.No. Titles &...

175
Recent Researches in & Social Sciences Humanities ISSN 2348–3318 [ National Refereed Journal ] Chief Editor Anita Sharma Associate Professor & Head, Department of English, B.S.M. (P.G.) College, Roorkee Editor Dr. Purnima Srivastava, Asso. Professor & Head, Department of Education, K.L.D.A.V.P.G. College, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand Dr. Chandra Shekhar, Sr. Asstt. Professor, Department of Psychology, Jammu University, Jammu (J&K) Dr. Rakam Singh Sandhu, Professor & HOD, Department of Physical Education, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) Dr. Vidyapati, Head & Dean, Faculty of Education, Ewing Christian College, An Autonomous Constituent College of Central University, Allahabad Assistant Editor Dr. Santosh Kr. Singh, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni, Distt.-Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand Dr. Neelam Kumari, Asstt. Prof. Deptt. of Education, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand Advisory Board Dr. Rajesh Chandra Paliwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, B.S.M. P.G. College, Roorkee, Distt.-Haridwar, Uttarakhand Dr. Tirth Prakash, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College, Chobattakhal, Distt.- Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand - 1 - Editorial Office 787, New Shiv Puram, Near Pushp Vidya Mandir School, Paniyala Road, ROORKEE - 247667 Distt.-Haridwar [ Uttarakhand ] Contact : +91-9412999793, 9319056411 E-mail : [email protected] website: www.recentjournals.in © 2015-16 by Recent Researches in Social Sciences & Humanities. All rights reserved Authors are requested to submit the manuscript electronically by E-mail to : [email protected] Electronic File in MS-Word are preferred. However, PDF files are also acceptable. Detailed instructions on the preparation of papers are available on the journal website. Print By: Shiv Computer & Printers 787, Shiv Puram, Roorkee Issue 03 Year 02 Oct.-Nov.-Dec. 2015 Publisher Ritesh Kr. Gupta C/o Well Press Publications 787, New Shiv Puram, Near Pushp Vidya Mandir School, Paniyala Road, ROORKEE - 247667 Distt.-Haridwar [ Uttarakhand ] Contact : +91-9412999793, 9319056411 E-mail : [email protected]

Transcript of Issue 03 Year 02 Social Sciences& Humanities · 2015-11-13 · CONTENTS - 6 - S.No. Titles &...

Page 1: Issue 03 Year 02 Social Sciences& Humanities · 2015-11-13 · CONTENTS - 6 - S.No. Titles & Author/s Pages 1. IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY OVER LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG YOUNGSTERS Chandra

Recent Researches

in

&Social Sciences

HumanitiesISSN 2348–3318

[ National Refereed Journal ]

Chief Editor

Anita SharmaAssociate Professor & Head,Department of English, B.S.M. (P.G.) College, Roorkee

Editor

� Dr. Purnima Srivastava, Asso. Professor & Head, Department of Education, K.L.D.A.V.P.G.

College, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand

� Dr. Chandra Shekhar, Sr. Asstt. Professor, Department of Psychology, Jammu University,

Jammu (J&K)

� Dr. Rakam Singh Sandhu, Professor & HOD, Department of Physical Education,

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana)

� Dr. Vidyapati, Head & Dean, Faculty of Education, Ewing Christian College, An Autonomous

Constituent College of Central University, Allahabad

Assistant Editor� Dr. Santosh Kr. Singh, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni,

Distt.-Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand

� Dr. Neelam Kumari, Asstt. Prof. Deptt. of Education, Kumaun University, Nainital,

Uttarakhand

Advisory Board� Dr. Rajesh Chandra Paliwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, B.S.M. P.G. College,

Roorkee, Distt.-Haridwar, Uttarakhand

� Dr. Tirth Prakash, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College, Chobattakhal, Distt.-

Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand

- 1 -

Editorial Office

787, New Shiv Puram,Near Pushp Vidya MandirSchool, Paniyala Road,ROORKEE - 247667Distt.-Haridwar[ Uttarakhand ]Contact : +91-9412999793, 9319056411E-mail : [email protected]

website:www.recentjournals.in

© 2015-16 byRecent Researchesin Social Sciences &Humanities.All rights reserved

Authors are requested

to submit the manuscript

electronically by

E-mail to :

[email protected]

Electronic File in

MS-Word are preferred.

However, PDF files are

also acceptable.

Detailed instructions

on the preparation

of papers are available

on the journal

website.

Print By:

Shiv Computer & Printers787, Shiv Puram, Roorkee

Issue 03

Year 02

Oct.-Nov.-Dec.

2015

Publisher

Ritesh Kr. GuptaC/o Well Press Publications

787, New Shiv Puram, Near Pushp Vidya Mandir School,Paniyala Road, ROORKEE - 247667Distt.-Haridwar [ Uttarakhand ]Contact : +91-9412999793, 9319056411E-mail : [email protected]

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Chief Patron� Dr. Yogendra Nath Sharma 'Arun’

Former Principal, B.S.M. (P.G.) College, Roorkee� Prof. Neelam Sood

Head, Department of Inclusive Education, NUEPA, New Delhi

S E BUBJECT XPERT OARD:

Philosophy� Dr. V.K.Maheshwari, Ex. Principal, D.A.V. P.G. College, Roorkee (UK)

� Dr. Asha Devi, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Philosophy, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni (UK)

� Dr. Shiv Kumar, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Philosophy, Agra College, Agra (UP)

Psychology� Dr. Hemadri Kumar Sao, HOD, Deptt. of Clinical Psychology, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar

� Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Psychology, D.A.V.P.G.College, Muzaffarnagar

Education� Dr. Harish Chand Singh Rathor, Head & Dean, Faculty of Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varansi (U.P.)

� Dr. Rita Arora, HOD, Deptt. of Education, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

� Dr. Indira Dull, Professor, M. D. University, Rohtak (Haryana)

� Dr. R.P.Pathak, Professor, Deptt. of Education, Shri Lal Bahadur Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (Deemed University), New Delhi

� Dr. N.N.Pandey, Professor, Department of Education, M.J.P. Ruhelkhand University, Bareilly, U.P.

� Dr. Poonam Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Education, J.V.Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Ghosiya, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Education, Bareilly College, Bareilly (U.P.)

� Dr. Kavita Suri, Asstt. Prof., Department of Life Long Learning, Jammu University (J&K)

� Dr. S.C. Bahuguna, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Education, Govt. P.G. College, Gopeshwar, Distt.-Chamoli (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Gaurav Aggarwal, Asstt. Prof., Department of B.Ed., J.N. Kaul Institute of Education, Bheemtal (Nainital) Uttarkhand

Economics

� Dr. Alok Kumar, Professor, Department of Economics, St. John's College, Agra (UP)

� Dr. Archana Mishra, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Economics, S.S.D.P.C.Girls PG College Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK)

� Dr. Sanjeev Bharadwaj, Asstt. Prof., Department of Economics, Government Girls PG College, Sirsaganj, Firozabad

� Dr. Surjeet Singh, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Economics, B.S.M.(P.G.) College, Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK)

� Dr. V. K. Sharma, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Economics, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

Sociology� Dr. D. K. Singhal, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Ravinder Kr. Saini, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. P.G. College, Ram Nagar (UK)

� Dr. Hemlata, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. P.G. College, Ram Nagar (UK)

� Dr. Deepak Paliwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Vidya Rai, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. P.G. College, Ram Nagar, Nainital (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Kiran Bala , Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, S.S.D.P.C.Girls PG College Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK)

� Dr. (Km.) Poonam Bhushan , Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

Physical Education� Dr. Hema Pant, Physical Trainer, Deptt. of Sports, I.I.T. Roorkee (UK)

� Dr. Chandra Shekhar, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Phy. Edu., Sanskrit University, Haridwar (UK)

Geography� Dr. Jyoti Singh, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Geography, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Gayatri Prasad, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Geography, Govt. P.G. College, Chobatta Khal, Pauri (UK)

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� Dr. Dinesh Pathak, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Geography, M.L.PG College, Dubey Chhapra, Distt.- Balia (Bihar)

� Dr. A.K.Dwiviedi, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Geography, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Mamta Sharma, Prof., Deptt. of Geography, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (UK)

History� Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Associate Prof., Deptt. of History, Govt. P.G. College, Jahrikhal, Distt.-Pauri (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Seema Chaudhary, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of History, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Ashok Kr. Singh, Asst. Prof. , Deptt. of History, Govt. P.G. College Munsyari, Bageshwar.

� Dr. Anurag Srivastava, Asst. Prof. , Deptt. of History, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (UK)

Political Science� Dr. Parvind Malik, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. D. S.Chauhan, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College. Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (UK)

� Dr. M.K.Pathak, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College Munsyari, Bageshwar

� Dr. Aabida, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College. Augustyamuni (Uttarakhand)

Law & Criminology� Dr. A. K. Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Law, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Sakshi Tyagi 'Advocate', Principal & Head, Deptt. of Law, Dhanauri Law College, Dhanauri, Uttarakhand

� Puneet Singhal, Sr. Advocate, Civil Court, Tehsil Compound, Roorkee

Computer & Internet� Dr. Girish Kr. Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of MCA, Bhai Parmanand Inst. of Busi. Studies, Sakarpur, Delhi

� Dr. Deepak Arya, HOD, Deptt. of IT, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee (Haridwar) U.K.

� Dr. Sarvjeet Singh Bhatia, Prof., Deptt. of Comp. Science, Khalsa College, Patiala

� Dr. Rekha Chaudhary, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Comp. Science, Govt. Engg. College, Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Commerce� Dr. S.C. Bhatnagar, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Commerce, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP)

� Dr. Naveen Kr. Garg, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, Sambhu Dayal P.G. College, Ghaziabad (UP)

� Dr. A.K.Jain, Associate Prof. Deptt. of Commerce, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP)

� Dr. M. L. Gupta, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, S.S.V.P.G.College, Meerut

� Dr. Anurag Agarwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, S.S. P.G. College, Shahjahanpur (UP)

� Dr. Chandrapal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

Visual Art� Dr. Ram Sabad Singh, Retd. Head, Deptt. of Drawing & Painting, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP)

� Dr. Alka Arya, Associate Professor, Department of Drawing & Painting, S.S.D.P.C. Girls PG College, Roorkee (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Ishwar Chand Gupta, Associate Professor, Department of Fine Arts, D. S. (P.G.) College, Aligarh (U.P.)

� Dr. Madhu Jain, Associate Professor, Department of Drawing & Painting, M.L.J.N.K. Girls PG College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Mahesh Kumar, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Drawing & Painting, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP)

Journalism / Media� Dr. Yogesh Yogi, Bureau Chief, Amar Ujala City, Haridwar, Uttarakhand

� Mr. Shiveshwar Dutt Pandey, Publisher/Owner/Chief Editor, The Gram Today, Distt.- Haridwar, Uttarakhand

Environment� Dr. Manjul Dhiman, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Botany, D.A.V.P.G. College, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand

Home Science� Dr. Renu Gautam, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Home Science, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

� Dr. Hemlata Sexena, Retd. Prof., Deptt. of Home Science, M.K.P. Girls P.G. College, Dehradun (U.K.)

� Dr. Bindu Nautiyal, Lecturer, Govt. Girls Inter College, Purola, Distt.-Uttarkashi (U.K.)

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Social Work� Mrs. Shashi Rani, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Social Work, University of Delhi, Delhi

� Dr. Uma Bhahuguna, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Soc./Social Work, HNB Garhwal Central Uni., Srinagar (Uttarakhand)

Yogic Science� Dr. Ishwar Bhardwaj, HOD, Deptt. of Yogic Science, Gurukul Kangri Univerisy, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. L. N. Joshi, HOD, Deptt. of Yogic Science, Uttarakhand Sanskrit University, Bahadarabad, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

Music� Dr. Vandana Joshi, HOD, Deptt. of Music [ S.S.J. Campus, Almora], Kumaon University, Nainital

LINGUISTICS

(Hindi, English & Sanskrit) :

English� Dr. Nalini Jain, Associate Prof. & HOD, Deptt. of English, S.M.J.N. P.G. College, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Indu Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of English, J.V.Jain College, Saharanpur (UP)

� Dr. Madhuri Rawat, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of English, Deptt. of English, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Parul Jain, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of English, B.S.M. P.G. College, Roorkee, Distt.-Haridwar, Uttarakhand

� Dr. Praveen Kumar, Principal, Ch. Bharat Singh Institute of Educational Courses, Jhabrera, Distt.-Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

Hindi� Dr. Bihari Lal Yadav, Asso. Professor, Deptt. of Hindi, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Nirmala Sharma, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Hindi, M.L.J.N.K. Girls P.G. College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Vidula Singh, Retd. & Head, Deptt. of Hindi, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.)

� Dr. Nidhi Chhabra, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Hindi, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni (UK)

Sanskrit� Dr. Sita Ram Naithani, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Hindi, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni (Uttarakhand)

� Dr. Sanjeev Bhatt, Asstt. Prof., Govt. PG College, Pokhaal, Tehri Garhwal (UK)

N A T I O N A L R E F E R E E D J O U R N A L

RECENT

EDUCATIONAL &

PSYCHOLOGICALRESEARCHES

ISSN 2278-5949

QU

AR

TE

RLY Apr.-May-Jun.

Jul.-Aug.-Sep.Oct.-Nov.-Dec.Jan.-Feb.-Mar.

Journal PublishedQuarterly

on15th of the Apr., Jul., Oct., Jan.

Email : [email protected] www.recentjournals.in

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EDITOR’s Desk.. .

- Chief Editor

Editorial Office

787, New Shiv Puram, Near Pushp Vidya Mandir School, Paniyala Road,ROORKEE - 247667 Distt.-Haridwar [ Uttarakhand ] India

Contact : +91-9412999793, +91-9319056411 E-mail : [email protected]

www.recentjournals.inAll rights reserved

Dearly esteemed readers,

We feel immensely pleased to present the current issue of

our National Refereed Journal “Recent Researches in Social

Sciences & Humanities”. Ours is a quarterly journal with

multi-disciplinary approach.

This present issue with 32 papers introduces us to a wide

spectrum of writers and scholars. This issue covers a

wonderful range of the branches of knowledge namely

English Lit., Hindi Lit., Economics, Education, Psychology,

Sociology, Music, Yoga, Pol. Science, Physical Education,

Drawing & Painting etc.

All the contributors deserve our heartfelt thanks for their

perspective studies. Looking forward for your co-operation

and kind support in the time to come.

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CONTENTS

- 6 -

S.No. Titles & Author/s Pages

1. IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY OVER LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG YOUNGSTERS8-11Chandra Shekhar & Pooja Sharma

2 EFFECT OF YOGA EXERCISES ON ACHIEVEMENT, MEMORYAND REASONING ABILITY

12-15Shanti Swaroop & Madhu Mahor

3. IMPLEMENTATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 200516-23Jai Shanker P. Pandey

4. JOB SATISFACTION OF THE TEACHER- EDUCATORS INSELF-FINANCE OF PUNJAB; A STUDY

24-27Shashi P Negi

5. A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION EDUCATION ONTHE HEALTH AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OFPRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF GARHWAL HILL

28-32Prabha Bisht & Jyoti Tiwari

6. ANTI-TERRORISM AND PEACE BUILDING EDUCATION33-36Ruchi Bajpai

7. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF RAJASTHAN STATE ROADDEVELOPMENT & CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

37-45Rohit Berwal

8. GREEN MARKETING A NEW DIMENSION FOR CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SECTOR46-49Vandana Tripathi Nautiyal

9. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION50-53Priti Atrey

10. VOICING THE SILENT: ODYSSEY OF DALIT CONSCIOUSNESS54-57Madhuri Goswami

11. CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES TO DEVELOPCOMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCIES IN ENGLISH

58-63Neeta Kaushik

12. MAKING A CHOICE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NARAYAN'SCHARACTERS IN "THE GUIDE”

64-66Nalini Jain

13. CONCERN FOR DIGITAL INCLUSION IN THE GLOBAL SOCIETY67-69Vidyapati & Aiman Nafis Ahmad

14. TEACHING OF GRAMMAR70-73Bharti Gupta & Pramila Gupta

15. f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj % pqukSfr;ka ,oa lek/kkularks"k dqekj flag 74-79

16. iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrkeatw c?ksy 80-86

17. Hkkjr esa /keZ vkSj jktuhfr ,d v/;ujktho dqekj 87-90

18. Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡equs"k dqekj ikBd 91-95

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CONTENTS

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S.No. Titles & Author/s Pages

19. mÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa efgykvksa ds LokLF; dk v/;;ufo-[k- Hkxokuiqj ds xzke fldjkS<+k ds fo'ks"k lEcU/k esa/khjsUnz flag jk.kk 96-99

20. vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko % ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;uvkuUn izdk'k flag ,oa pUnzk xksLokeh 100-107

21. Ckky Jfedks dh leL;k ,oa ekuokf/kdkjiwtk frokjh 108-110

22. eujsxk vkSj efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ¼,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u½iwue Hkw"k.k 111-114

23. ftyk ifj"kn~ dk laxBu] dk;Z ,oa Hkwfedk % djuky ,oa dq#{ks= ftyksa dk ,d v/;;utlfoUnz flag 115-123

24. vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa xzke Lrj ij iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk esa l'kfDrdj.k % ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;unq";ar] jfoUnz dqekj lSuh ,oa gseyrk 124-130

25. fgUnw /keZ esa izpfyr lksyg laLdkjlq'khy pUnz cgqxq.kk 131-135

26. yksdlHkk esa eqfLyeksa dk izfrfuf/kRo ,d v/;;ujktho dqekj ,oa e/kq dlkuk 136-138

27. tSfod d`f"k % ,d u;h igylqjthr flag ,oa foeydkar 139-142

28. Hkkjr esa lkekftd /kkfeZd lq/kkj ,oa HkfDr vkUnksyu] 13oha ls 16oha 'krkCnhxhrk VEVk 143-148

29. dqekšuh lekt esa izpfyr yksd dyk,sauhye fc"V 149-152

30. oSfnd dkyhu lekt eas vou) ok|ksa dh mi;ksfxrkjhuk xqIrk 153-155

31. yksd lkfgR; esa laxhr dh jlkRed Hkwfedk izkphu ,oa orZeku ifjis{k esav'kksd pUnz VEVk 156-165

32. egknsoh dh dkO; osnukHkkouk vxzoky 166-170

The views and ideas expressed in the articles are the exclusive

opinions of the authors and have nothing to do with the opinions of

Recent Educational & Psychological Researches. Publisher and Editorial

Board do not own any responsibility. Authors are liable for any copyright

clearance, Factual inaccuracies and views expressed in their papers.

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RECENT RESEARCHES in

SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 08 - 11

ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

Life satisfaction is a desirable thing among every individual and every effort of human is for leadingsatisfaction whether its job, habits, social life etc. Spirituality is considered as a factor which affects almost allaspects of life. And people who feel connected with spirituality are more satisfied with their lives. When it comes toyouth they are strengths of every nation and development of any country depends upon them. Daily SpiritualExperience Scale and Personal Wellbeing Index both scales consist of sixteen and seven items respectively andused over 40 candidates of two regions. While studying the facts described in the two scales and with the help of t-test and correlation, it is found that there is a negative correlation between spirituality and life satisfaction. It mayconsider as decrease in life satisfaction may leads to increase in spirituality or vice-versa.

: Spirituality, Life satisfaction, Youth.Keywords

IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY OVER LIFE SATISFACTION

AMONG YOUNGSTERS

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Pooja SharmaP.G. Student, IGNOU Study Centre*

Chandra ShekharSr. Assistant Professor*

*P.G. Department of Psychology, University of Jammu, Jammu-Tawi (J&K)

INTRODUCTIONHuman beings are social animal and they are very fond of comfort and continuous working for their satisfaction.

Satisfaction is different from happiness which represents a positive state of emotion at a single point in time. Instead,life satisfaction reflects a collective experience or how a person feels about their life as a whole, over the long-term,rather than right now. (Andrews and Withey, 1976) has researched and identified three components positive effect,negative affect and life satisfaction. The first two components are referring affective, emotional aspects of theconstructs, the latter to the cognitive-judgment aspects. So we can say that a person can be rich, powerful andpopular, but still be troubled. On the other hand, someone who is poor, powerless and isolated, may nevertheless bethriving both mentally and physically. Satisfaction is desirable at every stage of life so as the youth. Being youth is anage where desires and expectations are high and even risk factors. In present age youth are more surrounded withproblems as compared to youth in past days, they have to face peer pressure, early indulge in drugs or alcoholism,unemployment, stress, depression and many psychological disorders. Spirituality is factor which arise every time asa protect factor for youth. Key findings from the analysis indicate that young people who identified as having areligious affiliation, were regularly involved in prayer, and believed in eternal life seemed to fare better than otheryoung people on a number of different measures of well-being. They were more likely to feel a sense of purpose. Theywere also more likely to have an active and constructive relationship with their community and their environment,and positive views towards ethnic diversity and immigration. Regular engagement with religious and spiritualactivities strengthens social networks, connectedness to family and friends, and life satisfaction (Smith & Denton,2005; Stoll, Michaelson, & Seaford, 2012). Some authors conclude that the evidence linking religion and spiritualbehavior to resilience remains inconclusive and the association to health is weak. A number of researchers have usedspiritual well-being as a way of examining the relationship between spiritual matters and health outcomes. Forexample, adolescents with higher levels of spiritual well-being displayed fewer depressive symptoms and engage inless risk-taking behaviors (Cotton, Larkin, Hoopes, Cromer, & Rosenthal, 2005). Life satisfaction has been identifiedas an important indicator of positive youth development (Hawkins, Letcher, Sanson, Smart, & Toumbourou, 2009).In research on young people (ages 16-30), it has been noted that involvement in religious groups can provideimportant personal relationships and enhance senses of belonging (e.g. Hopkins et al. 2011 and Sharma & Guest2013).

I YSSUES RELATED TO OUNGSTERS

Unemployment is one of the most common problems among youngsters and reason for dissatisfaction. Duringthe recession, youth unemployment rose at a faster rate than the main unemployment rate. After peaking at 20% (1million) in early 2012, youth unemployment has recently fallen to 18.5 %. About 11 percent of adolescents have a

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IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY

OVER LIFE SATISFACTION

AMONG YOUNGSTERS

depressive disorder by age 18 according to the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. Girls aremore likely than boys to experience depression and the risk of depression increases with age. Drug use has been onthe rise among adolescents over the past few years according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. In 2012, 17% of10 graders and 23% of 12 graders used drug in the past month. A startling 6.5% of 12 graders use drug on a dailyth th th

basis. Nonmedical use of prescription drugs is also on the rise, with 14.8% of high school seniors reporting they haveabused prescription drugs in the past year. Likewise problems like stress, alcoholism, education and many more aredisturbing healthy growth of youth.

SPIRITUALITY IS PROTECTIVE FACTOR

In ancient time spirituality is basic pillar in development of every individual. Children are sent to gurukuls fortheir academic and moral development. Problems like stress, depression and drug abuse are rarely found amongyoungsters but due to modernization in life style and culture problems are also increasing day by day. So in thissituation satisfaction is not possible. Spirituality is considered as protective factor because it provides sense ofrelaxation and awaking mind. Some authors proposed that during times of displacement, relocation, rapid change,economic collapse and hardship, religiosity and spirituality can persist and provide many with a sense of security.Backstrom et al. (2011: 185) found in their European study that “in Nordic countries, the family and the spiritualityfill the gaps left by state provision” and in “Mediterranean countries, it is almost the case that the state fills the gapsafter the family and spiritualism have exhausted their capacities.” In a study by Ellison (1983: 330), he found that“self-esteem and spiritual wellbeing were positively related,” and showed that those “with a more internalized andintimate relationship with God not only had higher religious well-being but also higher overall spiritual well-being”(1983: 330). Although some researchers have suggested that the extent of spirituality's benefit on health isexaggerated, most researchers agree there is a positive relationship between religious and spiritual practices and

better health outcomes. With respect to youth specifically, spirituality is thought to protect young people from suchnegative influences as depressive symptoms (Cotton et al., 2005) and substance use and to promote an array ofdesirable behaviors.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the difference in the level of life satisfaction between two regions.To assess the difference in the level of spirituality between two regions.To assess the correlation between Daily Spiritual Experiences and Personal Well-being.

HYPOTHESIS

There will be significant difference in the level of life satisfaction between two regions.There will be significant difference in the level of spirituality between two regions.There will be a significant correlation between Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale and Personal Wellbeing Index.

SampleFor present research a total sample of 40 youngsters aged 16-30 years from two regions Jammu and Udhampur

has been taken. Among these candidates 20-20 is from each region, specifically unemployment.

VARIABLES

Independent variable: Region (Jammu and Udhampur)Dependent variable: Life Satisfaction and Spirituality

TOOLS

The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Lynn G. UnderwoodThe Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) is a 16-item self-report measure designed to assess ordinary

experiences of connection with the transcendent in daily life. It includes constructs such as awe, gratitude, mercy,sense of connection with the transcendent and compassionate love. It also includes measures of awareness ofdiscernment/inspiration and a sense of deep inner peace.

The Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) Scale: Robert A. CumminsThe Personal Wellbeing Index PWI scalecontains seven items of satisfaction, each one corresponding to a quality of life domain as: standard of living, health,achieving in life, relationships, safety, community-connectedness, and future security. These seven domains aretheoretically embedded, as representing the first level deconstruction of the global question 'How satisfied are youwith your life as a whole?' (Cummins, & Lau, A. L. D. 2004). The basic psychometric characteristics of the PWI in

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DSES PWI

DSES(Udhampur)

Pearsoncorrelation

**-0.127

N 20 20PWI(Jammu)

Pearsoncorrelation

**-0.129

N 20 20

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Australia have been described (Cummins, Eckersley, Pallant, Van Vugt, & Misajon, 2003).The coefficient of reliability was found to be 0.85 and 0.92 and the coefficient of validity was 0.62, which is

significant beyond 0.01.

S ATATISTICAL NALYSIS

Mean, standard deviation, t-test and correlation are used to analysis the collected data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

There is a significant difference between level of spirituality for two regions as shown as in Table 1 mean andstandard deviation for the Udhampur is 38.1 and 7.31 and for Jammu is 71.75 and 6.29 and T-value was found to be15.59 which show significant difference between them.

Table-1Table given below shows mean scores, standard deviations and

t-ratio of spirituality among two regions

Table-2 shows that there is a significant difference between level of satisfaction among the regions i.e., Jammuand Udhampur. The mean and standard deviation of Udhampur is 60.55 and 8.85 and of Jammu was found to be37.25 and 6.82, the t-value 9.32 indicates that the outcome is significant.

Table-2Table given below shows mean scores, standard deviations and

t-ratio of life satisfaction among two regions

Another calculation was done to identify the correlation between the Daily Spiritual Experience Scaleand Personal Wellbeing Index which was found to be negative as shown under table-3.

Table-3Following table shows correlation between

Daily Spiritual Experience Scale and Personal Wellbeing Index

Correlation between Daily Spiritual Experience Scale and Personal Wellbeing Index for Udhampur andJammu is -0.127 and -0.129 respectively that indicates a negative correlation between both the scales. In the findingslife satisfaction and spiritual beliefs is more satisfactory in terms of rural areas (Udhampur) as compared to urbanareas (Jammu). Easterlin's (1974) analyzed the development of life-satisfaction and economic growth in the post-wardecades in the part of rural and urban areas of USA. He observed stable life-satisfaction in spite of a doubling ofeconomic welfare, and concluded that money does not buy happiness. Similarly the World Values Survey has beenconducted five times between 1981 and 2008, interviewing adults 18-32 years and older in nationally representativesamples around the world about their views on civic values and beliefs. It is found that countries which are moredevelop have quite less belief spirituality as compared to under develop or developing countries for example 18percent (Italy) to 87 percent (Brazil) reported that God is important in their lives, just 18 percent (Italy) to 59 percent(Brazil) said religion is important. These countries represent a mix of traditional faiths and other religions, as well asmore developed economies. The importance of God and religion in their lives is quite low. Examples of thesecountries are Taiwan, Russia, Spain, Great Britain, France, and Sweden. In these countries, 40-73 percent of young

Sample Mean (4×) Standard Deviation t-test p-value

Sample 1 (Udhampur) 38.1 7.31 15.59 <0.00001

Sample 2 (Jammu) 71.75 6.29

Sample Mean (4×) Standard Deviation t-test p-value

Sample 1 (Udhampur) 60.55 8.85 9.32 <0.00001

Sample 2 (Jammu) 37.25 6.82

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IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY

OVER LIFE SATISFACTION

AMONG YOUNGSTERS

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adults reported a belief in God, but neither God nor religion was important to more than about 10 percent. On theother hand countries like in Indonesia, Pakistan, Egypt, and Iran, for example, nearly all young adults said theybelieve in God. Three-fourths or more of young adults reported that God is important and that religion is importantin their lives.

CONCLUSIONThere is a significant difference found in the level of life satisfaction between two regions and in the level of

spirituality.Regarding life satisfaction, the study found a slight difference, with youngsters of Udhampur than Jammu.

Same as spirituality level was also found to be slightly high in Udhampur as compare to youngsters of Jammu.It was found that there is a negative correlation between Daily Spiritual Experience Scale and Personal WellbeingIndex which signifies that increase in life satisfaction may leads to decrease in spirituality or decrease in lifesatisfaction may leads to increase in spirituality of youngsters.

LIMITATIONSThere was certain limitation which was found under this study:First one is the sample, size it consisted only 40 participants which may not be a representative of the all

youngsters of given region. Sample data may increase for further researches as generalization is not possible in casequantitative work.

Age bar was also limited and only unemployed ones are taken into consideration.

SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER WORKFollowing suggestions can be follow for further studies:The sample of the study can be increased and can be done on large scale.One age group can be taken into consideration and youngsters of all ages can be analyzed under the same

methodology.The present study can further be done on a large sample of youngsters from other urban and rural areas.

REFERENCES� Andrews, F. M. & S. Withey (1976) Social indicators of well-being. American Perceptions of life-quality. New

York: Plenum Press.� Backstrom, A., Davie, G., Edgardh, N. & Pettersson, P. (eds.) (2011) Welfare & Religion in 21st Century Europe.

Volume 1: Configuring the Connections. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.� Cotton, S., Larkin, E., Hoopes, A., Cromer, B. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2005). The impact of adolescent spirituality on

depressive symptoms & health risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 529.� Cummins, R. A., Eckersley, R. Pallant, J. Van Vugt, J, & Misajon, R. (2003). Developing a national Index of

subjective wellbeing: The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index. Social Indicators� Research, 64, 159-190.� Cummins, R. A., & Lau, A. L. D. (2004). Personal Wellbeing Index – Intellectual Disability: Second Edition.

Melbourne: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University.� http://acqol.deakin.edu.au/instruments/wellbeing_index.htm� Easterlin, R. A. (1974) Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In Nations &

Households in economic growth. New York: Academic press. 89-125.� Ellison, Craig W. (1983) Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization & measurement. Journal of Psychology &

Theology, 11(4): 330-340.� Hawkins, M. T., Letcher, P., Sanson, A., Smart, D., & Toumbourou, J. (2009). Positive development in emerging

adulthood. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61, 89-99.Hopkins, P., Olson, E., Pain, R. & Vincett, G. (2011)Mapping intergenerationalities: The formation of youthful religiosities. Transactions of the Institute of BritishGeographers, New Series 36: 314-327

[email protected].� Smith & Denton, 2005; Stoll, Michaelson, & Seaford, 2012 (Das Konstrukt Zufriedenheit. (The construct of

satisfaction.) Soziale Welt, 29, 44-53).� http:// .www.google.in� http://www.dsescale.org

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AMONG YOUNGSTERS

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ABSTRACT

Now, we are living in the world of 21st century which is known as the world of 'Mental Stress' In thesecircumstances, knowledge amplifies day by day. There is a Knowledge explosion in the world, hence each and everyperson tries to get this Knowledge by new and most recent Medias and they also use it. In this direction there is aqualitative growing up in the person for in receipt of Knowledge and its use by appreciative. In the same way, wenotice the qualitative addition in the Educational organization, teachers, and the students, which are going to getKnowledge. In these circumstances, teachers and students feel a perplexity. So there is a question against us that,this growth in the education organization, teachers and in the students will have no proper direction for theAcademic achievement of students. If we get an affirmative answer of this question, we must do the fundamentalchange in the teaching learning process of Education. In the present day, each person including the students andthe teachers face anxiety, frustration, etc. Due to these factors, the students cannot take much interest in theirstudies, academic activities and their performance in the entire exam. so it is very essential for the students to keeptheir eyes on their study and academic activity. For the this predicament, 'YOGA' is the recent and excellent way.That is why; the investigator has found a research gap, to know the Effect of Yoga Exercises on AcademicAchievement, Short-term memory and Verbal Reasoning ability.

:Keywords

EFFECT OF YOGA EXERCISES ON ACHIEVEMENT,

MEMORY AND REASONING ABILITY

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Madhu MahorAssistant Prof.,

N. K. B. M. G. (P. G.) College,Chandausi, Moradabad (U.P.)

Shanti SwaroopAssistant Prof.,S. M. College, Chandausi,Moradabad (U.P.)

INTRODUCTIONThe more technical linguistic sense of the term "yoga,” describing a system of meditation or contemplation

with the aim of the cessation of mental activity and the attaining of a "supreme state" arises with early Buddhism. InHindu scripturs this sense of the term "yoga" first appears in the middle Upanishads, such as the Katha Upanishad.Shvetashvatara Upanishad mentions, "When earth, water, fire, air and akasa arise, when the five attributes of theelements, mentioned in the books on yoga, become manifest then the yogi's body becomes purified by the fire of yogaand he is free from illness, old age and death." More importantly in the following verse it mentions, the "precursors ofperfection in yoga", namely lightness and healthiness of the body, absence of desire, clear complexion, pleasantnessof voice, sweet odour and slight excretions.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYToday Frustration, Anxiety, Mental Stress etc. Mental diseases are increasing in our society. Due to these

diseases many persons including the students feel Isolation, Anger, Confusion, Depression, Mood disorders,Attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, Obsessive disorder, Adjustment disorder etc. Under the effect of on top ofMental related disorders the level of students' Exam's Achievements is much low. The training of will give'YOGA'

the proper direction for the betterment in Exam's achievements and will give positive effect for living peaceful life,the violent competition, peace less and rude tries for the betterment of this circumstances and for going on the top.This study will provide something to the Arts students like as a proper way, keeping meditation in teaching learningprocess, and Adjustment for Healthy, Calm, Fertile and Qualitative Life. It will also be helpful in solving studyrelated problems. The investigator will also know about the difference between the achievement of boy and girlstudents through this study. The investigator will also know how the effect of 'YOGA' teacher the practice ofEducation.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of this study are as under.

(1) To study the effect of Yoga on the Academic Achievement of the students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board.

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EFFECT OF YOGA EXERCISES

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AND REASONING ABILITY

(2) To study the effect of Yoga on the Verbal Reasoning ability of the students of of U.P.Board andC.B.S.E.Board.

(3) To study the effect of Yoga on the Memory of the students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board.(4) To study the effect of Yoga on the Academic achievement, Verbal Reasoning ability & Memory of the

students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board.

HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDYThe following Major hypotheses were formulated for the present study.(1) There will be no significant difference between Academic Achievement of the students of U.P.Board and

C.B.S.E.Board.(2) There will be no significant difference Verbal Reasoning ability of the students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board.(3) There will be no significant difference between Memory of the students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board.(4) There will be no significant difference between Academic achievement, Verbal Reasoning ability & Memory of

the students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board.

DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe delimitations of the current study are as follows.(1) The study was delimited to CBSE Board Senior Secondary School students only.(2) The study was delimited to U.P.Board Secondary Secondary Schools' students.(3) The study was delimited to students of standard 11 , students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board.Students.th

(4) The study was also delimited to the students studying during 2011-12 academic year only.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYIn this present study, the findings depended upon the sample of students of standard 11th of U.P.Board and100

C.B.S.E.Board.

VARIABLES OF THE STUDYFollowing Variables will be taken for the present study.

Independent VariableYoga

Dependent VariableAcademic Achievement,Verbal Reasoning,Memory

POPULATIONThe Students who are studying in the Senior Secondary school in the Section of of U.P.Board and

C.B.S.E.Board.of Moradabad District .

SAMPLE AND TECHNIQUE OF SAMPLE SELECTIONThe researcher took the list of Moradabad Districts' Senior Secondary schools. In this list, two schools were

selected purposively. After selection of schools, the researcher usedcluster sample selection technique for selection of whole class of 11th U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board.for equal groupdistribution.

METHOD OF THE STUDYTo observe the effect of Yoga exercises on Academic Achievement, Verbal Reasoning ability and Memory of the

students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board. this entire study depends on Field Experimental Method.

CONSTRUCTION OF TOOLSThe entire study is based on three tools (i.e. (1) Academic Achievement test (2) Verbal Reasoning ability test

and (3) Short Term Memory (STM) test). The selection and procedure of the tool construction are as under.

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Academic Achievement Test:

Verbal Reasoning ability test:Among above mentioned tools; Verbal Reasoning ability test was readymade and standardized by Dr. D. S.

Patel for the students of 11th and 12th class This readymade tool was taken by the researcher.

M TEMORY EST

TESTING OF HYPOTHESISCurrent study was carried out with four Null Hypothesis, which are shown in the following table.

Table of Hypothesis testing

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDYThe major findings of this present study are as follows.

About the effect of Yoga exercises on Academic Achievement of the students of U.P. Board and CBSE BoardSchool:

The first null hypothesis, that there will be no significant difference between Academic Achievement of thestudents of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board is totally rejected at both level. It means that the Yoga exercises on UPBoard and CBSE Board students are higher in Academic Achievement. It is indicating that the Yoga exercisesimprove the Academic Achievement of the students.

About the effect of Yoga exercises on reasoning ability of the students of U.P. Board and CBSE Board School:The second null hypothesis, that there will be no significant difference between Verbal Reasoning ability of

the students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board is totally rejected at both level. It means that the Yoga exercises on UPBoard and CBSE Board students are higher in Verbal Reasoning ability. It is indicating that; the Yoga exercisesimprove the Verbal Reasoning ability of the students.

About the effect of Yoga exercises on Memory of the students of U.P. Board and CBSE Board School:The third null hypothesis, that there will be no significant difference between Memory of the students of

U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board is totally accepted at both level. It means that the Yoga exercises on UP Board andCBSE Board students are less in Memory. It is indicating that; the Yoga exercises should be focused the Memory ofthe students.

About the effect of Yoga exercises on Academic Achievement, reasoning ability and Memory of the students ofU.P. Board and CBSE Board School:

The fourth null hypothesis that there will be no significant difference between Academic achievement,Verbal Reasoning ability and Memory of the students of U.P.Board and C.B.S.E.Board is totally rejected at both level.It means that the Yoga exercises on CBSE Board and UP Board the students are higher in Academic Achievement,Reasoning Ability and Memory. It is indicating that; the Yoga exercises improve the Academic Achievement, Verbal

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Shanti Swaroop & Madhu Mahor

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

EFFECT OF YOGA EXERCISES

ON ACHIEVEMENT, MEMORY

AND REASONING ABILITY

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Reasoning ability and Memory of the students.

IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY(1) Yoga improves fitness, lowers blood pressure, promotes relaxation and self-confidence, and reduces stress and

anxiety. People who practice yoga tend to have good coordination, posture, flexibility, range of motion,concentration, sleep habits, and digestion. Yoga is a complementary therapy that has been used withconventional therapies to help treat a wide range of health problems, but it is not a cure for any particulardisease.

(2) All branches of yoga mentioned above use three major techniques: breathing, exercise, and meditation. Thesethree techniques have been shown to improve health in many ways:§ Breathing lessons: In yoga, breath work is known as Pranayama. Pranayama increases blood circulation

and reduces oxygen consumption. That brings more oxygen to the brain, and improves the way your bodyuses oxygen. Breathing exercises can also increase how much air you can draw into your lungs. Getting lotsof air into your lungs helps you feel alert and focused.

§ Asana (postures): Asana provide a gentle-to-intense workout that enhances strength, flexibility, andbalance.

§ Meditation: Meditation quiets the mind and brings both physical and emotional relaxation, which helpsreduce blood pressure, chronic pain, anxiety, and cholesterol levels.

(3) This study helps the students for doing Yoga exercises is daily life.(4) Government should encourage the research projects to enhance Memory, Reasoning ability and Yoga of rural

areas students.(5) Schools should use the materials related to Yoga exercises, Short-term memory test, and Verbal Reasoning ability

test for the students who have lower memory and lower reasoning ability.(6) The Yoga exercises programme is also helpful for schools curriculum student's physical and Psychological

issues and mood disorders

CONCLUSIONThe most important objective of this study was; to examine the effect of Yoga on Academic achievement,

Reasoning ability and Memory of the students of UP and CBSE Board . In this way, total 50-50 students were selectedfrom two schools of CBSE and UP Board.The research found that The Yoga exercises programme is also helpful forAcademic Achievement ,Reasoning Ability and Memory.

REFERENCE� Agrawal, J. C. (1966). Educational Research - An Introduction. New Delhi: Agra Book Depot.� Buch, M. B. (1997). (Ed.) Fifth Survey of Research in Education. New Delhi: NCERT.� Buch, M. B. (1997). (Ed.) Sixth Survey of Research in Education. New Delhi: NCERT.� Garrett, H. E. (1971). Statistics in Psychology and Education. (6th Reprint). Bombay: Vakis fefter and Simons Pvt.

Ltd.� Vol.1, Issue: 1 December: 2012 ISSN: 2320-091X International Journal for Research in Education (IJRE)

� Gala, L. R. & Rathod. (2008). P. H. Gala's Advanced Dictionary. (25th Edition). Ahmadabad: Navneet PublicationLtd.

� Mahila, D. S. (1995).Yoga Iiistrated. New Delhi: Patiala House.� Manroe, W. S.: & Englehart, M. D. (1928).The Techniques of Educational Research Urban-III, Bureau of

Educational Research, University of Elience,� Bulletin No. 38.� Yoga Sudha.: (1998). Vol-9, Bangalore, Vivekmanda Kendra, Yoga Prakashan.

� Yoga Mimansa.: (1998). Lonvala Kaivalyadhama, Vol-17.

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EFFECT OF YOGA EXERCISES

ON ACHIEVEMENT, MEMORY

AND REASONING ABILITY

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ABSTRACT

Domestic violence against women is a widespread problem; however, its actual extent is difficult to measure.It may be very much higher than that the reports indicate because many incidences of domestic violence againstwomen are not reported. The research studies and surveys conducted by individuals generally produce higherestimates of violence than official records. However, they are also assumed to underestimate the actual extent ofdomestic violence against women.

For a variety of reasons, women may fail to report violence that takes place in family. According to availablestatistics from around the world, about 33 per cent of women have experienced violence in one form or other intheir intimate relationship at some point in their life. In India, the actual prevalence of domestic violence againstwomen is scant. However, NFHS-III (2006-2007) report indicated that about 35 per cent women haveexperienced physical or sexual violence from their

intimate relationship in the family. The nature and extent of domestic violence vary depending upon thesocio-cultural variables and environment. Against this view point, the paper purports to examine theimplementation of Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act, 2005 in India.

IMPLEMENTATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005

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Jai Shanker P. PandeyHead, Deptt. of Sociology

D. A.V. College,Kanpur (U.P.)

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIAWhere has been significant increase in the proportion of crimes against women during 2002-2010. During

2010, about 2.13 lakh cases of crimes were reported against women as against the total crimes of 22.25 lakh reportedunder Indian Penal Code. Crime against women constituted about 9.6 per cent against the total IPC crimes in India.Andhra Pradesh reported 12.8 percent of total such cases in the country (27,244 out of 2,13,585). Tripura reported thehighest crime rate (46.5) as compared to the National average rate of 18.0. The proportion of IPC crimes committedagainst women towards total IPC crimes has increased during last 5 years from 8.2 percent in 2006 to9.6 percent during 2010. Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest number of Rape cases (3,135) & Molestation(6,646) accounting for 14.1 percent & 16.4 percent respectively of total such cases reported in the country. AndhraPradesh has reported 45.8 percent (4,562) of Sexual Harassment cases. About 25 percent decrease was observedunder Importation of Girls cases. Cases under Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act have increased by 1.0 percent (from2,474 in 2009 to 2,499 in 2010). Tamil Nadu reported 22.7 percent of cases under Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act (567out of 2,499). Highest cases of Kidnapping & Abduction 18.4 percent (5,468) & Dowry Deaths 26.4 percent (2,217)were reported in Uttar Pradesh. No case under Sati Prevention Act was reported across the country during the year2010. Offenders were known to the victims in 97.3 percent of Rape cases (21,566 out of 22,172). A total of 24,335 casesof crime against women were reported from 35 mega cities out of 2,13,585 cases reported in country during 2010which is 1.5 percent increase over 2009. And rate of crime in these cities at 22.6 was comparatively higher ascompared to national rate at 18.0. The female criminality in the total IPC crimes accounted for 6.2 percent only. Thepercentage share of female arrestees was higher in cases of cruelty by husband & relatives (22.8 percent). Among 35cities, Delhi accounted for 16.0 percent (3,886) of total crimes followed by Hyderabad 8.1 percent (1,964). Althoughwomen may be victims of any of the general crimes such as 'Murder', 'Robbery', 'Cheating', etc, only the crimes whichare directed specifically against women are characterized as 'Crimes Against Women'. Various new legislations havebeen brought and amendments have been made in existing laws with a view to handle these crimes effectively.

A total of 2,13,585 incidents of crime against women (both under IPC and SLL) were reported in the countryduring 2010 as compared to 2,03,804 during 2009 recording an increase of 4.8 percent during 2010. These crimes havecontinuously increased during 2006 - 2010 with 1,64,765 cases in 2006, 1,85,312 cases in 2007, 1,95,856 cases in 2008,2,03,804 cases in 2009 and 2,13,585 cases in 2010. Andhra Pradesh, accounting to nearly 7.1 percent of the country'spopulation, has accounted for 12.8 percent of total crimes against women in the country by reporting 27,244 cases.

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VIOLENCE ACT, 2005

West Bengal with 7.6 percent share of country's population has accounted for nearly 12.2 percent of total crimeagainst women by reporting 26,125 cases in 2010. The rate of crime has increased marginally from 17.4 during theyear 2009 to 18.0 during 2010. Tripura reported the highest rate of crime against women at 46.5 during 2010. Thecrime against women has increased by 4.8 percent over 2009 and by 29.6 percent over 2006. The IPC component ofcrimes against women has accounted for 96.0 percent of total crimes and the rest 4.0 percent were SLL crimes againstwomen. The proportion of IPC crimes committed against women towards total IPC crimes has increased continuallyduring last 5 years from 8.2 percent in 2006 to 9.6 percent during 2010.There has been increase of 76.61 per cent in theincidences of torture against women during 2003-2009. Similarly, the cases of rape and dowry deaths during thesame period have also increased by the 35 per cent. The cases of molestation have increased by 17.52 per cent duringthe period while there has been decline of cases of sexual harassment during the period. According to the NCRBfigures, in cases of rape overall, the number of trials completed within a year is extremely low. The percentages aresimilar for molestation (under section 354 IPC). The conviction rate for the crimes against women has been reportedto be 27.8 per cent. It has been reported high in case of sexual harassment and low in case of cruelty by husbands andrelatives.

The National Family Health Survey (NFH-III) carried out in 29 states during 2005-2006 and released in 2007reveals over 37 per cent married women in the country are victims of physical or sexual abuse by their husbands.Over 40 per cent of Indian women have experienced domestic violence at some point in their married lives, andnearly 55 per cent think that spousal abuse is warranted in several circumstances. The survey showed thatcountrywide more women face violence in rural areas (40.2) as compared to those in the urban areas (30.4). NFHS-IIIfound that over a third of women who had been married at any point in their lives said they had been pushed,slapped, shaken or otherwise attacked by their husband at least once. Slapping was the most common act of physicalviolence by husbands. More than 34 per cent of women said their husbands slapped them, while 15 per cent said theirhusbands pulled their hair or twisted their arm. Around 14 per cent of the women had things thrown at them.

R M :ESEARCH ETHODS

The present paper is based on a major research study, supported by UGC. The study is dependent onexploratory and descriptive designs of research. The study is based on mainly primary data collected through fieldsurvey. The study has been conducted in four statesviz., Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Thestates have been divided on the basis of the rating of crime against women.

Thus, four states and 20 districts have been covered in the sample .A random sample of 2975 victims havebeen drawn from the universe at the rate of 150 victims in each district and 750 victims in each selected state. Thesample represents the victims from upper class, middle class and lower class of the society. In order to conduct fieldsurvey, interview schedules were prepared. The interview schedule pertained relevant research questions, pointsand scales of view perception related to personnel profile, socio-cultural, educational and economic background ofvictims of domestic violence, family profile, nature, incidence and impact of domestic violence and the impact ofdomestic violence on the victims, children in the family and the intra-family relations. The filled in interviewschedules have been thoroughly checked and processed in computer using some relevant statistical tools andtechniques. The schedules and collected data from field survey have been edited and checked for ambiguities andinconsistencies.. Data has been analyzed, discussed and interpreted while pertinent literature has been reviewed.Thus, the policy measures are based on analysis of research findings and critical appreciation of pertinent literature.

D RISCUSSION OF ESULTS

The respondents were asked that whether they have reported the cases of violence against them. Less thanhalf of the respondents revealed that they have reported the cases of domestic violence. This was found significantlyhigh in the state of Uttar Pradesh (63.16 per cent) and Rajasthan (46.99 per cent). Those who admitted that they havereported the cases of domestic violence further revealed that they reported the cases to police (59.179 per cent), legaladvisors (52.28 per cent) and social organizations (76.62 per cent). The nature and extent of reporting of domesticviolence vary from state to state (Table 1).

Table: 1Reporting of Violence

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalYes 346 269 336 499 1450(%) 45.53 37.89 46.99 63.16 48.74No 414 441 379 291 1525

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(%) 54.47 62.11 53.01 36.84 51.26Total 760 710 715 790 2975

If yesPolice 213 201 86 367 867(%) 61.56 74.72 25.60 73.55 59.79Legal advisor 186 129 97 346 758(%) 53.76 47.96 28.87 69.34 52.28Social Organiz. 286 234 176 415 1111(%) 82.66 86.99 52.38 83.17 76.62Panchayat 233 246 307 164 950(%) 67.34 91.45 91.37 32.87 65.52Family court 298 176 123 249 846(%) 86.13 65.43 36.61 49.90 58.34Prohibition Offi. 124 75 67 86 352(%) 35.84 27.88 19.94 17.23 24.28Total 346 269 336 499 1450Source : Field Survey.

Help given by formal agencies is shown in Table 2. The respondents were asked that whether they receivedany help from formal agencies for their protection. Only 68.38 per cent respondents admitted that they received helpfrom formal agencies. This was found more pronouncing in the State of Madhya Pradesh (70.59 per cent). Again, therespondents reported that they mainly received help from panchayats, social organizations, legal advisors, policeand family courts. Around 54 per cent respondents in the state of Madhya received help from legal advisors.Similarly, a large number of the women in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar received help from police.

Table: 2Help Received by Formal Agencies

Help Received Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalYes 275 216 201 357 1049(%) 64.71 70.59 68.37 70.14 68.38No 150 90 93 152 485(%) 35.29 29.41 31.63 29.86 31.62Total 425 306 294 509 1534

If yesPolice 107 35 58 176 376(%) 38.91 16.20 28.86 49.30 35.84Legal Advisor 89 116 47 162 414(%) 32.36 53.70 23.38 45.38 39.47Social organization 64 142 66 276 548(%) 23.27 65.74 32.84 77.31 52.24Panchayat 119 60 176 218 573(%) 43.27 27.78 87.56 61.06 54.62Family court 89 110 76 195 470(%) 32.36 50.93 37.81 54.62 44.80Prohibition Officer 94 124 46 43 307(%) 34.18 57.41 22.89 12.04 29.27Others 46 20 37 35 138(%) 16.73 9.26 18.41 9.80 13.16Total 275 216 201 357 1049Source: Field Survey.

The respondents were asked regarding their satisfaction with the help received from formal agencies.Overall 44 per cent respondents were found satisfied and 15 per cent respondents were found very satisfied withhelp extended by formal agencies. The satisfaction level was found more pronouncing in Rajasthan as compared to

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other states. The dissatisfaction regarding help from formal agencies was reported high in Madhya Pradesh andUttar Pradesh (Table 3).

Table: 3Satisfaction Regarding Help Received from

Formal AgenciesBihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Total

Very satisfied 68 26 20 46 160(%) 24.73 12.04 9.95 12.89 15.25Satisfied 118 81 152 113 464(%) 42.91 37.50 75.62 31.65 44.23Somewhat Satisfied 56 43 11 118 228(%) 20.36 19.91 5.47 33.05 21.73Do not satisfied 33 66 18 80 197(%) 12.00 30.56 8.96 22.41 18.78Total 275 216 201 357 1049Source: Field Survey.

The respondents were asked that to what extent the help extended by formal agencies was helpful inresolving the problems of domestic violence. Only 27 per cent respondents reported that the help extended by formalagencies was fruitful to the greater extent for resolving their problems. This was found more pronouncing in MadhyaPradesh followed by Bihar. More than 2/5th respondents reported that the help extended by formal agencies wasfruitful to somewhat extent in resolving their problems of domestic violence. This was found more pronouncing inBihar as compared to other states (Table 4).

Table: 4Role of Formal Agencies in Resolving the Problems

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalGreater extent 76 70 40 98 284(%) 27.64 32.41 19.90 27.45 27.07Some what extent 127 86 91 116 420(%) 46.18 39.81 45.27 32.49 40.04Not at all 72 60 70 143 345(%) 26.18 27.78 34.83 40.06 32.89Total 275 216 201 357 1049Source: Field Survey.

About 61 per cent respondents reported that they received desired cooperation from formal agencies. It wasfound more pronouncing in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh followed by Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. About 23 per centrespondents were silent on this point while about 15 per cent respondents reported that they could not get desiredcooperation from the formal agencies in resolving their problems related to domestic violence (Table 5).

Table : 5Receiving of Desired Cooperation from Formal Agencies

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalYes 186 140 120 190 636(%) 67.64 64.81 59.70 53.22 60.63No 35 47 42 49 173(%) 12.73 21.76 20.90 13.73 16.49Can't say 54 29 39 118 240(%) 19.64 13.43 19.40 33.05 22.88Total 275 216 201 357 1049Source: Field Survey.

Only 1/4th respondents reported that the attitude of officials and representatives of formal agencies wascooperative towards them. It was found more pronouncing in Uttar Pradesh followed by Rajasthan and MadhyaPradesh. About half of the respondents said that the attitude of officials and representatives was neutral towardsthem. Thus, about 1/4th respondents reported that the attitude of officials and representatives of the formal agencies

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was not cooperative towards them. It was found more pronouncing in Rajasthan as compared to other states (Table6).

Table: 6Attitude of Officials and Representatives of Formal Agencies

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalCooperative 38 51 53 101 243(%) 13.82 23.61 26.37 28.29 23.16Neutral 170 131 80 159 540(%) 61.82 60.65 39.80 44.54 51.48Non Cooperative 67 34 68 97 266(%) 24.36 15.74 33.83 27.17 25.36Total 275 216 201 357 1049Source: Field Survey.

About half of the respondents reported that the formal agencies successfully resolved their problemsrelated to domestic violence to the greater extent. It was found more pronouncing in Bihar and Madhya Pradeshfollowed by Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. About 30 per cent respondents further reported that the formal agenciescould resolve their problems to some extent only. Thus, about 20 per cent respondents were of the view that theformal agencies could not resolve their problems. This was found more pronouncing in Rajasthan (Table 7).

Table 7Resolving of Problems by Formal Agencies

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalGreater extent 208 150 156 224 738(%) 60.12 55.76 46.43 44.89 50.90Some extent 101 76 76 175 428(%) 29.19 28.25 22.62 35.07 29.52Not at all 37 43 104 100 284(%) 10.69 15.99 30.95 20.04 19.59Total 346 269 336 499 1450Source: Field Survey.

Awareness regarding Domestic Violence Act is shown in Table 8. About 62 percent respondents werefound aware about the implementation of Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The level ofawareness was found slightly high in the state of Rajasthan (68.39 per cent) Madhya Pradesh (65.07 per cent) and lowin the state of Uttar Pradesh. The level of awareness regarding the various provisions of the Act simply demonstratesthat most of the women are aware regarding provision of service providers, availability of medical facility andcheckup, procedure for obtaining orders of relief and provision for shelter house.

Table: 8Awareness Regarding Domestic Violence Act

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalYes 467 462 489 416 1834(%) 61.45 65.07 68.39 52.66 61.65No 293 248 226 374 1141(%) 38.55 34.93 31.61 47.34 38.35Total 760 710 715 790 2975

If yesBihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Total

Provision of protection officers 229 242 276 328 1075(%) 49.04 52.38 56.44 78.85 58.62Provision of service provider 263 118 135 295 811(%) 56.32 25.54 27.61 70.91 44.22Procedures for obtainingorders of relief 165 234 242 242 883(%) 35.33 50.65 49.49 58.17 48.15

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Provision of counselor & seekingassistance from them 129 124 120 198 571(%) 27.62 26.84 24.54 47.60 31.13Medical facility and check-up 128 217 211 265 821(%) 27.41 46.97 43.15 63.70 44.77Provision of shelter house 195 124 142 146 607(%) 41.76 26.84 29.04 35.10 33.10Seeking assistance for welfare 210 210 168 175 763(%) 44.97 45.45 34.36 42.07 41.60Seeking assistance for residencein dispossessed house 218 208 185 165 776(%) 46.68 45.02 37.83 39.66 42.31Seeking monetary relief 198 124 95 68 485(%) 42.40 26.84 19.43 16.35 26.44Seeking legal assistance 124 111 135 138 508(%) 26.55 24.03 27.61 33.17 27.70Others 10 24 25 61 120(%) 2.14 5.19 5.11 14.66 6.54Total 467 462 489 416 1834Source: Field Survey.

The respondents were asked that whether the concerned officials faced problems in implementation of theAct. More than 1/4th respondents reported that there has been less publicity of the Act while about 22 per centrespondents reported that due to lack of adequate man power, the Act is not being effectively enforced. It is becauseof the fact that the Act has been implemented in the states without proper provision of infrastructure, humanresources and administrative – political commitment at the state and district level. The Act has not made anyprovision for budgetary allocations for its effective implementation. Thus, most of the states are implementing theAct unwillingly. They have made responsible the existing officials, giving the additional responsibility and task forimplementation of the Act. Thus, most of the officials in most of the states are in dual charges and they are facingproblems in effective implementation of the Act. About 15 per cent respondents also reported that there is lack ofproper infrastructure and the existing infrastructure at the district and state level is being used for implementation ofthe Act. The respondents reported that they hardly get space at the district office to interact the concerned officials forresolving their problems (Table 9).

Table: 9Problem Being Faced the Officials in Implementation of the Act

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalImplementation 118 56 30 76 280(%) 15.53 7.89 4.20 9.62 9.41Infrastructure 75 116 129 126 446(%) 9.87 16.34 18.04 15.95 14.99Funds 63 46 79 86 274(%) 8.29 6.48 11.05 10.89 9.21Man power 188 159 159 146 652(%) 24.74 22.39 22.24 18.48 21.92Commitments 156 125 76 150 507(%) 20.53 17.61 10.63 18.99 17.04Publicity of the Act 160 208 242 206 816(%) 21.05 29.30 33.85 26.08 27.43Total 760 710 715 790 2975Source: Field Survey.

More than 1/3rd respondents reported that the officials engaged in the implementation of the Act are overstressed. It was found more pronouncing in Bihar as compared to other states. About 33 per cent respondentsreported that the officials are in dual charges and therefore they are not able to spare time for resolving theirproblems and implementation of the Act. It was found more pronouncing in Rajasthan and Bihar. About 36 per cent

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respondents further revealed that the concerned officials are overstressed due to the increasing work load. This wasfound more pronouncing in Bihar as compared to other states. Less than 1/4th respondents reported that the attitudeand behaivour of the concerned officials and service providers is found non-cooperative towards them (Table 10).

Table: 10Problems being Faced by Respondents in Seeking Help Under the Act

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TotalNon-Cooperative Attitudeand Behaviour of Officialsand Service Providers 187 159 123 162 631(%) 24.61 22.39 17.20 20.51 21.21Non-Availability of Officialsin Time of Need 29 95 65 87 276(%) 3.82 13.38 9.09 11.01 9.28Over stress 298 248 246 289 1081(%) 39.21 34.93 34.41 36.58 36.34Dual Charges 246 208 281 252 987(%) 32.37 29.30 39.30 31.90 33.18Total 760 710 715 790 2975Source: Field Survey.

SUGGESTIONSIn order to bridge the gap between legislations and their implementations, a multi-sectoral approach is

needed that tackles various levels concurrently. Improving the legal and institutional framework for the protectionof women and girls is crucial to preventing and combating gender-based violence effectively.

Domestic violence needs a coordinated and systematic response from the justice system. While Sector 498Ahas been one of the most significant criminal law reforms protecting women's rights, this reform is not enough.Therefore, stepping of measures for better policing is imperative to have a civil law which addresses domesticviolence. We need to look towards a coordinated legal approach to protect women facing domestic violence.

Prevention of domestic violence ultimately depends upon changing the norms of society regardingviolence as a means of conflict resolution and regarding traditional attitudes about gender. To achieve this, theconcept of gender and human rights must be introduced in the curriculum and schools, universities, professionalcolleges and other training settings.

The Central and State Governments should conduct regular training programmes of law enforcementofficers, judges and other court personnel and prosecutors to identify and respond more effectively to the cases ofdomestic violence against women.

Existing preventive and supporting services and programme interventions also need to be expanded forthe victims of domestic violence while attempts should be made to strengthen women's economic capacities byimproving women's access and control over income and assets.

For creating awareness level it is recommended that training, and extension programmes need be designedin tune with the region wise priority. The syllabus must be designed for the school, college and at the university levelto curb and minimize the effects of domestic violence.

The law implementing agencies and authorities should be sensitized how to deal with the problems ofviolence against women and the courts established under the Act should be strengthened with adequate manpower,judicial magistrates and machinery.

Focus must be placed on the appointment of Protection Officers. All Protection Officers should beappropriately qualified, trained on the law and appointments must be made on a full time basis. The role of theProtection Officer must be understood as being akin to 'Outreach officers' of the court. Their duty is to facilitate accessto courts. They also are part of the infrastructure of the court in as much as they assist courts in fact-findings and in theimplementation of court orders.

The registration of service providers must be commenced in earnestness as not only will women be able toaccess them better, but because the Protection Officer will be able to rely on them for guidance. In all States there arewomen's rights organizations. Such organizations shall play a valuable role in supporting and guiding ProtectionOfficers in the discharge of their Duties. It is however, clarified that only those private service providers who

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Volunteer should be registered.There is the need to identify qualified counselors, particularly keeping in mind the high rates of referrals to

counseling ordered by the Magistrates. Counselors may be identified from service providers providing suchservices.

There is need to build a multi-agency response between the Protection Officers, Police, legal ServicesAuthorities, service providers, counselors etc. to aid women facing domestic violence. This response requires co-ordination amongst the different departments of the government as well as partnerships with civil societyorganizations.

REFERENCES� Agnes, F., Review Of A Decade Of Legislation - 1980-1989 : Protecting Women Against Violence, Economic

And Political Weekly, Vol. 27, No. 17, 1992.� Agnes, F., Violence Against Women: Review Of Recent Enactments IN Mukhopadhya (Ed.) In The Name Of

Justice - Women And Law In Society, Manohar, New Delhi, 1998.� Ahuja, Ram, Violence Against Women, Rawat Pub. Delhi, 1998.� AIDWA, etal, Women Speak - United Voices Against Globalization, Poverty And Violence In India,

Progressive Pub. Delhi, 2000.� Atray, J.P. Crimes Against Women, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1988.� Baxi, U., In Human Wrongs And Human Rights Unconventional Essays, Har Anand Pub. Delhi, 1994.� Bhandari, S., Crimes Against Women In B.K. Pal (Ed.) Problems And Concerns Of Indian Women, ABC, New

Delhi, 1987.� Ghosh, B. and Choudhary, Tanima (2011), Legal Protection Against Domestic Singh, A.K. . (Ed), (2009)et.al

Domestic Violence Against Women in India, Madhav Books, Gurgaon.� Singh, A.K. . (Ed.) (2013), Gender Violence in India, Rashtriya Bal Vikas Prakashan, New Delhi.et.al� Singh, A.K., & Pandey, S.P., (2009) Domestic Violence Against Women and Role of PWDV Act, 2006 IN

Domestic Violence Against Women in India, Edited by Singh, A.K., . Madhav Books, Gurgaon.et.al� Violence in India: Scope and Limitations, Springer Science.� Helse, L., . (1991), Ending Violence Against Women, John Hopkins University School of Public Health,et.al

Baltimore.� Helse, L., . (1994), Violence Against Women, the Hidden Health Burden, World Bank, Washington.et.al� IIPS (2007), National Family Health Survey-III, International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai.� Nagla, B.K., Women As Victims Of Crime: A Sociological Analysis In C.M. Agrawal (Ed.) Dimensions Of

Indian Womanhood, Sri Almora Book, Almora, 1993.� NCRB (2013), Crime in India, 2013, National Crime Records Bureau, Government of India, New Delhi.� Nigam, Shalu, (2008) Domestic Violence in India: What One Should Know?, WE The People Trust, New Delhi.� Omvedt, G., Violence Against Women - New Movements And New Theories In India, Kali For Women, New

Delhi, 1990.� Pandey, S.P., Children Of Women Prisoners In Jails: A Study IN U.P., G.B. Pant Institute of Studies, In Rural

Development, Lucknow, 2004.

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ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the job satisfaction of teacher – educators of self financecolleges of education in Punjab .The sample consists of 100 B.ED college teacher-educators,(50 rural and 50urban) randomly selected ,situated in rural and urban areas of Punjab. Teacher's job satisfaction scale was used tocollect necessary data .The study revealed that teacher educators in various educational colleges have-nodifferences on the basis of gender, location and experiences.It was found :i) There is no significanct difference found in the level of job satisfaction among male and female teacher

educators of self-finance colleges of Punjab.ii) There is no significanct difference found in the level of job satisfaction among rural and urban teacher

educators of self-finance colleges of Punjabiii) There is no significanct difference found in the level of job satisfaction among more or less experience teacher

educators of self finance colleges of Punjab.

JOB SATISFACTION OF THE TEACHER- EDUCATORS IN

SELF-FINANCE OF PUNJAB; A STUDY

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Shashi P NegiS. R. M College of Education,

Raipur Rani, Panchkula

INTRODUCTION

College of education as the name itself depicts that it is an institution from where teacher trainees learntheir teaching skills and make harmonious development of the personality, which reflects in their behaviorthroughout life. To impart better and quality education to teacher trainees in any of the teaching institutions theteacher educator carries so much of responsibilities on his shoulders. As we know that effectiveness of any teachinginstitution whether it is Government or private sector it depends to a great extent on the job satisfaction of theteacher/employee. According to VROO(1964) there are two types of conditions under which teacher works either onmotivational grounds or on financial grounds means Internal source of satisfaction is internal rewards and externalsource is the motivators in the organization. Therefore, it is evident the job satisfaction of the teacher in work isgreatly affected by the physical conditions in which work is being done.

Job satisfaction is highly important in teaching learning process because unsatisfied and discontentedteacher educator is incapable of rendering his best services to any institution. In fact, the teacher educator has to behighly conscious about the pros and cons of his teachings and its direct impact on the students mind and carrier. Therepercussions of his wrong acts and unwilling performances of the teacher who is not satisfied with his job not onlyeffect the carrier of the students but also become the hindrance for the progress and development of the society also.An effective job satisfaction can contribute to better performance and employee satisfaction.

Today, job satisfaction has been an important issue whether it concerns industry, defense, medical andteaching or in any other organization, People are interested to work in such organization where they get more jobsatisfaction. As we know that teaching profession is considered to be the mother of all professions. A teachereducator may be of any level, prepares the future citizens, professionals, technicians, Engineers and Artists and soon. Teachers have to play vital role in transforming society. The potentiality, work ethics, values and the pedagogicalskills of the teachers are very important for concerned institution particularly and society in general.

Definition of Job satisfactionIn simplest form , job satisfaction is the “whole matrix of job factors that make a person 'like' his work situation andbe 'willing' to head of it without distaste at the beginning of his days work”. According to WEISS,H.M (2002) Jobsatisfaction is a concept that “an individual is evaluated from her point of view that includes the worker's feeling andemotions about her job”. KUMAR ,P. and MUTHA ,D.N (1973) identified following four aspects related to jobsatisfaction i.e. (i) Satisfaction with job (ii) satisfaction with work and security (iii) satisfaction with institution plans

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RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 24-27 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Shashi P. Negi

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

JOB SATISFACTION OF THE TEACHER-

EDUCATORS IN SELF-FINANCE

OF PUNJAB; A STUDY

and policies and (iv) satisfaction with authorities/management.According to ASWATHAPPA.K. (2005) job satisfaction is the general attitude of employees towards their job. Jobsatisfaction is important for an organization as it has impact an turnover, productivity, absenteeism and other jobrelated aspects. Today, attitudinal perspective has become the predominant one is the job satisfaction.

Significance of the studyImportance of job satisfaction has become increasingly urgent in the educational context, especially in the

institutions like educational colleges run by the private managements. To impart better and quality education to thestudents, teacher educators must have job satisfaction in form of good salary, set time-table , infrastructure, libraryas well E.T facilities without any exploitation by the authority or management of the respective institutions. Aninstitution is known by its output and its outstanding results as well as its other result oriented curricula. A teacherwho is happy and contented in actual sense plays a pivotal role in the upliftment of the institution whether theinstitution is situated in rural or in urban area. No matter whether institution lies or situated, the teacher certainlywill give best of his knowledge and efforts to the concerned institutions having favorable conditions and attitudetowards their profession are generally successful, properly adjusted and well satisfied with their jobs.

Objectives of the study� To study the level of job satisfaction of male and female teacher educators of self-finance colleges of Punjab.� To study the level of job satisfaction among rural and urban teacher educators of self-finance colleges of Punjab.� To study the level of job satisfaction among more or less experience teacher educators of self finance colleges of

Punjab.

Hypotheses of the study� There is no significanct difference found in the level of job satisfaction among male and female teacher educators

of self-finance colleges of Punjab.� There is no significanct difference found in the level of job satisfaction among rural and urban teacher educators

of self-finance colleges of Punjab� There is no significanct difference found in the level of job satisfaction among more or less experience teacher

educators of self finance colleges of Punjab.

Methodology UsedTo complete this research paper descriptive survey method was used.

Sample of the studyIn order to collect data for the study investigator has selected 100 teachers from 10 educational colleges in Punjab

(5 from urban sector and 5 from rural area)

· Indo-Global College of Education Abhipur

· Attri College of Education,Lalru

· Lord Krishna College of Education-Derabassi

· Pine Grove College of education,Bassi Pathana

· Gurunanak College of Education,Majari

· Shivalik College of Education,Mohali

· Rayat and Bahara College of Education,Mohali

· Jasdev Singh Sandhu College of Education,Patiala

· Punjab College of Education, Patiala.

· Rattan Group of Professional college ,Mohali.

The sample, comprises of 50 teachers from each sector of self finance colleges in Punjab (50 rural and 50 urban)

Delimitations of the studyThe present study was delimited in following ways:-� The study was confined only to 10 self finance teacher trainee colleges of Punjab.� The study was delimited to 50 teachers of each sector (rural & urban) of self-finance colleges of Punjab.

Tool UsedIn the present study job satisfaction scale constructed and standardized by MUDGI ETAL (1971) and published

by National Psychological cooperation Agra was used.

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Statistical Technique UsedIn accordance with various objectives of the study and to test the hypothesis, the following statistical techniques

were used for analysis and interpretation of data.T-Test as applied to the differences between means of job satisfaction of teacher-educators on the basis of

following dimensions. Ø Gender-male and female teachers Ø Location-rural and urban areas Ø Experience-Teachers having less than 10 years of experiences and more than 10 years of experience.

I -NTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION ON THE BASIS OF TESTt

Table-It-ratio of means of job satisfaction score of male and female teacher educators

Table -1 shows the results of means of job satisfaction score of male and female teaches. The t-value betweenmeans of male and female in respect of job satisfaction is (means 154.28 and 153.66, t-value = 0.116, which is notsignificant as the minimum value required for the t-value to be significant is 1.66 at 0.10 level. The result shows thatthere exists no significant difference between job satisfaction of male and female teachers. Thus, it can be inferred thatjob satisfaction cannot be predicted on the basis of gender differences.

Table-IIt-ratio of means of job satisfaction scores of teacher-educators teaching in urban and rural educational colleges.

Table-II shows the results of the means of job satisfaction score of teacher educators teaching in urban and ruraleducational colleges in Punjab. The t-value between means of teacher-educators in urban and rural educationalinstitutions is (means 153.12 and 154.82) t-value=0.317 as shown in the table-II) which comes out to be insignificant.The result indicates that there exists no significant difference between job satisfaction scores of teacher-education inurban and rural educational colleges.

However, the value of job satisfaction of rural teachers is higher by 1.70 indicating that teachers teaching inurban colleges but statistically different is not significant. The result revealed that level of job satisfaction can not bedifferentiated on the basis of whether teacher is teaching in urban or rural colleges.

Table-IIIt-ratio of means of job satisfaction scores a teacher educators having less than

10 years of experience and more than 10 years of experience.

shows that results of the means of job satisfaction scores of teacher educators having less than 10Table-III

years of experience and more than 10 years of experience in respect of job satisfaction is (means 157.4 and 150.54; t-value=1.289 as shown in the table-III) which is not significant either at 0.05 level or 0.01 level. The result implies thatthere exists no significant difference between job satisfaction of teacher is having less than 10 years of experience andteachers having more than 10 years of experience. Thus, it can be inferred that job satisfaction of teachers cannot bepredicted on the basis of teaching experience.

Further, the mean value of job satisfaction of teachers being less than 10 years of experience is higher by6.85, indicating that teachers having less than 10 years of experience are more satisfied that the teachers having morethan 10 years of teaching experience is not significant.

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 24-27 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Shashi P. Negi

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

JOB SATISFACTION OF THE TEACHER-

EDUCATORS IN SELF-FINANCE

OF PUNJAB; A STUDY

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CONCLUSIONIt is revealed that as regards the job satisfaction of the teacher educators in self- financed colleges of Punjab there

was found no difference in terms of gender, location as well as experience wise. So, the teacher-educators from therespective discipline should be provided equal and appropriate opportunities, proper environment to impartquality education, and it can only be achieved with complete job satisfaction.

REFERENCES� Ahmed, N; Raheem, A and Jamal, S(2003) Job Satisfaction Among School Teachers.� The Educational Review Vol.46 No.7� Bidwas, P.C and Tinku,D.(1994) A Study of Job Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers In Relation to Some

Background Variables, Journal of Education Research and Extension,Vol .30,No.3� Choudhary, Minati (2002), Job Satisfaction Amongst the Teachers of College Under Gauhati University Ph.D

Thesis G.U.� Derebssa.D (2006) Tension Between Traditional and Modern Teaching Learning Approaches in Ethopian

Primary Schools, Journal of International Cooperation in Education, 9.1, 12-18 April.� Singh Nagendra (2007) Modernisation of Teacher Educatoion, New Delhi, Common Wealth Publishers.� William, J. (2004) Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. Indiana University,Pardue Indian Polis.

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 24-27 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Shashi P. Negi

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

JOB SATISFACTION OF THE TEACHER-

EDUCATORS IN SELF-FINANCE

OF PUNJAB; A STUDY

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RECENT RESEARCHES in

SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

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ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

Malnutrition is known as silent emergency in India's fastest growing economy. It can beBackground:prevented using non food measures like Nutrition Education, among others.

The study objective was to develop Nutrition Education Literature and to assess its impactObjective:evaluation on the knowledge gain of the subjects.

Pre and post experimental design using 14 item knowledge test questionnaire. TheStudy Design:Experimental group n=200, receiving reading sessions + Nutrition Intervention/Counseling + NutritionEducation Literature, whereas the control group n= 200 received no such treatment.

Primary School going children belonging to the lower socio economicParticipants and Intervention:strata & between the age group of 6 to 9 and 10 to 12 years. Intervention was imparted through NutritionEducation Literature, as prepare by the researcher, foucussed on imparting Nutrition Education of practicalrelevance to the target group.

: Pre and Post data were compared using paired t test. The average score ofResult and DiscussionExperimental subjects increased from 37.64% (pre intervention) to 51.07% (post intervention). Pre and postexposure knowledge test of the subjects showed that the Nutrition Education Literature is effective in impartingNutrition Education. The knowledge gain among the experimental subjects is was found to be significant(p‹0.0001).

: Malnutrition, Nutrition Education, Nutrition Intervention, Control and Experimental Group.Key Words

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION EDUCATION

ON THE HEALTH AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OF

PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF GARHWAL HILL

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Prabha BishtAsstt. Prof., Deptt. of Home ScienceSaheed Durga Mall Post Graduate CollegeDoiwala, Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

1. INTRODUCTION

Preventing malnutrition among the young children has emerged as one of the most critical challenges to India'sdevelopment planner in recent times. Despite substantial improvement in health and well being sector since thecountry's independence in 1947, under nutrition especially among children with other major nutritional deficienciesof public health importance remains a silent emergency in India. Studies have revealed that India has world's highestnumber of malnourished children in the world . Country's growth would be best assured if nutrition(UNICEF 2006)

and education to all the children is taken care of. These are the two basic issues & if they addressed properly, the restwill follow.

Even though poverty can be blamed to a greater extent for such situations, but this is one of the many causes notthe only cause. Among other factors responsible is inadequate knowledge (of caretakers say mothers in most of thecases), proper infant and child feeding practices, lack of health and nutrition education, high population pressure,social & cultural taboo, gender biasness etc.This describes the relevance of nutrition education beyond economic barrier. Therefore the present study has beenundertaken with the following objectives:1. To assess the health and nutrition knowledge level of the subjects at pre intervention stage.2. To develop nutrition education literature for nutrition intervention.3. To assess the efficacy of nutrition education literature by assessing the health and nutrition knowledge level of

the subjects at post intervention stage.

2. Literary Review on the study topic:-Following are some of studies on the similar topic that were reviewed for the purpose of present study.Gupta (2000) in a study, imparted nutrition education in the middle school of Bhimtal block through video film,

found that mean percent at pre exposure was 83.75%, whereas for the control group at pre exposure it was 53.63%

Jyoti TiwariAsstt. Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Home Science

Birla Campus, HNBGU (A Central University)Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand

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RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 28-32 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Prabha Bisht & Jyoti Tiwari

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION EDUCATION

ON THE HEALTH AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OF

PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF GARHWAL HILL

and at a post exposure it was 54%. Nutrition Education on Vitamin A was imparted on to the middle school throughthe video film proved to be substantial.

Kumar (2004) produced communication material for nutrition education through video films, comic book, story/ puzzle book and wall calendar on vitamin A and Anemia. Study findings revealed that the impact of nutritioneducation by each method, whether single or in combination of media was significant, pointing that each can be usedfor nutrition education intervention among targeted population group.

Nutrition knowledge promotes healthy dietary behavior of children. reported a change inShariff (2008)et. al.Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of primary school children after receiving nutrition education interventionfor 6 weeks, using validated questionnaire to assess KAP , pre and post intervention for a total of 335 students .Findings revealed significant increments (p‹0.001) in the post intervention mean scores of knowledge (2.17 vs. 0.47),attitude (1.40 vs. 0.32) and practice (0.87 vs. -0.10) items were found after the intervention groups were compared tocontrol group.

3. Research Methodology:-3.1) Study design:

This study has three components, namely assessing the health and nutrition knowledge level of controland experimental group at pre intervention stage. Developing nutrition education literature and impartingnutrition education to experimental subjects and assessing the health and nutrition knowledge level of both thegroups. Collected data was compiled and statistically analyzed.

3.2) Sampling procedure:The present study was conducted in Joshimath block of Chamoli district in Uttarakhand). It was

purposively planned to take primary school children, aged 6 to 12 years, belonging to the socially and economicallyweaker section of society as sample.

3.3) Sampling technique:There are almost 114 primary schools in Joshimath block, out of which four schools mentioned below, were

selected, using both purposive with the consideration like distance from road, accessibility of the subjects,enrollment in the school etc.) And random sampling, for the purpose of the study the 4 schools selected were coded asSchool A,B,C,D. School A & B formed experimental and school C& D form control group. In all 200 subjects wereselected 50 each from the school A, B, C, D. The subjects again were divided in two age groups (6 to 9 years and 10 to12 years) so the impact of the Nutrition Education Literature could be assessed in most effective manner. TheExperiment Subjects from both the schools were again given code. The no. subjects, category wise i.e. 6- 9 years and10 -12 years, in both the experimental schools, school A & school B remains the same.

3.4) Preparation of tools for data collection:-following tools were prepared by the investigator1. Socio Economic Factors profile of the subjects.2. Existing Food Knowledge Questionnaire.3. Specific Information Questionnaire.4. Knowledge Test Questionnaire.

The first three questionnaires were used only for attaining the back ground information (Nutrient intake,Dietary habits, food consumption pattern etc.) most pertinent to the study; the subjects were not scored on thesequestionnaires. The Knowledge test questionnaire is the main outcome of this study; this consists of a set of 14multiple choice questions related with the specific knowledge of food, nutrients, function, consequences of junkfood, importance of healthy food etc. The questions in this questionnaire correspond to the theme of NutritionEducation Literature for both the age group of the subjects. The maximum marks obtained by the subjects could befourteen as for each correct answer the subjects were given 1 mark, however for the wrong answer no negativemarking was done. The scores of this knowledge test form, the basis for the pre and post intervention data to becompared.

The survey schedule was pretested on a Non Sample population having similar socio economic status. Thequestions remain same for both the control and experimental groups.

3.5) Preparation of Nutrition Education Literature:-Developing Nutrition Education Literature to impart nutrition education in the most unconventional way

the one of the most important part of this study. The scripts were drafted, through a literary review on current healthand nutrition issues were chosen and nutrition education material was prepared considering the objective of

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material, target group and background of respondents. Factors like using simple content, local language, costeffectiveness were kept in mind. For the purpose of present study Nutrition Education Literature in 2 volumes“ were prepared. The content of both the volume was kept same only the presentation were different,Poshan Shiksha”this was done only to enhance the acceptability of the literature among the junior segment of the subjects.

3.6) Collection of Pre intervention data: -It refers to the data collected from both the subjects (Control and Experimental Subjects) before the nutrition

education intervention was actually imparted. On account of wide variation in the scores obtained by the subjects,the knowledge level was divided into three categories, viz. 'Low', 'Medium' and 'High'. Accordingly, the numbers ofrespondents obtaining the scores were grouped under the categories as 0-33% = Low, 34- 66 % = Medium, 67-100% =High.

3.7) Nutrition Education Intervention: -The principals, concerned teachers and authorities were explained the purpose of this study for their

cooperation. Nutrition Education Literature, treating one school at a time (n=50). Eight reading sessions were held,for each school belonging to the 'Experimental' group. Subjects from School 1, were given intervention on fourconsecutive weekdays i.e. Mondays & Tuesdays whereas the subjects from School 2 were given intervention onweekends i.e. Fridays & Saturdays. Topics in Nutrition Education Literature were discussed with the subjects,during their fun time activity. The subjects were given home copies of literature .The visual aids like posters,pamphlet and computer were also used to make the session interesting .Applied aspects of Health and Nutritionwere given most importance.

3.8) Collection of Post intervention data: -The post intervention Knowledge Test was applied to both Control and Experimental subjects. All the

subjects were given scores based on their performance in the knowledge test.

4. R DESULT AND ISCUSSION

Pre and post intervention test was administered to the subjects, to evaluate the effectiveness of NutritionEducation Literature & to assess its impact on the subjects of experimental group. Post intervention data wascollected after almost one month from the time pre intervention data collected.

In the present study Knowledge Test Questionnaire was prepared and scores were allotted for each correctanswer. For assessing gain in knowledge level the following formula suggested by was used.Singh ( 1993)et.al.

Gain in Knowledge = Scores in Post Exposure test ‐ Scores in the pre exposure test.

Actual knowledge gain in knowledge, the difference between the gain in knowledge of Experimental andControl group learned is measured with the following formula.

Actual gain in knowledge = Gain in Knowledge of Experimental group –

Gain in Knowledge of Control Group

4.1) Findings on Knowledge Test Questionnaire: -

Table 1: KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF CONTROL & EXPERIMENTAL GROUP ATPRE & POST INTERVENTION LEVEL

N= Number of Subjects

KnowledgeLevel

Category

Control Group Experimental GroupPre

InterventionPost Intervention

PreIntervention

PostIntervention

N* % N* % N* % N* %Low

(0 – 33%)35 35% 38 38% 29 29% 9 9%

Medium(34 – 66%)

65 65% 62 62% 71 71% 84 84%

High(›66%)

0 - - - 0 0 7 7%

Total 100 100% 100 100% 100 100% 100 100%

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 28-32 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Prabha Bisht & Jyoti Tiwari

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION EDUCATION

ON THE HEALTH AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OF

PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF GARHWAL HILL

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GroupIntervention

LevelScores Mean Std. dev. t value NS*/S**

Controln = 100

Pre 527 5.27 1.704710.2 S

Post 715 7.15 1.9611

Controln = 50

6 - 9 Years

Pre 235 4.7 1.83239.11 S

Post 330 6.6 1.666

Controln = 50

10-12 Years

Pre 292 5.84 1.85146.07 S

Post 385 7.7 1.3607

GroupIntervention

LevelScores Mean Std. dev. t value NS*/S**

Controln = 100

Pre 514 5.14 1.9541 1.2NS

Post 496 4.96 1.9432Controln = 50

6 - 9 Years

Pre 240 4.80 2.0000.64 NS

Post 246 4.92 1.8935

Controln = 50

10-12 Years

Pre 274 5.48 1.86531.75 NS

Post 255 5.10 1.9821

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Table 1 explains the knowledge level categories of subjects at pre and post intervention levels.At the , the average score of was calculated as 36.71%. At pre interventionpre intervention level Control Group

level the % of the subjects falling under “High” knowledge category (scores between 67 – 100%) were 0. A majority(65%) of the subjects were in “Medium Category” as they scored between 34–66% in knowledge test. A 35% of thesubjects scored between 0- 36% and were in “Low “category.

At the pre intervention level, the average score of was calculated as 37.64%. At preexperimental group

intervention level the percentage of the subjects falling under “High” knowledge category (Scores between 67 –

100%) were 0. A majority (71%) of the subjects were “Medium” category as they scored between 34 - 66% inknowledge test. A 29 % of the subjects scored between 0 to 36% and were in “Low” category.At the , the average score of was calculated as 35.79%. At the post interventionpost intervention level Control Group

level, the percentage of subjects falling under “High” knowledge category (scores between 67 – 100%) were 0. Amajority (62%) of the subjects were “Medium” category as they scored between 34 to 66% in knowledge test. A 38% ofthe subjects scored between 0 to 36% and were in “Low” Category.At the post intervention level the average score of was calculated as 51.07%. At the postExperimental Subjects

intervention level the percentage of subjects falling under “High” knowledge category (Scores between 67 to 100%)were 9%. A majority (84%) of the subjects were in “Medium” category as they scored between 34 to 66% inknowledge test. A 7% of the subjects scored between 0 to 36% and were in Low category of knowledge test.

Table 2 : COMPARISION OF PRE & POST INTERVENTION SCORES OF CONTROL GROUP(PAIRED t- test)

NS*= Non SignificantS**= Significant

In the the t was compared with the table value of t at (n-1) degree of freedom, it was foundcontrol group, cal

out that the calculated value of 't' was found to be less than its table value, at both level of significance (0.5 & 0.1), sothere is no difference between the Pre and Post intervention scores of the control group.

Table 3: COMPARISION OF PRE & POST INTERVENTION SCORES OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP(PAIRED t- test)

NS*= Non SignificantS**= Significant

In the , the t was compared with the table value of t at (n-1) degree of freedom, itexperimental group (overall) cal

was found out that the calculated value of 't' was found to be more than its table value, at both level of significance (0.5& 0.1), so there is a significant difference between the Pre and Post intervention scores of the experimental subjects.

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 28-32 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Prabha Bisht & Jyoti Tiwari

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION EDUCATION

ON THE HEALTH AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OF

PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF GARHWAL HILL

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Whereas the age group 6- 9 years in the experimental group, the t was compared with the table value of t at (n-1)cal

degree of freedom, it was found out that the calculated value of 't' was found to be more than its table value, at bothlevel of significance (0.5 & 0.1), so there is a significant difference between the Pre and Post intervention scores.

In the experimental group of 10-12 years of age the results were akin.Figure 1 shows a comparison of average (pre and post intervention) scores of both control and experimental

subjects.

5. Conclusion:-The findings from this study suggest that the Nutrition Education Literature proved its effectiveness by

increasing the Knowledge level of experimental subjects. Therefore it can be concluded that such materials andstudies could be utilized as effective educational tool for elementary students for health and nutrition promotion.Among all the non food measures Nutrition Education holds a great potential to promote good health & preventdiseases. The results from this study are in line with other researches confirming that a well designed, behaviorfocused interventions can effectively improve diets and nutrition related behavior of school going children.

6. References:-� Gupta, S. (2000) Nutrition Education on Vitamin A among hill school children through Video. Thesis, MSc.

GBPUAT, Pantnagar. 175p.� Kumar, A.R. (2004) Nutrition Education and Communication Support in Hill areas of Uttar Pradesh, Indian

Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi. Source: Highlights of Research Achievement under AP Cess FundSchemes (2001-2002), Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi, India, Aug 2004- p. 115-116.

� Shariff, Z.M.; Bukhari, S.S.; Othman, N. ;Hashim,N; Ismail, M; Sherman, J. and Muehlhoff, E.(2007)Developing a Nutrition and Health Education Programme for Primary Schools in Zambia, Journal of NutritionEducation and Behavior. Vol. 39, Issue 6, Pages 335-342.

� Singh, . (1993)et.al Effectiveness of Calendar to impart Vitamin A related knowledge to Rural Women. Interaction11 (2): 125-131.

� UNICEF (2006) The State of World's Children, 2006, Excluded and Invisible, ISBN -13: 978-92-806-3916-2, ISBN-10: 92-806-3916-1, UNICEF, UNICEF House, 3 UN Plaza and New York, NY 10017, USA.

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 28-32 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Prabha Bisht & Jyoti Tiwari

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION EDUCATION

ON THE HEALTH AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OF

PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF GARHWAL HILL

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

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ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

The 21st century has witnessed the events that threatens peace & security and violates the severity of nationsand these events are the Terroristic attacks. Terrorists are in fact more likely to be drawn from relatively high-income, well-educated back, grounds. Terrorist don't explicitly seek financial rewards for their actions and rarelycite academic drought as their motive.

The present paper goes with the concept that terrorist are more likely to be educated and relatively wealthy andhence the question is on Education System that fails to nourish the seeds of peace and Humanity among sucheducated persons thus, looking at the present conditions of our world today where domestic and Internationalterrorism is spreading by and by the need is to affix peace-education programs with general and professionalcourses. Peace education has to be used as an intervention for Anti-terroristic Education which develops andpromotes feelings of love, empathy, respect, dignity, tolerance and co-operation among individuals.

: Educated Terrorist, Peace-Education Anti-Terrorism.Key-Words

ANTI-TERRORISM AND PEACE BUILDING EDUCATION

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Ruchi BajpaiResearch Scholar

Deptt. of Edu., University of Lucknow& Senior Lecturer

Mahavir Girls Degree College,Lucknow (U.P.)

INTRODUCTIONThe 21 century has witnessed unforeseen events which have altered the course of history forever. Besidesst

the technological advancements the biggest change undoubtedly has been the emergence of terrorism as one of thebiggest global threats. Terrorism has been insidiously affecting the lives all over the world and has resulted inspoiling the at an alarming rate. May it be a super power like United States of America or a developingWorld Peace

country like India, terrorism continues to spread it roots with no concrete solution. It has not only debilitated nationalsecurity but has also led countries into a situation of anarchy.

The 9/11 attack on the twin towers in united states actually brought forth terrorism as a matter which could nolonger be ignored by domestic or international security. Terrorism disturbs peace and kills innocent citizens.Terrorists have motives for launching any such attacks. However, innocent civilians pay the price for it.

The increased threat level in the form of terrorist actions aimed at achieving a larger scale of destruction wasdramatically demonstrated with the bombing of World Trade Centre. The World Trade bombings illustrated howterrorists with are increasingly being to carry out what terrorists bombingtechnological sophistication recruited

attacks terrorist bombing attacks. Such terrorist are Suchwell-educated and possess technological sophistication.

kind of terrorism with the use of technology is referred to as Cyber-Terrorism".

Therefore the need is to plan our education for peace in such away so that it caters to the needs of the individualsand is helpful in removing all kinds of illusions and biasness from the mind and soul of the educated youngergeneration that enters into this phenomenon of terrorism.

Thus the overarching goal of "education" for peace is to raise awareness and take action to liberate our schoolsand colleges and consequent cultures from oppressive systems.

Defining terrorismThe basic U.S. Department of State (1998) definition of terrorism is "premeditated, politically motivated

violence perpetrated against noncombat ant targets by sub- national groups or clandestine agents, usuallyintended to influence an audience".

Defining Cyber-TerrorismSimilarly, according to any "premeditated,U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Cyber-Terrorism is

politically motivated attack against information, computer-systems, computer programs, and data which results

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ANTI-TERRORISM AND

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in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents.

Understanding World-PeaceAccording to John. F. Kennedy "World-Peace" does not require that each man love his neighbor it

requires only that they live together with mutual tolerance. The "World Peace implies global peace and notrestricted to or confined to one particular country or nation. It is negation of war, conflict, violence, tussles, tension,strife, animosity and misunderstanding. "Peace" consists in selfless love and sacrifice for the suffering devoid of allago, pride and complexes. The reign of perpetual prosperity and progress with co-operation, co-ordination anddissemination of all off shoots of conscience are embodied in "World Peace".

Defining Peace-EducationPeace education does not simply mean learning about conflicts and how to resolve them peacefully. It

should also involve andparticipation of young people in expressing their own ideas co-operating with each otherin order to eliminate violence in our individual lives, in our communities, and in our societies.

In UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency fund peace-education is very succinctlydefined as "the process of promoting the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to bring about behaviorchange that will enable children, youth and adults, to prevent conflict and violence both overt and structural; toresolve conflict peacefully; and to create the conditions conducive' to peace, whether at an interpersonal,intergroup, national or international level."

P C TOSSIBLE AUSES OF ERRORISM

1. Religious ExtremismOne of the most dangerous problems we face is religious extremism. Extremism' refers to an ideology that is

considered to be far outside the mainstream attitudes of society.Islamic Jihadists are foremost in many people's mind but Islam is in extremist views.not alone Christian

extremism Judaismis also on the rise as well as in to more limited degree while these extremits present themselvesdissolves as deeply spiritual, religious comes not from deep faith, but from a lack of it. Thefanaticism only thing

religious fanaticism really demonstrates is weakness on the part of his own faith. This extremism often preachesintolerance against all who disagree with their own view points. as well is not fanatical in and ofFundamentalism

itself. Many fundamentalists are truly seeking the roots of their particular faith However, fundamentalist can quicklyturn into dogmatic fanaticism.2. Politics

Groups with little or no direct political power have demonstrated repeatedly in recent years that by employingcertain tactics, central to which is the use of directed terror, they can achieve effect on a target community. Suchtactics attract world wide publicity, create widespread panic or apprehension and cause governments to concede tothe demands of small subgroups within society.

Political Terrorism can be of three types: Revolutionary, Sub-revolutionary and Repressive Terrorism

Revolutionary Terrorism is defined as the use of "systematic tactics of terroristic violence with the objective ofbringing about political revolution. Sub-Revolutionary Terrorism is defined as "terror used for political motivesother than revolutioner governmental repression. Revolutionary terrorism seeks total change, sub-revolutionaryterrorism is aimed at more limited goals such as forcing the government to change its policy on some issue, warningor finishing specific public officials or retaliating against government actions as seen as reprehensible by theterrorists. On the other hand repressive terrorism is defined as "the systematic use of terroristic acts of violence for thepurposes of suppressing, putting down, quelling or restraining certain groups, individuals, or forms of behaviordeemed undesirable by the oppressor."3. Ideology

Terrorism can be considered as an extreme form of expression which is most contrary to the values ofdemocracy, civilization and humanity. Terrorist acts, methods and practices seem to be adopted by movementswhich are of an exclusionist nature which refuse the responsibility of living together with "the other” who is thoughtto be different. Racism, religious fundamentalism and ethno-nationalism are such exclusionist's movements whichadopt terrorist methods. By creating a climate of fear terrorism also violates every individual's right to live free fromfear, as stated in the preamble of the universal declaration of Human Right.4. Inequalities

If citizens of a country are denied the means to satisfy then basic human needs, deprived to access to responsible

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economic support or are faced with glaring level of socio-economic inequalities they will become hopeless andenraged and may view violence as an acceptable means for redressing their grievances. Terrorism can be seen as asymptom of social disorganization and the unequal distribution of means of success in society. Inequalities can besocial, economic, racial and ethnic. Inequalities may work as a motivating factor for people to become involved interrorist activities.

F C TAR REACHING ONSEQUENCES OF ERRORISM -There are number of far reaching consequences of terrorism which must be understood clearly to know why

nations are spending billions of dollars to root out terrorism from their land. First and foremost any terror attackleads to change in foreign policies affecting relationship of a nation either with its neighbor or some of its tradepartners. The feeling of distrust and fear between countries is indeed disappointing considering that none may beaffault.

Terrorism disturbs peace and kills innocent citizens. Terrorism was traditionally carried out for religiousreasons. Although it continues to be an important reason but it is not the only one. Politically motivated reasons arealso being used for terrorist attacks. Religious strife is used to disturb peace and harmony between people of variousreligions and has often resulted in riots, changes in policy for people of specific religion.

The everlasting situation of distrust and strife between has taken its toll onIndia-Pakistan, Palestine-Israel

countries. Even Latin American countries such as have seen their share ofMerico, Peru, Colombia and Argentina

terrorist activities in the yesteryears. Terrorist attacks in amongst manyLondon, Madrid, Chechenya in Russia,

others have highlighted the cruelty of this menace. Organizations such as Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Indian-Mujahedeen,

Lashkar-e-toiba have become synonymous to countries either east or the west.Developing Peace Education Programs Beyond Violence: A Path way to a culture of Peace:Peace does not come with our DNA. To reach peace we need to teach peace. Humankind needs to take lessons

from its past in order to build a new and better tomorrow. In today's world a culture of peace should be seen as theessence of a new humanity, a new global civilization based on inner oneness and outer diversity. The flourishing of aculture of a peace will generate the mindset in us that is a pre-requisite for the transition from force to reason, from

conflict and violence to dialogue and peace. Culture of peace will provide the bedrock of support to a stable,progressing and prospering world for all.

Peace Education is thought the most significant way of promoting a culture of peace. Peace Education needs tobe accepted in all parts of the world in all societies and countries as an essential element in creating a culture of peace.

When core education and peace education are submerged then will itselfphenomenon of educated terrorism

be neutralized. To meet effectively the challenges posed by the present complexity of our time, the young of todaydeserve a radically different education- "One that does not glorify war but educate for peace, non-violence andinternational co-operation." skills and knowledgeThey need the to create and nurture peace for their individualselves as well as for the world they belong to.

E S -DUCATIONAL UGGESTIONS FOR PEACE BUILDING

· Education must involve learning about conflicts and resolving them peacefully.

· Involve participation of young people in expressing their own ideas and co-operation with each other inorder to eliminate violence in our individual lives, in our communities and in our societies.

· Education for peace should be adopted according to the social and cultural context and the country's needsand aspirations.

· For younger-Children, peace teaching/education should include audio visual materials and interactiveexchanges.

· Teaching the value of tolerance, understanding and respect for diversity among the school children couldbe introduced through exposing them to various countries of the world, their geography, history andculture.

· At the appropriate levels, human rights, the rules governing international law, thecurricula must include

United Nations Charter, the goals of our global organizations, disarmament, sustainable development andother peace-issues.

· Providing Conflict Resolution Education in which teaching students to become peace makers involvescreating a co-operative climate that encourages acceptable solution to disagreements.

· Emphasis on "Multicultural Education" where teaching with a multicultural perspective encourages not

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PEACE BUILDING EDUCATION

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only the appreciation and understanding of other cultures but also of one's own.

· Promoting education for International understanding.

· Place to be given to "Inter-faith" education which addresses global problems of into learners, injustice andreligious persecution. It aims to acquire empathetic understanding of other religious/faith traditions sothat all may live in harmony and with respect it helps to resolve common social and global problems.

· One of the central concerns in peace education should be the promotion of the Human dignity and well-being through promotion of "Human-Rights Education".

T -L IEACHING EARNING DEAS

The task of the education should be to encourage learners to cultivate personal peace as well as to become awareof the connection between personal and social peace. Following attempts should be tried at all levels of teaching andlearning by educators.

· Affirm your students.

· Express feelings appropriately and encourage student to do so.

· Encourage respect for and acceptance of differences.

· Employ more co-operative than competitive activities.

· Teach students how to resolve conflict peacefully and constructively.

· Changing negative statements into a more positive one.

· Focus on discussions, co-operative learning imagination exercises role-playing, simulation Games,Problem-solving, telling stories and including personal stories, journal, writing dialogues, brain storming.

CONCLUSIONOur Vision Is a peaceful 21 century, a centaury that is good for all humans, mother earth and whole cosmos.st

What we require is a progressive effort from parents, teachers'schools and community to solve this problem ofviolence, conflict and terrorism. Youth must receive education in a holistic way. It should help in clarifying alldoubtful ideologies of youth and this has to cater from the early school age when we enter the school and when ourconcept formation starts.

One of the necessary steps to build a culture of peace is to mobilize education which is at the heart of personaland social development of a person. We need to introduce peace education in a more intentional and systematic wayin the formal education system and other learning environments.

Building a culture of peace is among the essential goals for today and tomorrow. Therefore it makes good sensefor governments, regional and international institutions, and all people to work together towards this vision.

REFERENCES

� Best, S.P. McLaren.et.al; (2007) – Revolutionary Peace Making Using a Critical pedagogy Approach for peace

making with "Terrorists", Journal for Critical Education Policy studies, Vol5 (2), p.p.. 74.� Goyal, J.P. (2003), - Meerut, All India Spiritual Adoration and Welfare center."World Peace How o achieve it",

� Hudson, Rex. A, (1999); - Federal Research Division, Library of"The Sociology and Psychology of a Terrorism",

Congress, Sept: 1999, pp.4-11 (http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/).� Kester Kevin (2008); "Developing Peace-Education Programs-Beyond Ethnocentrism and Violence, Peace-

Prints", South Asian Journal of Peace building, vol 1, No 15, pp. 10-26.� Maleckova and Krueger (2002); and Political Violence and Terrorism: Is there a CausalEducation, Poverty

Connection ? National Bureau of Economic Research working Paper 9074, Jul. 2002, pp. 1-10(http://www.nber.org/papers/w9074).

Websites� http://cambridg eglobist.org/2014/10/19/education.� https://religious extremism. word prees.com/2011/03/11.� www.mfa.gov.tr/concept.andideology-of-terrorism.en.mfa� www.socialpsychology.org/peace.htm.� www.nber.org� www.peace-ed-campaign.org� www.achva.ac.i/� http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/terrorism/terrorism3.htm� http://www.choices.edu/edusummaries/terrorpage.html

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Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 33-36 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ANTI-TERRORISM AND

PEACE BUILDING EDUCATION

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ABSTRACT

There was a steady need which was felt to create a nodal agency for construction of Bridges, Buildingsand other Industrial structures which would be founded by funded by state govt. Thus, Government of Rajasthan(GOR) formed an undertaking (fully subscribed by GOR) in February, 1979 as "Rajasthan State Bridge andConstruction Corporation Ltd." (and registered under the Companies Act, 1956). The foremost objective of thisproposed study is to analyse the financial structure of RSRDC. The objectives of financial structure analysis maybe classified in two parts. First is external and another is internal, on the basis of persons having interest in theundertaking. Research to some extent has been undertaken, of late, on the problems of central public enterprises,little attention has been paid to those of the undertaking owned and managed by various governments. PChattopadhyay while referring to the gaps and priorities in public enterprises remarked that, "Really speaking,not much is known about them (State Government Enterprises) and it will be a good idea, if research is initiated inthe functioning of Government companies under the control of different state".

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD

DEVELOPMENT & CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.(A GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN UNDERTAKING)

1 ISO COMPANY OF GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHANST

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Rohit BerwalLecturer, Business Administration,

S.K. Govt. P.G. College,Sikar (Rajasthan)

INTRODUCTIONInvention of wheel paved the way for the dawn of human civilization on this earth. Much headway has

been made since then in the field of roads. Today in the complex process of economic and industrial developmenthighway plays a unique role in the field of production, marketing, mining, industry trade and commerce and incommunication. In fact, roads & bridges have become an essential infrastructure of the economic development of acountry. Development of roads is crucial not only because of the services it renders in the movement of people andgoods from one place to another but its significance lies more in the fact that it exerts an unifying and integratinginfluence over the whole economy and thus helps in enhancing the productivity, opening of new markets and givinga phillip to the industrial and economic activity of the nation. After independence, particularly after 1951, India hastaken great strides on all fronts through planned economy. Roads have become an essential infrastructure for theeconomic and intestinal development of out country. Mobility and accessibility made possible by developedhighways, bridges etc have proved key factors in the achievement of economic, social and political progress of India.A high degree of mobility has had a pervasive influence on the life style of the people. The industries and service thatsupport the transportation system in the country today represents the latest combination of our economic activity.The development of highways has not only helped the growth of trade and industry in India but it has also helped inthe achievement of a wider objective of national unity and integration. India is a developing country wedded to thepolicy of establishing a socialistic pattern of society. Of late, our government has shifted its policy to liberalization ofeconomy.

To augment the limited number of specialized construction agencies available in the country and to reducethe cost/time overruns in the construction of bridges and other important projects. There was a steady need whichwas felt to create a nodal agency for construction of Bridges, Buildings and other Industrial structures which wouldbe founded by funded by state govt. Thus, Government of Rajasthan (GOR) formed an undertaking (fully subscribedby GOR) in February, 1979 as "Rajasthan State Bridge and Construction Corporation Ltd." (and registered under theCompanies Act, 1956) to act as a nodal agency for construction of Bridges, Buildings and other Industrial Structurefunded by GOR. In 104th meeting of Board held on 25.9.2000 the Board of Directors resolved to rename the companyas "RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT AND COSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD." to include the

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ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF

RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT &

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

construction of Privately financed infrastructure projects, mainly Highways, Bridges and ROB on Built. Operate andTransfer (BOT) system of funding.

In order to put more light on the company, it is to be seen that it is the "1st ISO Company of Government of

Rajasthan", which adds to its glory. furthermore, the company is professionally managed. The company, wherevernecessary outsources all its requirements towards Project Development, Design and Construction Supervision.Innovative Management System are being built into Construction activities. The company is raising resource fromthe market and Financial Institutions. It is an institution committed to development works in infrastructure andother construction area with complete assurance of quality and timely completion to contribute innovativelytowards promotion and application of local and latest trends of world standards in engineering technology.

To sum up, following points may be drawn about RSRDC:

· Established in the year 1979 (as RSBCC)

· Has executed about 80 Building projects in the Institutional, Industrial, Commercial and Residentialsectors.

· Has executed 31 No. Bridges/ROB's on NH/SH/ & other roads.

· Executed works worth Rs.142660 lacs and earned a Gross Profits of Rs. 6134 lacs.

· Has regularly paid dividend to the GOR.

· ISO 9001:2000 certification (Sept.04)

· It is known for the quality of works, and completion within the given cost and time frame.

In view of the ever growing importance of the highways and construction, scanning and evaluation of thefinancial structure of the nodal agency dealing with it has become a matter of urgent relevance not only to thegovernment but also to the financial experts and researchers. Though this nodal agency is playing a crucial role in theeconomic, industrial and social upliftement of the state as well as country, no systematic and sincere effort has beenmade as yet for an indepth study of the financial structure of the RSRDC operating. This study aims at bridging thisgap and tries to focus attention on the weaknesses or otherwise of the financial structure of the RSRDC operating. Italso suggests remedial measures for overcoming these weaknesses. Selection has been made on the assumption thatan in depth study will prove more useful and meaningful than a general review of a large number of units.

Thus, it is quite obvious that a keen introspection in the financial structure and other aspects of the RSRDC bemade to put this corporation on a sound and profitable footing. The present study is an effort towards analyzing thefinancial structure of the RSRDC functioning in Rajasthan and finding suitable solutions for their problems.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDYThe foremost objective of this proposed study is to analyse the financial structure of RSRDC. The objectives of

financial structure analysis may be classified in two parts. First is external and another is internal, on the basis ofpersons having interest in the undertaking. The following are the prominent objectives of this proposed study:-1. There is an imperative need of a deep study of the financial aspects of Corporation by financial examination so as

it becomes a vital tool from the view of state, internal management, public in general and public regulatorybodies.

2. Analysis and complete interpretation of the financial statements so that actual figures of the financialstatements may be unveiled and a real picture may be drawn.

3. To provide reliable information about economic resources and obligations of RSRDC.4. Assessment of RSRDC so as to get information which will play an important role in evaluating the enterprises

strengths and its weaknesses.5. Analysis of financial aspects of RSRDC to indicate how Corporation's resources are financed and the pattern of

its holding of its resources.6. To aid RSRDC in evaluating its ability to meet its commitments.7. Assessing financial structure so as it becomes useful for the management in making correct decisions to put the

financial position of the company on a sound footing.8. To help the financial management through operational analysis on the basis of income statement.9. Analysis of the soundness of financial structure by a combined review of income statement and balance-sheet.

SCOPE OF STUDYIn pursuing a new field of study, it is always desirable to confine the research work to a limited area so that

adopting case study method may collect detailed and intensive data. It is only imperial base provided by the

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descriptive case studies of particular area that sophisticated theoretical studies can be undertaken in future andmeaningful insights and tentative hypothesis are inducted for organizing studies with wide coverage. Keeping theabove views in mind the scope of the present project is limited to the study of financial analysis of RSRDC.

This study has been divided into nine chapters dealing with the conceptual, historical, legal and analyticalaspects of the financial structure of the RSRDC.

First chapter deals with the conceptual aspects of the financial structure. It explains the nature of financialstructure and the factors affecting it. The need and importance of analyzing the financial structure has also beenhighlighted in this chapter.

Presentation of the financial statements and legal provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 and the RTC Act, 1950with regard to such presentation have been discussed in chapter two.

Chapter third deals not only with the history and development of road transport in India but also traces outthe historical development of the RSRDC. Administrative setup, area of operation and the operational progress havebeen critically dealt within this chapter.

Chapter four deals with the comparative analysis of the financial structure of RSRDC through common-sizebalance sheet.

Chapter fifth deals in detail the fixed assets analysis of the RSRDC. Various aspects of fixed assets such astheir structure, growth rate and their impact on operations of the RSRDC have been the subject of ratio analysis in thischapter.

Chapter sixth deals with the capital structure of RSRDC as an integral part of the financial structure. Debt-equityratio, proprietary ratio and capital gearing ratio have been the important statistical tools for analyzing the soundnessof the financial structure of RSRDC in this chapter.

Working capital management of RSRDC has been discussed in the Seventh chapter. Nature and importance ofworking capital and the factors determining working capital have been discussed in detail. The adequacy of workingcapital of RSRDC has been tested in this chapter through a number of ratios and other parameters.

Chapter eighth deals with the analysis of financial strength of RSRDC through the techniques of ratioanalysis. Short term financial strength has been scrutinized by current ratio, quick ratio and the cash ratio and thelong-term financial strength has been examined through the net worth ratio, fixed assets to long-term ratio and theinterest coverage ratio etc.

The last chapter brings out the weakness of the RSRDC as revealed by this study and offers suggestions forimprovement in the financial structure of RSRDC.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ANALYSING FINANCIAL STRUCTUREThe analysis of financial structure gives vital information concerning the soundness of a business and the

results of its operations. This analysis is also a useful and important tool in the hands of the management for decisionmaking. Financial examination of the corporation becomes one of the most important phases of business financefrom the standpoint of view of state, internal management, citizens and public regulatory bodies.

The figures in the financial statements are not enlightening and informative in themselves. Analysis andcomplete interpretation of the statements is necessary so that the mystery behind the figure of financial statementsmay be unveiled and a real picture may be drawn.

According to statement No. 4 of the Accounting Principles Board "A general objective of financialaccounting and financial statements is to provide reliable information about economic resources and obligations of abusiness enterprise. This information is important in evaluating the enterprise's strengths and its weakness. Itindicates how enterprise's resources are financed and the pattern of its holdings of resources. It aids in evaluating theenterprise's ability to meet its commitments. This information indicates the present resource base available to exploitopportunities and make future progress."

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch methodology includes the assumptions and values that serve as a rational for research. It also

includes criteria used by researcher for interpreting data and reaching conclusion in the proposed study. For thepurpose of present study various primary and secondary data are used for analysis. Most of the primary datarequired for the study, were collected through personal visits, interviews and discussions with senior officials of theconcern. On the other hand secondary data is acquired through periodicals, newspapers, govt. publications andreports, published and unpublished financial and other reports of the company.

The data thus collected, will be classified and grouped under suitable heads. The balance sheet and working

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 37-45 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Rohit Berwal

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF

RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT &

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

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capital statements will be recorded in standard formats, various selected statements would be prepared and ratioscalculated and the same will be interpreted and conclusions drawn.

Trend analysis makes it easy to understand the changes in an item or group of items over a period of time. It isused to determine the tendency regarding changes in data relating to a business. It is a dynamic method of analysisshowing the changes over a period of time. In order that we gain a better idea of financial analysis, it is also necessaryto go into the financial analysis of other similar corporations, besides having an idea of the framework.For the purpose of the analysis of financial structure the following process has been followed:

(1) Collection of InformationThe annual reports, annual accounts, audit reports, published articles etc. constitute the secondary source of

data for this study. The primary source of information mainly includes the personal contact with RSRDC humanresrouce. Personal contacts have been made with the employees of different fields like men engaged in highwayprojects, bridge projects, construction activities etc, workshops and the administration. The performance data ofvarious RSRDC have been obtained from the Ministry of Public Works, Government of Rajasthan. Information withregard to working and progress of different RSRDC has also been obtained from the Statistical Bulletin of RSRDC.Review of public sector Road Transport Industry and Motor Transport Statistics, all published by the Ministry ofShipping and Transport. Transport Research Division,Government of India. The data relating to various aspects ofstudy have been also been obtained from the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) reports.(ii) Tabulation of Data;(iii) Analysis and interpretation of data has been done through the following techniques:

- Ratio analysis- Trend analysis- Common size statements- Mathematical techniques- Others

SOURCE OF DATAThe data relating to the present study have been obtained from the annual accounts of the RSRDC from 2001-02

to 2006-07. In addition to this, literature pertaining to the RSRDC such as their annual administration reports andarticles on them published in various journals have been taken into consideration. Besides, supplementary data hasbeen collected from various statements prepared by the unit of study as well as the data published by the PublicWorks Ministry, Government of Rajasthan.

For a meaningful analysis, facts have also been collected from sources other than the above, such as fromdiscussion with the employees of RSRDC and other authorities concerned and experts on the subjects. Apart fromthis the following reports have also been utilized for providing useful data:

- Audit reports- Annual Reports & Accounts- Reports concerning RSRDC as published by the Government of Rajasthan.- Reports by other government agencies.

CONSTRAINTS OF STUDYThe proposed study is bound to have a few limitations. This research work, as any other research work is also

suffering from limitations. Though the emergence of financial management has greatly improved the managerialperformance, yet it has to face certain challenges and constraints. These have curtailed the effectiveness of financialmanagement and these limitations are identified below:(i) The analysis of financial statements would be based on primary and secondary data so the limitations or

shortcoming of primary and secondary data affects the conclusion and results of the study.(ii) The study is subjected to general human limitations, such as time limitation, way of thinking etc.(iii) Most of the information used in this research is derived from financial accounting, cost accounting and other

similar records and documents. The techniques such as analysis and interpretation of financial statements, cost-volume profit analysis, budgetary control etc. used in financial management are based on these accountingrecords. Therefore, how far the decisions taken on the basis of the information are correct, depends upon thecorrectness and accuracy of these information.

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 37-45 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Rohit Berwal

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF

RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT &

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

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(iv) Obtaining information about every aspect becomes difficult. Financial analysis is related to other subjects suchas economic, statistics, management etc. The full benefits of financial analysis can only be derived whenfinancial aspects are seen in relation with all these related subjects. But, it becomes very difficult to co-relate inthe absence of data.

(v) Since financial management is in a developing stage and has not reached its final stage, its conventions are not asexact and established as of other sciences. Thus, being an inexact science, its results depend to a very great extentupon the intelligent interpretation of data for managerial uses.

(vi) Analysis of financial statements is based on some common techniques. And it is a universal fact that alltechniques have their own pros & cons and since this study is also based on the set pattern of techniques, so thetechnique's limitation may affect the result.

HYPOTHESIS OF STUDYIn this project the following hypothesis will be tested:-1. The study is based on the hypothesis that RSRDC is not having a scientific financial structure and they have no

standard ratios to measure the financial soundness of organisation.2. The second hypothesis is that the RSRDC is suffering from a number of financial infirmities which require to be

thoroughly probed into and solutions found.3. Proper and effective financial management helps to improve the working efficiency and to reduce unnecessary

wastage of funds and resources.4. Proper financial management helps to aid and help the corporation during the times of crisis.

CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGEThe detailed study of techniques involved in the study of Financial Analysis of RSRDC can make a

significant contribution to knowledge. Further, it will provide suggestions of practical significance to the companyselected for the study.

This study can serve management at all levels by bringing out danger spots and suggesting possible loss.This will also help management by finding out whether the policies and procedures compiled with studying thenew idea and directions of further development and by suggesting equipment to be used or whether the same can beeffectively employed in a business.

SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDYThis study is concerned with the financial analysis of RSRDC. Financial statements have several components

and management of each component is vital for the survival and growth of RSRDC. During the course of my study, Ihave identified the following areas in relation to RSRDC which have a scope for intensive and extensive research:

· A comparative study regarding the problems of financial management in RSRDC.

· Fixed assets constitute a major part of working capital, therefore, studies regarding problems andmanagement of inventory in RSRDC can be made.

· Similar studies can be made for Income Statements of RSRDC.

· Studies relating to fixed capital financing and intensive studies regarding financing of working capitalcan also be made.

· A comparative study about the role of Banks and other Financial Institutions in financial statements ofRSRDC can also be made.

· A comparative study can also be made about the financial analysis followed by similar units in otherstates.

· A comparative study can also be made about the working capital practices in different types ofindustries in the small scale sector.

· Studies can also be made to find out the risks involved in financial management.

· Studies relating to liquidity management is RSRDC can also made.

REVIEW & SURVEY OF THE AVAILABLE LITERATUREIt is proposed to review existing literature in the field of financial management that relates to the present

study. For the purpose of this review the relevant studies that are included here which have a bearing on the presentstudy have been divided into two groups:

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 37-45 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Rohit Berwal

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF

RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT &

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

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(i) Conceptual Studies, and(ii) Research Studies(i) Conceptual Studies

These include the conceptual discussion on the financial management. Studies of this sort are there at twolevels. One, those writings or books that dealt with the problems of working capital management as a part of thestudy of the discipline of Financial Management. Those belong to this category are the textbooks by the authors likeWalker, Archer and Ambrosio, Hunt and Pearson, Donnel and Goldberg, Cohe and Robbins, Grunewaid andNemmers, Guthman and Dougall, Weston and Brigham, James C.V.H Horne, much importance could not be givenfor the discussion of financial management due to the non-realization of its importance at this stage.

Exclusive studies also exist, that belong to the second category. Much of these studies were of recent origin,reflecting the significance of financial management. The exclusive writings of Dileep R.Mehta, Keith V.Smith, JamesMc. Stancil, Beranck, Leslie R. Howard, Firth Michael and V.E Ramamoorthy, fall under this category. In a sense,these studies covered the diverse aspects of working capital and its management at the conceptual level.

At the same time, several of the publications appeared dealing with the financial management. Besides, issueswere also touched upon in respect of financing of working capital, liquidity and inflation. Among the ingredients ofworking capital, inventory management has been extensively dealt with in such studies as Inventory Control byStarr and Miller, Fundamentals of purchasing by Walter E. Willets, Materials Managements by Dean S. Ammer,Scientific Inventory Management by Buchan and Koenigsberg, Outlines of Materials Managements by A.R. Palit,Inventory Management by Buchan and Koenigsberg, Outlines of Materials Managements by A.R. Palit, InventoryManagement by P.Gopalkrishnan and Ms. Sandilya, and Materials Management by P. Gopalkrishan and MSundaresan, and the Role of Top Management in the Control of Inventory by George W. Plossl. In addition, there is aspate of articles on the problems of inventory management and include the contributions of Charles W. Haley, DeanS. Ammer, Paul Neuman, Robert J. Shaw, P.S. Rao, G.V. Chelapathi Rao, P.J. Fernades and S. Ramaswamy.

Studies on financing include those made by Research and Statistics Division of the Department of CompanyAffairs, Nataranjan Sundar, Braj Kishore, S.K. Chakraborty, K.K. Bhattacharya and Stidger and Stidger.

It has been indicated by Ibid that "The current liabilities, funded debts and net worth, including surplus and thevarious kinds of stock, constitute the structure of capital source and financial structure".

Financial authorities and experts have held different views about the composition of funds in financial structure.While some believe that the financial structure by and large is the make up of the liabilities side only, others believethat the whole balance-sheet expressed the financial structure of the organization.

Myer and John N. have extensively studied this and thus said that financial structure is a detailed study of assetsand liabilities of a concern. The balance sheet is a detailed form of the fundamental or structural equation. It sets forththe financial structure of an enterprise i.e. "It states the nature and amount of each of the various assets, of each of theliabilities and of the proprietary interest of the owner of owners".

(ii) Research StudiesVirtually, no single study has been identified on the financial analysis of RSRDC which is owned & managed by

state Government. There has been very little research in financial analysis. It is clear from the survey of the existingliterature in the field of financial analysis of state owned corporations. Specifically, studies at the micro-level or theundertakings level are quite insufficient.

B.S. Sharma, highlights the problems of financial planning in the central public undertaking in three stages ofoperation, namely, gestation, operation and expansion. The principal objectives of his study are: (i) to identify, asrealistically as possible, the contextual considerations and accordingly, understand the actual problems of financialplanning in public sector projects; (ii) to present a precise and explicit account of the existing system of financingplanning in public sector projects in India; and (iii) help an orderly and objective way of thinking about the financialand allied policy problems. The study covers purposive sample of units initiated by the Central Government andwhich are administered by Fertilizer Corporation of India, Hindustan Steel Limited, Bokaro Steel Limited, HeavyElectrical Limited, Bhopal Bharat Heavey Electricals Limited, New Delhi, Heavy Engineering Corporation Limited,Machine Tools Corporation Limited and Mining and Allied Machine Corporation Limited.

While measuring the financial performance of the aforesaid undertaking during their operative stage, Sharmafocused some light on the state of the art of working capital management in them. He concluded that that the size ofworking capital had grown continuously and, in terms of adequacy standards, working capital tended to be high inthe enterprises studied.

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 37-45 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Rohit Berwal

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF

RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT &

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

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The investment and management of inventory in public enterprises have also been discussed by several writers.They include, among others, the publications of R. Prakash, S.R. K.Rao, Om Prakash, A.R. Palit, M.L. Mongia, andN.K. Gupta, Materials management in public enterprises has also been probed into by the committee on PublicUndertakings.

Surendra V. Singhvi and John A.Kaupisch attempted to establish the relationship between the thoughts of theacademic world and the practical management of cash by corporations. Parameshwaran. dealt with the objectives ofcash management in public sector undertakings. Another important study has been made recently by Bari withregard to cash planning and management in some selected public undertakings of the Central Government.

Attempts were made to study the financial and other problems of the State Government undertakings, likefinancial management in some of the enterprises of Rajasthan Government, working of state enterprise in Rajasthan,Rajasthan State enterprises in action, public enterprises in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.

Research to some extent has been undertaken, of late, on the problems of central public enterprises, littleattention has been paid to those of the undertaking owned and managed by various governments. P Chattopadhyaywhile referring to the gaps and priorities in public enterprises remarked that, "Really speaking, not much is knownabout them (State Government Enterprises) and it will be a good idea, if research is initiated in the functioning ofGovernment companies under the control of different state".

Thus, this study under operation is a right step to bridge the gap that exists in research on corporation owned byRajasthan State Government, specially regarding financial management.

BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKS� A Shelpelev (2000), Plastering ; MIR Publisher Moscow� Bardia, S.C. (1988), Working Capital Management; Jaipur Pointer Publishers� Bari, R.R. (1980) , Cash Planning And Management; New Delhi : Triveni Publication� Batty, J (1966), Management Accountancy, London Mac Donald And Evans Ltd� Banerrjee Bhabatosh (1967), Cash Management. The World Press (P) LTD� Carsbery, Bryan & Hope, Tony (1985), Current Issues is Accounting, New Delhi : Hertage Publishers� Chadda, R.S.(1971), Inventory Management in India, Bombay : Allied Publishers� Ghose, P.K. & Gupta G.S. (1979), Fundamentals of Magement Accounting, National Publishing House� Gupta M.P. & Sharma J.K. (1987), Operations Research for Management, New Delhi National Publishing House.� Gupta S.P. (1986), Statostical Methods, New Delhi ; Sultan Chand� Gupta R.L. (1976), Advanced Accountancy, New Delhi ; Sultan Chand� Guthman, H.G. & Dugall, H. (1955), Corporate Financial Policy, New Delhi ; Prentice Hall of India (P) Ltd.

Hampton John J. (1977)� Guthmann, H.G. (1958), Analysis of Financial Statement. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India (P) Ltd.� Kuchhal, S.C. (1973), Corporation Finance : Principles and Problems. Chaitanya Publishing House.� Walter Podolny Jr. & JEAN M. MULLER (2000), Construction & Design of pre-stressed Concrete Segmental

Bridges; A Wiley Inter Science Publication Johnwiley & Sons, New York� Jacques Mathivat (1999), The Cantilever Construction of Pre-stressed Concrete Bridges; A Wiley Inter Science

Publication Johnwiley & Sons, New York� E. Pennells (2002), Concrete Bridge Designers Manual ; A View Point Publication� Mark Fintel (2004), Hand Book of Concrete Engineering ; Van Nostrand Reinhold Company� Hemant Kumar Sharma, Girdhari Lal Agarwal (2005), Earth Quake Resistant Building Construction ; ABD

Publishers� T.Y. Lin (1995), Design of pre-stressed Concrete Structures NEDH, Burns; Johnwiley & Sons, New York.� Ram Chandra (1998), Design of Steel Structures; Standard Books House, Delhi-6� B.C. Punmia (1994), Strength of Materials and Mechanics of Structures in Matrices Units ; Standard Publishers

House, Delhi-6� James K. Nelsons Jr. (2001), Computer Utilization in Structural Engineering ; American Society of Civil Engineers

345 East 47 Street New York-10017 2398.� Financial Decision Makinmg Concepts Problems & Cases, New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.� Jain, R.K.(1988), Working capital Management of state Enterprises in India. Jaipur Publishing House� Joseph Buchan & Ernest Koenigsberg(1997), Scientific Inventory Management. New Delhi Prentice Hall of

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 37-45 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF

RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT &

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

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India(p)Ltd� Kaveri, V.S. (1986), Financial Analysis of Company Mergers in India. New Delhi: Himalaya Publishing House� Khare, B.D. (1971) , Inventory Control. New Delhi: National Productivity Council� Khan M.Y.(1984), Financial Management. Bombay: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, Ltd� Kuchhal,S.C.(1973), Financial Management. Allahabad: Chaitanya Publishing House� Kulkarni, P.V. (1983), Financial Management. New Delhi Himalaya Publishing House� Maheshwari, S.N. (1985), Management Accounting and Financial Control. New Delhi: Sultan Chand & Sons� Mayor John,N. (1974), Financial Statement Analysis. New Delhi Prentice Hall of india (p) Ltd� Mishra, R.K.(1975), Problems of Working Capital Management with Reference to Selected Public Under Taking

in India. Bombay: Somaiya Publications(p)Ltd� Modi S.S. (1987), Materials Management. Jaipur: Jaipur Publishing House� Murao Bahadur’s (1984), Management Accounting. New Delhi: Meenakshi Prakashan� Nagar, K.N. (1986), asic Element Of Statistics. New Delhi: Meenakshi Prakeshan.� 169.Nagaratnan, S.(1985), Management Accounting, Financial Management and Holding Company Accounts.

New Delhi: S Chand & Company� National Association of Credit Management: (1985): Credit Management Hand Book, Richard, D. Irwin, Inc.

Home Wood III.� National Council of Applied Economic Research, Structure of working Capital. New Delhi.� Nigam, B.M.L.(1983), Advanced Cost Accounting. Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House� O,Donnell and Milton, S,Golderg (1964), Accountant Financial Administration. New Delhi Prentic- Hall of india

Pvt. Ltd.� Panda, Ghanshyam (1986), Management of Working Capital in Small Scale Industeries. New Delhi: Dep and

deep Publications.� Pandey, I.M. (1963), Financial Management, New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House (Pvt)Ltd.� Pradhan, Radhes,(1986), Management of Working Capital New Delhi: National Book Organisation.� Shing, K.P.,Sing A.K.& Singh,S.C, Management of Working Capital in India New Delhi : Janki Prakashan,Ist. E.D.� Smith Keith V.(1974), Reading on the Management of Working Capital. New Delhi: West Publishing Company� Van Horne, James, C. (1974), Financial Management and policy. New Delhi Prentice Hall of India (P) Ltd.� Vyas, J.N.(1983),Financing and Industrial. Ahmedabad: N.K. Vyas, Family Trust, 1983.� Walker, E.W. (1976), Essentials of Financial Management New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India (P) Ltd.

REPORTS

· Annual administration Reports-RSRTC,

· Annual Accounts and Audit reports-RSRTC

· A Hand Book on Transport Statistics (2005-06)

· Manual of Accounts Department, RSRDC

· Transport in India, New Delhi

· Commerce Year book of Road Transport Work

ACTS OF PARLIAMENT

· Companies Act, 1956

· Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950

· Road Transport Corporation (Amendment) Act, 1982

JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPAERSv JOURNALS

· Kurukshetra- New Delhi

· Yozana- New Delhi

· Outlook -New Delhi

· India Today- New Delhi

· India Today- New Delhi

· The Economic and Political Weekly- Mumbai

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Rohit Berwal

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF

RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT &

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

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· Commerce

· Finance and Commerce

· Industries Times

· The Journal of Finance and Trade

· The Journal of Industry and Trade

· Business India

· Indian Economic Journal

· Industrial India

· Annual Report of Economic Survey of India

· Organizer-New Delhi

· The Indian Magazine-Mumbai

· Management Today

· Accounting Reserve Bulletin

· Capital

· Indian Trade Journal

· Industrial Economic

· Indian Accounting Review-Kolkatta

· Indian Journal of Commerce

· Journal of Finance

· Business Standard-New Delhi

· Business World- India

· Economic Affairs- Kolkatta

· Indian Economic Review

· Journal of Business and Management- Jaipur

· Journal of Accounting and Finance- Jaipur

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESIssue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 37-45 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Rohit Berwal

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF

RAJASTHAN STATE ROAD DEVELOPMENT &

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION LTD.

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ABSTRACT

Green has gone main stream because more people are worried about environment related issues than everbefore. Manufacturers and consumers are turning green as it is the biggest need of time to save environment.Green marketing plays an important role to promote the idea of environmental protection. Green marketingphenomenon has developed importance in the modern Clothing and Textile market and has emerged as animportant concept in India as well as across the globe. Green Marketing is seen as an important business strategythese days among clothing and textile manufacturers. This paper attempts to throw light on the conceptual issuesassociated with green marketing. In this paper, main emphasis has been made on the concept and importance ofgreen marketing and its current state in Clothing and Textile companies of India. The paper concludes that greenmarketing is something that will continuously grow in both practice and demand also illustrating its perspectivefuture and scope in Indian Clothing and Textile Industry.

: Green Marketing, Green Marketing Mix, Green ManufacturersKey Words

GREEN MARKETING A NEW DIMENSION FOR CLOTHING

AND TEXTILE SECTOR

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Vandana Tripathi NautiyalTeaching Assistant

Institute of Fashion Technology,The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda,

Vadodara (Gujarat)

INTRODUCTIONGreen marketing is relatively new focus in business endeavours and came into prominence in the late 1980s

and early 1990s. According to the American marketing association Green Marketing is the marketing of productsthat are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus, green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities,including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifyingadvertising.

Polonsky (1994) defines green marketing as all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchangesintended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that the satisfaction of these needs and wants occurs, with minimaldetrimental impact on the natural environment. The "Green Marketing" is holistic marketing concept thatincorporates a broad range of activities, wherein the production, marketing, consumption and disposal of productshappen in a manner that is less detrimental to the environment.

The Clothing and Textile industry is one of the most environment polluting industries across the globe.With the increasing environmental stress on this planet the manufacturers have now really started givingimportance to this issue. Green marketing plays an important role to promote the idea of environmental protection.Green marketing, in this industry can be said as an effort at designing or innovating eco or green Clothing and textileproduct and processes, promoting them with environment friendly communication tools and practice anddistributing them so that they will not harm the environment.

Hence, basically Green marketing manipulates the four elements of the traditional marketing mix (product,price, promotion and distribution) to sell Clothing and textile product which have superior environmental benefitsin the form of reduced textile waste, increased energy efficiency, and/or decreased release of toxic gaseous and wateremissions.

In Indian urban consumers are getting more aware about the merits of Green and Eco friendly Clothing andTextiles. But it is still a new concept for the masses and their green selection is only limited to selection of natural ororganic fibre made products or naturally dyed products. The consumer needs to be educated and made more awareabout the concept of green marketing.

PURPOSE OF STUDY:To study the concepts of Green Marketing in Clothing and Textile Industry. Also to understand importance

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

GREEN MARKETING

A NEW DIMENSION FOR

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SECTOR

of going Green and Green Marketing Mix.

WHY GOING GREEN IS IMPORTANT?Social Responsibility: Companies are realizing that they are members of a wider community, and thus

have to behave in a way that is friendly for the environment (Polonsky, 1994). This means that companies realize thatthey must both achieve environmental objectives as well as profit related objectives. This acknowledgement meansthat companies integrate environmental issues into the companies' corporate culture. Polonsky (1994) says that thereare two perspectives available for companies in this situation:

1. Companies can use their environmental consciousness as a marketing tool.2. Companies can be environmentally responsible without promoting this fact.Many companies desire is to implement both approaches simultaneously. Such companies try to offer

environmentally responsible solutions to their customers. Moreover, by marketing this behaviour they can create acompetitive advantage (Polonsky, 1994).

Opportunities: As people are becoming more concerned for the environment, the benefits of adoptinggreen marketing are increasing (Polonsky, 1994). Companies that have adopted green marketing into their corporatestrategy can enjoy sustainable competitive advantage over the companies who are marketing non-environmentallyresponsible alternatives (Polonsky, 1994). Also, first-movers that adopt green marketing improve their image byreacting to market incentives instead of government regulations (McDaniel and Rylander, 1993). However, greenmarketing is not always beneficial because companies may use it to mislead their consumers in attempt to gainmarket share. According to Polonsky (1994), companies have used false claims of the effectiveness of their products,as well as of the accuracy of their behavior. This often leads to companies losing both customers and market share(Polonsky, 1994). Other factors that can negatively affect the market share are that companies that employ greenmarketing, but are not first-movers, may be seen as imitators. Customers may be skeptical of these latecomers' trueintent (McDaniel and Rylander, 1993).

Governmental Pressure: In all marketing related activities governments try to protect consumers; this istrue for green marketing as well. Polonsky (1994) identifies several ways where governments protect the consumersand the society.Governments try to:

1. Reduce production of harmful goods or by-products.2. Change consumer and industry's use and consumption of harmful goods.3. Ensure that all types of customers have the ability to evaluate the environmental composition of goods.Governments try to establish regulations that control the amount of dangerous waste produced by

companies. They also issue various environmental licenses in order to control by-products of production, whichmodifies organizational behavior (Polonsky, 12 1994). Furthermore, governments try to encourage final consumersto become more environmentally responsible. This triggers companies' will to become environmentally responsible,as they satisfy their customers better. Moreover, governments publicize environmental regulations that controlgreen marketing claims. The Environmental Claims in Marketing – A Guideline and the Guides for the Use ofEnvironmental Marketing Claims are examples of these publicly available documents (Polonsky, 1994). Theseregulations make sure that customers have appropriate information, which enables them to evaluate companies'environmental claims. In, for example, the USA many States have stricter rules than the publicized environmentalguidelines issued by the country. Thus governmental attempts to protect consumers from false and misleadingclaims provide consumers with the ability to make more informed decisions (Polonsky, 1994).

Cost or Profit Issues: Some companies also use green marketing in an attempt to address cost or profitrelated issues. According to Azzone and Manzini (1994), environmental issues can improve the performance ofcompanies. Green marketing acts both on revenues and costs. A green marketing strategy often leads to higherrevenues (Azzone and Manzini, 1994). However, more limiting environmental standards can increasemanufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs. On the other hand, when companies focus on improvingenvironmental performances it might result in less waste, which in turn lowers costs (Azzone and Manzini, 1994).Polonsky (1994) argues that when trying to reduce waste, companies are often forced to re-examine their productionprocesses. This often leads to better production processes that both reduce waste and reduce the need for rawmaterials (Polonsky, 1994). Also, companies sometimes attempt to find end-of pipe solutions instead of reducingwaste. This means that companies try to find other markets where 13 their waste materials can be used as an input ofproduction (Polonsky, 1994). Polonsky (1994) also claims that cost or profit issues may affect companies'

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environmental marketing activities in the way that industries may be developed. Yurman (1994) identifies two waysin which this can happen (cited in Polonsky, 1994):

1. Company develops a technology for reducing waste and sell it to other companies; or2. Waste recycling or removal industry develops.Competitive Pressure: The activities by a company's competitors influence the company to modify its

strategy. Many companies observe competitors promoting their environmental behaviors and they try to follow suit.McDaniel and Rylander (1993) identify companies' competitors as a potential reason for the change in companies'environmental behavior. Furthermore, McDaniel and Rylander (1993) discuss the effects of being a first-mover or afollower.

THE GREEN MARKETING MIXThe concept of the Green Marketing mix was first introduced by Bradley (Bradley, 18 2007). Bradley first

introduced the concept in the late 1980s but has modified it occasionally since then. The green marketing mix isderived from conventional marketing and consists of four P's. The marketing mix is not only limited to four Ps, butcan consist of other influencing factors as well.

Product: The ecological objectives in designing and innovating such textile and clothing products andprocesses which are eco friendly in nature and reduce resource consumption and pollution and thereby increasingconservation of scarce resources.

Price: Price is a critical and important factor of green marketing mix. Most consumers will only be preparedto pay additional value if there is a perception of extra product value. This value may be improved design or prints,new innovation in style or sillouhtes, increased performance and function of textiles, and enhanced visual appeal.Green marketing should take all these facts into consideration while charging a premium price. More over the priceof green product has to be affordable for the customer to encourage purchase.

Promotion: There are three types of green advertising: -1. Ads that address a relationship between a product and the biophysical environment.2. Those that promote a green lifestyle by highlighting a product.3. Ads that present a corporate image of environmental responsibilityPlace: The choice of where and when to make a product available will have significant impact on the

customers. Very few customers will go out of their way to buy green products.

WHO ARE GREEN CLOTHING AND TEXTILE MANUFACTURERS?Clothing and Textile manufacturers contributing to conservation of environment through producing

environment friendly products, conservation of energy, water and natural resources and climate protection.Following are some of the Common Characteristics of Green Clothing and Textile Companies:

· Recycle wastewater generated from textile dyeing and printing mills.

· Recycle wastewater generated from textile-wet processes.

· Use natural gas for fuel.

· Recycle biodegradable waste.

· Use natural dyes.

· Use natural fibres.

· Minimum use of plastic material; use recyclable packaging materials.

· Generate electricity from hydroelectric plants.

CONCLUSION:Green marketing in India is still in its infancy and a lot of research is to be done on green marketing to

explore its full potential. Now this is the right time to select Green Marketing by Clothing and Textile Industry inIndia and even across the globe. Not only manufacturers but consumers should also need to be educated aboutbenefits of green marketing so that they sense their commitment towards environment and adopt green and ecofriendly products.

REFERENCES:� Ottman, J. (1998), Green Marketing: Opportunity for Innovation, 2nd ed., NTC/Contemporary Books, Lincoln-

wood, IL,

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Vandana Tripathi Nautiyal

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GREEN MARKETING

A NEW DIMENSION FOR

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SECTOR

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� Ottman, J., Terry, V. (1998), "Strategic marketing of greener products", The Journal of Sustainable Product De-sign, Vol. 5 No. April, pp.53-7.

� Polonsky, M., Ottman, J. (1998a), "Exploratory examination of whether marketers include stakeholders in thegreen new product development process", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 6 No.3, pp.269-75.

� Roarty M., 1997, Greening business in a market economy, European Business Review, Vol:97, Iss:5, p:244-254� Mintu, Alma T. and Hector R. Lozada (1993). Green Marketing Education: A Call for Action Marketing Education

Review� Polonsky, M. J. & Rosenberger, P. J. (2001). Reevaluating green marketing: a strategic approach. Business

Horizons, 44(5), pp 21-30.� Polonsky, M. J. (2011). Transformative green marketing: Impediments and opportunities. Journal of Business

Research, 64(12), pp 1311-1319.� Coddington, W. (1993). Environmental Marketing: Positive Strategies for Reaching Green Consumers.

McGrawHill, New York, NY, pp 56-68.� Charter, Martin (ed). 1992. Greener Marketing. Sheffield, England: Greenleaf Publishing

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Vandana Tripathi Nautiyal

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

GREEN MARKETING

A NEW DIMENSION FOR

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE SECTOR

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ABSTRACT

In globalisation governments require to put up the instructions of the international agencies such as WTO,IMF and World Bank. So governments find themselves in a very paradoxical situation. If they try to put up withUN Human Right agreements 1948, they would be violating the globalisations agreements. Violations of humanrights agreements are not met by practical punishments, on other hand violations of economic rules ofglobalisation agreements are met with very severe practical measures such as economic boycotting and cutting offinancial aids. So in order to promote the globalisation many countries open their doors for MNCs and TNCs. Butthese MNCs and TNCs become more power than the government and following the principle of divide and rule forgaining more and more profit. So this paper try to examine the existing Human rights condition in reference ofeconomic globalisation, and highlights how these MNCs and TNCs violated a wide range of Human Rights indifferent countries.

- Globalisation, WTO, IMF, MNCs and TNCs.Keywords

HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT

OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Priti Atrey,Asstt. Prof. Economics,

Mahila Vidyalaya Degree College,Satikund, Kankhal, Haridwar

INTRODUCTION

Globalisation is the new buzzword that has come to dominate the world since the last 19 century with theth

end of the cold war and the break-up of the former Soviet Union and the global trend towards the rolling ball. Ifglobalisation is conceived as turning the whole world into one global village in which all peoples are increasinglyinterconnected and all the barriers are removed, so that the world witnesses a new state of fast and free flow ofpeople, capital, goods and ideas. Then the world would be witnessing unprecedented enjoyment of Human Righteverywhere because globalisation is bringing prosperity to all the corners of the globe together with the spread of thehighly cherished values of democracy, freedom and justice.

Human rights including the right to enjoy life, freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, degradingtreatment; forced, slave labor, arbitrary detention, deprivation of security of person or injury to health; enjoyment ofa clean and healthy environment the latter also implicating interrelated international law recognising privateresponsibility for pollution and freedom from discrimination. One should also consider private corporatedeprivations of rights such as free choice in work, fair wages, a decent living, and remuneration for work of equalvalue, safe and healthy working conditions, protection of women and children from economic exploitation.

Since the Universal declaration of Human rights in 1948, many countries of the world succeed in enhancingthe implementation of human rights, particularly in the economic, social and cultural domains simply throughpolicies of subsidising food, housing and services such as health care, transportation, sanitation, culture andeducation. Many countries, particularly in the south made considerable achievements in the field of the right to workby taking decisions to protect local industries from competition and thus creating job opportunities for theirpopulation.

On the contrary globalisation agreements require governments to put up with the global marketmechanisms and to follow the instructions of the international agencies such as WTO, IMF and World Bank. Theadoption of the wide open door policy by governments requires issuing laws which impedes another fundamentalHuman Right declared by UN that is the right to development. Laws allowing the free flow of capital and goods withalmost no restrictions on imports through tariffs adversely affect local developmental projects.

So governments find themselves in a very paradoxical situation. If they try to put up with UN Human Rightagreements which they signed, they would be violating the globalisations agreements, which they also signed and theywould be criticised or even punished for this violation and if they try to put up with globalisation agreements they wouldbe necessarily violating the human rights agreements and would be criticised for that in the Human Right reports and theUN statistics on human development would show them lagging behind in indices of human development.

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HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN

THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC

GLOBALISATION

Violations of human rights agreements, particularly those of economic, social and cultural rights are notmet by practical punishments. The reactions of both international organisations and local Human Right groups donot exceed criticism, condemnation or demonstrations at most. On the contrary violations of economic rules ofglobalisation and agreements are met with very severe practical measures such as economic boycotting and cuttingof financial aids.

No doubt that the extensive violations of Human Right are related to the widening gap between the rich and thepoor, both on the global and on the local levels. International Statistics prove this fact by showing:Ø Half the world –nearly three billion people – live on less than two dollars a day,Ø The wealthiest nation on earth has the widest gap between rich and poor of any, industrialised nation,Ø The top fifth of the world's people in the richest countries enjoy 82% of the expanding export trade and 68% of

foreign direct investment –while the bottom fifth , barely more than 1%,Ø In 1960, the 20 % of the worlds people in the richest countries had 30 times the income of the poorest 20%--in

1997,Ø A few hundred millionaires now own as much wealth as the world's poorest 2.5 billon people,Ø The combined wealth of the world's 200 richest people hit $ 1 trillion in 1999; the combined income of the 582

million people living in the 43 least developed countries is $ 146 billion.

(Source-http://www.globescan.com/news_archives/press_inside.html)

This leads to increasing feelings of deprivation and injustice among the populations of the differentcountries of the world which is enhanced by the rapid and unprecedented advance in communication andinformation technologies, which really turned the world in this respect into a global village. The deprived areexposed daily, if not every minute to images and evidences of the huge gap in standards of living between the richand the poor.

Mary Robinson stressed the fact that, in globalisation economic activities not only dominated by states, butit is also dominated by private power in the form of multinational national corporations (MNCs) or transnationalcorporations (TNCs). It is now the case that more than half of the top economies in the world are corporations notstates, and international investment is increasingly private.

The general decline of the state's powers has opened the door for them to take after those activities which atone point of time were in the domain of state. This change exposed the individual before a multi- actor system witheach of the actors having considerable capacities to directly affect his or her freedom and rights. That is how the statemonopoly of power was challenged by non state actors, mostly by MNCs or TNCs, and led to so call democratisationof violence.

However, what turned the democratisation of violence into a minefield for Human Right was the fact thattransfer of powers and functions from states to private actors was not accompanied by a transfer of responsibilities.Today more than half of the world's 100 largest economies are corporations with relatively more power than thegovernment of the state in which they operate. The revenues of largest fifteen corporations are bigger than of all but

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thirteen nations. General Motors, for example, is larger than the national economies of all but seven countries. Theconsequences of their decisions or activities reach far beyond the capacities of any single nation state. MNCs or TNChave enormous influence on the economies of most countries and in international economic relations. And the trendis toward greater corporate dominance: a comparison of figures from 1991 and 2000 shows a dramatic change overnine years. In 1991, 19 countries had revenues higher than General Motors, compared to only 7 today; similarly, in1991, 3 corporations were among the top 28 economic entities, compared to 15 today.

Recent Human Right discourse has been devoted to the study of MNCs or TNC and their direct effect onHuman Right. In general critics of globalisation lay much more emphasis on its impact on Human Right, particularlyof the poor people and of the developing countries. Their analysis and conclusions are usually supported by facts andfigures drawn from international reports and statistics to prove that Human Right has been adversely affected byglobalisation. They usually relate one or the other aspect of Human Right to one or the other aspect of globalisation,such as relating poverty in developing countries to debt or relating unemployment to privatization, or relating healthdeterioration to the monopoly of medicine patents. Or they enumerate the aspects of deteriorations in Human Right,such as impoverishment and lowering standards of living, increasing inequality discrimination, deprivation ofsatisfaction of basic needs such as food clean water and housing, illiteracy etc and explain these facts by globalisationin general through making comparisons between the state before ( usually before the 1990s ) and after globalisation.

There is strong evidence that following the principle of “divide and rule” both, the government and theMNCs or TNC encouraged and later on benefited from these conflicts. National and international observers claimthat 'Shell's practice of payments' through the awarding of contracts to traditional chiefs in communities, theirpayments of compensation for environmental pollution and the distribution of development projects weredeliberately aimed to corrupt chiefs and divide communities. In addition to creating a reason for conflict, Shall usedits financial powers to fuel it by arming a private military force, supplying weapons and financial support to theNigerian military and police force and in other ways co-operating with Governmental authorities. Above all, it wasclear that violent conflicts did occur between groups who benefited from Shell's operations and those who did not.

Another example where the MNCs or TNC helped strengthening of governing regime against the localpopulation is the case of 'Freeport in Indonesia' where corporation helped the centralisation of the state governmentwith detrimental 'end- product' on human rights: Freeport was operating the region of Papua, a region with deepseparatist sentiments almost from Indonesia's independence, and the only one following Christianity in the world'sbiggest Muslim country. The mine became a chance for the military, deeply nationalistic institution not only to profitbut also to deepen its presence in a province where it had barely a toehold before Freeport arrived.

To sum up, the above mentioned cases of Human Right violations in connection with MNCs or TNCs putforward the conclusions, that MNCs or TNCs can be a strong incentive for the government to abuse Human Right orlower the standard of their protection to attracting investment; after entering the country MNCs or TNCs can serve asa direct cause for using state coercive power against its own citizens to protect the MNCs or TNC facilities andinterests; alternatively, even if the corporation is not originally intending to be the reason of Human Right violations,by being silent beneficiary of ongoing abuses by military and continuing provision of financial support to it MNCs orTNC can greatly encourage further violations.

This is the reason that the societies which are already weak and poor under repressive state regimes or aregoverned by those committed to democracy but weak to protect the interest of its citizens, are extremely vulnerableto MNCs or TNCs. Activities of Shell Oil Company in Nigeria, and Freeport-Mc Maron in Indonesia, name a fewhaving violated a wide range of Human Rights and in fact remained unaccountable for their conducts are strongargument to encourage further violations. The guilt for this impunity is fairly attributable to a complex of factorsunder the umbrella notion of 'loopholes of existing regulatory regime.'

The duties to protect, respect, promote and guarantee Human Right is directed solely to the state, making itthe monopolist over the obligation to ensure Human Right protection within its jurisdiction and thus contribute touniversal respect for Human Right. This system fatally links the fate of Human Right with the coexistence of twoclear-cut conditions in each and every country: the will and the ability of individual state to guarantee that HumanRight is protected from state as well as no state intervention in their dominion. When either of those mentioned twoconditions is lacking or is not sufficiently present, the door to make rights real is finally closed. In short, the lack ofuniversal Human Right norms applicable to MNCs or TNCs is one of the most important deficiencies of current legalsystem that undermines its chances to be effective and keeps the policy of impunity immune.

For developing nations MNCs or TNCs investors seem to be a direct way to 'the promised world' of wealth

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Priti Atrey

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THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC

GLOBALISATION

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and development, without which, as illusion further suggest , they cannot get out of poverty and hunger rampant inthose countries. This fact precludes the developing nations to be too picky, if at all, on Human Right policies andpractices of the MNCs or TNCs intending to invest in the country. As already observed above, in order to attractforeign investment, they may be uninterested in enforcing human rights norms against TNCs, or may even go onestep forward by lowering the applicable standards.

Globalisation has its winners and losers. With the expansion of trade, market, foreign investment,developing countries have seen the gaps among themselves widen. The imperative to liberalise has demanded ashrinking of state involvement in national life, producing a wave of privatisation, cutting jobs, slashing health,education and food subsidies etc. affecting the poor people in society. In many cases, liberalisation has beenaccompanied by greater inequality and people are left trapped in utter poverty. Meanwhile, in many industrialisedcountries unemployment has climbed to levels not seen for many years and income disparity to levels not recordedsince last century. The collapses of the economies of the Asian Tigers are examples of this. The Human DevelopmentReport of 1997 revealed that poor countries and poor people too often find their interests neglected as a result ofglobalisation. Although globalisation of the economy has been characterised as a locomotive for productivity,opportunity, technological progress, and uniting the world, it ultimately causes increased impoverishment, socialdisparities and violations of Human Right. That is what we see today.

The major deficiency of the existing system lies in its state- centric nature that makes the way to justiceparticularly difficult in developing counties. Therefore, if the Human Right system intends to remain relevant, itshould accommodate MNCs or TNCs as direct addressees of Human Right obligations. The responsibility ofresponsible global citizenship should not make MNCs or TNCs into a Trojan Horse of Democracy in developingworld. Constructive dialogue between the Human Right and business is necessary to create the system respectingthe interest of both; however, the blueprint of the system must be a clear and strong consensus that Human Right arebeyond the profit.

In the scale of Human Right violations and harm to environment, It took a very high price to 'clean the way'to transitional corporations in developing countries, this price was not paid by money but by human lives anddignity of the local populations. The only thing we can do now is to acknowledge that all we, without distinction ofcountry and level of development, are facing a minefield and the technique to survive is not to avoid it or pass theresponsibility of finding the way on each other, but to think, to engage in dialogue and to help each other to goforward safe. The thing that should guide all of us in this process is that human dignity and freedom are beyond theprofit. These are the only values that make our being worth of survival.

REFERENCES

� Annan, K. (1998), Introduction: Economic Globalization and Human Rights� ...www.ashgate.com/.../Human_Right_Development_in_Globalized_W

� Amnesty International, (2006). http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/index-engAmnesty International ,� Ahmed Dr Samir Naim, Human Rights And Globalization� http://www.countercurrents.org/ahmed210407.htm

� Cingranelli, David L., and David L. Richards, (2006). The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) human rights dataset 2006.http://www.humanrightsdata.org/

� Dreher Axel, Martin Gassebner and Lars-H. R. Siemers,(2011) “Globalization, Economic Freedom and HumanRights” www.unigoettingen.de/de/document/download/.../115_Dreher.pdf

� Mathews George Chunakara, Chapter 5: Globalization and its Impact on Human Rights,online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1559&C=1398 http://www.religion

� Natsvlishvili Ana,(2007), “The impact of globalization on human rights in the developing world:- Transnationalcorporations and human rights – the masterpieces of globalization in the era of democratized violence”www.nottingham.ac.uk/shared/.../2007_march_PG_Natsvlishvili.pdf

� Robinson Mary,(2002), ' , 21 January 2002Human Rights and Globalization' classic.weltethos.org/dat-english/00-lecture_2-robinson.htm

� Thomas L. Friedman, (1999), ' , Cairo: internationalThe lexus and the Olive Tree, Understanding Globalization'Publishers. ( )http://www.Ise.ac.uk/Giddens_99/week!.htm

� The Impact of Globalization on Human Rights� http://printerinkcartridges.printcountry.com/printcountry‐articles/epson‐printer‐ink‐cartridges‐articles/epson‐

durabrite‐printer‐inks/the‐impact‐of‐globalization‐on‐human‐rights

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Priti Atrey

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN

THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC

GLOBALISATION

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ABSTRACT

The Indian society is divided in a caste hierarchy on the top of which are Brahmins, at the second rung areKshatriya and the third the Vaishyas. The Shudras, at the fourth or the lowest tier, have been considereduntouchables. The practice of untouchability is the result of this travesty of the Varna Vyavastha in India. Theidea of Dalit consciousness is basically an issue that is related with the realization of human sensibility. Toconclude, the striving to become the definer instead of just being the defined exists in Indian Dalit writings. Theportrayal of Dalit experiences, in Dalit narratives, is evidential of the adverse situation bestowed in a greaterdegree of self-awareness. Their voyage is doleful, the encounters are full of agony and the experiences reveal pathos.Nevertheless, this traumatic experience fetches a process of recovery through provoking the reconstruction of thecrushed self and the process of self exploration, recognition and strengthening is seen in these writings as anecessary ordeal/trial.

: Caste System, Dalit, Dalits’ ConsciousnessKeywords

VOICING THE SILENT: ODYSSEY OF DALIT CONSCIOUSNESS

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Madhuri GoswamiLecturer in English (RES)

Government Postgraduate CollegeChomu, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Dalits in India constitute a major marginalized group of people. The Indian society is divided in a castehierarchy on the top of which are , at the second rung are and the third the . The , atBrahmins Kshatriya Vaishyas Shudrasthe fourth or the lowest tier, have been considered untouchables. The practice of untouchability is the result of thistravesty of the in India. As per the caste system, the main job and of these is to serveVarna Vyavastha dharma Shudrasthe upper classes. They have been prohibited to learning or acquiring knowledge and education doing business andcarrying arms and weapons. They have been banned to rise to the status of gaining human dignity and honour.Originally, the guru conducted the thread ceremony on the basis of the child's qualities; however, Manu, the ancientIndian philosopher, reversed the system and a child's “varna” now started to depend upon the family in which hewas born. This concept of making someone a i.e a part of higher social hierarchy through thread ceremonyDwij( ), or by birth started the caste system in India in later period. The practice ofUpnayan Sanskara shudra Vedicuntouchability became a universal and all pervading phenomenon as it got institutionalised over traditions. “As aresult, ancestors of the Dalits lived the life of unending injustice, torture and heinous treatment. Because of thistreatment meted out to them, they are compared with the Afro- Americans” (Nalavade 43). The squalid picture ofDalits in India led to awakening of their consciousness by some voice of new generation in every generation. It is thisawakened consciousness that inspired and produced the literature commonly known as Dalit literature. Dalitliterature is a reaction against an age old tradition of discrimination, exploitation, ruthlessness and deprivation. Itconnotes a new ambit of the concept of marginal literature in the sphere of general literary ethos.

Dalit writing discloses the desperate struggle of Dalits to survive and secure the most basic rights and equalityin hostile and adverse social and economic conditions. Dalit writers aspire to find a secure and recognizable identityby reconstructing the mainstream hegemonic discourse. This consciousness, realization and awareness is a visibleelement in Indian Dalit literary stream. Here is an attempt to define Dalit consciousness and an effort to locate thisconsciousness of being Dalit among Dalit writers.

“The idea of Dalit consciousness is basically an issue that is related with the realization of humansensibility” (Agarwal 81). Dalit consciousness or Dalitness has been defined as “a process towards achieving a senseof cultural identity”. It is “a source of confrontation”. It is “a matter of appreciating the potential of one's total entity”(Paswan and Jaideva 109-110). “The inferiority complex based on 'to be Dalit' has now finally disappeared. NowDalitness is a source of confrontation. This change has occurred in the process of the evolution of Dalit consciousnessand this consciousness has its essence in the desire for justice for the entire mankind. “In Dalit writings, the doubleconsciousness of representation and revelation induces a distinctive spectrum of experiences constructed withincaste oriented texts. Pain, agony, resentment, contempt and anger within Dalit writings constitute the real spirit ofDalit consciousness” (Agarwal 172). In the process of the construction of Dalit consciousness, writers exhibit their

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VOICING THE SILENT:

ODYSSEY OF DALIT

CONSCIOUSNESS

awareness for the distinction of the responses of two generations; the elder and younger generations of Dalits. AllDalit characters of the first generation accept their Dalit identity as birth determined fate and therefore they are notanxious to break the periphery of Dalitism. In contrast to their calm stoicism, the young generation moves with theideals of rational insight, protest and retaliation (Agarwal 175).

In different Indian regional languages like Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and in Hindi, various remarkableliterary and critical works have been produced by authors and critics writing in these languages. Along with literarygenres, critical writings embody an emerging theory of Dalit aesthetics stating as an essentialconsciousnesscomponent. In his eminent critical work, “Dalit Sahitya ka Saundarya-Shashtra”, Omprakash Valmiki seeks tounderstand and define Dalit consciousness ( ) (109). In Sharan kumar Limbale's critical workChetna Towards anAesthetic of Dalit Literature: History, Controversies and Consideration, the very first sentence sets the context for the Dalitconsciousness; “By Dalit literature I mean writing about Dalits by Dalit writers with Dalit consciousness” (1). InLimbale's words, Dalit consciousness is “the revolutionary mentality connected with struggle” ( ). TheTowards 32distinct feature of Dalit literature, Limbale defines as, the objective of this consciousness of Dalit literature is to make“slaves consciousness of their slavery” (32). And this trait adds distinctness to Dalit literature among otherliteratures. At the same time, this trait connects it with African-American literature. Omprakash Valmiki finds thesource of Dalit in the life and vision of Dr. Ambedkar (Valmiki, 31).chetna Dalit Sahitya

The stream of Dalit consciousness assumed a concrete shape near about in 1950s in India, when Dalit writersmade their serious and organized effort. One of the earliest voices in the domain of Dalit literature is that ofAnnabhau Sathe who belonged to the Untouchable Mang Caste. By this time, Dalit consciousness started beingreflected in Dalit writers in the form of short stories, novels and dramas/different literary genres.

The literary production by eminent Dalit writers like Om Prakash Valmiki, Narendra Jadhav, NamdeoDhasal, Baburao Bagul, Shantabai Kamble, Baby Kamble, Kumud Pawde, Urmila Pawar, U.R. Anantha Murthy,Arvind Malagathi, Neerav Patel, Bama and Sivakami, has become a saga of Dalit consciousness as it represents theannals of suffering, humiliation, mental anguish, self-realization, rebellion, retaliation, and rehabilitation that are thelife spirits of Dalit literature. Omprakash Valmiki, in his writings, speaks of the pain of being Dalit. In his work,Joothan, written in Hindi, Valmiki pours out suppressed fury and rage buried in his consciousness through the seriesof painful memories. He narrates the story of his life and through it the agony of being Dalit as he could never forgetthe lifelong sufferings that kept on scratching his consciousness.

The celebrated memoir by eminent economist Narendra Jadhav entitled is a record of theOutcaste: A Memoir(conscious) effort of the writer to reconstruct the past and gives a voice to the sensibility of the entire community ofuntouchables (Dalits) who persistently make struggle to preserve their identity against the dominance of the highercaste communities and the burden of restrictions imposed by religious conventions. His work traces thetransformation of Dalit consciousness. Likewise, Baburao Bagul, U. R. Ananthmurthy and Namdeo Dhasal reflectthe consciousness of being Dalit in their works. Baburao Bagul, a chief Dalit voice, depicts Dalit life in its most explicitway. For Bagul “Dalit means one who wants to restructure this world and life…Dalit means one whose hands in thisage have been made intelligent and transformative and for whom all 'weapons' and 'science' have been madeavailable” (Nimbalkar 30.) His work is committed for establishing Dalit identity in the existing social framework. Heconveys a message to young Dalit to raise his voice, in spite of obstructions to change the social set up. In his stories,the atrocities imposed by upper class people on weak and Dalits and the protest against such specific surroundingsare the central themes. He himself was the sufferer of discrimination on the basis of caste hence lively reflects theawareness of being Dalit through his works.

In the discourse of Dalit consciousness, both male and female Dalit writers propagate the idea of oppressionthrough their writings. However, Dalit women writers sustain their inner robustness and strong will to assert theirrights of self sustentation and it leads them to contribute significantly to Dalit literature. Muktabai is said to be thefirst example to initiate the tradition of voicing Dalit consciousness among Dalit women by reading an essay on theproblems and sufferings of untouchables in 1852. This tradition has been strengthened with the literary expression ofthe realization of being Dalit women. Kumud Pawade, Jyoti Lanjewar, Urmila Pawar, Baby Kamble, Hira Bansode,Sugandha Shende, Asha Thorat, Arun Lokhande, Sushila Mool and Meena Gajbhiye represent Marathi Dalit literarytradition. Bama, Sivakami and Meena Kandasamy hail from Tamil Dalit literary tradition. Geeta Nagbhushanbelongs to Kannada literary tradition. Chandra Srimali, Jasumati Parmar, and Daxa Damodara represent theGujarati Dalit women tradition.

Dalit women writers discuss with clarity the reality of developing as a whole person through the adversity ofbeing Dalit women both in the past and present. They all discuss and dissect the lives of the women who have come

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before them and their own lives (literally and figuratively). Pawade writes in her work, , “She (DalitAntasphotwoman) has suffered much and she is still suffering. She must walk through the burning desert of casteism in searchof some oasis” (117).

The ache of being a Dalit, the agony of being a woman finds expression in Indian Dalit women writers'narratives. The Dalit writing seeks to bring out the trauma and suffering experienced by Dalit women in the hands ofthe upper caste forces and their own community. Bama in her works and has vocalized theKarukku Sangatiunarticulated tribulation and pangs of Dalit women in the wider context of Dalit community. Bama states thatSangati (which means news or events) is all about what it means to be a Dalit and a woman. Bama states her workKarukku as “a means of relieving the pain of others who were wounded” ( x). Bama finds compatibilityKarukkubetween her struggles filled life as a Dalit woman and the sharp edged karukku. As Bama describes in the preface ofthe book, “The driving forces that shaped this book are many cutting me like karukku and making me bleed; unjustsocial structures that plunged me into ignorance and left me trapped and suffocating; my own desperate urge tobreak, throw away and destroy these bonds; and when the chains were shattered into fragments, the blood that wassplit then; all these taken together” (xxiii). Drawing attention to the fact that mainstream society which discusses the'position of women', takes no notice of Dalit women, she states: 'We have all come across news, broadcast widely andeverywhere telling us of the position of women in our patriarchal society, and of the rights that have been pluckedaway from them. But news of women who have been trapped not only by patriarchy but also by caste-hatred is oftenside-lined, hidden, forgotten' (Bama qtd. in Srinivasan 113). This mindset to 'side-line' Dalit women and their issueshave been brought into discourse by Kumud Pawade. She narrates how she becomes aware of her marginalizationand repression denying her to study Sanskrit discipline. Dalit women writers' work presents the powerful portrayalof relegation and trauma inflicted on Dalits. This is the consciousness of Bama which makes her share the life story ofcharacters of Mariamma and Thaayi, Bama shares heart-rending and shuddering experiences of Dalit women and isforced to feel, “…one should never be born a woman” (42). Due to the stupidity of men, “Mariamma was made ascapegoat, and her whole life was destroyed” (42). She was accused and abused for no fault by the village council andwas married to a gambler and drunkard. As a result, Mariamma suffered blows, kicks and beatings every day. Sameis the case with Thaayi who had beating by her husband as her daily fate without any hope of escape. This raised avariety of emotions in Bama's heart, “anger, fury, resentment, and hatred” (44). Bama externalizes these complicaciesof Dalit women's existence to bring in the idea of resolution among them to get rid of it.

Sivakami in (1992) focuses on vicious and inhuman exploitation of women in different spheresAnandaayeeof life. They are violently repressed as daughters, mothers, wives and sisters. Periyannan is the embodiment ofpatriarchal authority and tortures. Lechumi in this novel frames an image of a deserted and broken womanbecoming, forcibly, a concubine. Periyannan betrays her as a rich childless widower quite contrary to the fact that heis married to Anandayee and has six children. He treats Anandayee as 'other woman' and implements physical andpsychological violence on her as he says, “She got married to me even before she reached her puberty. Till this day,she has lived with me in fear, submissive to me ever” (Sivakami, 124). He inflicts violence upon his wife,AnandayeeAnandayee considering this act as a legalized right on her. In the case of his concubine, Lechumi he keeps herimprisoned and wields power and authority over her body through tormenting her physically and sexually (238).Her existence is reduced to a mere body; she finds emancipation only through committing suicide failing theattempts to escape. The plight of Anandayee is worse than an animal denying her the dignity of a human being. Thebrutality of Periyannan results in irresponsible, disrespectful, castigating conduct towards her even by her childrenwho fear their father's authority and look down upon Anandayee as powerless and therefore indispensable (302-303).

Anandayee and Lechumi, could be perceived as rivals being the wife and the concubine of Periyannanrespectively, but they show a solidarity between them through helping each other in the household work (213), andnursing each other's injuries, mental or physical (277-79). The case of Anandayee and Lechumi reveals the genderoppression within the four walls of home over their casteist oppression outside the walls.

Baby Kamble's recalls the active involvement of Dalit women of Maharwada (locality ofThe Prisons We BrokeDalits) in the campaign against atrocities led by Ambedkar, “Maharwada join(ed) the Ambedkar movement”( 70). Kamble speaks of the transformation of Dalits born out of the awareness, “Sitayvahini was thePrisons We Brokefirst to stop the eating of dead animals in Veergaon” ( 71).Prisons We Broke

To conclude, the striving to become the definer instead of just being the defined exists in Indian Dalit writings.The portrayal of Dalit experiences, in Dalit narratives, is evidential of the adverse situation bestowed in a greater

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VOICING THE SILENT:

ODYSSEY OF DALIT

CONSCIOUSNESS

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degree of self-awareness. Their voyage is doleful, the encounters are full of agony and the experiences reveal pathos.Nevertheless, this traumatic experience fetches a process of recovery through provoking the reconstruction of thecrushed self and the process of self exploration, recognition and strengthening is seen in these writings as a necessaryordeal/trial.

Works Cited� Agarwal, Beena and Neeta. . Jaipur: YKing Books, 2010. Print.Contextualizing Dalit Consciousness in Literature

� Bama. Trans. Lakshmi Holmstrong. India: Macmillan, 2000. Print.Karukku.

� Bama. . Trans. Lakshmi Holmstrom. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.Sangati: Events� Kamble, Baby. . Trans. Maya Pandit. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2008. Print.The Prisons We Broke� Limbale, Sharankumar. Trans.Towards an Aesthetic of Dalit Literature: History, Controversies, and Considerations.

Alok mukherjee. Bombay: Orient Longman, 2004. Print.� Nalavade, M.D. “Dalit Literature: A Historical Background.” Literature of Marginality: Dalit Literature and African

American Literature. Ed. N.M. Aston. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 2001. 41-54. Print.� Nimbalkar, Waman, . Trans. Vandana Pathak and P.D. Nimsarkar, Nagpur:Dalit Literature: Nature and Role

Prabodhan Prakasran, 2006. Print.� Paswan, Sanjay, and Pramanshi Jaideva, eds. Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India: Human Rights: New Dimensions in

Dalit Problems. Volume 14. Kalpaz Publications: Delhi, 2003. Print.� Pawade, Kumud. . Aurangabad: Anand Prakashan, 1995. Print.Antasphot� Sivakami, P. : . Trans. Pritham K. Chakravarty. New Delhi: Penguin, 2012. Print.Anandaayee The Taming of Women� Srinivasan, Maria Preeti. “A Dalit and a First Nations Canadian speak of the women in their bones.” Indegenious

Biography and Autobiography. Ed. Peter Read, Frances Peters-Little, and Anna Haebieh. Australia: ANU E Press,2008. 109-126. Print.

� Valmiki, Omprakash. Delhi: Radhakrishna, 2001. Print.Dalit Sahitya Ka Saundarya Shashtra.

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ABSTRACT

English, the lingua franca of the world, is a very tricky language to teach. In order to encourage students toconcentrate and participate in English language class, teachers need to be creative and innovative. A wide varietyof materials and methods of teaching have been explored as students come in different packages with differentlearning styles and capabilities. This paper seeks to inform , motivate and explore many innovative strategies andapproaches of teaching English such as task based teaching , group work, regenerating sentence diagram, googlingeye, enacting stories, creative assignments and approaches like silent way approach, suggestopedia,, physicalresponse approach etc . By incorporating these types of handsome strategies and approaches into their everydaylanguage classroom, teachers can prepare students to enter the real world. Teachers can create a non-threateningenvironment to encourage students to participate. In short, teachers can help students catch the passion forlearning English. . This is the only way through which we can chase the dream to be able to communicate like anative speaker

Key words: Approaches, Creative, Innovative, Strategies.

CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCIES IN ENGLISH

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Neeta KaushikAsso. Prof.,

Deptt. of Edu., J.V. Jain College,Saharanpur (U.P.)

INTRODUCTIONEnglish, the lingua franca of the world, is a very tricky language to teach. Since last two decades language

teaching scene is under going seismic change as we move from rote learning strategies and venture towardsadvocating creative thinking skills ,from traditional teaching to task oriented teaching ,from traditional grammar tofunctional grammar. In keeping with the demands of globalization, there is deliberate effort to depart from anexamination oriented system to one of creative learning. In order to encourage students to concentrate andparticipate in the class, teachers need to be creative and innovative. A wide variety of materials and methods ofteaching have been explored as students come in different packages with different learning styles and capabilities.But perennial problems plague both the novice and the experienced teacher as it is still difficult to teach Englishlanguage effectively especially to those who speak English as a second language.

STATUS OF CURRENT METHODOLOGIESIn today”s world English is not taught in a very orthodox manner. Although the basic teaching is needed.

Teaching the alphabets and the formation of the words is essential and a must. But there is something that is evenmore important. The children must be able to speak the words and understand their meaning before writing themdown. The foundation to teach English can only be taught using the traditional methods of teaching the alphabetsand the words and the rules. But then teaching only the rules is found to be boring by most students and it is becauseof this that they lose interest in learning the language. Hence the traditional way to teach the basics of the languagemust be tweaked a bit so as to appeal to the students. When it comes to teaching English to students of higher classeswho already know the basics, the traditional methods generally tend to yield poorer results than innovativemethods. This has already been proven by methods implemented like use of stories, poems, movies, books andnewspapers etc. These methods help the students learn the language better and also it keeps their interest. Todayemphasis is to be given on development of communicative competencies: to make the student able to communicatelike a native speaker.NEED OF ADOPTING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES

In schools and institutes of learning, there are set curriculum guidelines to follow in the teaching of Englishas a second language. Usually, emphasis is placed on the teaching of the four skills i.e. listening , speaking, readingand writing ,. English language teaching is made difficult by the increasing large classes that we face and the hotafternoons where most of these classes are carried out.So the question arises how to generate interest among students.

Given that most students will only actually use the English language within the four walls of the classroom,

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CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES

TO DEVELOP COMMUNICATIVE

COMPETENCIES IN ENGLISH

it is of utmost significance that teachers imbue that sense of interest for learning English within the hearts of theircharges. The power of stimulating such a sense lies predominantly in the hands of the teacher. Many students areafraid to communicate in English for fear of being laughed at by their peers. We teach English because we want topass on the joy of knowing, understanding and using the language well. But the problems arise when students arenot motivated to learn English. Both students and teachers get discouraged when they do not know where they areheading, in terms of language taught and language learnt.

Considering students' problems:Understanding our students' setbacks and difficulties goes a long way towards building the teacher-

student rapport that is essential for the inculcation of a good attitude towards learning the language.Behavioural theorists such as Hull, Guthrie, Thorndike and Skinner focus on the role of reinforcement in

motivating the individual to behave in certain ways. Feedback (positive, negative or neutral) and reinforcement(positive or negative) motivate both students and teachers to correct mistakes and to develop new plans for languagelearning. The power of encouragement as proposed by the Behaviourist theorists cannot be understated if we wantour students to catch the passion of learning the English language. The ultimate objective of learning a language isthat the learner should be able to speak in the language taught. Every student perceives, conceptualizes, acquiresinformation, forms ideas, processes and memorises and forms value judgments differently. Motivational factorsaffect the way they react to the classroom environment and to the acquisition of basic educational skills.(Collinson,2000) Hence, it is necessary to capture the learners' interest and attention before any results can beachieved.

Considering teachers' problems:The independent variable of the teaching learning process ie. the teacher has to be more creative and

innovative in order to make his pupils more productive in terms of possession of communicative competencies. Ifthe various approaches could be identified and a system of their use developed which could be taught , people couldbe more productive in meetings and in collaborating within groups and teams by deliberately using the approaches.Divergent thinking including critical and creative thinking, having emotional and positive bond with pupils can go afar way in this regard. Looking at it from all the viewpoints just three words: creativity, understanding andencouragement would work. But most of the teachers use only one or two of the approaches and their thinking habitsand perspectives of their surroundings are influenced by their limited approaches. Hence, teachers have to be morebold and innovative.

SOME CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES1. Use of everyday objects to bring fun into the classroom

Surrounding us is a wealth of information that can be used and reused in the everyday English languageclassroom. The presence of the everyday materials itself as a learning tool is a novelty. Trying to make our classesinteresting can be one uphill battle. As language teachers we are always foraging for ideas to keep the class 'afloat' inthe sea of indifference, passivity and nonchalance. How can we challenge our students to speak and to participate?How can we motivate students who are not able to visualize the importance of the English language in the everydayworld and subsequently do not see the need to master it well?

Every teacher and student is creative if he is given the opportunity, time and support to express that creativity.Activities for language teaching can be based on everyday materials. We should not be afraid to try outunconventional tools based on personal experience in the classroom.

2. Task-based teaching/ Activity-centred teachingStudents need opportunities to be active participants in tasks that require them to negotiate meaning and

practice language in communication with their teacher, their peers, and others. Using projects and everydaymaterials to teach English is like an adventure. It basically consists of hands-on learning and debriefing. Hands-onlearning is learner-based., process-oriented and relational. It involves shared experiences in a particular situation.Through active discussion, students discover language principles at work in the situation. Through debriefing,students are able to sort and order the information gathered and relate it to the lesson. The teacher guides thestudents but it is the students who actually discover for themselves what is being taught. In fact, not using theprescribed textbook for an English lesson occasionally is a refreshing change.

3. Group work/ pair workMost task-based activities are done in groups or pairs. This eliminates anxiety and encourages teamwork. If the

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outcome is good, the team feels proud. If mistakes are made, no one individual is singled out. This provides asolution to problems caused by the Asian stigma of 'losing face.' Other than enjoyment, students are more motivatedto speak and to come out of their 'shells'.

They gain more confidence in speaking the target language and more often than not they learn more new wordsas their team members will help them when they find difficulty in expressing themselves. What is noteworthy is thatthey are more willing to speak and they are not afraid to stammer or stumble in the process of putting their thoughtsacross.

Working in groups gives the students greater opportunities in the production of the target language. Whenstudents prepare themselves to present their project before the other students in the class, they are able to producemore spoken target language when compared to a traditional teacher talk lesson. To quote Davies (1990), discussionsessions would certainly increase the amount of individual student talking time.

4. Thematic teaching methodsThe use of a thematic approach organizes subject matter around a unifying theme allows students to make

important connections in their learning and understand more of the four skills. By planning thematic units, theteacher is able to incorporate a variety of language concepts into an interesting topic area which gives students areason to use the language. Themes and lessons should integrate language, content, and culture into activities thatallow students to practice the language and that prepare them to use it in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, studentsneed to be able to interpret the language, express themselves in the language, and negotiate meaning in the language(Savignon, 1997). Visuals and manipulatives, gestures, sounds, and actions all help students understand the newvocabulary and structures.

5. Regenerate the Sentence Diagram

Sentence diagrams explore the structures and patterns of language; however, in many curricula, the sentencediagram has fallen out of use. This is unfortunate because if used properly, the sentence diagram can make grammarmore appealing to math lovers, visual learners and analytical thinkers. Students in first grade can begin with a simplediagram of the subject and verb. Diagramming will become more complex in the upper grades as students addmodifiers, phrases and clauses. Some consider the visual aspect of the sentence diagram a work of art. Afterward,have students diagram sentences from unusual sources: favorites lines from movies, TV shows and songs; favoritebooks; or something someone said to them that they will never forget.

6. Google It

Innovative teachers use all sorts of methods to engage students in writing projects. Spur interest in sentencewriting with characters students create using googly eyes, which are available in all shapes and sizes in any craftstore. Tell students they must create a character and then design a visual representation of that character using a pairof googly eyes. Students in all grades appreciate the amusement invoked by these three-dimensional characters.After students have created their “paper doll,” tell them to write several sentences in which this character is thesubject. Incorporate several possible examples of syntax. For example, write simple, compound and complexsentences that contain a prepositional or verbal phrase. Have students switch dolls and write more sentences.

7. Contextualize Grammar Concepts

Students in grades three and up can be taught to identify grammar in context. Tell students to bring in any kindof reading material they enjoy the most. This can be their favorite novel, a comic book, or an article from a favoritemagazine or blog. Then have them find examples of whichever grammar concept you are studying in class. Forinstance, if you are studying the parts of speech, have them find sentences that contain prepositional phrases. If youare studying verb tenses, have them underline the verbs in a paragraph and note how the tense remains consistentthroughout. Further practice could include having them change the verb tense of the passage, being careful toconjugate verbs properly.8. Enacting the stories

Stories form a very integral part of teaching a language. These stories help teach the students about theformation of sentences and how to express their thoughts and a lot of other things and plus they help in keeping thestudents interest alive as the story”s end is something that every student wants to know. It appeals to the inquisitivenature of the students. A story is supposed to appeal to the creative part of the brain. It helps us be more imaginative,by trying to visualize the things that are happening inside the story. It should not only teach them the language but it

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TO DEVELOP COMMUNICATIVE

COMPETENCIES IN ENGLISH

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should also help them in extracting a lesson from the story. There is a better way of using the stories to English usingstories. The students can enact the stories or the plays. In this way the students are personally engaged with thestories. They can bring their own interpretation of the character to life. It is interesting for the students to understandthe characters and put themselves in their positions. It engages their creativity by allowing them to create the entireset, assign the characters and play it out according to what they had imagined .

9. Teaching through conversationsConversations are by far the most useful ways of teaching the language. When a child learns his or her mother

tongue it is by the conversations that takes place between them and others or by listening to the conversations madeby the others. The child is never taught the language but is still able to percept the meaning and learns itautomatically to use it in day to day life. No one ever teaches the kid the characters of the language or how to makesentences or the grammar of that language. The conversations alone teach the children. Hence conversations form avery important part of the teaching process. The sentence construction and the grammar is not something that can beentirely taught by rules. They have to be taught intuitively. That can only happen through a lot of reading and a lot oflistening. This can be taken care of easily as every conversation needs a topic. The topic can be given to the students inform of written documents which they have to first read then form an opinion and then have a conversation about itor it can be spoken out and then they can listen, understand and also take part in the conversation. The participationand other aspects of the conversation can always be evaluated through points which will also push the students totake part in the conversation.

10. Teaching through gamesThis is a very interesting method of teaching. Students and children generally tend to like games and want to

play them more and more. The games part of learning would help the students keep their interest as the desire to winis very strong. It keeps us going and when included with different aspects of learning the learning process wouldcontinue almost throughout the day without the children getting tired or bored of studying. The most important partof any language is the vocabulary. To understand the meaning of the words and to use them in day to day life is a verydifficult task and games can help the students overcome this in our communications and the way the animalscommunicate. Games like scrabble, housie etc. have been designed for this specific purpose. These games are justbased on words and help the students develop their vocabulary. In addition to these very simple games can beplayed to help improve the word database of the students such as simple dictation competitions, synonymcompetitions, words puzzles, anagrams and hangman. All these games are very addictive and help a lot inimproving our vocabulary as whenever the student hears a new word the first question that comes up is “what is itsmeaning?” and in this way the vocabulary improves and most of the times we don t even have to consult the!

dictionary.

11. CompetitionsMost of the times competitions like debates and elocutions also help the help the students a lot in learning the

language as the aspect of the competitions keep them at the best in conversations. It forces them to use the bestpossible construction of sentences to put forward their opinions and to use good vocabulary etc. This is a veryimportant tool in helping them learn the language.

12. Creative assignmentsUp till now most of the techniques that we discussed required a greater amount of effort on the student”s part.

This method requires effort on the teacher”s part. Assignments help the students learn something on their own andmost of the times they have to research on something then write something up on it. This method although effective ismost of the times very tedious. In languages the students should be given assignments in which they have to modifysomething that already exists. If the students are just given assignments like „write a story or a poem or a report, thenmost of the students crack because not everyone can come up with a story or even if they come up with one theycannot write it down. In such case the students should be given the base knowledge and data and then ask them tomodify the data for example the students can be given a base story and then ask them to modify a part of it. Thisengages their creativity and also helps them overcome their difficulty of writing.

13. Help from the multimediaMultimedia sources like songs, movies, TV series, magazines, newspapers play a very vital role in improving

our language. We don”t even realize that they have helped us. Such sources can be used to help the students improvetheir language. But great precautions must be taken. This method should be used in the final stages of learning as that

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is the only place where there is no scope of damage as most of the movies and songs etc. use colloquial English most ofthe times which is grammatically wrong and it is very important that the students understand that fact so that they donot use that form of the language in their everyday usage. Apart from that this source is very helpful as it does not feellike education. This is something that the students will do in their spare time.. Hence this method is again veryeffective in teaching the language. Traditional methods of reading newspapers and books, novels are also very goodmethods to teach the language

14. Silent Way Approach-

This approach is targeted towards use of language for self-expression , to develop independence from theteacher and to develop inner criteria for correctness in students. Here teaching is subordinated to learning. Thestudents are responsible for their own learning. The teacher is silent most of the time but vey active in setting upsituations and listening to students; he/she speaks only to give clues. Student-student interactions is encouraged.The students begin with associating sounds in their native language to a sound-color chart. The teacher thenprovides situations to focus attention on structure. The students interact as each situation requires. The teacher useserrors made by the students as in index on where instruction on the target language is not effective. She/He adjustsinstruction accordingly.

15. Suggestopedia ApproachThis approach is aimed at learning with accelerated pace a foreign language for everyday communication by

tapping mental powers and overcoming psychological barriers. In this approach the power of suggestion is used tohelp the students eliminate the feeling that they cannot succeed. Learning is facilitated in a relaxed comfortableenvironment with dim lights, and soft music. The students' imagination is used to aid learning. The students assumenew names and new identities and respond to the teacher accordingly, using the target language in communicating.Grammar and vocabulary are presented and explained but discussed at length. Meanings can be made clear throughnative language translation.

16. Community Language Learning-Aimed at learning language communicatively , to take responsibility for learning , to approach the task non

defensively, never separating intellect from feelings. Characterized by non defensive learning requiring security,aggression(students assert and involve themselves), attention, reflection(students think about language and theirexperience in learning it), retention, and discrimination (sorting out target language forms). Cooperation isencouraged; the teacher and the students together make decisions in class. The teacher routinely probes the students'attitudes toward learning and helps them overcome their negative feelings. Particular grammar, pronunciation, andvocabulary points are treated based on the students' expressed needs. Understanding and speaking are emphasized.The native language is used in conversations, instructions, and sessions for expressing feelings. Learning aboutaspects of culture is integrated with language learning. A nonthreatening teaching style is encouraged; correct formsare modeled. There is no specific means of evaluation but adhere to principles is urged. Integrative tests are preferredover discrete-point tests. Self-evaluation is encouraged to promote the students' awareness of their progress.

17. Total Physical Response Approach-

Targeted to promote an enjoyable learning experience with minimum stress, under this approach essons beginlwith commands given by the teacher which the students execute. Activities are novel, often humorous, and includegames and skits. There is teacher-student or student-student interaction: the teacher speaks, the students respond; ora student gives suggestions to another student with the teacher's guidance. Oral communication is stressed; theculture or life-style of native speakers is considered when learning the target language. Meanings in the targetlanguage are often made clear through actions. The students are expected to commit errors when they beginspeaking. Only major errors are corrected and correction is done unobtrusively. Evaluation is done throughobservation of the students' actions. Formal evaluation is achieved through commands given by the teacher andresponded to by the students through a series of actions.

18. Communicative Approach Aims at helping the students to become communicatively competent , to use thelanguage appropriate for a given social context , as well as to manage the process of relating meaning withinterlocutors. Activities are communicative; speakers have a choice of what to say and how to say it; feedback fromtheir listeners will determine if the purpose is achieved. Authentic materials are used as text. Emphasis is ondeveloping the motivation to learn through establishing meaningful things to do with the target language. Grammarand vocabulary that the students learn follow from the function, the situational context, and the roles of the

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CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES

TO DEVELOP COMMUNICATIVE

COMPETENCIES IN ENGLISH

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interlocutors. The teacher is the facilitator of the students' learning: as manager he/she establishes situations; asadviser he/she answers questions and monitors performances; and as communicator he/she engages incommunicative activity with the students. The students use the language through such communicative activities asgames, role plays, and problem-solving tasks. Activities are often carried out by the students in small groups.

19. Language Experience Approach Goals to integrate listening, reading and writing skills development with theexisting language of the students. Instruction is built on the use of reading materials created by writing the students'spoken language. There is no built-in scope and sequence of skills or vocabulary control; skills and vocabulary arelearned as they arise during dictation. The students' spoken language is relied upon more than the strict adherence tostandard English as the only form of acceptable language. Emphasis is on familiar words, such as those that appearon labels, signs, and cooking. Emphasis is given to expressive words, such as dramatics, arts, music and cooking. Thisis an ungraded and individualized method in which the students progress at their own rate. There is early fosteringof the students' independence and self-directed learning.

20. Management Systems Approach Aims to provide an individualized, carefully monitored, and skills specificapproach to reading instruction. The management systems approach is of several types :a. Program-dependent typesare designed to be used with basal readers. Program-independent types such supplementary materials or modulesare used independently of the basal readers. There is a list of behaviorally stated reading objectives that range fromthe pre-reading level to the upper grades. Records, like student-profile cards, indicate the program available toparents. Guides are provided to match various instructional and periodic materials to the specific objectives. Variousorganization plans and grouping strategies (e.g., based on age, ability, interest, and the like) are used. A set criterion-referenced tests determines if the students has mastered specific objectives. Tests are individually administered.

21. Whole Language Approach is targeted towards using communication situations to express ideas and feelingsand to foster love of reading for enjoyment. Here the teacher and the students work collaboratively. Authentic textsor real children's literature— fairy tales, folktales, fables, legends, myths, poem s, parables, and riddles—are used forreading lessons. The teacher provides a lot of group interaction through a variety of strategies: speech choir, jazzchants, chamber theater, readers theater, and finger plays. Comprehension is supported by active interpretation.Comprehension is enhanced by activating prior knowledge, using advance organizers and prediction techniques.Listening and speaking activities pave the way for setting the purpose, surveying the text, predicting outcomes, andconsidering literary elements.

CONCLUSIONCreativity, understanding and encouragement will go a long way towards establishing rapport with our

students and towards learning the English language. Using task-based learning to teach English does not fall into thewell-tried comfort zone of traditional teaching. The introduction of task-based learning into the classroom maybring about the fear that 'there is no teaching going on'. It is necessary that teachers try using other materials as ateaching resource and follow unconventional approaches of language teaching. By incorporating above mentionedtypes of handsome strategies and approaches into their everyday language classroom, teachers can prepare studentsto enter the real world. Teachers can create a non-threatening environment to encourage both shy and talkativestudents to participate. In short, teachers can help students catch the passion for learning English. . Hence innovativemethods help in bringing a change and most of the times for the better. It helps the students learn faster and in anefficient, interesting and an interactive manner and it is the teacher's responsibility to leave the traditional methodsand make way for new and better methods for the students benefit . This is the only way through which we can chasethe dream to be able to communicate like a native speaker.

REFERENCES� Anburaj, Mr. G., Christopher, G, Ming Ms. Ni;(2014) “ Innovative Methods of Teaching English Language” IOSR

Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 8, Ver. IV (Aug. 2014), PP 62-65 e-ISSN:2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org

� http://www.brookes.ac.uk/schools/social/research/news2/newsp24.html

� Davies, P. (1990). The Use of Drama in English Language Teaching. TESL, Canada Journal 8,1:87-99� Ma. Martha Manette A. Madrid, Ed.D.(2010) “TeachingApproaches, Methods and Techniques in English”

Professor, College of Teacher Education Panpacific University North Philippines Urdaneta City, Pangasinan,Philippines [email protected]

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

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Neeta Kaushik

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES

TO DEVELOP COMMUNICATIVE

COMPETENCIES IN ENGLISH

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ABSTRACT

R.K. Narayan is one of the most acclaimed writers in Indo-Anglican Fiction. He is the most charming teller oftraditional tales, a creator of realist fiction which is often gentle, humorous and warm rather than bitter, cold orprofound. Being primarily traditional, he had undying faith in traditions, human relationships and social andmoral norms. Through fictional world he intends to assert that one should always stick to one's roots in order tolead a peaceful and harmonious life. Roots are nothing but another name of traditional values, beliefs and above allmoral conscience. Conscience that guides us and shows what is right and wrong. To Narayan, strict adherence ofsocial and moral norms leads to a happy and blessed life, on the other hand, derivation from the above leads one'slife to disorder and emotional trauma. My paper entitled 'Making a Choice: A Critical Analysis of Narayan'sCharacters in Guide' intends to focus on Narayan's vision of human relationship and society. Both areindispensably woven together, so one can not assume to have long lasting peace and joy if one violates social order.

MAKING A CHOICE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NARAYAN'S

CHARACTERS IN “THE GUIDE”

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Nalini JainAsso. Prof. & Head,

Deptt. of English, S.M.J.N. (P.G.) College,Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

R.K. Narayan is one of the most acclaimed writers in Indo Anglican Fiction. He is the most charming teller oftraditional tales, a creator of realist fiction which is often gentle, humorous and warm rather than bitter, cold orprofound. Being primarily traditional, he had undying faith in traditions, human relationships and social and moralnorms. Through fictional world he intends to assert that one should always stick to one's roots in order to lead apeaceful and harmonious life. Roots are nothing but another name of traditional values, beliefs and above all moralconscience. Conscience that guides us and shows what is right and wrong. To Narayan, strict adherence of social andmoral norms leads to a happy and blessed life, on the other hand derivation from the above leads one's life to disorderand emotional trauma. His most famous novel (1958) is a fine work that reflects Narayan's ethical visionThe Guide

in the most natural way through the narrative itself. Being a pure artist Narayan primarily writes for aesthetic relishand not for any ulterior motive like propagating his views on his readers. His novels are not built up around anofficious message or didactic purpose. They are the superb analytical study of real men and women in context oftradition and modernity. My paper entitled 'Making a Choice: A Critical Analysis of Narayan's Characters in

Guide' intends to focus on Narayan's vision of human relationship and society. Both are indispensably woventogether, so one can not assume to have long lasting peace and joy if one violates social order.

Narayan is a penetrating analyst of human passions and human motives, which makes him a great critic ofhuman conduct. He holds a mirror to nature, and like a mirror shows nature truthfully without any distortion.Despite this, he does take the pain to communicate that bad or evil actions lead to similar consequences and goodactions yield good results. There is no doubt that Narayan's vision is essentially moral, for the problems he setshimself to resolve in his novels are largely ethical. Besides, it usually revolves around Hindu traditionalism andinvolves a confrontation when that traditionalism is defied by the characters that entertain a more modern and moreguilelessly individualistic attitude. In The Guide, Narayan's main characters resist the traditional, religious andfamilial duties and then inadvertently drift towards their destined doom because in Narayan's system the aberrationor disorder caused by the non-adherence of norms definitely leads to adverse outcomes. However, Narayan's moralvision is not consciously or explicitly cultivated in his writings, it is incidentally and inherently part of his art of story-telling and of the cultural environment, which is the background for all his stories.

In the novel The Guide the protagonist Raju encounters questions of traditional existence when he sets outto realize his dreams and aspirations. He does not care to abide by the social and moral norms when it comes to Rosie.He seduces Rosie, the other man Marco's wife, begins living with her, and thus violates a major conventional order.The whole society including his own widowed mother stands against him but he puts a blind eye on the severity ofthe chaotic situation. He gets into financial trouble and becomes a kind of social outcast due to his relationship withRosie but he refuses to mend his ways and thus fails to bring order and harmony in his own life and his surrounding

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Nalini Jain

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

MAKING A CHOICE: A CRITICAL

ANALYSIS OF NARAYAN'S CHARACTERS

IN “THE GUIDE”

society. Raju's life becomes a total failure and he earns the wrath of everyone around him because he deals erraticallywith each one of him or her. Krishna Sen aptly observes in this context: “The theme revolves around Raju's failure tofulfil the moral responsibilities of being a guide-that is, to show the true path and interpret it correctly”. (23)

Strikingly, Narayan's human experience and compassion constitute a mature existential vision which isvitalized by his humorous narration and given depth by his acceptance of traditional and religious values, which atvarious points in his narratives, place his characters in moral relief. His humour discriminates between thepermanent and the absurd, thus while Narayan gently mocks some peculiar, pretentious of hypocritical attachmentsto traditional customs, or displays some of the inept incongruities which result from a blunt attempt to amalgamatetraditional way, provides the best guarantee of joy and fulfillment. In the novel, Raju is portrayed as an ordinary andnot-so-great human being and Narayan presents in a humorous yet serious vein, his clumsy attempts at realizing hispotential for greatness and also the spectacle of his efforts towards maturity that is spiritually enlightening andmorally uplifting. We see Raju maturing before us by stages, over a period of time. His self awareness is hard earnedbut not in the way in which a tragic character earns it. The cleansing takes place, no doubt, but not in the heroic strain.As Raju is a kind of anti-hero, Narayan does not show this reach the tragic height of Shakespeare's'common man'

protagonists, although Raju's self-awareness and the sense of social and spiritual fulfillment that results from it in theend, is something that astonishes us and elicits appreciation.

Further, if we observe in the novel, we find many characters and situations which can be analyzed in contextof clash of choices. Narayan shows cleverly the cleft between the individual desire or passion and the social reason.Rosie is swayed by her free will to exist as a great dancer and the moment she dares to trespass social taboos to fulfilher passion, sorrow, shame, guilt and anxiety come on her way. She is socially an outcaste as she defies the traditionof marriage by living with Raju at his home against the consent of his mother; likewise Marco makes a choice andlives by it committed as a research scholar. In fact Raju, Rosie and Marco do not accept life as it comes to them. Theyassert their 'free well' and make their existential choices. All three deviate from the normal course of their livessanctioned to them by society and the results are disastrous and alarming. Marco loses his wife, Rosie her husbandand Raju loses everything and lands himself in jail. The existing social order comes on the way of their fulfilments. Nodoubt, Narayan is always, though indirectly, on the side of social order, tradition and roots.

A close study of the above makes it clear that all three make a 'new world' of their own defying the outerworld, the outcome is nothing but pain, agony and shame. This is one group of characters who dare to live on theirown terms and thus suffer terribly. There is also another group of characters, simple credulous and traditional whosimply live as a part of . Velan,social consciousness and prefer social righteousness to individual righteousness

Gaffur, Raju's mother and his maternal uncle fall in this category.There is no human existence apart from the world in which he exists. The human existence is not a self

sufficient point of consciousness to which a world gets added on. To exist is already to be in a world. And if it is truethat the human existent organized his world it is also true that the world has independence over against him, thatthere are elements in it which stubbornly resist man's efforts to comprehend things in a uniform order that the worldreacts on man as surely as man acts of the world. Sartre says, Without the world, there is no selfhood, no person,without selfhood, without the person, there is no world.

Like Narayan's other novels, too begins with realistic settings and everyday happenings in theThe Guide

lives of a cross-section of Indian society, with characters of all sections. Gradually fate or chance, fault or blundertransforms mundane events to fantastic happenings. Unexpected disasters befall the hero as easily as unforeseengood fortune. The characters accept their fates with an equanimity that suggests the faith that things will somehowturn out happily. This, in a way implies the basic viewpoint of the novelist and depicts the approach towards life heseems to advocate. Raju, like a leaf drifts away with the wind of circumstances, reaches his nadir when he getsimprisoned, is given a second chance and then hopes for a better tomorrow. P.S. Ramana observes: Narayan hasstudied a character first on the test of social order i.e. in the context of his community, set up and social environment,secondly, he studies a character in relation to himself. (44)� Thus, the role of traditional values and philosophical touch to human relationship has been emphasized byNarayan apparently in The Guide too, like his other novels. Narayan presents the characters passing through aperiod of struggle and transformation but towards the end they attain a new vitality, which provides them with anew explication of common situations. The normalcy in the life of Raju comes, only because of his submission totraditional values and self realization. Further, Narayan's vision also embodies the great theory of order anddisorder. He applies a pattern in almost all his novels including The Guide. This pattern is found in the relationshipbetween Raju and his mother, Marco and Rosie and even Raju and Rosie. Order and peace prevails in these

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relationships in the beginnings, but this order does not remain for a long time. These relationships do not attain anysuitable dimension because the motives of the individuals involved in these relationships clash with each other andtheir viewpoints and attitudes differ from each other.� When these characters comprehend the transient nature of human relationship based on selfishness andcontrary purpose, the relationships split. But by the end, as they learn the lesson that traditional values aremandatory for any human being to achieve salvation and self realization, they attain spiritual calm and tranquility inlife. Narayan shows that it is these values that help a person to maintain his or her equilibrium in times of discord,disagreement of motives and conflict. For instance, when in the novel, 'Raju, the worldly man, turns into a Swami topenance, he negates the world of egoistical pleasure to seek in an act of goodness and God the ultimate goal of his life'(Mukhopadhyay 18). It is interesting to note that although, most of R.K. Narayan's characters have grounding in thecultural life of their society and have deeply absorbed and assumed the philosophical ways of life, there are some,who are outgoing and bold in their approach. Characters like Raju and Rosie besides cherishing the ancient valuesand retaining the traditional ways of life, do not yet hesitate in bringing about a change, adopting and adapting to themodern ways of life. But thankfully, when they cross the line of social dignity in doing so, they are pulled back on theright path by twisted circumstances and situations.� Through his characters, Narayan invites us to realize the enternal relation between the finite individual souland the infinite Supreme Power. Raju, in fact represents the individual soul, entrapped in this illusory, World, madlyrunning after material and social gains to fulfil his worldly desires. Raju invariably moves to the path of moral andsocial transgression. He commits the crime of forgery and accordingly is sent to prison. Imprisonment leads him toself realization and he goes through varied stages of human life like greed, passion, derires and above all irresistiblelonging for name and fame. He has to combat with inner foes and finally reaches the ideal pure state of Sainthood. SoRaju's is the journey of every human soul existing in this universe from ignorance to knowledge, from darkness tolight from slavery to liberation. Narayan has very skillfully shown the ultimate reality of life that is the transience ofmaterial world and the outer self and the immortally and veracity of spiritual world and the inner self. Selfrealization plays a vital role in this beautiful journey of self exploration.

REFERENCES

� Narayan, R.K. The Guide, Chennai : Indian Thought , 2011, Print.� Ramana, P.S. Message in Design : A Study of R.K. Narayan's Fiction, New Delhi : Harman, 1993, Print.� Sen, Krishna, Critical Essays on R.K. Narayan's The Guide with an Introduction to Narayan's Novels, Kolkatta :

Orient Longman, 2004, Print.� Sharma, S.C., and Birendra Kumar, R.K. Narayan's Novels : A Mix Myth and Reality, R.K. Narayan : Reflections

and Re-evaluation. Comp. Chhote Lal Khatri, New Delhi, Sarup, 2006, Print.� Mukhopadhyay, Partha Kumar, The Critical Quest : Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy and R.K. Narayan's

The Guide, Indian English Poetry and Fiction, A Critical Evaluation, Ed. N.R. Gopal and Suman Sachar, NewDelhi, Atlantic, 2000, Print.

� K.K., Srinivas Iyengor, Indian Writing in English 3 ed. Rer, New Delhi, Sterling Publishers, 1983.rd

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 64-66 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

Nalini Jain

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

MAKING A CHOICE: A CRITICAL

ANALYSIS OF NARAYAN'S CHARACTERS

IN “THE GUIDE”

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ABSTRACT

The society that we live in today is dominated by technology which has transformed or has the potential totransform the way we live and relate to one another. This transformation may however not necessarily be a positiveone. As technology can be double- edged sword which can either reduce division in the society or amplify them.Information and communication technology becomes more commonplace, competence with computers andfamiliarities with online services are necessary in order to participate in modern life. There is however a largesections of the societies who are unable to access digital technology. This has lead to the phenomenon of 'digitaldivision' which serves to heighten educational and social stratification. To counter this force, 'digital inclusion' isa vital means of achieving social inclusion in the global society. Digital inclusion means all the member of thesociety are able to access the technology which will help determine how people learn and work how they interactwith society and exercise their rights and responsibilities. Technology is one of the most powerful catalysts ofchange at hand today. But technology, in itself, is just a tool. The true challenge is making technology relevant anduseful in the context of marginalized populations. As 79% of the world remains digitally excluded and everysingle day the importance of technology in creating a sustainable social impact becomes ever more urgent.

- Digital Divide, Digital inclusion.Key Words

CONCERN FOR DIGITAL INCLUSION

IN THE GLOBAL SOCIETY

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Aiman Nafis AhmadSRF, Dept. of Education,University of Lucknow,

Lucknow (U.P.)

VidyapatiHead & Dean,Dept. of Education, Ewing Christian College,(an autonomous constituent college ofAllahabad University), Allahabad (U.P.)

The society that we live in today is dominated by technology which has transformed or has the potential totransform the way we live and relate to one another. This transformation may however not necessarily be a positiveone. As technology can be double- edged sword which can either reduce division in the society or amplify them(Saele 2010). Due to technological advancement the world has shrunk into the global village. But on the other hand ithas also led to global division, more precisely into 'digital division.' Today, Information and CommunicationTechnologies (ICTs) has become a commonplace, competence with computers and familiarities with online servicesare necessary in order to participate in modern life. There is however a large sections of the societies which are unableto access digital technology. This has lead to the phenomenon of 'digital division' which serves to heighteneducational and social stratification. To counter this force, 'digital inclusion' is a vital means of achieving socialinclusion in the global society.

Rai (2002) explains that in the present day Information society, literacy means computer literacy. Even themarginally literate people will not be able to survive and compete in the global society without the knowledge ofcomputer. Various electronic resources such as e-book, e-journal is available and their accessibility is inevitable forthe learning community including teachers and students to update their knowledge. Information Technology is anamalgam of great inventions of the 21 century which has acquired an important place in almost all aspect of humanst

life and particularly in the field of education in a very short span of time. For education to reap the full benefit of ICTin learning, the learning community must have training in necessary skills to merge today's technologies intolearning activities. ICTs to improve learning the student and teacher must have sufficient access to digitaltechnologies. High quality, meaningful and culturally responsive digital content must be available.

The International Commission of Education for the 21 century, 1996, rightly purposes building on the fourst

pillars that are foundation of Education- Learning to be, Learning to Know, Learning to do and Learning to Livetogether. In these four pillars, the last one is given least importance and mostly taken for granted. The concept ofDigital Inclusion takes care of this matter as it talks of interconnectivity between all. As for any activity information isa resource and it is all the more important in today's knowledge based society. Information is dynamic in growth andinfinite in quantum. The dynamic growth and abundance of information on the one hand and advancement ofcomputer on the other paved the way for the growth of electronic form of information.

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

CONCERN FOR DIGITAL

INCLUSION IN THE

GLOBAL SOCIETY

The most important human contribution to society development is its ability to generate new knowledge, toshare and distribute it among communities, and to find innovative ways to utilize knowledge to further theprosperity of society. Sharing and strengthening of global knowledge for the sake of development can be enhancedby ensuring equitable access to information for all.

Digital InclusionICT now play an integral role in people's employment, education, their involvement in civic and political affairs

as well as consumption of leisure and entertainment services. ICT now lies at the heart of most of the activities whichare seen to constitute social inclusion. This revolution in ICTs has increased use of digital resources has resulted inthe division of society into information rich and information poor. As a result of difference in the opportunity toaccess information, the society is segregating into haves and has not which is known as digital divide. FormerSecretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan has defined the value of information technologies and has alsoshown some apprehension about it as “The new information and communications technologies are among thedriving forces of globalization. They are bringing people together, and bringing decision-makers unprecedentednew tools for development. At the same time, however, the gap between information 'haves' and 'have-nots' iswidening, and there is a real danger that the world's poor will be excluded from the emerging knowledge-basedglobal economy”.

Acknowledging that digital divide can be viewed as a social problem, if we consider now that technology mattermost in our daily lives. For learning society it is argued that if they fail to engage with technologies they risk fallingbehind in the knowledge based society and will ultimately suffer in the long run. Though the digital division is aglobal phenomenon, it is more acute in the academic community among the developing nation. Digital Inclusion is away out, when all the member of the society are able to access the affordances offered by technology use. In otherwords if computer and internet are distributed equally and used well, they are viewed as powerful tool to increaselearning among marginalized student and provide great access to a broader information society. Digital inclusionensure that those in our communities who wish to access new technology, the benefit that digital inclusion bring areable to do so irrespective of income and disabilities.

Scope of Digital InclusionDigital Inclusion is as much social, cultural, cognitive concept as it is technical one. To become a full participant

in our society, involves the tangible factor such as access to computer and less tangible factor such as the skill throughwhich an individual interact with the computer. Digital inclusion is all about opportunities; and therefore digitalexclusion is understood to be at the heart of many problems that exist in our society. Digital Inclusion is concernedwith addressing inequalities, in addition, it encompasses a number of inter related concept such as access, use,empowerment, participation and Inclusive education which are explained below-

Access- access to digital technologies is the first step towards digital Inclusion. Shah & Safol (2011) their researchfinding indicates that the majority of the stakeholder in education believes that lack of appropriate software, lack ofhardware are the main challenges for integrating ICTs in education in India. Dalal (2006) pointed out to the fact thattoday teacher are expected to teach with technology in the classroom of tomorrow. However the resources availableto the teacher are in term of the software, hardware, networking varies greatly.

In the context of Digital Inclusion, barrier to access means (Jalaja & Koovakkai 2004):Mental Access- this barrier is caused by the attitude of the society towards ICTs. Lack of interest, anxiety etc.

which lead to non use of digital informationMaterial Access- Non availability of computer and network connections will also lead to digital divide.Skill Access- Lack of skill in using the computer and communication equipment prevents a grasp of people in

accessing the digital information.Usage- in the context of digital inclusion means an individual being able to use the technology that they have

access to. The best use of technology is smart use which means using technology as and when appropriate. Lack ofsignificant usage opportunities will create a usage gap which should be checked through digital inclusion.

Participation- educator has the responsibility to enhance student participation, thus become a part of currentinformation age. Thus participation of learning community in the digital era is of immense importance.

Empowerment- Digital inclusion is vehicle for empowerment. As it provide self sufficiency, resourcefulness. Itpromotes learning, Sasikala and Ravichandran (2002) emphasized that web promote learning and it provide flexiblelearning, it is anytime anywhere self paced learningInclusive education- Chugtai (2011) noted that teacher are facing dilemmas regarding the demand of inclusive

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education and proposes that through inclusive pedagogy it is possible to provide equitable as well as qualityeducation. ICTs offer a great potential to support lifelong learning for all groups of students, including those whohave special educational needs. The application of ICTs enhances independence, integration, and equalopportunities for such people and in this way will facilitate their inclusion in society as valued, respected, andcontributing members. ICTs have the capability to build a people-centered, inclusive and developmental orientedInformation Society.

Suggestions for enhancing Digital InclusionShared Vision- shared vision pro-active leadership and administrative support from the entire system is

needed. The sense of commitment for the technological inclusion in a collaborative environment should be thevision. The country vision of learning through technology also emphasizes the importance of all students havingequitable access and use of technology, special need students in fact all students need opportunities to usetechnology in meaningful way.

Easy Access- Learning community need access to current technologies, this access must be consistent across theentire environment. Also access to technology should be adequate and consistent throughout.

- The institution can convene a technology planningFormulation of Policy through integrating technologyteam both at the state level as well as the individual level comprising administrator, teacher, other instructional staff,technology coordinators, students. The team should first develop a clear goal, expectation. Rather than usingtechnology for technology sake the planning team should ensures that educational objective are achieved moreeffectively.

Professional development of teacher- It is important to provide professional development of teacher to helpthem choose the most appropriate technology. Student cannot be expected to benefit from the technology if theirteacher is neither familiar nor comfortable with it. Among the many reason of not using the technology in theclassroom is their lack of experience with the use of technology. Ongoing professional development is necessary andnot one time workshop. As teacher need sustained assistance not only in the use of technology but in the effort tointegrate technology in the curriculum.

Ongoing evaluation- Ongoing evaluation of technology applications and student achievement based on theoverall educational goal help to ensure that technology is appropriate, adaptable and useful. Multiple quantitativeand qualitative evaluation measure may be necessary to document student learning outcomes.Technical infrastructure and support- Proper use of technology requires a robust technical infrastructure andadequate technical support. If technology infrastructure is not robust enough it leads to teacher stress andfrustration.CONCLUSION

Technology is not and never will be transformational on its own as it has social aspect as well. It can play acrucial role in creating new opportunities for the whole learning community consisting of teacher and student.Digital inclusion will provide deep exploration and integration of information, creative thinking and profoundengagement in flexible mode of learning. Digital inclusion will be able to ensure the teacher; student, parents andcommunity member understand what role technology is playing and how its impact is being evaluated. Finally, theywill be able to justify the investments made in technology. It is a momentous opportunities for all the teacher andexpert in the country to pool their collective wisdom for the benefit of every learner and thereby reducing the digitaldivide in society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge.

REFERENCES

� Chungtai, I. B. (2011). Inclusion, Quality and Challenges for Teacher Education. Paper presented at the NationalSeminar of the Asssociation for Education Studies and Department of Education, Allahabad.

� Dalal, P. (2006). E- learning in india, Retreived, July 11, 2012, from http://www.cyberlawindia.blogspot.com� Jalaja, V. & Koovakkai, D. (2004). The Problem of Digital Divide among Academic Cummunity. University

News.42(3), P. 8.� Powar, K.B., Tiwari, M.D.& Dikship, H.P. (2002). : New Delhi Association of Indian Universities.ICT enabled education� Prabhu, C. & Chandra, C. (2001). Invasion of Information Technology , 38(46). Pp.6-8.. University News� Rai, L. P. (2002). Digitally Divided. Science Reporter. 39(11), Pp. 46-48.� Saele, J. (2010). Digital Inclusion. Retrieved, June 22, 2012, from http:// www. Digitalinclusion.pdf/fatse/htm#� Shah, H. & Sofal, F. A. (2011). Relevance of E- education for ODL system in the 21 Century. Technolearn. 1(1), Pp. 27-29.st

� United Nation Educational Scientific Cultural Organnization (2006). Institute for Information technologies in educationTraining material from http://www.unesco Moscow.org/pub/ed2359/

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INCLUSION IN THE

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ABSTRACT

Mastering grammar is the foundation in the proficiency of a language. Grammar teaching is also an essentialpart of language teaching. However, with the communicative approach was introduced into India, many foreignlanguage teachers gradually make little of grammar teaching. In terms of the theory of linguistics, this paperspecifically explores the status of grammar in language learning, the characteristics of foreign language learning,theoretical basis of communicative teaching approach, and the practical effect of ignoring grammar teaching toreposition grammar teaching for a comprehensive understanding of the necessity of teaching grammar.

: Communicative approach, Grammar teaching, Theory of LinguisticsKeywords

TEACHING OF GRAMMAR

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Pramila GuptaPrincipal,

Doon Valley College of Education(Affiliated to Kurukshetra University),

Chirao, Karnal (Haryana)

Bharti GuptaM A (English) Student,Punjab University,Chandigarh (UT)

1. IntroductionGrammar as a set of rules for choosing words and putting words together to make sense plays a significant role

in language teaching. Without grammar, language does not exist. Also, it is difficult for students to speak Englishwell without learning English grammar. So, in the formal education, it is inevitable for teachers who teach foreignlanguages to teach grammar. However, with the development of the history of language teaching, the position ofEnglish grammar in language teaching has always been disputed. From a historical point of view, people began tolearn English grammar in the 16th century, during which anti-grammar teaching ever occurred, and subsequentlyEnglish grammar in language teaching experienced several ups and downs. As “communicative approach” wasintroduced to India in the 70s of 20 century, educational reformers in India tend to emphasize the students'th

communicative ability to use the actual language. Some teachers simply think that is to dilute the teaching ofgrammar, without attention to grammar. Some teachers tend to neglect grammar teaching which is regarded asinherently “dull” or “old-fashioned”. Some are even going to extremes by avoiding talking about grammar underthe supposition that grammar teaching does no good to students' communicative competence.Therefore, grammar teaching is in a state of crisis. Now it is essential and imperative to arouse foreign languageteachers' attention to grammar. From the following different theoretical and practical arguments, our foreignlanguage teachers will have a new understanding of grammar's place in language teaching and learning.

2. The necessity of grammar teaching in terms of theory of linguisticsLinguistic theory is the basis of foreign language teaching. Principles and Methods of teaching are inseparable

from linguistic theory. The following different theoretical principles show the necessity of grammar teaching inforeign language learning.

2.1 The need of the components and basic features of languageThe components and basic features of language determine the need for grammar. Yu (2008) addresses that

although people have objections on what is the language, contemporary linguists all agree that language consists ofsound, lexicon and grammar, and these three elements influence each other, have interaction and constitute thematerial basis of the whole language system, i.e., the content of language can be expressed through sound, whilesound has to use lexicon and grammar to achieve its function; grammar is “the sound, structure, and meaning systemof language” (Schmitt, 2010), and only through the grammar can sound and lexicon form meaningful languagesystem. Therefore, linguists argue that grammar is the most important part in a language system. A completelanguage system cannot be constituted without grammar. Thus, we can imagine that grammar is just like a frame of ahouse. Without this framework, good materials and building blocks can not constitute a solid house. Many linguistsalso have incisive exposition on the importance of grammar. Bastone (1994) asserts that “language without grammarwould be chaotic; countless words without the indispensable guidelines for how they can be ordered and modified”.

– A Necessary Aspect

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TEACHING OF GRAMMAR

Chomsky (1965) explains that grammar can be thought of as a theory of a language. Thus, for foreign languageteachers, grammar is an indispensable part in language teaching.

Meanwhile, linguistics is the basis of foreign language teaching. The formulation of the principles of foreignlanguage teaching, the design of teaching methods and the choice of teaching methods should be associated with thefeature of language. According to Yu (2008), one of the basic features of language is that language is a creative system,that is, learners can employ limited rules of language to create unlimited language forms of expressing meaning.Zhang (1999) holds that “the object of foreign language teaching is speech of target language. Speech is the product oflanguage. We cannot learn all the unlimited speech of the target language, but can only learn the limited languageparadigm to obtain the ability to produce speech”. It is better to teach a man fishing than to give him fish.Accordingly, grammar as rules of language in foreign language teaching is just like “language paradigm” and“fishing” which are certainly necessary and indispensable to be taught to obtain the ability of language in teachers'language teaching.

2.2 The requirement of the standard of mastering a languageThe standard of mastering a language embodies the importance of grammar teaching. It is often said in the

real life that to master a foreign language is the need for social development. So, what should we learn to master aforeign language? On this issue, different people have different answers. Some people say that to understand alanguage is to understand its grammar and vocabulary well. Some say that it is to understand its grammar,vocabulary, and also to know how to use this language to do what we need. According to Liu (1999), to understand alanguage is to know grammar, vocabulary, text structure and rules of use in the culture, which jointly decide how touse decent language on specific occasions. Famous linguist Woods (1988) also addresses that when we say someoneunderstands a language, we mean the person has obtained the ability to produce the target language that can beaccepted in grammar. Although people have different viewpoints on the standard of mastering a language, there is acommonality, that is, to master a language must master its grammar.

2.3 The need of the feature of foreign language learning environmentThe feature of foreign language learning environment decides the necessity of grammar teaching. The

famous linguist Stern (1999) has defined such concepts as foreign language, first language, second language andnative language. Accordingly, Yu (2008) has discovered, English as a foreign language shows that there aresignificant differences from second language in learning environmental characteristics, learning motivation,learning interests, learning methods, etc., and second language can be learned subconsciously in a naturalenvironment, while foreign language learning must be based on conscious classroom learning. If students leaveclassroom, they will be exposed to the sea of Hindi speaking language and can't stimulate and reinforce English levelin a natural English environment. Therefore, according to Zhang(1999), in learning a foreign language in classroomlearning environment, we should “have a criterion which is used to measure true and false and guide what to do andwhat not to do and this criterion is just grammar”. Also, from a psychological point of view, when studying anyknowledge, the mankind attempts to find law and order in the things, and this is human natural instinct. So, from thefeature of foreign language learning environment we can understand that it is blameless for students to studyEnglish grammar for learning English well too.

As for Hindi speaking students studying English as a foreign language, they have no more English environmentto apply their target language after all. Only in English classrooms and English activities that schools launch canHindi speaking students just have an opportunity to be exposed to English language. Therefore, it is very difficult forthem to judge and distinguish semantic characteristic and difference between the mother tongue and purposelanguage accurately and in time. In terms of this situation, grammar seems particularly important when beingstudied and taught. The correct grammar is the “walking stick” teaching themselves English. Students must besupported by English grammar in many aspects while studying English. So, grammar teaching is the importantcomponent of language teaching, especially in the environment of foreign language.

2.4 The requirement of the nature of the theory of “communicative approach”The nature of the theory of “communicative approach” determines the need for grammar teaching. When

we talk about “communicative competence”, we have to come to “communicative approach”. From the ancienttimes to the present, the foreign language teaching theories and approaches have always been in evolution, struggleand development in these two concepts of “language knowledge” and “skills (competence)”; in the history of foreign

(A Necessary Aspect)

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language teaching approaches, people have experienced “grammar translation approach”, “direct approach” and“audio lingual approach”, and after these teaching approaches, “communicative approach” stems from the late 60sof 20th century. With the development of functional linguistics, “communicative approach” receives teachers andstudents' favor. The traditional teaching methods were gradually abandoned because of their limitations.Communicative approach has been adopted for more than 30 years in India. However, there are some dilemmas incurrent language teaching: some teachers always stress “communicative competence” and neglect “linguisticcompetence”. Teachers and students are always in search for fluent oral expression, but reading and writtenknowledge is very weak. Meanwhile, Students often make errors in oral and written expression and lack basicknowledge of language. Obviously, this is the result of a one-sided understanding of communicative approach, sothat foreign language teaching goes to an extreme. Therefore, we should have a comprehensive and all-sidedunderstanding of the following theory of communicative approach.

The concept of “linguistic competence” is put forward by Chomsky (1965) on the basis of denying the languagetheory of behaviorism and defined as language knowledge system of native speakers' internalization, includingsound, lexicon, syntax, semantics and other rules, and the linguistic competence native speakers have enables themto understand and produce grammatical sentences they have never contacted before. With the development ofsociolinguistics, in view of insufficiency of the concept of “linguistic competence”, American sociolinguist Hymes(1972) puts forward the concept of “communicative competence” and argues that “communicative competence”should include “linguistic competence” and “linguistic performance”, i.e. while the language is used, both sides ofcommunication need to know not only whether the structure of communication words is correct or not, but also thefeasibility, appropriateness and purpose of the communication words in the particular linguistic context, that is,there are four aspects in the concept of “communicative competence”: sociolinguistic competence, discoursecompetence, strategic competence and grammatical competence.

Obviously, Liu (1999) discovered, in these theories linguistic knowledge is the foundation and an abstractmaster of language system; in practice, linguistic knowledge is internalized, and in the automatic use, linguisticcompetence can be converted into linguistic performance. Namely, communicative competence requires that weshould learn linguistic knowledge at first. As we know, grammar is an important part of linguistic knowledge andcompetence. Therefore, grammar is obviously also part of communicative competence and also the teaching contentof communicative approach.

In other words, we can understand that communicative approach makes linguistic knowledge run throughlinguistic performance as a teaching purpose. Grammar teaching services linguistic performance. Therefore, we canassert that as an indispensable part of language teaching, grammar teaching should permeate through the wholeprocess of linguistic performance.

3. The necessity of grammar teaching in terms of practical effect of foreign language teachingThe practical effects in foreign language teaching in the past require paying much more attention to grammar

teaching. Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. In terms of the past practical effects of English languageteaching, ignoring and neglecting the teaching of English grammar is not conducive to the promotion of the teachingof English as a whole, and even affects students' correct use of English. Because of the lack of correct grammar, manystudents inside and outside the class can't express accurate sentences. In oral and written expressions, Hindispeaking-based English often appears. For example, many school students still say “I think it won't rain today”; “heis study hard”. In the English foundation stage, grammar's weakness directly affects students' grades and furtherhigher education. After they go to senior schools or universities, many students do not understand sentencestructure and use of language difference. Some mistakes of translation and writing make teachers puzzled. Similarly,in the reading comprehension of long and difficult sentences, they also cannot correctly analyze sentence structure,only have a smattering of knowledge, and even become a “tail wagging the dog” or completely wrong. According toYu (2008)'s latest statistic, about 80 percent of college students say that their reason for the unsatisfactoryperformance in English is that the concept's ambiguity of syntactic structure causes problems of reading, grammar,translation and writing.

4. ConclusionAt any time, at any stage and in any circumstances, grammar teaching cannot be diluted. It ought to be an importantpart in foreign language teaching in India. This is the requirement of the basic characteristics and features oflanguage learning and subjective environment for foreign language learning. Moreover, grammar is an effective

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TEACHING OF GRAMMAR

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way to train students' communicative competence in English language teaching. Grammar and communicativecompetence should not be in opposition. Without grammar, language, communicative knowledge and competenceare just “castles in the air”. With a good knowledge of grammar, students can fully improve their integrated Englishproficiency and promote the overall levels of their English. Therefore, teachers who teach the foreign languageshould try to reform the current conditions on neglecting grammar teaching in English education, and strive toexplore grammar teaching methods to fully promote students' English level.

References� Bastone, R. (1994). . Oxford: Oxford UP.Grammar� Chomsky, N. (1965). . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Aspects of the theory of syntax� Schmitt, N (2010). Viva Books, New Delhi.An Introduction to Applied Linguistics,� Hymes, D. (1972). . UK: Penguin.On communicative competence� Liu, R.Q. (1999). . Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchForeign language teaching research methods

press.� Stern, H. H. (1999). . Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Issues and options in language teaching� Woods, E. G. (1988). Some criteria for the development of communicative grammar tasks. .TESOL Quarterly� Yu, Q. (2008). On the importance of grammar teaching. , 110.Vocational Education, 25

� Zhang, Z. D. (1999). . Beijing: Science Press.Foreign language teaching methodology

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TEACHING OF GRAMMAR

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ABSTRACT

vk/kkjHkwr lajpukvksa dh loZlqyHkrk fdlh Hkh jk’Vª ds lokZaxh.k fodkl dks js[kkafdr djrh gS ijUrqvk/kkjHkwr lajpukvksa esa ;fn f”k{kk uked ewyHkwr rRo dks misf{kr fd;k tkrk gS rks vusd iz;Ruksa ds ckotwnifj.kke udkjkRed gh gksaxs D;ksafd ekuo fodkl dh cqyan bekjr f”k{kk dh cqfu;kn ij gh [kM+h dh tk ldrhgSA lkekftd vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd n`f’V ls Hkkjr dks fo”o ds vU; ns”kksa ls ;fn vuks[kk cukukgS rks mlds f”k{kk ds Lrj vkSj xq.koÙkk ij fo”ks’k /;ku nsuk gksxk Hkkjrh; f”k{kk uhfr esa ekuorkoknh n`f’Vdks.kdks viuk;k x;k gS vkSj *lHkh ds fy, f”k{kk* dks dsUnz esa j[kdj f”k{kk ds foLrkj ds fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa vkSjuhfr;ksa dks fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k gSA f”k{kk ds egRo dks le>rs gq, gekjs lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us Hkh f”k{kk dkmfpr LFkku fn;kA jkT; ds uhfr funs”kd rRoksa ds vuqPNsn 45 esa jkT; dks dgk x;k fd 6 o’kZ ds vk;q oxZ dscPpksa dh f”k{kk ds fy, leku volj iznku djsA Lora=rk ds Ng n”kd Ik”pkr~ tc izkFkfed f”k{kk viusokLrfod Lo:Ik dks izkIr ugha dj ldh rc 86osa laoS/kkfud la”kks/ku 2002 }kjk 6&14 o’kZ dh vk;qoxZ ds cPpksadks f”k{kk dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj iznku djrs gq, lafo/kku esa ,d u;k vuqPNsn 21¼,½ tksM+k x;kA rRi”pkr~ blsvf/kfu;e dk Lo:Ik nsrs gq, o’kZ 2010 ls bls fØ;kfUor fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj ds bl egRoiw.kZ dne lsizkFkfed f”k{kk esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu vk jgk gSA izkFkfed f”k{kk dh fn”kkeas vxj lc dqN Bhd jgk vkSj jkT; usldkjkRed n`f’Vdks.k viukrs gq, blds fy, vkSj vf/kd l”kDr iz;kl fd, rks og fnu nwj ugha tc ns”k dkizR;sd cPpk dkxt vkSj dye ls tqM+ tk,xk vkSj f”k{kk esa ek=kRed vkSj xq.kkRed ifjorZu vk ldsxkA

f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj % pqukSfr;ka ,oa lek/kku

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larks”k dqekj flagvfl0 izksQslj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx]

Jh v-iz-c- jktdh; LukrdksRrj Ekgkfo|ky;]vxLR;eqfu ¼#nziz;kx½ mRrjk[k.M

f”k{kk ds vHkko esa dksbZ Hkh jk’Vª] lekt ;k O;fDr fodkl ugha dj ldrkA f”k{kk thou dk og vkbuk gS ftlesa euq’;viuh ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj {kerkvksa dks izfrfcEc ds :Ik esa ns[krk gSA ;s izfrfcEc gh lalk/ku cudj ekuo O;fDrRo ds fodkl dkekxZ iz”kLr djrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk lkeatL; ds fy, f”k{kk O;fDr;ksa dh eukso`fÙk] ewY;] Kku vkSjdkS”ky dk fodkl djrh gSA dgus dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd f”k{kk fujarj thou ds lkFk pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA la{ksi esa] f”k{kkdk okLrfod y{; vKku dks nwj djuk gSA euq’; esa tks “kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj vk/;kfRed “kfDr;kW¡ ekStwn gS vkSj tks nchiM+h gS] mUgsa izdk”k esa ykuk gh f”k{kk dk mn~ns”; gSA f”k{kk dh egRork dks Li’V djrs gq, jk/kkd`’.ku us dgk Fkk] ^^f”k{kkdsoy thfodksiktZu dk lk/ku ugha gS u gh ;g fopkjksa dh lao/kZu LFkyh gS vkSj u gh ukxfjdrk dh ikB”kkyk gSA ;gvk/;kfRed thou esa izos”k dh nh{kk gS] lR; dh [kkst esa yxh ekuo vkRek dk izf”k{k.k gSA**1

fczfV”k “kklu esa ns”k esa f”k{kk ds fodkl ds fy, fd, x, iz;klksa ij ljljh rkSj ij ut+j Mkyus ij irk pyrk gS fdbZLV bafM;k daiuh ds Hkkjr esa LFkkfir gksus ij vFkkZr~ fczfV”k dky esa loZizFke enzkl ds xouZj lj Vkel equjks ¼1822½] eqEcbZds xouZj ,fYQaLVu ¼1824½] caxky esa lj foy;e cSafVd ¼1835½ vkSj dqN fons”kh fe”kufj;ksa }kjk rRdkyhu f”k{kk O;oLFkk dhtkap djkbZ xbZ ftldk mn~ns”; Hkkjr ds fy, f”k{kk O;oLFkk dh ,d dk;Z;kstuk lqfuf”pr fd;k tkuk FkkA

fczfV”k dkyhu Hkkjr esa f”k{kk ds leqfpr fodkl gsrq dbZ vk;ksxksa o lfefr;ksa dk xBu Hkh fd;k x;k ftuesa eq[; gSa&ykMZ eSdkys dk fooj.k i= 1835] oqM dk ?kks’k.kk i= 1854] gaVj vk;ksx 1882] Hkkjrh; fo”ofo|ky; vk;ksx 1917] gVkZaxlfefr 1929] ,DV&oqM lfefr 1937 vkSj lktsZUV ;kstuk 1944A nwljh rjQ ^^xks[kys mPp dksfV ds fo}ku vkSj dq”kyoDrkFksA xks[kys us lcls igys 19 ekpZ 1910 dks dsUnzh; /kkjk lHkk esa vfuok;Z vkSj fu%”kqYd izkFkfed f”k{kk ds lEcU/k esa ,d izLrkoizLrqr fd;k FkkA xks[kys us bl izLrko dks 16 ekpZ 1911 dks dsUnzh; /kkjk lHkk esa fo/ks;d ds :Ik esa j[kk fdUrq xks[kys }kjkizLrkfod ;g fo/ks;d ikfjr ugha gks ldkA blds ihNs ewy dkj.k ;g jgk fd Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us fczfV”kljdkj ds i{k esa er fn;k vkSj ;g fo/ks;d 13 erksa ds fo:) 38 erksa ls fxj x;kA Hkys gh ;g fo/ks;d ikfjr ugha gqvk fdUrqxks[kys ds }kjk vius fo/ks;d ds i{k esa fn, x, rdksZa ls fczfV”k ljdkj esa [kycyh ep xbZA

o’kZ 1906 esa rRdkyhu cM+kSnk ujs”k egkjkt f”k;kth jko xk;dokM+ us lEiw.kZ cM+kSnk jkT; esa 7&12 o’kZ vk;q ds lHkh

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larks”k dqekj flag

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f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj %pquk Sfr;k a ,oa lek/kku

cPpksa ds fy, izkFkfed f”k{kk vfuok;Z dj nh Fkh vkSj os bl dk;Z esa lQy Hkh gq, FksA xks[kys us vuqHko fd;k fd tc lhferlk/kuksa okyk ;g NksVk lk jkT; ;g dk;Z dj ldrk gS rks fQj fczfV”k ljdkj ;g dk;Z D;ksa ugha dj ldrhA vr% mUgksausvius Lrj ls iz;kl fd,A blds Ik”pkr~ 1918 esa foV~ByHkkbZ iVsy ds iz;klksa ls ,d dkuwu cukdj eqEcbZ E;wfufliy {ks= esavfuok;Z izkFkfed f”k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA bldk vuqdj.k djrs gq, 1919 esa fcgkj] mRrj izns”k] caxky vkSj mM+hlk esa]1920 esa e/; izns”k esa] 1926 esa vle esa vkSj 1931 esa eSlwj esa vfuok;Z izkFkfed f”k{kk ds fo’k; esa vf/kfu;e cuk, x,A

vktknh ds Ik”pkr~ izkFkfed f”k{kk dh fn”kk esa vusd vk;ksxksa@lfefr;ksa@dk;ZØeksa@vfHk;ku dk xBu fd;k x;kftlls izkFkfed f”k{kk esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu vk ldsA buesa eq[; gS& izFke f”k{kk vk;ksx 1948] ,-ch-,- f”k{kk lfefr ¼1949½]eqnkfy;j vk;ksx ¼1952½] jke pUnz f”k{kk lfefr ¼1956½] cqfu;knh f”k{kk lfefr ¼1958½] galk esgrk lfefr ¼1962½] HkDroRly f”k{kk lfefr ¼1963½] dksBkjh f”k{kk vk;ksx ¼1964½] igyh jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr ¼1968½] pV~ksik/;k; vk;ksx ¼1985½] nwljhf”k{kk uhfr ¼1986½] vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ f”k{kk lfefr ¼1990½] tuknZu jsM~Mh f”k{kk lfefr ¼1992½] izks0 ;”kiky f”k{kk lfefr¼1993½] ftyk izkFkfed f”k{kk dk;ZØe ¼1994½] e/;kg~u Hkkstu ;kstuk 1995 ¼la”kksf/kr 2004½] loZf”k{kk vfHk;ku ¼2001½]jk’Vªh; ikB~;Øe dh :ijs[kk ¼2000½ vkSj ¼2005½] jk’Vªh; Kku vk;ksx ¼2006½ vkSj cPpksa dks fu%”kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f”k{kk dkvf/kfu;e 2009A cnyrs lkekftd&vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd ifjizs{; esa f”k{kk dh O;kogkfjdrk vkSj mikns;rk dks lqfuf”prdjus gsrq lq>koksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, le;&le; ijfofHkUu oxksZa ,oa {ks=ksa dh vko”;drkvksa ds vuq:Ik fof”k’V dk;ZØevkSj ;kstukvksa dk fu/kkZj.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u lqfuf”pr djus ds iz;kl Hkh fd, x,A

vktknh izkfIr ds ckn ns”k esa lHkh Lrjksa ij f”k{kk ds leqfpr fodkl] ns”kokfl;ksa dh vko”;drkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dsvuq:Ik f”k{kk dh O;oLFkk vkSj “kSf{kd lq/kkjksa dks] leqfpr xfr iznku djus gsrq geus vius lafo/kku esa “kSf{kd {ks= dks fn”kk nsusds fy, fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa dks Hkh fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS ftUgsa ns”k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj vk/kqfud Lo:Ik iznku djusgsrq leqfpr :Ik ls le;&le; ij la”kksf/kr vkSj ifjof/kZr Hkh fd;k tkrk jgk gSA

laoS/kkfud izko/kkuizkjEHk esa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&45 esa ;g ?kks’k.kk dh xbZ Fkh fd &^^jkT; lafo/kku ds izkjEHk ls 10 o’kZ dh dkyof/k ds vanj lHkh ckydksa dks 14 o’kZ dh vk;q lekfIr rd fu%”kqYd vkSj

vfuok;Z f”k{kk nsus ds fy, izCkU/k djus dk iz;kl djsxkA**2

bl izdkj lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds le; ls gh jkT;ksa us 14 o’kZ dh vk;q ds lHkh cPpksa dks vfuok;Z ,oa fu%”kqYd f”k{kkdh O;oLFkk djus dk iz;kl “kq: fd;kA vkxs pydj 2002 esa 86osa laoS/kkfud la”kks/ku }kjk lafo/kku esa ,d u;kvuqPNsn&21d tksM+k x;k tks bl izdkj gS &

^^jkT; 6 o’kZ ls 14 rd dh vk;q okys lHkh ckydksa ds fy, fu%”kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f”k{kk nsus dk ,slh jhfr esa tks jkT;fof/k }kjk vo/kkfjr djus micU/k djsxkA**3

bl izdkj 86osa laoS/kkfud la”kks/ku ds Hkkx&4 d esa of.kZr ewy drZO;ksa esa ,d u;k ewy drZO; 51V tksM+k x;k tks blizdkj gS&

^^ekrk&firk ;k laj{kd 6 ls 14 o’kZ dh vk;q okys vius ;FkkfLFkfr ckyd ;k izfrikY; ds fy, f”k{kk ds volj iznkudjsaA**4

vkxs pydj 2009 esa ckydksa dk fu%”kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2009 ikl fd;kA bls la{ksi esaf”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ¼jkbV Vw ,twds”ku ,DV 2009½ dgrs gSaA bl vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj 6 ls 14 o’kZ ds lHkh cPpksa dksd{kk 1 ls 8 rd dh fu%”kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f”k{kk izkIr djus dk ewy vf/kdkj gSA dsUnz ljdkj us 1 vizSy] 2010 ls bls dkuwuds :Ik esa ykxw dj fn;kA

f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 dh eq[; ckras fuEufyf[kr gS &5

· 6 o’kZ ls 14 o’kZ dh vk;q ds izR;sd ckyd dks izkjfEHkd f”k{kk iwjh gksus rd fdlh vkl&ikl ds fo|ky; esa fu%”kqYd vkSjvfuok;Z f”k{kk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gksxkA

· ;fn dksbZ cPpk 6 o’kZ dh vk;q ij fdlh fo|ky; esa izos”k ugha ys ikrk gS] rks og ckn esa viuh mez ds vuq:Ik d{kk esaizos”k dj ldrk gSA ;fn og fu/kkZfjr 14 o’kZ dh vk;q rd izkjfEHkd f”k{kk iwjh ugha dj ikrk] tks mlds ckn Hkh i<+kbZ iwjhgksus rd] mls fu%”kqYd f”k{kk nh tkrh jgsxhA

· izR;sd vfHkHkkod dk ;g nkf;Ro gksxk fd og 6 ls 14 o’kZ rd ds vius cPpksa dks fo|ky; esa HkrhZ djk,A

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· ljdkjh fo|ky; rks fu%”kqYd f”k{kk iznku djsaxs gh] futh vkSj fo”ks’k Js.kh okys fo|ky;ksa dks Hkh vkfFkZd :Ik ls fucZyleqnk;ksa ds cPpksa ds fy, igyh d{kk esa 25 izfr”kr LFkku vkjf{kr djus gksaxsA

· dksbZ Hkh fo|ky; u rks nku ;k pank ysxk vkSj u gh vfHkHkkod ;k cPps ds p;u ds fy, dksbZ iz.kkyh viuk ldsxkA· tUe izek.k&i= ds vHkko esa fdlh Hkh cPpksa dks izos”k nsus ls badkj ugha fd;k tk,xkA· Ldwy esa izos”k frfFk ds fudy tkus ds ckn Hkh fdlh Hkh ckyd dks izos”k nsus ls badkj ugha fd;k tk,xkA· fdlh Hkh cPps dks fdlh d{kk esa jksdk ugha tk,xk vkSj u gh Ldwy ls fu’dkflr fd;k tk,xkA· jkT; ljdkj vkSj LFkkuh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;g lqfuf”pr djuk gksxk fd f”k{kd&Nk= vuqikr iz/kkuk/;kid dks NksM+dj

1%40 ls vf/kd u gksA· f”k{kdksa dks xSj “kS{kf.kd dk;Z flQZ tux.kuk] pquko vkSj vkink jkgr dks NksMdj ugha djk, tk,axsA· rhu o’kZ dh vk;q ls Åij ls cPpksa dh izkjfEHkd f”k{kk ds fy, rS;kj djus vkSj tUe ls 6 o’kZ rd ds ckydksa ds fy,

vkjfEHkd ckY;koLFkk ns[kHkky vkSj f”k{kk ds fy, jkT; ljdkjsa ,oa LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjh t:jh O;oLFkk djsaxhA· fdlh Hkh cPps dks izkjfEHkd f”k{kk iw.kZ gksus ls igys cksMZ dh dksbZ Hkh ijh{kk ugha nsuh gksxhA izkjfEHkd f”k{kk iwjh djus okys

izR;sd cPpksa dks izek.k&i= fn;k tk,xkA· vuqnku u ikus okys futh Ldwyksa dks NksM+dj lHkh Ldwy ,d Ldwy izcU/ku lfefr dk xBu djsaxs ftlesa tu izfrfuf/k]

vfHkHkkod vkSj f”k{kd “kkfey gksaxsA ;g lfefr dkedkt dk ekuhVj djus tSls dk;Z djsxhA· izf”kf{kr f”k{kd gh] cPpksa dks i<+kus dk dk;Z djsaxs vkSj vizf”kf{kr f”k{kdksa dks izf”k{k.k fn;k tk,xkA· f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e dks ykxw djus esa tks Hkh O;; gksxk mls dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkj feydj mBk,xhA· ljdkj }kjk fufnZ’V f”k{kk izkf/kdkj ¼ifj’kn~½ lafo/kku esa fufgr ewY;ksa ds vuq:Ik bldk fu/kkZj.k djsxh rFkk cPpksa ds

pgqeq¡[kh fodkl ij /;ku nsus ds lkFk&lkFk mls Hk;] d’V vkSj fpark ls eqDr djkus dk Hkh dke djsxkA ewY;kadu O;kidvkSj lrr gksxkA

· f”k{kdksa dk ;g drZO; gksxk fd os fu;fer le; ls Ldwy esa mifLFkr gks] ikB;Øe iwjk djsa] vko”;drkuqlkj vfrfjDrf”k{k.k djsa rFkk vfHkHkkod cSBdsa vk;ksftr djsaA

· cky vf/kdkj laj{k.k vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 2005 ds izko/kkuksa ds varxZr xfBr jk’Vªh; ;k jkT; cky laj{k.k vk;ksx blvf/kfu;e ds rgr iznÙk vf/kdkjksa dk ijh{k.k vkSj ns[kHkky gh leh{kk djsaxsA

orZeku Lo:Ikns”k ds 6&14 vk;q oxZ ds “kr~&izfr”kr cPpksa dks d{kk 1 ls d{kk 8 rd dh f”k{kk loZlqyHk djkuk f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj

vf/kfu;e 2009 dk mn~ns”; gSA bl n`f’V ls bl vf/kfu;e dk orZeku Lo:Ik dk v/;;u egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS tks fuEu gS &· 2007&08 vkSj 2013&14 ds nkSjku] ljdkjh Ldwyksa ¼izkbejh rFkk vij izkbejh nksuksa½ eas nkf[kyk 133-7 fefy;u eas 11-7

fefy;u dh ?kVksrjh ds lkFk 121 fefy;u jg x;k Fkk] tcfd futh Ldwyksa esa ;g nkf[kyk 27 fefy;u c<+k vkSj 51fefy;u ls c<+ dj 78 fefy;u tk igqapkA ,d fooknkLin eqn~nk ;g Hkh gS fd D;k ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa f”k{kk dk fxjrk6

gqvk Lrj gh bldk dkj.k gSA ogha fojks/kkHkklh rkSj ij] xzkeh.k bykdksa esa ;gh fLFkfr ns[kh xbZ gS] tgka ,l-,l-,- ¼loZf”k{kk vfHk;ku½ ;k vU; “kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa ds tfj, fuf/k;ka nh tkrh gSaA

· d{kk ikap esa i<+us okys cPps tks nwljh d{kk ds Lrj dk ikB i<+us esa l{ke Fks] budk izfr”kr 2013 ds 47-0 izfr”kr lsc<+dj o’kZ 2014 esa 48-1 izfr”kr gks x;k gSA7

· “kkSpky; ¼ckfydk$ckyd½ jfgr fo|ky;ksa dh izfr”krrk o’kZ 2013 ds 7-2 izfr”kr ls ?kVdj 2014 eas 6-3 izfr”kr gks xbZgSA Ldwyksa esa ckfydkvksa ds fy, i`Fkd ¼fcuk rkyk yxs rFkk mi;ksx ds ;ksX;½ “kkSpky;ksa dh la[;k c<+h gSA ;g 2010 ds32-9 izfr”kr ls c<+dj 2013 esa 53-3 izfr”kr rFkk vkSj 2014 esa c<+dj 55-7 izfr”kr gks xbZA8

· Nk=&v/;kid vuqikr ds vkj-Vh-bZ- ¼f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj½ ekudksa dk vuqikyu djus okys Ldwyksa dk vuqikr 2013 ds45-3 izfr”kr ls c<+dj 2014 esa 49-3 izfr”kr gks x;k gSA9

· LoPN vkSj is;ty dh lqfo/kk foghu Ldwyksa dk vuqikr 2010 ds 17-0 izfr”kr ls ?kVdj 2013 esa 15-2 izfr”kr jg x;kvkSj vkxs 2014 esa ;g ?kVdj 13-9 izfr”kr jg x;k gS ysfdu ihus ;ksX; LoPN ikuh dh miyC/krk okys Ldwyksa dkvuqikr 2013 ds 73-8 izfr”kr ls dsoy ekewyh lk lq/kkj dj 2014 esa 75-6 izfr”kr gks x;k gSA10

· fiNys ,d o’kZ esa 6&14 o’kZ ds vk;q oxZ ds lHkh cPpksa dks Ldwy esa nkf[kyk djus dk izfr”kr 96-8 izfr”kr ij [kM+k gS]

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vFkkZr~ Ldwyksa esa nkf[kyk u ysus okys cPpksa dk izfr”kr vHkh Hkh 3-3 izfr”kr gSA11

· futh Ldwyksa esa 6&14 o’kZ ds vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa dk nkf[kyk o’kZ 2013 eas 29-0 izfr”kr Fkk tks c<+dj o’kZ 2014 esa 30-8izfr”kr gks x;k gSA futh Ldwyksa esa lokZf/kd cPpksa dk nkf[kyk djus okys jkT;ksa esa loksZifj dsjy gS] mlds ckn gfj;k.kk]mÙkj izns”k] iatkc vkSj jktLFkku gSaA12

· lh-Vh-vkj- ¼d{kk v/;kid vuqikr½ ls lacaf/kr f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vkj-Vh-bZ- ¼f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj½ ekud iwjk djus okysLdwyksa dk izfr”kr o’kZ 2013 esa 73-8 izfr”kr Fkk tks vkSj ?kVdj o’kZ 2014 esa 72-8 izfr”kr d{kk v/;kid vuqeku jgx;kA13

· izkbejh vkSj vij izkbejh nksuksa gh Lrjksa ij cPpksa dh gkftjh yxkrkj ?kVh gSA o’kZ 2009 esa] ;g izkbejh Ldwy esa 74-3vkSj vij izkbejh Lrj esa 77 izfr”kr Fkh] tcfd o’kZ 2014 eas ;g izkbejh Ldwy esa 71-4 izfr”kr rFkk vij izkbejh Ldwy esa71-1 izfr”kr FkhA14

· o’kZ 2014 eas yxHkx 63 izfr”kr Ldwyksa esa d{kk& ds Nk= vkSj yXkHkx 57 izfr”kr Ldwyksa esa d{kk ds Nk= ,d ;kII IV

vf/kd d{kkvksa ds Nk=ksa ds lkFk gh fcBk, tkus dh lwpuk feyh gS( ;g izfr”kr o’kZ nj o’kZ c<+ jgk gSA15

· o’kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku d{kk ¼1&8 rd½ esa 36-4 izfr”kr cPpksa us chp esa gh viuh i<+kbZ NksM+ nh tks ,d fpUrk dk fo’k;gSA16

pqukSfr;kaf”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 ds rgr fuEu pqukSfr;ka izLrqr gks jgh gSa] tks fuEu gSa&· vf/kfu;e ds rgr lalk/kuksa dh deh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr] 1986 esa f”k{kk ij 6 izfr”kr O;; djus dh

?kks’k.kk dh xbZ Fkh ijUrq vHkh Hkh yxHkx 4 izfr”kr gh O;; fd;k tkrk gSA· tks Hkh lalk/ku gS] mudk Hkh lgh izdkj ls iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA izkFkfed f”k{kk ds izlkj ,oa mUu;u ds fy, tks

;kstuk ctV gksrk gS og Hkz’Vkpkj dk f”kdkj gks tkrk gSA· vkt Hkh fo|ky;ksa esa f”k{kdksa dh deh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vkSj tks fu;qDr gSa mudh Hkh vuqifLFkfr vkSj mudk Nk=ksa ds

ukekadu ds izfr laosnu”khy u gksuk gSA· gekjs ns”k dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr Hkh blesa ck/kd gSA nwj&njkt ds igkM+h] jsfxLrkuh vkSj taxyh {ks=ksa dh NksVh&NksVh

cfLr;ksa esa Ldwy pykuk vkSj LFkkfir djuk nksuksa gh cM+s dfBu dk;Z gSA· gekjs ns”k esa fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f”k{kdksa esa yk[kksa dh la[;k esa vizf”kf{kr f”k{kd yxs gq, gS] tcfd gekjs ns”k esa f”k{kdksa

dks leqfpr izf”k{k.k nsus okyh laLFkkvksa dk vHkko gSA· bl vf/kfu;e esa d{kk 1 ls 8 rd ds fy, eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z f”k{kk dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA tcfd d{kk 12 dh f”k{kk iwjh

fd, fcuk] vkt ds le; esa u rks dskbZ jkstxkj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj uk gh mPp f”k{kk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA· futh Ldwyksa dks 25 izfr”kr lhVsa fiNM+s rcdksa ds cPpksa ds fy, vkjf{kr j[kuh gksxhA jkT; ljdkjsa lkjh Ldwyksa ls rqyuk

dj bu cPpksa dks [kpZ nsxhA futh Ldwyksa dks dguk gS fd os T;knk lqfo/kk,a nsrs gS] blfy, mUgsa /ku fn;k tk,A· vf/kfu;e esa dksbZ Hkh Hkk’kk uhfr “kkfey ugha dh xbZ gSA dsoy ;g dgk x;k gS fd f”k{kk dk ek/;e ;FkklaHko cPpksa dh

ekr`Hkk’kk gksxhA ekr`Hkk’kk dh ifjHkk’kk ugha nh xbZ gS] ftlls NksVs cPpksa dks vaxzsth ek/;e ls f”k{kk nsus dk fodYi [kqykj[kk gSA

· vf/kfu;e ds dbZ izko/kku vuqnku izkIr futh Ldwy] fo”ks’k Js.kh ds Ldwy ;k vuqnku u ikus okys futh Ldwy ij ykxwugha gksrsA

· vHkh Hkh fo|ky;ksa esa leqfpr :Ik ls “kkSpky; dh O;oLFkk larks’ktud ugha dgh tk ldrh gSA bl dkj.k Hkh cPpksa dsukekadu ij foijhr izHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

· fo|ky;ksa eas is;ty dh vlqfo/kk ls Hkh cPpksa dks lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS ftlls f”k{kk dk os leqfpr ykHk ugha mBk ikrsA

lek/kkuf”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ¼2009½ dks lQy cukus ds fy, fuEu lek/kku lq>k, tk ldrs gSa&· dsUnzh; ,oa jkT; ljdkjsa f”k{kk ds lkekU; ctV vkSj ;kstuk ctV nksuksa esa o`f) djsa vkSj 50 izfr”kr Hkkx izkFkfed f”k{kk

ij O;; djsaA vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj fiNM+s oxZ ds {ks=ksa esa fo”ks’k :Ik ls Ldwy [kksys tk, vkSj lkFk ghfodykax ,oa eancqf) cPpksa ds fy, Ldwyksa dh la[;k esa o`f) dh tk,] izR;sd ftyk eq[;ky; esa buds fy, ,d Ldwy

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gksuk vko”;d gSA· nwj&njkt ds igkM+h] jsfxLrkuh vkSj taxyh {ks=ksa esa cPpksa ds fy, vkoklh; vkJe Ldwy LFkkfir fd, tk jgs gS]

vko”;drkuqlkj mudh la[;k esa o`f) dh tk,A· jkT; ljdkjsa ;g ns[ksa fd izkFkfed f”k{kk ds lkoZHkkSxhdj.k ds fy, tks Hkh ;kstuk izLrkfor gks] mUgsa lqpk: :Ik ls

pyk;k tk, vkSj O;; dh tkus okyh /kujkf”k esa bZekunkjh cjrh tk,A· orZeku esa ukekadu c<+kus ds fy, tks fo”ks’k dk;ZØe ¼fu%”kqYd ikB~; iqLrdksa dk forj.k vkSj e/;kg~u Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk½

pyk, tk jgs gS] mUgsa bZekunkjh ls pyk;k tk,A orZeku esa dsoy vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds cPpksadks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh tk jgh gS] ;g lgk;rk tkfr ds vk/kkj ij u nh tkdj fdlh Hkh tkfr ds xjhc O;fDr;ksa dscPpksa dks nh tk,A

· iwoZ izkFkfed ls ysdj d{kk 12 rd dh f”k{kk dks vfuok;Z vkSj fu%”kqYd fd;k tkuk pkfg,A· ikB~;Øe lhfer fd;k tk,] cLrs dk cks> de fd;k tk, vkSj f”k{k.k dks jkspd cuk;k tk,A· izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dh n”kk esa lq/kkj fd;k tk,A tgk¡ ftl oLrq ;k deZpkjh dh deh gS mldh iwfrZ dh tk, vkSj lkFk

gh f”k{kdksa dh tokcnsgh fuf”pr dh tk,A ;g Hkh vko”;d gS fd izkFkfed f”k{kdksa dks dsoy tux.kuk vkSj fuokZpudk;Z ds vfrfjDr vU; ljdkjh dk;ksZa esa ugha yxk;k tk,A

· izkFkfed f”k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ dks vkSlr cPpksa dh n`f’V ls cuk, tk,A mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij rhu Hkk’kkvksa dk vfuok;Z:Ik ls v/;;u viuh le> ls Bhd ugha gSA bl Lrj ij dsoy ekr`Hkk’kk dk v/;;u gh vfuok;Z gksuk pkfg,A gk¡] es/kkohNk=ksa ds fy, fdlh ,d ;k nks Hkk’kkvksa jk’VªHkk’kk fgUnh o vaxzsth ds v/;;u dh O;oLFkk ,sfPNd :Ik esa dh tk ldrh gSvkSj djuh Hkh pkfg,A

· f”k{kdksa ds izf”k{k.k gsrq leqfpr laLFkkvksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg, o drZO; fuokZg ugha djus okys f”k{kdksa ij dkuwuhdk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg,A

· f”k{kdksa dks ;g ftEesnkjh fuf”pr dh tk, fd O;fDrxr lEidZ }kjk vfHkHkkodksa dks vius cPps Ldwy Hkstus ds fy,izsfjr djsaA

· tks vfHkHkkod 6&14 o’kZ dh vk;q ds cPpksa dks Ldwy ugha Hkstrs muds fy, Hkh dBksj fu;e dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A

ewY;kadudsUnz ljdkj dh vksj ls Hkkjrh; f”k{kk O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj dkuwu 2009 ykxw fd;k x;kA

bl vf/kfuf;e dk eq[; mn~ns”; 6&14 o’kZ ds vk;qoxZ ds lHkh cPpksa dks vfuok;Z vkSj fu%”kqYd f”k{kk iznku djuk gSA blvf/kfu;e dk lcls cM+k ykHk xzkeh.k bykdksa dks feysxk D;ksafd Ldwy chp esa gh NksM+us okys cPpksa dh la[;k lcls vf/kdxzkeh.k bykdksa esa gh gSA ,sls esa bl vf/kfu;e ds ykxw gksus ds ckn ns”k ds djhc 92 yk[k mu cPpksa dks nksckjk Ldwy ys tk;ktk jgk gS tks chp esa i<+kbZ NksM nsrs FksA f”k{kdksa dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e “kq: gksus ds ckn ls loZ f”k{kk vfHk;ku ds varxZr38754 izkbejh Ldwy] 11918 vij izkbejh Ldwy vkSj 4-98 djksM+ vfrfjDr d{kkvksa ds dejs Lohd`r fd, x, gSaA blh rjgjk’Vªh; v/;kid f”k{kk ifj'kn~ ,ulhVhbZ ds v/;kidksa ds fy, f”k{kd ik=rk ijh{kk vk;ksftr dj jgk gSA o'kZ 2013&14 dsnkSjku fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa f”k{kdksa ds fy, 682788 inksa dks eatwjh nh xbZ gS rkfd f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e rhoz xfr ls djlds vkSj f”k{kk ,d ekuo vf/kdkj ds :Ik esa LFkkfir gks ldsA

Cknyrh gqbZ tulkaf[;dh; fLFkfr;ksa vkSj cPPkksa dh ?kVrh vkcknh ds pyrs] fijkfeM dh cqfu;kn ij ekuo iwath dhvIk;kZIrrk ds dkj.k ewyHkwr dkS”kyksa dh jkg esa ekStwn cM+k varjky Hkkjr ds fodkl dh cM+h vM+pu cu ldrk gSAi<+us&fy[kus dk ,d ekgkSy cukus ds fy, **i<+s Hkkjr&c<+s Hkkjr** uke igy ,d mÙke dne gSA rFkkfi] bl iz;kl dhlQyrk ds fy, ;g t:jh gksxk fd bl laca/k esa LFkkuh; iz”kklu dks bl izfØ;k esa T;knk “kkfey fd;k tk, vkSjlaosnu”khy cuk;k tk,A

vr% ;g fuf”pr rkSj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd izkFkfed f”k{kk ds fy, ljdkjh iz;klksa esa tks deh cuh gqbZ gSbldk dkj.k f”k{kk ij de O;; ds pyrs cuk gqvk gSA ftl fnu ljdkj vius ?kjsyw mRikn dk 6 izfr”kr f”k{kk ij O;;djuk vkjEHk dj nsxh mlh fnu eagxh f”k{kk ds uke ij Bxh dj jgs ifCyd Ldwyksa ds cksfj;k&fcLrj ca/kus “kq: gks tk,saxsAlekt esa f”k{kk esa vk jgh vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, ljdkj dks ,d jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr ds lkFk jk’Vªh; i)fr Hkhfodflr djuh gksxhA tc ns”k esa ea=h ls ysdj larjh rd ds cPps ,d tSlh f”k{kk i)fr dh N=Nk;k esa vk,axsa rc lgh ek;usesa bafM;k fotu 2020 dk ekxZ iz”kLr gksxk vkSj Hkwe.Myhd.k ds dkj.k jk’Vªh; fodkl ds fy, f”k{kk ij vk jgh pqukSfr;ksa dk

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larks”k dqekj flag

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f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj %pquk Sfr;k a ,oa lek/kku

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eqdkcyk fd;k tk ldsxkA rc f”k{kk u dsoy ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj {kerkvksa dks fodflr djus dk ek/;e cusxhA cfYd lkekftd,drk] lkaiznkf;d lkSgknZ ,oa jk’Vª ds pgqeaq[kh fodkl dk vk/kkj cusxh

lanHkZ lwph� jk/kkd`’.k] ,l-] }kjk m)r ,e-,y- feÙky] **f”k{kk ds lekt”kkL=h; vk/kkj]** fi;lZu] ubZ fnYyh] 2012] i`’B la[;k&2-� Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kUl] bykgkckn] 2015] i`’B la[;k&33� Mhrdd.gov.in.home>>Schooleducation>>Right to Education.

� ,dksuksfed losZ 2014&15] oksY;we& ] fefuLVªh vkWQ Qkbusal] xoZues.V vkWQ bf.M;k] vkWDlQksMZ ;wufoZlVh izsl] ubZII

fnYyh] 2015] i`’B la[;k&133-� ,dksuksfed losZ 2014&15] ogh] i`’B la[;k&133-

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

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f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj %pquk Sfr;k a ,oa lek/kku

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 80 - 86

ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

Hkkjrh; iq:’k iz/kku lekt esa yEcsa le; ls mis{kk dh f”kdkj rFkk mUgha ds funsZ”kksa ij pyus okyhmisf{kr efgykvksa ds fy;s iapk;rksa vkSj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa vius fy, vkjf{kr inksa ds ek/;e ls fuokZfpr gksuk,d lq[kn vk”p;Z gSA lafo/kku ds 73osa la”kks/ku dh /kkjk 243 esa izko/kku gS fd izR;sd iapk;r esa izR;{k fuokZpuls pqus tkus okys dqN LFkkuksa esa ls ,d frgkbZ LFkku efgykvksa ds fy;s vkjf{kr gksaxsA efgykvksa dks c<+kok nsus dsfy;s 73osa iapk;r la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e esa 33 izfr”kr izko/kku gqvk efgykvksa dks lHkh inksa ij iapk;r jktlaLFkkvksa ds rhuksa Lrjksa ij ,d frgkbZ ;k 33 izfr”kr vkj{k.k nsus dh egRoiw.kZ O;oLFkk blh la”kks?ku ls ykxwdh xbZ gSA blh dk ifjek.k gS fd iaapk;rksa esa fofHkUu inksa ij efgyk;sa lRrk esa “kkfey gqbZ gSA

fofHkUu Lrjksa ij v/;;u ds mijkar ;g ckr Li’V gksrh gS fd iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk esa efgykizfrfuf/k;ksa dh tkx:drk dk Lrj mudh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd i`’BHkwfe ds vuq:i gSA xzkeiapk;r dh efgyk lnL;ksa dh tkx:drk dk Lrj fuEu Js.kh dk gS tks fd fu”pr :i ls bu izfrfuf/k;ksa dhviuh laLFkk dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa lgHkkfxrk dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA

^^iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk**¼tuin&vkxjk ds fodkl [k.M fcpiqjh ,d v/;;u ds lanHkZ esa v/;;u½

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

eatw c?ksyvLFkk;h izoDrk] jktuhfr”kkL= foHkkx

ds0Mh0,l0ch0 fMxzh dkWyst]/kukSyh] vkxjk ¼m0iz0½

^^efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa ls ;s vis{kk dh xbZ fd os efgykvksa dks lk{kj cukus] ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØe dks ykxw djus]efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd :i ls l{ke cukus] mUgsa lekt esa lEekfur LFkku fnykus] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fuokj.k vkSj efgykmRihM+u rFkk “kks’k.k dks lekIr djus dh fn”kk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;saxhA ;s vius {ks= dh efgykvksa ls lEidZ djdsmudh leL;kvksa dks le>saxh rFkk mUgsa iapk;r dh cSBd esa mBkdj fu.kZ; ysaxhA**

orZeku le; esa izR;sd {ks= esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS rFkk efgykvksa dks leku vf/kdkjiznku fd;s tk;sa bl ckr dh igy dh tk jgh gS ftlls fd os ,d O;fDr ds :i esa viuh igpku cuk ldsa rFkk viuhleL;kvksa dk lek/kku Lo;a <wa< ldsaA vHkh rd vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd ekeyksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh iq:’kksa dhrqyuk esa ux.; gh FkhA iq:’kksa dk opZLo “krkfCn;ksa ls izR;sd {ks= esa dk;e jgk gSA orZeku le; esa iapk;rh jkt ds ek/;e lsbl O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus dh dksf”k”k dh xbZ gSA

Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ds fy;s jktuhfr dksbZ ubZ ugha gSA Hkkjrh; LorU=rk esa vusd efgykvksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjh dksigys gh Li’V dj fn;k gSA fdUrq oS/kkfud :i ls lafo/kku ds 73osa vkSj 74osa la”kks/kuksa ds }kjk iapk;rh jkt ds ek/;e ls blO;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus dh dksf”k”k dh xbZ gSA

jktuhfr Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ds fy;s dksbZ ubZ ugha gSA Hkkjrh; LorU=rk esa vusd efgykvksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjh dksigys gh Li’V dj fn;k gSA fdUrq oS/kkfud :i ls lafo/kku ds 73 osa vkSj 74osa laa”kks/kuksa ds }kjk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa vkSjLFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa izR;sd Lrj ij efgykvksa dks 33 izfr”kr Hkkxhnkjh Lo0 jktho xka/kh th us igyh ckj fuf”pr djdsefgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks ,d ubZ fn”kk iznku dh tks okLro esa ,d ljkguh; dne FkkA bl fo/ks;d us igyh ckj xzkeh.kefgykvksa dks Lo;a vius HkkX; dk fuekZrk cuus dk volj iznku fd;kA

lafo/kku ds 73osa la”kks/ku dh /kkjk 243 esa izko/kku gS fd izR;sd iapk;r esa izR;{k fuokZpu ls pqus tkus okys dqNLFkkuksa esa ls ,d frgkbZ LFkku efgykvksa ds fy;s vkjf{kr gksaxsA efgykvksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s 73osa iapk;r la”kks/kuvf/kfu;e esa 33 izfr”kr izko/kku gqvk efgykvksa dks lHkh inksa ij iapk;r jkt laLFkkvksa ds rhuksa Lrjksa ij ,d frgkbZ ;k 33izfr”kr vkj{k.k nsus dh egRoiw.kZ O;oLFkk blh la”kks?ku ls ykxw dh xbZ gSA blh dk ifjek.k gS fd iaapk;rksa esa fofHkUu inksa ijefgyk;sa lRrk esa “kkfey gqbZ gSA

Hkkjrh; iq:’k iz/kku lekt esa yEcsa le; ls mis{kk dh f”kdkj rFkk mUgha ds funsZ”kksa ij pyus okyh misf{kr efgykvksads fy;s iapk;rksa vkSj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa vius fy, vkjf{kr inksa ds ek/;e ls fuokZfpr gksuk ,d lq[kn vk”p;Z gSA ns”k esa,d frgkbZ xzke iapk;rksa] iapk;r lfefr ftyk ifj’kn uxj {ks= lfefr;ksa uxjikfydk vkfn esa “kklu dh ckxM+ksj bu

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RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

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eatw c?ksy

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iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es a efgykvk s adh lgHkkfxrk

efgykvksa ds gkFkksa esa gSA ;g Hkwfedk muds fy, ubZ gS ijUrq iapk;rh jkt ds 15 lky iwjs gks tkus ds i”pkr Hkh bu izfrfuf/k;ksaesa jktuSfrd psruk dk izlkj rks gqvk gS ij tSlk dh losZ{k.kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k efgyk leL;k dk vFkZ ugha le>ikbZ gS] muls ;fn leL;k ds ckjs esa iwNk tkrk gS rc mudk Lrj lM+d] ikuh] ukyh] vLirky] edku leL;k gksrh gSA efgykfodkl tSlk fparu muds fnekx esa gS gh ughaA vkSj ;gh efgykvksa ds “kks’k.k dk dkj.k gSA

efgyk,sa xkaoksa esa O;oLkkf;d dk;ZØeksa dks pykus ds fy;s lektlsoh laxBu rFkk “kklu ls lEidZ cukdj mUgsa pykusdk izcU/k djsaxhA cPpksa dh f”k{kk ,oa LokLF; dh ns[kHkky lEcfU/kr foHkkxkas ls lEidZ muls leUo; LFkkfir djsaxhA

xzkeh.k Lrj ij ljdkj }kjk pykbZ tk jgh ;kstukvksa dks ykxw djus dk iz;kl rFkk mudh tkudkjh izR;sd dks miyC/kdjkukA cPpksa ds fy;s vkaxuokM+h dsUnz [kksyus rFkk muesa cPpksa ds [ksy dk lkeku] [ksyus dk LFkku rFkk ihus ds ikuh ds izcU/kdk nkf;Ro rFkk yksd rkfU=d <ax ls dke djus dk nkf;RoA vius futh fgrksa dks utjvankt djds loZfgr ds fy;s dk;ZdjukA efgykvksa ls ;s vk”kk dh x;h fd os iz”kklfud dk;ksZ dh iwfrZ ds fy;s iapk;rksa dh cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysaxhA efgykvksa }kjkxzke lHkk esa efgykvksa dh mifLFkfr rFkk lg;ksx dks c<+kok feysxkA efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls lHkh tkfr oxZ dh efgykvksadks ,dtqV djus esa enn feysxhA

{ks= iapk;r fcpiqjh fodkl [k.M 2010 ¼orZeku½ dk <kapk

v/;{k CykWd izeq[k&efgyk ¼1½

lnL; ch0Mh0lh0 ¼63½

efgyk ¼22½ iq:’k ¼41½

mDr lkj.kh ¼1½ ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd {ks= iapk;r fcpiqjh fodkl [k.M esa o'kZ 2010 ¼orZeku½ ds pquko esa fuokZfprv/;{k@lnL;ksa dh la[;k n”kkZ;h x;h gS] bl fodkl [k.M ds vUrxZr pquh x;h efgyk v/;{k dh “kSf{kd ;ksX;rkb.VjehfM,V gh gS] og x`g.kh gS ,oa mldh vk;q 28 o’kZ gS] fookfgrk gS rFkk og fiNM+h tkfr ls lEcU/k j[krh gSA og igyhckj vkj{k.k ds rgr Cykd izeq[k ds in ij fuokZfpr gksdj vkbZ gSA

xzke iapk;r fodkl [k.M fcpiqjh o”kZ 2010 ¼orZeku½ dk <kapk 2

iz/kku ¼27½ lnL; ¼379½

efgyk ¼9½ iq:'k ¼18½ efgyk ¼128½ iq:’k ¼251½

mDr lkj.kh ls Li’V gksrk gS fd fodkl [k.M fcpiqjh esa fuokZfpr xzke iapk;r iz/kkuksa rFkk lnL;ksa dk fooj.k fn;k x;kgSA fodkl [k.M fcpiqjh esa vkj{k.k ds rgr 9 xzke iapk;rksa ij efgyk iz/kku pqudj vkbZ gS rFkk 128 efgyk lnL; gSA

xzke iapk;r iz/kkuksa dk fooj.k o”kZ 2010 ¼orZeku½ 3

mDr lkj.kh ¼3½ ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd orZeku le; esa vkj{k.k ds rgr pquh xbZ efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh vk;q

ØØØØeeee

xzkexzkexzkexzkeiap;kriap;kriap;kriap;kr

efgyk@efgyk@efgyk@efgyk@iq:’kiq:’kiq:’kiq:’k

uoEcjuoEcjuoEcjuoEcj2010 dks2010 dks2010 dks2010 dksvk;qvk;qvk;qvk;q

oxZoxZoxZoxZ

iwoZ esaiwoZ esaiwoZ esaiwoZ esafdruh ckjfdruh ckjfdruh ckjfdruh ckjiz/kku jghiz/kku jghiz/kku jghiz/kku jgh

gSAgSAgSAgSA

“kSf{kd“kSf{kd“kSf{kd“kSf{kd;ksX;rk;ksX;rk;ksX;rk;ksX;rk

iz/kku dkiz/kku dkiz/kku dkiz/kku dkikfjokfjdikfjokfjdikfjokfjdikfjokfjdO;olk;O;olk;O;olk;O;olk;

ifjokjifjokjifjokjifjokjdkdkdkdk

vkdkjvkdkjvkdkjvkdkj

oSokfgroSokfgroSokfgroSokfgrfLFkfrfLFkfrfLFkfrfLFkfr

efgykefgykefgykefgykizfrfuf/k;ksaizfrfuf/k;ksaizfrfuf/k;ksaizfrfuf/k;ksadk O;olk;dk O;olk;dk O;olk;dk O;olk;

1- fcpiqjh efgyk 30 lkekU; fuy d{kk 8 df̀’k cM+k fookfgr x̀g.kh2- vjrkSuh ^^ 25 lkekU; ^^ gkbZLdwy df̀’k cM+k ^^ ^^3- yM+kenk ^^ 38 lkekU; ^^ lk{kj df̀’k e/;e ^^ ^^4- vaxwBh ^^ 30 vuqlwfpr ^^ lk{kj etnwjh e/;e ^^ ^^5- cjkjk ^^ 30 vuqlwfpr ^^ d{kk 8 etnwjh e/;e ^^ ^^6- x<+lkuh ^^ 50 v0fi0 ^^ d{kk 5 df̀’k cM+k ^^ ^^7- [kykSvk ^^ 37 vuqlwfpr ^^ lk{kj df̀’k cM+k ^^ ^^8- c0vghj ^^ 38 v0fi0 ^^ d{kk 8 df̀’k NksVk ^^ ^^9- iFkkSyh ^^ 42 v0fi0 ^^ gkbZLdwy df̀’k NksVk ^^ ^^

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25 ls 50 o’kZ ds e/; gSA xzkeh.k laLFkk dh vk/kh ls vf/kd efgyk;sa vU; fiNM+k oxZ rFkk fiNM+s oxZ ls lEcU/k j[krh gSA gebuds “kSf{kd Lrj dh ckr djsa rks og cgqr gh fuEu gSA buesa ls nks efgyk;sa gkbZLdwy rFkk rhu efgyk;sa d{kk vkBohaa rd ,oa,d efgyk d{kk ikap rd gh f”kf{kr gSA laLFkk dh vU; efgyk;sa lk/kkj.k :i ls i<+uk ,oa fy[kuk tkurh gSA laLFkk dh lkrefgyk iz/kkuksa dk ikfjokfjd O;olk; d`f’k ,oa nks efgykvksa dk ikfjokfjd O;olk; d`f’k ls tqM+k gqvk etnwjh gSA

bl laLFkk dh 9 efgyk iz/kkuksa esa ls 4 efgykvksa dk ifjokj cM+k ,oa 3 efgykvksa dk ifjokj e/;e rFkk 2 dk NksVk gSAbl laLFkk dh lHkh efgyk;sa fookfgr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk x`g.kh gSA bl xzkeh.k laLFkk dh lHkh efgyk;sa igyh ckj fuokZfprgksdj vkbZ gSaA

jktuSfrd tkx:drkjktuhfrd tkx:drk vk/kqfud jktuhfrd foKku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSA fo”ks’kr;k iztkrkfU=d

“kklu iz.kkyh ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk ;g vo/kkj.kk Hkh egRoiw.kZ cu xbZ gS tkx:drk ls vfHkizk; ,d O;fDr dk viuspkjksa vksj ?kfVr gksus okyh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd HkkSfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd ?kVukvksa ds fo’k; esa Kku vFkok tkudkjhls gSA blh izdkj jktuhfrd tkx:drk dk lk/kkj.k :i ls vFkZ ,d O;fDr dh vius ns”k] lekt rFkk cM+k fo”o esa ?kfVrgksus okyh jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa ds izfr tkudkjh ls fy;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu vk/kqfud :i ls bldk vfHkizk; ,d O;fDrdh viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gSA jktuhfrd tkx:drk dk Lrj O;fDr dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oajktuhfrd i`’BHkwfe rFkk jktuhfr ds izfr mldh :fp ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vr% Li’V gS fd fdlh Hkh ns”k lekt ds O;fDr;ksads KkukRed vkpj.k dk v/;;u djuk vR;Ur vfuok;Z gSA D;ksafd blh ij mudh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj fuHkZjdjrk gSA

blh rF; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, izLrqr v/;k; esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkk dh efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa ds viuh laLFkk ds izfrKkukRed vkpj.k dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh tkx:drk ds Lrj dks tkuus ds fy;s muls lcls igys ,d ljy iz”u iwNk x;k] ^^vki fdlhLFkkuh; Lo”kklu dh lnL; gSa\** bl iz”u dh lHkh 09 ¼100 izfr”kr½ izfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk lgh mRrj fn;k x;kA

fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k ds fo”k; esa tkx:drkblds ckn nwljk iz”u ;g iwNk x;k] ^^vkidh iapk;rh jkt laLFkk esa vki lfgr dqy fdrus lnL; gSa\** bl iz”u dk

izR;qRRkj rkfydk 3-1 esa fn;k x;k gSArkfydk & 3-1

rkfydk ls Li’V gS fd xzke iapk;r dh dqy 09 efgyk lnL;ksa esa ls 07 ¼77-77 izfr”kr½ efgykvksa }kjk bl iz”u dkmfpr mRrj fn;k x;kA dsoy 02 ¼22-22 izfr”kr½ efgyk,sa gh ,slh gSa tks bl lEcU/k esa tkudkjh ugha j[krhA rFkk xzke Lrjij ;g izfr”kr cgqr de gSA

bl vk/kkj ij ifj.kke Lo:i ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mRrjnkrkvksa dh bl lEcU/k esa i;kZIr tkx:drk gSaA bldsvfrfjDRk ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd iapk;rh jkt dh fuEu Lrj dh laLFkk esa efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh lnL; la[;k ds fo’k;esa tkx:drk dk Lrj Hkh fuEu gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k bu izfrfuf/k;ksa dh vkfFkZd o lkekftd i`’BHkwfe fo”ks’kr;k f”k{kk dkLrj gks ldrk gSA

blds ckn izfrfuf/k;ksa ls ,d vkSj ljy lk iz”u iwNk x;k ^^bl laLFkk dk v/;{k dkSu gS\** bl iz”u dk yxHkx lHkhmRrjnkrkvksa us mfpr mRrj fn;kA

fuokZfpr {ks= Js.kh ls lEcfU/kr tkx:drk;g tkuus ds fy;s fd mRrjnkrk vkjf{kr {ks= ls fuokZfpr gqbZ gS vFkok ugha] ls ;g iz”u iwNk x;k] ^^D;k vki

vkjf{kr {ks= ls fuokZfpr gqbZ gS\** lwpuknkrkvksa }kjk fn, lgh o xyr mRrj rkfydk 3-2 esa iznf”kZr fd;s x;s gSA

rkfydk & 3-2

rkfydk 2-2 ls Li’V gS fd xzke iapk;r Lrj ij vk/ks ls dqN de vFkkZr~ 09 esa ls 04 ¼44-44 izfr”kr½ efgykvksa ds

LrjLrjLrjLrj tkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSa tkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughaizfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr

xzke iapk;r 44-44 55-55

LrjLrjLrjLrj tkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSa tkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughaizfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr

xzke iapk;r 77-77 22-22

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 80-86 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es a efgykvk s adh lgHkkfxrk

Page 83: Issue 03 Year 02 Social Sciences& Humanities · 2015-11-13 · CONTENTS - 6 - S.No. Titles & Author/s Pages 1. IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY OVER LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG YOUNGSTERS Chandra

LrjLrjLrjLrj tkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSa tkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughaizfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr

xzke iapk;r 66-66 33-33

- 83 -

}kjk mRrj xyr fn;k x;kArkfydk esa fn;s x;s rF;ksa ds fo”ys’k.k ls ;g ifj.kke Li’V gks tkrk gS fd xzkeh.k Lrj dh Js.kh dh la[;k dh

efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dk Kku dk Lrj ogh gS tks fuokZpu {ks= ds iz”u ds lEcU/k esa Fkk vU; “kCnksa esa tkx:drk dk Lrj LFkkuh;laLFkk ds Lrj ds leku de gksrk pyk tkrk gSA ijUrq tc ge bldk dkj.k tkuus dk iz;kl djrs gS rks ikrs gS ¼ns[ks rkfydk2-2½ rFkk xzke Lrj dh efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dk Lrj de gSA vr% f”k{kk dk Lrj tkx:drk ds Lrj dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfordjrk gSA

blh tkudkjh dks vkxs c<+krs gq, efgyk lnL;ksa ls iwNk x;k ^^vki lfgr vkSj fdruh efgyk,sa vkjf{kr {ks= lsfuokZfpr gqbZ gSa\ bl iz”u ls lEcfU/kr mRrj izfr”kr Hkh ogh jgk tks blls iwoZ iwNs x;s iz”u dk Fkk vkSj dkj.k Hkh ;gh Fkk fdvf/kdka”k lwpuknkrkvksa dk f”k{kk dk Lrj fuEu gksus ds dkj.k ;s efgyk;sa ^^vkjf{kr {ks=** dk vFkZ ugha tkurh FkhA

vf/kos’ku ls lEcfU/kr tkx:drklwpuknkrkvksa ls ;g Kkr djus ds fy, fd mUgsa viuh LFkkuh; Lo”kklu dh laLFkk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds fo’k; esa

fdruk Kku gS vkSj bl lEcU/k esa os fdrus tkx:d gSa ;g iz”u iwNk x;kA bl laLFkk ds ,d o’kZ esa fdrus vf/kos”ku cqyk,tkus pkfg,\ bl lEcU/k esa izkIr lgh o xyr mRrj rkfydk 3-3 esa n”kkZ;s x;s gSA

rkfydk&3-3

rkfydk 3-3 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd xzke iapk;r dh 09 esa ls 06 ¼66-66 izfr”kr½ efgyk,sa Hkyh&Hkkafr tkurh gSa fdmudh laLFkk ds o’kZ esa fdrus vf/kos”ku cqyk, tkus pkfg, rFkk xzke Lrj dh 03 ¼33-33 izfr”kr½ efgyk lnL; ugha tkurhrFkk ifj.kke ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bldk eq[; dkj.k bu efgyk lnL;ksa dk izFke ckj iapk;rh jkt laLFkk dk lnL;cuuk gks ldrk gSA

bl Øe esa tc lwpuknkrkvksa }kjk ;g iwNk x;k fd o’kZ 2011 o 2012 esa dqy fdrus vf/kos”ku cqyk, x,\ vf/kdrjefgykvksa }kjk lgh mRrj nsus esa vleFkZrk O;Dr dh x;hA ;|fi dqN efgykvksa }kjk lgh mRrj fn;k x;kA blls Li’V gksrkgS fd efgyk lnL;ksa dk viuh laLFkk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds lEcU/k esa lS)kfUrd o O;ogkfjd Kku cgqr de gS tks mudh bllEcU/k esa tkx:drk ds fuEu Lrj dks bafxr djrk gSA

blh izdkj tc vxyk iz”u ^^D;k dksbZ fo”ks’k vf/kos”ku cqyk;k x;k gS\** iwNk x;k rks efgyk,sa bldk mRrjlUrks’ktud ugha ns ikbZA tc bldk eq[; dkj.k tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k rks Kkr gqvk fd bu efgykvksa dks lk/kkj.k ofo”ks’k vf/kos”ku esa Hksn dk Kku ugha gSA

vf/kos’k LFkfxr gksus ds lEcU/k esa tkx:drkefgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh tkx:drk ds Lrj dks tkuus ds fy;s vxyk iz”u iwNk x;k ^^D;k x.kiwfrZ ds vHkko eas dHkh

vf/kos”ku LFkfxr gqvk gS\** mRrjnkrkvksa }kjk fn, mRrj rkfydk 3-4 esa n”kkZ, x, gSArkfydk&3-4

rkfydk 3-4 ls Li’V gS fd xzke iapk;r dh dqy 09 esa ls 07 ¼77-77 izfr”kr½ izfrfuf/k;ksa us iz”u dk mfpr mRrj fn;krFkk “ks’k 02 ¼22-22 izfr”kr½ efgyk,sa mRrj lgh ugha ns ikbZA

ifj.kke Lo:i ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ¼22-22 izfr”kr½ izfrfuf/k ugha tkurh gSa fd ^x.kiwfrZ* ds vHkko esa laLFkk dkvf/kos”ku dHkh LFkfxr gqvk vFkok ughaA bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkh efgyk lnL;ksa dk izFke ckj xzkeh.k LFkkuh; Lo”kklulaLFkkvksa eas fuokZfpr gksuk gSA

fu.kZ; fy, tkus ds lEcU/k esa tkx:drkiapk;rh jkt laLFkk ds izR;sd lnL; ds fy, ;g tkuuk vfr vko”;d gS fd mudh laLFkk eas fu.kZ; fy, tkus dh

izfØ;k D;k gSa\ vr% blh rF; dks /;ku es j[krs gq, vxyk iz”u iwNk x;k ^^vkidh laLFkk eas fu.kZ; fdl izdkj fy, tkrs gSa\**loZlEefr ls ;k ernku }kjkA bl iz”u dk laLFkk dh yxHkx lHkh efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa us mfpr mRrj fn;k fd mudh laLFkk

LrjLrjLrjLrj tkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSa tkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughaizfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr

xzke iapk;r 77-77 22-22

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 80-86 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

eatw c?ksy

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es a efgykvk s adh lgHkkfxrk

Page 84: Issue 03 Year 02 Social Sciences& Humanities · 2015-11-13 · CONTENTS - 6 - S.No. Titles & Author/s Pages 1. IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY OVER LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG YOUNGSTERS Chandra

LrjLrjLrjLrj tkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSa tkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughaizfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr

xzke iapk;r 11-12 88-88

LrjLrjLrjLrj tkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSa tkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughaizfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr

xzke iapk;r ---------------------- 100-00

- 84 -

}kjk fu.kZ; loZlEefr ls fy;s tkrs gSA dsoy 02 efgyk lnL; bldk viokn FkhaArkfydk& 3-5

rkfydk 3-5 ls Li’V gS fd xzke iapk;r Lrj dh dqy 09 ¼100 izfr”kr½ efgyk izfrfuf/k milfefr;ksa ds ckjs esa ughatkurh gSaA

bl vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd efgykvksa dh tkx:drk dk Lrj de ¼”kwU;½ gS bldk ,d eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd bulaLFkk dh efgyk lnL; igyh ckj pqudj vkbZ gSa vkSj mUgsa laLFkk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds fo'k; esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk vuqHko ughagSA vr% os bu laLFkk dh milfefr;ksa ds fo’k; esa ugha tku ik;h gSaA ;gka O;ogkfjd :i esa xzke iapk;r Lrj ij milfefr;kaxfBr ugha dh xbZ gSaA

efgyk laxBu lEcU/kh tkx:drk;g Kkr djus ds fy;s fd D;k efgyk izfrfuf/k vius ?kj dh pkjnhokjh rd lhfer gSa ;k ckgjh fØ;kvksa esa Hkh Hkkx

ysrh gSa] muls iwNk x;k ^^D;k vki fdlh efgyk laxBu ds ckjs esa tkurh gSa\ bl iz”u ls lEcfU/kr mRrj rkfydk 3-6 esan”kkZ;s x;s gSaA

rkfydk& 3-6

rkfydk 3-6 ls Li’V gS fd xzke iapk;r ds Lrj ij dqy 09 lnL;ksa esa ls bl iz”u dk ldkjkRed mRrj nsus okyh dsoy,d efgyk Fkha tcfd vf/kdka”k vFkkZr~ ¼88-88 izfr”kr½ bl lEcU/k esa iwjh rjg ls vufHkK gSA

rkfydk 3-6 ds fo”ys’k.k ls ;g ifj.kke Li’V gksrk gS fd tkx:drk dk Lrj laLFkk ds Lrj ds vuqlkj gSA bldslkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh Li’V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka”k efgyk,sa ckgjh fØ;kvksa esa :fp ugha j[krh ftldk eq[; dkj.k lekt esa iq:’kiz/kkurk o efgykvksa dk x`g dk;ksZ esa O;Lr jguk gSA

LoSfPNd laXkBu lEcU/kh tkx:drkLoSfPNd laxBuksa dh lnL;rk efgykvksa dks vius ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ls ckgj fudkyus o mldh jktuhfrd ekeyksa

esa :fp vkSj tkx:drk dks c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ dkjd gks ldrh gSA blfy, efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa ls ;g iz”u iwNk x;k ^^D;kvki fdlh LoSfPNd laxBu ds fo’k; esa tkurh gSa\ LkEcfU/kr iz”u ds mRrj rkfydk 3-7 esa n”kkZ;s x;s gSA

rkfydk& 3-7

rkfydk 3-7 esa n”kkZ;k x;k gS fd xzke iapk;r Lrj dh dqy 09 efgyk lnL;ksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh efgyk lnL; fdlhLoSfPNd laxBu ds fo’k; esa tkudkjh ugha j[krh gSA

rkfydk 3-7 ds v/;;u ds fo”ys’k.k ls ;g ifj.kke Li’V gksrk gS fd xzke Lrj ij efgyk LknL;ksa dh tkx:drk cgqrde ¼”kwU;½ gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k bu efgyk lnL;ksa dh fuEu vkfFkZd i`’BHkwfe gks ldrh gS D;ksafd rkfydk esa ;g Hkh Li’Vgksrk gS fd lHkh efgyk lnL; fdlh Hkh LoSfPNd laxBu ds lEcU/k esa fdLkh izdkj dh tkudkjh ugha j[krh tks bl ckr dkifjpk;d gS fd tuizfrfuf/k pqus tkus ds i”pkr~ Hkh os vius ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ls ckgj ugha fudy ikbZ gSA bldk eq[;dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd ;s efgyk lnL; iapk;rh jkt laLFkk esa vkj{k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i izFke ckj fuokZfpr gqbZ gS vkSjbuesa ls vf/kdka”k us vius ifjokj ds iq:’k oxZ ds ncko o dqN ekeyksa esa izsj.kk ds QyLo:i jktuhfr esa izos”k fd;k gSAokLro esa bu efgykvksa dh jktuhfr esa u rks dksbZ :fp gS vkSj u gh tkx:drkA

fuokZfpr efgyk lnL;ksa dh jktuhfrd lRrk lEcU/kh tkx:drkiapk;rh jkt laLFkk dh efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa jktuhfrd ekeyksa esa fdruh :fp ysrh gSa] ;g tkuus ds fy;s muls ,d

LrjLrjLrjLrj tkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSa tkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughaizfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr

xzke iapk;r --------------- 100-00

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 80-86 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es a efgykvk s adh lgHkkfxrk

Page 85: Issue 03 Year 02 Social Sciences& Humanities · 2015-11-13 · CONTENTS - 6 - S.No. Titles & Author/s Pages 1. IMPACT OF SPIRITUALITY OVER LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG YOUNGSTERS Chandra

LrjLrjLrjLrj tkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSatkx:d gSa tkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughatkx:d ughaizfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr izfr”krizfr”krizfr”krizfr”kr

xzke iapk;r 77-77 22-22

- 85 -

ljy lk iz”u iwNk x;k ^^D;k vki tkurh gS fd vkidh laLFkk esa dkSu lk ny vFkok xqV lRrk esa gSa\** mRrjnkrkvksa }kjk fn;sx;s mRrj ds rkfydk 3-8 esa n”kkZ;k x;k gSA

rkfydk & 3-8

tSlk fd rkfydk 3-8 esa n”kkZ;k x;k gS fd xzke iapk;r Lrj dh 09 esa ls 07 ¼77-77 izfr”kr½ tkurh gSa fd mudh laLFkk esadkSu lk ny vFkok xqV lRrk esa gS rFkk bl lEcU/k esa vf/kdka”k tkudkjh j[krh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksaesa nycUnh ;k xqVcUnh gks ldrk gSA

bl izdkj] v/;;u ls ;g ifj.kke Li’V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka”k efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dks viuh laLFkk dh dqy lnL; la[;kdk leqfpr Kku gSA bl lEcU/k esa vKkurk O;Dr djus okyh “ks’k 02 ¼22-22 izfr”kr½ efgyk,sa gSA v/;;u ls ;gh irk pyrkgS fd xzke iapk;r Lrj ij efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k dks vius fuokZpu {ks= dh Js.kh ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ Kku ughagSA bldk ,d eq[; dkj.k bu izfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk lkekU; o vkjf{kr fuokZpu {ks= esa Hksn dj ikus dh ;ksX;rk dk vHkko gksldrk gS vkSj blds ewy esa f”k{kk dk fuEu Lrj ,oa jktuhfr ds izfr :fp dk vHkko n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA vkadM+ksa ls Kkr gksrkgS fd yxHkx 33-33 izfr”kr efgyk lnL;ksa dks o’kZ esa cqyk, tkus okys vfuok;Z vf/kos”kuksa dk Hkh Kku ugha gSA tcfd O;ogkjesa o’kZ 2011&12 esa fdrus vf/kos”ku cqyk, x;s] ds fo’k; esa viuh vKkurk O;Dr djus okyh efgykvksa dh la[;k vkSj Hkhvf/kd gSA blh izdkj vf/kdka”k efgyk LknL; bl iz”u dk mRrj nsus esa vleFkZ ikbZ xbZ fd mudh laLFkk dk dHkh dksbZ fo”ks’kvf/kos”ku cqyk;k x;k vFkok ughaA

blh iapk;r jkt laLFkk dh xzke Lrj dh efgyk lnL; LoSfPNd laxBuksa ds fo’k; esa Hkh efgyk lnL;ksa dks leqfpr Kkudk vHkko gSA blds foijhr vkadM+ksa ls ;g Hkh Li’V gksrk gS fd xzke Lrj dh efgyk lnL; bl rF; dk leqfpr Kku j[krhgSa fd mudh laLFkk esa dkSu lk jktuhfrd ny vFkok xqV lRrk esa gSA v/;;u ls ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd yxHkx lHkh efgyk;satkurh gSa fd mudh laLFkk esa fu.kZ; fdl izdkj fy;s tkrs gSaA

fu”d”kZv/;;u ls ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr Li’V gksrh gS fd izfrfuf/k;ksa dh tkx:drk dk Lrj mudh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o

jktuhfrd i`’BHkwfe ds vuq:i gSA xzke iapk;r dh efgyk lnL;ksa dh tkx:drk dk Lrj fuEu Js.kh dk gS tks fd fu”pr:i ls bu izfrfuf/k;ksa dh viuh laLFkk dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa lgHkkfxrk dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA

efgyk usr`Ro ds ekxZ esa ck/kk,saefgykvksa dh tkx:drk vkSj mudh fuHkhZdrk o lkgl dks lkekftd n`f’V ls vPNk ugh ekuk tkrk gS] yM+fd;ksa dks

cpiu ls gh ,slh f”k{kk nh tkrh gS fd os fdlh vU;k; iw.kZ o vuqfpr ckr dk fojks/k djus ds ctk; pqipki fLFkfr dksLohdkj dj ysaA vc rd fd;s x;s v/;;uksa ls ;g lPpkbZ mHkj dj vkbZ gS fd f”k{kk dk Lrj efgykvksa esa fuEu gSA vf”kf{krgksuk Hkh efgykvksa esa vfHk”kki gSA vf”kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k og vius vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr jg tkrh gS rFkk xzke iapk;r Lrj ij[kqydj jktuhfr esa Hkkx ugha ysrh gSA os xzke iapk;r ds vf/kos”uksa esa Hkkx ysrh gS rFkk og ctV esa /ku dh ekax ugh dj ikrhgSA vf/kdka”k efgykvksa ds ;gkW inkZ izFkk gS ogkW iapk;r dk lkjk dk;Z efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa ds ifjokj ds lnL; vFkkZr~ mudsifr gh djrs gS xzkeh.k ifjos”k esa efgykvksa dks ?kj ls ckgj vdsyh tkus dh vuqefr ugha gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k gS iq:’k iz/kkulekt dk gksuk rFkk inkZ izFkk dk gksuk vkSj vf”k{kk] efgyk vkj{k.k ds rgr pqudj rks vkbZ gS ijUrq og vius vf/kdkjksa dsizfr vufHkK gSA blesa lHkh efgyk iz/kkuksa dk d`’kd ,oa blls tqM+s O;kikj dk gksuk] efgyk,sa vDlj vius [ksrksa ds dk;Z esalg;ksx djrh gSA vk/kh ls T;knk efgykvksa dk ifjokj vf/kdrj cM+k gS rks og mudk ikyu iks’k.k djus esa gh vius vkidksO;Lr j[krh gSA mudks bruk le; gh ugh feyrk fd og ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ls fudydj ckgj dh nqfu;kW ns[ksa rFkk viusvklikl D;k gks jgk gS ,oa vius vf/kdkjksa dks tkuus dh ps’Bk gh ugh dj ikrh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k gS fd og vius ifjokjdh ftEesnkfj;ksa eas vf/kd O;Lr gSaA f”k{kk dk Lrj fuEu gksus ds dkj.k efgyk iapk;r dh cSBdksa eas [kqydj viuk er izdVugha dj ikrh gSaA

efgykvksa dks ;g Hkh irk ugha gksrk fd muds lky esa fdrus vf/kos”ku cqyk;s x;s gSaA efgyk izfrfuf/k vdsys dksbZ fu.kZ;ugha ys ldrh gSaA vf/kdka”k efgykvksa dks jktuhfr esa de :fp gS rFkk og x`fg.kh gksus ds dkj.k os vius x`gdk;ksZ esa gh vf/kdO;Lr jgrh gSA blesa eq[; dkj.k efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dk fuEu lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd Lo:i ¼i`’BHkwfe½ gSA

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 80-86 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es a efgykvk s adh lgHkkfxrk

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- 86 -

efgyk usr`Ro ds ekxZ esa ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds mik;vc rd fd;s x;s v/;;uksa ls ;g lPpkbZ mHkj dj vkbZ gS fd efgykvksa eas f”k{kk ds izlkj ls gh mUgsa muds vf/kdkjksa ds

izfr tkx:d rFkk muesa vkRefo”okl iSnk fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd og izfØ;k cgqr yEch vkSj dfBu gSijUrq blds fcuk ns”k dks le`) ,oa mUur cukus dk liuk iwjk gksuk vlEHko gSA efgykvksa ds fy;s mPp f”k{kk vfr vko”;dgS rHkh os vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d gksaxh vkSj jktuhfr esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk ik;saxhA efgyk izfrfuf/k jktuhfr esaigyh ckj pqudj vkbZ gSA vr% mUgsa iq:’k ds lg;ksx dh vko”;drk gS efgykvksa dks vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d jgukpkfg, ,oa vf/kos”kuksa esa Hkkx ysuk pkfg,A ctV cgl esa viuh iapk;r ds fy;s fodkl dk;Z gsrq /ku dh ekax djuh pkfg,]vkxauokM+h rFkk xzkeh.k efgyk dk;ZØeksa esa c<+&p<+dj Hkkx ysuk pkfg,A fuokZfpr efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dks okgu izf”k{k.k dhO;oLFkk Hkh vfuok;Z gksA bl izf”k{k.k ls efgyk lnL;ksa dks iapk;rksa esa dk;Z djus gsrq tkudkjh iznku djk;h tk;s rHkhefgyk lnL; vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr lgt gks ik;saxhA efgyk izfrfuf/k ds ifjokjksa ds lkFk&lkFk mUgsa Hkh vius vUnj vkRefo”okl iSnk djuk pkfg,A mUgsa vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d jguk pkfg,A

efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa ds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks ?kj ds dk;ksZ esa gkFk cVkauk pkfg;sA efgykvksa dks jktuhfr esa lfØ; HkwfedkfuHkkus ds fy;s ljdkj }kjk izf”k{k.k dk;ZØe pyk;s tkus pkfg;sA

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa igyh ckj lekt ds detksj oxksZ o efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k feyk gSA bu oxksZ dks jktuhfr dsfo’k; esa dksbZ fo”ks’k tkudkjh ugha gSA vr% iapk;r izfrfuf/k dks ljy rjhds ls fodsfUnzr “kklu ,oa fodkl ds fo’k; esaizf”k{k.k nsuk vfuok;Z gS rkfd os izHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldsaA

xzke] iapk;rksa es rFkk xzke lHkk lnL;ksa dks vius&vius vf/kdkjksa rFkk dRkZO;ksa ds izfr tkx:d djus eas izf”k{k.k dhHkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA blds ek/;e ls iapk;r izfrfuf/kvksa nsdj mudh {kerk esa o`f) dh tk ldrh gS ftlls os vius dk;ksZ dklqPkk: :i ls fuokZg dj ldsa vkSj xzke fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ns ldsA

xzke] [k.M Lrj ;k ftyk Lrj ij efgyk laxBuksa ds izfrfuf/kvksa dks “kkfey djrs gq, ,slh lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k tk;stgkW ;s efgyk;sa o detksj oxksZ ds izfrfuf/k viuh leL;k;sa j[k ldsaA

lUnHkZ� fodsfUnzr lRrk VkbEl] fgUnh ikf{kd & tqykbZ 2003A� iapk;rh jkt l”kfDrdj.k gsrq {kerk fodkl & lgHkkxh f”k{k.k dsUnz ¼iqfyl Qk;j LVks”ku ds ihNs½ NVk ehy] ch-ds-Vh-

lhrkiqj jksM] y[kuÅ & 227208 m0iz0 HkkjrA� mRrj izns”k iapk;r jkt izf”k{k.k ekWM;wYl ,oa lanHkZ lkezxh & ;w-,u-Mh-ih- Hkkjr ljdkj lefiZr mi ifj;kstuk varxZr

izdkf”krA� fodsfUnzr lrk VkbEl & 8 eky ,osU;w] y[kuÅA� f=Lrjh; iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk xzke iapk;r] {ks= iapk;r] ftyk iapk;r] lgHkkxh f”k{k.k dsUnz] lhrkiqj jksM] y[kuÅ &

227208A� {ks= iapk;r fcpiqjh fodkl [k.M] vkxjkA� iapk;r jkt foHkkx] fodkl Hkou] vkxjkA� G.A. Almond & G. Bingam Poweel : Comparative Politics – A Development Approch Boston, Little Brown and

company (incl.) p.50

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Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 80-86 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

eatw c?ksy

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iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es a efgykvk s adh lgHkkfxrk

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 87 - 90

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 87 -

ABSTRACT

ekDlZokn bZ'oj ds vfLrRo esa fo'okl ugha djrk vkSj /keZ dks vQhe dk u'kk dgrk gSA ekDlZokn dsfurkUr foijhr xk¡/khoknh fopkj/kkjk ewy:i ls /keZ ij vk/kkfjr fopkj/kkjk gSA

ysfdu lr Hko dHkh ,dne yqIr ugha gksrkAxhrk esa dgk x;k gS & uklrks fo|rs Hkkoksa ukHkkoks fo|rs lr%A

mHk ;ksjsfi n`"VksMUrLRor;ksLrRo nf'kZfHk%A v/;k; 2 'yksd &16vFkkZr vlr oLrq dh rks lRrk ugha gS vkSj lr dk vHkko ugha gSA bl izdkj bu nksuksa dk gh rRo] rRo

Kkuh iq:"kksa }kjk ns[kk x;k gSAjk"Vªoknh cuus ds fy, jk"Vªh;rk ds bl /keZ dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, gesa /kkfeZd Hkkouk dk iw.kZ ikyu

djuk gksxkA gesa Lej.k j[kuk pkfg, fd ge fufer ek= gS] Hkxoku ds lk/ku ek= gSA jkT; ds ekeyksa esa /keZ dhdksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gksuh pkfg,A jkT; dk O;ogkj lHkh /keksZa ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk ,d tSlk gksuk pkfg,A vr%;fn dksbZ jkT; ljdkj /keZZfujis{k@fujis{krk dk mYya?ku djrh gS rks oLrqr% ,slh fLFkfr esa mlds f[kykQvuqPNsn 356 dk iz;ksx oS/k ekuk tk;sxkA

Hkkjr esa /keZ vkSj jktuhfr ,d v/;u

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ekDlZokn bZ'oj ds vfLrRo esa fo'okl ugha djrk vkSj /keZ dks vQhe dk u'kk dgrk gSA ekDlZokn ds furkUr foijhrxk¡/khoknh fopkj/kkjk ewy:i ls /keZ ij vk/kkfjr fopkj/kkjk gSA

bZ'oj dk n'kZu gh thou dk mn~ns'; gS vkSj bl ns'k dh ;gh ,d fo'ks"krk gSA igys ;g vkSj vkSj blds ckn nwljh ckrsaAigys ls gh jktuhfr dh ckrsa djus ls u pysxk] igys ,dfpr gksdj Hkxoku dk /;ku fpUru djks ân; ds chp esa mudsvuqie :i dk n'kZu djksA mUgsa izkIr djus ds ckn rc Lons'k dk dY;k.k dj ldksxs] D;ksafd ml le;] rqEgkjk eu]vuklDr gksxkA esjk ns'k dgdj lsok ugha loZHkwrksa esa bZ'oj gSA1

loZHkwrksa esa bZ'oj gSA ;g dgdj mudh lsok dj ldksxsA ml le; Lons'k fons'k dh Hksn cqf) u ugah jgsxhA ml le;Bhd izdkj ls le>k tk ldsxk dh tho dk dY;k.k fdlls gksrk gSA Jhjke d`".k nso dgk djrs Fks] ^^ tks yksx nkao [ksyrs gSaos [ksy dh pky Bhd Bhd le> ugha ldrsA tks yksx [ksy ls vyx jgdj ikl cSB&CkSBs [ksy ns[krs jgrs gSa os nwj ls vPNhpky ns ldrs gSaA** dkj.k ns[kus okyk [ksy esa vklDr ugha gSA dkj.k ns[kus okyk [ksy esa vklDr ugah gSA ,dkUr esa cgqr fnuksard lk/kuk djds jkx }s"k ls eqDr mnklhu vuklDr thou eqDr egkiq:’k us tks dqN miyfC/k dh gS] mlds lkeus mUgsa vkSjdqN Hkh vPNk ugha yxrk &

;a yC/ok pkija ykHka eU;rs ukf/kda rr%A;fLeu~ fLFkrks u nq%[ksu xq:.kkfi fopkY;rsAA xhrk] 6&22xhrk fgUnqvksa dh jktuhfr] lekt uhfr ;s lHkh /keZ'kkL= gSA euq] ;kKoYD;] ijk'kj vkfn egkiq:"k bu lc /keZ 'kL=ksa

ds iz.ksrk gSA mUgsa fdlh Hkh pht dh vko';drk ugha FkhA fQj Hkh] Hkxoku dk funsZ'k ikdj xq:vksa ds fy, mUgksaus 'kkL=ksa dhjpuk dh gSA os mnklhu jgdj nkao&[ksy dh pky crk ns jgs gSa] blfy, ns'kdky ik= dh n`f"V ls mudh ckrksa esa ,d Hkh Hkwygksus dh lHkkouk ugha gSA2

^^;|nkpkfjr Js"B LoRonsorjks tu%AA3

l;Rizek.ka dq:rs yksd LrnuqorZrsAA** v/;k;&3 'yksd 21vFkkZr ! Hkxoku Jhd`".k dgrs gSa fd vtqZu] Js"B iq:"k tks tks vkpj.k djrk gS vU; iq:"k Hkh oSlk oSlk vkpj.k djrs gSa

og tks dqN izek.k dj nsrk gS] leLr leqnk; mlh ds vuqlkj cjrus yx tkrk gSAviuk ns'k _f"k eqfu;ksa dk rks gS gh ;gka tud vkSj Hkjr tSls jktk gq, gS tks jktk rFkk lU;klh nksuksa FksA tud dks

nsfons'k dgk gh tkrk gS vkSj Hkjr v;ks/;k ds jktk oSls gh jgs tSls HkkSjk pEik ds ckx esaA Hkzej pEik ds iq"i ij ugha cSBrk vkSj

jktho dqekjvfl0 izksQslj]

gfj bULVhV;wV vkQ VSDuksykWthj.knsoh] udqM+] lgkjuiqj

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RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 87-90 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

jktho dqekj

- 88 -

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Hkkjr es a /ke Z vk Sj jktuhfr,d v/;u

u mldk jl iku djrk gSA xksLokeh rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa %&vo/k jkt lqjjkt flgkbZAnljFk /ku ykf[k /kunq ytkbZArsfg iqjclr Hkjr fcuq jkxkAppjhd ftfe pEid ckxkAvkt dh jktuhfr yk{kk x`g dh jktuhfr gSA tkfrokn lEiznk; okn] /kucy] ckgqcy] dnkpkj] vkSj lRrk cy dk

nq:i;ksx pquko thrus ds fufeRr vkSj lk/ku gks x;s gSAysfdu lr Hko dHkh ,dne yqIr ugha gksrkA xhrk esa dgk x;k gS &uklrks fo|rs Hkkoksa ukHkkoks fo|rs lr%A4

mHk ;ksjsfi n`"VksMUrLRor;ksLrRo nf'kZfHk%A v/;k; 2 'yksd &16vFkkZr vlr oLrq dh rks lRrk ugha gS vkSj lr dk vHkko ugha gSA bl izdkj bu nksuksa dk gh rRo] rRo Kkuh iq:"kksa }kjk

ns[kk x;k gSAdksfVY; us Hkh jktk dks /keZ izorZd ekuk gS rFkk muds vuqlkj jktuhfr o /keZ esa vfr fudV dk lEcU/k gSA blfy, /keZ

dk ikyu djrs gq, U;k; ds vk/kkj ij iztk dh j{kk djus dk egRo dksfVY; dh n`f"V esa jktk ds fy, bruk vf/kd gS fd osmls jktk ds fy, LoxZ izkfIr dk lk/ku ekurs gSA ^^loZ/keZ LoxhZ; iztk /kesZ.k jf{kr%A** ,slh n'kk esa ;g LokHkkfod gh gS fddksfVY; us jktk dh ;ksX;rk ,oa mlds drZO; vkSj mlds vf/kdkj vkfn ds foospu esa jktuhfr i{k ds lkFk&lkFk uSfrd i{kij Hkh leku :i ls cy fn;k gSA jkT; dks /keZ jfgr cukus esa 15oha 'krkCnh ds bVyh ds eSfd;koyh dk cM+k ;ksxnku jgk]mlus ;g izfrikfnr fd;k fd jktuhfrd lQyrk ds fy, uhfr vkSj /keZ dks jktuhfr ls iw.kZr% i`Fkd j[kuk pkfg,A mlusdqfVy jktuhfr dk leFkZu fd;kA e/; ;qx esa rFkkdfFkr /keZ us jktuhfr ij fu;a=.k djds lekt dk cgqr vfgr fd;k FkkAvr% izfrfØ;k Lo:i /keZfujis{k jktuhfr dks leFkZu feyk] fdUrq /keZfujis{k gksdj jktuhfr] LoPNUn vkSj dqiFk xkfeuh gksx;h] /kwrZrk dk i;kZ; cu x;h] ekuork ds fouk'k dk ,d dkj.k gks x;hA /keZ dks ^vQhe dh xksyh* crkdj mls R;kT; vkSj?k`f.kr Lo:i iznku fd;k x;kA5

egkRek xka/kh dk mn~Hko Hkh blh eSfd;koyh jktuhfr ds ;qx esa gqvk] fdUrq bl /kkfeZd vkSj vk/;kfRed lUr us jktuhfrds fod`r :i dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA xka/kh th us ;g Li"V ?kks"k.kk dh] fd /keZ ds fcuk jktuhfr iki gSA mUgksaus jktuhfr dsizpfyr ewY;ksa dks vLohdkj fd;k vkSj jktuhfr esa 'kq) /kkfeZd rFkk vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk ds fy, iw.kZ iz;Ru fd;kA6

Jh vjfoUn ds ledkyhu mnkjoknh usrkvksa dk jk"Vªokn ls cgqr fuEu jk"Vª Lrj dk FkkA mnkjoknh usrkvksa dks Hkkjr lsizse Fkk vkSj Hkkjr ds fgr ds fy, os d"V Hkh lg jgs FksA fdUrq mudh bPNk ;wjkih; f'k{kk] ;wjksih; laxBu vkSj lkexzh dksysdj Hkkjr dks NksVk ls baXyS.M cuk nsus dh FkhA blds foijhr vjfoUn ds jk"Vªokn us /kkfeZd ,oa vk/;kfRed Lo:i dksLi"V djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd jk"Vªh;rk D;k gS \ jk"Vªh;rk ,d jktuhfrd dk;ZØe ugha gS] jk"Vªh;rk ,d /keZ gS] tks bZ'oj iznRrgS] jk"Vªh;rk ,d fl)kUr gS] ftlds vuqlkj gesa thuk gSA

jk"Vªoknh cuus ds fy, jk"Vªh;rk ds bl /keZ dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, gesa /kkfeZd Hkkouk dk iw.kZ ikyu djuk gksxkA gesaLej.k j[kuk pkfg, fd ge fufer ek= gS] Hkxoku ds lk/ku ek= gSA

xks[kys dh uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed vkRe psruk muds jktuhfrd fopkjksa dh ewy izsj.kk FkhA xks[kys ,sls jktuhfrdlU;klh Fks tks jktuhfr esa uSfrdrk rFkk mPp mn~ns';ksa dks ysdj mrjs FksA os jktuhfr rFkk lkoZtfud thou dksvk/;kfRedrk ls vuqjaftr djuk pkgrs FksA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd /keZ dks jktuhfr dk vk/kkj gksuk pkfg,A jktuhfr esauSfrdrk dks loksZifj ekurs gq, xks[kys us lk/ku rFkk lk/; dh ,d:irk ij cy fn;kA lk/ku dh ifo=rk lk/; dks Hkh ifo=cuk nsrh gSA7

vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj izR;sd ukxfjd dks vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk rFkk fdlh /keZ dks ekuus o mldk izpkj djus dhvktknh gksuh pkfg,A fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks tcjnLrh fdlh Hkh /keZ dk vuq;k;h ugha cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A cPpksa dh f'k{kk¼/kkfeZd½ dk mRrjnkf;Ro 16 o"kZ dh vk;q rd muds ekrk&firk dh ftEesnkjh gSA

jk"Vª dk dksbZ Hkh /keZ ugha gksuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh O;fDr ij ,slk dksbZ dj ugah Fkksik tkuk pkfg, ftlls izkIr gksus okyhvk; fdlh /keZ fo'ks"k dks c<+k;s j[kus ds fy, [kpZ dh tk;sA vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj jkT; iw.kZr% /keZ fujis{k gksuk pkfg, rFkklHkh /keksZa ds yksxksa dks leku volj iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

,e-,e-jk; us ekSfyd ekuookn dk ,d izeq[k vk/kkj uSfrdrk gS] ftlds vHkko esa euq"; dks euq"; ugha dgk tk ldrkgSA jk; dk er gS fd orZeku esa ge uSfrdrk dks Hkwykdj 'kfDr jktuhfr esa Qal x;s gS] blfy, gekjs lkoZtfud thou dkiru gks x;k gSA vr% vkt vko';drk gS fd leLr ekuo thou esa uSfrdrk dh iquLFkkZiuk gks tk;sA jk; dh uSfrdrkvk/;kfRed vkSj /keZ ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS] vfirq uSfrdrk dk Lo:i /keZ fujis{k gSA jk; dk dguk gS fd uSfrdrk dksbZ

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vfrekuoh; vkSj ckº; 'kfDr u gksdj ekuo dh vkUrfjd 'kfDr gS] tks foosd ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftldk ikyu euq"; dY;k.kdh Hkkouk ls djuk pkfg,A bl izdkj jk; /keZ vk/kkfjr uSfrdrk dk [k.Mu dj /keZfujis{k uSfrdrk ij cy nsrk gSA

vktknh ds ckn Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa /keZ dh Lora=rk lEcU/kh izko/kku Hkh fd;k x;k FkkAHkkjr ds lafo/kku esa Hkh vuq0 25&28 rd /keZ dh Lora=rk ij cy fn;k x;k tks fuEu gS&vuqPNsn 25 & vUrdj.k dh Lora=rk vkSj /keZ dks ekuus] vkpj.k djus o izpkj djus dh Lora=rkA8

vuqPNsn&26 &/kkfeZd dk;ksZa ds izcU/k dh Lora=rk9

vuqPNsn&27 &fdlh fo'ks"k /keZ dh vfHko`f) ds fy, dj ugha nsus dh Lora=rkA10

vuqPNsn&28 &dqN f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa /kkfeZd f'k{kk ¼ ½ ;k /kkfeZd mikluk ¼11Religious instruction Religious instruction

worship½ esa mifLFkr gksus ls Lora=rkAtgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; jkT; dk iz'u gS og /keZ fujis{krk dh ldkjkRed /kkj.kk dk leFkZd gSA udkjkRed /kkj.kk dk ughaA

bldk vFkZ gS ;g gS fd jkT; u rks /keZ dk fojks/k djrk gS vkSj u gh v/kkfeZdrk dk izfriknu og flQZ bl ckr dk /;kuj[krk gS fd jkT; fdlh /keZ ;k lEiznk; fo'ks"k ds i{k esa bl rjg u >qd tk;s fd jkT; dh rVLFkk [krjs esa iM+ tk;sA bldk,d izfl) mnkgj.k ¼vFkhLV ¼ ½ lkslk;Vh vkWQ bf.M;k cuke xouZesUV vkWQ vkU/kizns'k 1992 ds ekeys esa fn[kkrkAthneist

12

gSAbl ekeys esa izkFkhZ ukfLrd O;fDr;ksa dk lewg Fkk vkSj mldk nkok Fkk fd ljdkjh Hkouksa ds f'kykU;kl ;k ljdkjh

dk;ZØeksa ds mn~?kkVu ds volj ij jkT; }kjk /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa ds vk;kstu rFkk /kkfeZd izrhdksa ds izn'kZu ls jkT; ds/keZfujis{k pfj= ls pksV igqaprh gSA vr% U;k;ky; ds }kjk bl dk;Z dks jksdk tkuk pkfg,A vkU/kzizns'k mPp U;k;ky; usizkFkhZ ds rdksZa dks [kkfjt djrs gq, fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd jkT; ds /keZfujis{k gksus dk vFkZ jkT; dk ukfLrd ,oa /keZ fojks/kh gksukugah gSA ukfj;y rksM+uk ea=ksPpkj.k djuk] iwtk ikB djuk vkfn izrhd Hkkjrh; lkaLd`frd ijEijk ds egRoiw.kZ fgLls gSAbudh vfHkO;fDr fdlh O;fDr ds /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ds fo:) ugha gSA ;fn izkFkhZ dh izkFkZuk dks vkSfpR;iw.kZ ekudj Lohdkj djfy;k tk;s rks ;g ,d izdkj ls uSfrdrk dks ^jktdh; fo'okl* ?kksf"kr djus ds cjkcj gksxk rFkk vuqPNsn 25 }kjk ns'k dslHkh O;fDr;ksa dks iznRr /kkfeZd Lora=rk dk mYya?ku gksxkA

blh izdkj ^,l-vkj- cksEecbZ cuke Hkkjr la?k ¼1994½ dk ekeyk Hkh /keZ fujis{krk dh O;k[;k dh n`f"V ls vR;ar13

egRoiw.kZ gSA ;|f; ;g ekeyk izR;{k:i ls vuq0 356 ds nq:i;ksx ds lEcU/k esa Fkk] fdUrq loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius fu.kZ;14

ds vUrxZr /keZfujis{krk ls lEcfU/kr dqN egRoiw.kZ fu"d"kZ Hkh fn;s tks fuEu gS %&1& /keZfujis{krk lafo/kku ds ewy <kaps esa 'kfDr gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ek/;e ls Hkh bl y{k.k dks

lafo/kku ls ugha gVk;k tk ldrk gSA2& /keZfujis{krk ,d ldkjkRed vo/kkj.kk gSA bldk vFkZ lHkh /keksZa ds izfr leku O;ogkj djuk gS u fd jkT; /keZ ds izfr

'k=qrk dk Hkko j[ksA3& /keZfujis{krk ds ldkjkRed :i esa ;g Hkh fufgr gS fd izR;sd O;fDr vius /keZ dks ekuus o mlds vuqlkj vkpj.k djus

ds fy, Lora= gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius /keZ dk ikyu djrk gS rks mlds lEcU/k esa ;g fu"d"kZ ugha fudkyk tk ldrkgS fd og /keZfujis{k ugha gSA

4& jkT; ds ekeyksa esa /keZ dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugah gksuh pkfg,A jkT; dk O;ogkj lHkh /keksZa ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk ,d tSlkgksuk pkfg,A vr% ;fn dksbZ jkT; ljdkj /keZZfujis{k @fujis{krk dk mYya?ku djrh gS rks oLrqr% ,slh fLFkfr esa mldsf[kykQ vuqPNsn 356 dk iz;ksx oS/k ekuk tk;sxkA

5& tks ckr jkT; ds lUnHkZ esa lgh gS] ogh jktuhfrd nyksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA jktuhfr vkSj /keZ dks feykuk vkil esa /keZfujis{krk ds fo:) gS] ;fn pquko izpkj esa dksbZ ny ;k laxBu /keZ ds vk/kkj ij ernkrkvksa ls er nsus dh vihy djrkgS rks blls jkT; dh lHkh /keksZa ds izfr leku O;ogkj dh xkjaVh detksj iM+rh gSA vr% /keZ vk/kkfjr pquko izpkj Hkhlafo/kku ds fo:) gS] KkrO; gS fd gekjs ewy lafo/kku esa ^/keZfujis{krk ;k iaFk fujis{krk ¼ ½ 'kCn 'kkfey ughaSecularism

FkkA lafo/kku lHkk dks bl 'kCn ds mYys[k dh t:jr eglwl ugah gqbZ gkWykfd mlus lafo/kku ds dbZ fgLlksa esa izko/kkudj fn;s tks Hkkjr dks /keZ fujis{k jkT; ¼ ½cukrs gSA bu izko/kkuksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ vuqPNsn 25&28 gSASecular state

15

blds vykok vuqPNsn 15]16]29] vkSj 30]44]51 ¼d½ ¼M½ rFkk 51 ¼d½ ¼p½ vkfn Hkh Hkkjrh; jkT; dh /keZfujuis{k izd`frdks izekf.kr djrs gSaAvkikr dky ds nkSjku Jherh bfUnjk xka/kh dh ljdkj us 42 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1976 ds ek/;e ls16

^^lsdqyj* 'kCn dks lafo/kku dh izLrkouk ;k mn~nsf'kdk ¼ ½ esa 'kkfey dj fn;kA lafo/kku dh izLrkouk esa ;g la'kks/kuPremble

djuk mfpr Fkk ;k ugha bl ij i;kZIr erHksn gSA dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;g ,d fujFkZd dok;n Fkh] tcfd dqN vU;

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ds vuqlkj blls Hkkjrh; jkT; O;oLFkk dk lsdqyj pfj= vkSj fu[kjdj lkeus vk x;kA lgh ckr ;g gS fd bl la'kks/ku dkizrhrkRed egRo pkgs cgqr vf/kd gks] fdUrq rkfRod n`f"V ls lafo/kku ds <kaps ij bldk izHkko 'kwU; gS] D;ksafd bl la'kks/ku lsigys Hkh lafo/kku ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dk pfj= lsdqydj gh FkkA

fu"d"kZizkphu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fl)kUrks dk fo'okl /keZ ds vax ds :i esa gh gqvkA blh dkj.k fgUnq jkt 'kkL= osRrkvksa us

jktuhfr vkSj /keZ dks ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd ugha fd;kA ;g Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh lcls izeq[k fo'ks"krk rFkk fo'o dks izeq[k nsugSA jktk vkSj 'kklu dk izeq[k drZO; /keZ dk ikyu djuk le>k x;k vkSj 'k=q ls Hkh /keZ ;q) djus dk funsZ'k fn;k x;kA blhdkj.k izkphu Hkkjr dh jktuhfr esa uSfrdrk dk lekos'k jgk vkSj jkt'kkL= dks uhfr'kkL= dgdj iqdkjk x;kA /keZ dk j{k.kjkT; dk izeq[k nkf;Ro FkkA /keZ vkSj jktuhfrd fopkj ,d nwljs ls xqFks gq, gSA jktuhfr vkSj /keZ ds ikjLifjd ?kfu"BlEcU/k dk vkHkkl blh rF; ls gks tkrk gS fd ftu xzUFkksa dks izkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds eq[; xzUFk ekuk tkrk gS] os /kkfeZdn`f"V ls i;kZIr egRoiw.kZ gSA tSls fd osn] czkã.k] mifu"kn] Le`fr;ka] egkHkkjr] jkek;.k] iqjk.k vkfn lkfgfR;d xzUFkksa dkizkphu Hkkjr dh jktuhfr dks le>us ds fy, ftruk egRo gS] mlls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ budks /kkfeZd n`f"V ls ekuk tkrk gSAbl izdkj ls Hkkjr esa izkphudky ls gh /keZ vkSj jktuhfr dk xgjk lEcU/k jgk gSA

lUnHkZ� egsUnz ukFk xqIr] Jhjke d`".k opuke`r] f}rh; Hkkx i`"B 121 jked`".k eB] ukxiqj lu~ 1999� egsUnz ukFk xqIr] Jhjke d`".k opuke`r] f}rh; Hkkx i`"B 121 jked`".k eB] ukxiqj lu~ 1999� xhrk] v/;k; 3] 'yksd 21� xhrk] v/;k; 2] 'yksd 16� Mk0 iq[kjkt tSu ,oa Mk0 ch0,y0 QfM;k] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl( vkxjk] i`"B 132� Mk0 iq[kjkt tSu ,oa Mk0 ch0,y0 QfM;k] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl( vkxjk] i`"B 147� Mk0 iq[kjkt tSu ,oa Mk0 ch0,y0 QfM;k] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl( vkxjk] i`"B 147� Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] vuqPNsn&25� Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] vuqPNsn&26� Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] vuqPNsn&27� Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] vuqPNsn&28� vFkhLV lkslk;Vh vkWQ bf.M;k cuke xouZesUV vkQW vkU/kz izns'k ¼1992½� ,l0vkj0 cksEebZ cuke Hkkjr la?k ¼1994½� Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] vuqPNsn&356� Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] vuqPNsn&25&28� 42oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1976

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Hkkjr es a /ke Z vk Sj jktuhfr,d v/;u

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Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 91 - 95

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 91 -

ABSTRACT

fdlh Hkh jk’Vª ds fy, jk’Vªh; ,dhdj.k ,d egRioiw.kZ eqn~nk gSA bl n`f’V ls lqj{kk dk nk;jk foLr`r gkstkrk gS D;ksafd blds ewy esa ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk lekfgr gSA jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk] vkfFkZd fo’kerk] {ks=h;vlarqyu] lkaLd`frd] Hkk’kk;h vkSj tkrh; Lka?k’kZ vkfn ,sls vkarfjd vk;ke gS tks jk’Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds fy,pqukSfr;ka izLrqr djrs jgs gSaA vr% fdlh Hkh ns”k dks lqjf{kr rHkh ekuk tk ldrk gS tc bu vkarfjd [krjksa lseqDr gksA Hkkjr dh vkarfjd lqj{kk esa vkradokn] vyxkookn] uDlyokn] {ks=okn vkfn pqukSfr;k fo|eku gSA;s lHkh pqukSfr;ka bruh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS fd Hkkjr lqj{kk ds n`f’Vdks.k ls gh ugha oju~ fodkl ,oa Lke`f) dsn`f’Vdks.k ls Hkh budh mis{kk ugha dj ldrkA Hkkjr ds yksxksa esa HkkokRed ,dhdj.k dh Hkkouk mRiUu djukjk’Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds mn~ns”; dh eq[; fo”ks’krk gSA dqy feykdj ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd jk’Vªh; ,dhdj.kdh izkfIr ds fcuk ge Hkkjr esas lekos”kh fodkl ds mn~ns”; dh izkfIr ugha dj ldrsA ge jk’Vªh; ,dhdj.k dsfodkl ds mn~ns”; dks Hkkjrh; lkekftd&jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ mn~ns”; dg ldrs gSaA vr%,dhdj.k dh Hkkouk fofo/krk ds izfr lfg’.kqrk vkSj lEeku ij gh vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg,A Hkkjr esa jk’Vªh;,dhdj.k ds fy, vk/kqfudhdj.k] dsUnz&jkT;ksa esa e/kqj lEcU/kksa rFkk jktuhfrd nyksa ds lefUor iz;klksa dksvk/kkj cuk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd lHkh oxksZa vkSj laiznk;ksa ds yksx feydj jk’Vªh; ,dhdj.k esa Hkkx ys lds( rHkhtkdj l”kDr Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k laHko gks ldsxkA

Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡

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equs”k dqekj ikBdvfl0 izksQslj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx]

jktdh; Lukrd egkfo|ky;]equL;kjh] fiFkkSjkx<+ ¼mÙkjk[k.M½

Hkkjrh; yksdra= dks fo”o dk lcls cM+k yksdra= gksus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA blds ihNs ewy dkj.k ;g gS fd laLd`fr;ksa]lkekftd ekudksa] ewY;ksa] /keksZa] Hkk'kkvksa] tkfr;ksa] iztkfr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa] HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa] n”kZu ,oa thou i)fr ds izfrekuksadk o`gr~ la”ys’k.k Hkkjr dh ,drk ,oa HkkSxksfyd lEc)rk dks ckgjh fHkUurkvksa ds ckotwn etcwrh iznku djrk gSA vxj ge;g dgsa fd Hkkjrh; yksdra= fofo/krk esa ,drk iznku djrk gS rks bl lanHkZ esa dksbZ vfr”;ksfDr ugha gksuh pkfg,A Hkkjrh;yksdra= Lora=rk izkfIr ls ysdj vkt rd ;g fujarj O;ogkj esa dk;Z dj jgk gS ysfdu blds lkeus dqN leL;k,a vkSjpqukSfr;ka Hkh fo|eku gSa( ftudk lkeuk djus ds fcuk Hkkjrh; yksdra= u rks fodflr yksdra= cu ldrk gS vkSj u gh viusyksxksa esa lekos”kh fodkl dk mn~ns”; izkIr dj ldrk gSA okLro esa Hkkjrh; yksdra= dsoy yksdra=h; ljdkjsa laxfBr vkSjlapkfyr djus esa gh lQy gqvk gS oju~ blus vius lkekftd&vkfFkZd&igywvksa esa vHkh lQyrk izkIr djuk “ks'k gSA bln`f’V ls Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds lkeus fo|eku pqukSfr;ksa dk v/;;u djuk vko”;d gS rkfd ge mu dneksa dh igpku dj ldsavkSj bldks LoLFk vkSj fodflr yksdra= dk Lo:Ik ns ldrs gSaA Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds le{k pukSfr;ksa dk fooj.k ge fuEuvk/kkjksa ij dj ldrs gSa&1- lkEiznkf;drk

lkEiznkf;drk ds varxZr os lHkh Hkkouk,a rFkk fØ;kdyki vk tkrs gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij fdlh fo”ks’k lewg ds fgrksa ijcy fn;k tk, vkSj mu fgrksa dks jk’Vªh; fgrksa ds Åij Hkh izkFkfedrk nh tk,A ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd oSlh Hkkoukvksa vkSjdk;Zdykiksa ds ihNs LokFkZ flf) dk y{; gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa mi;qZDr vFkZ esa lkEiznkf;drk fo|eku gSA /keZ dkiz;ksx jktuhfr esa tgka ,d vksj ruko mRiUu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS( ogha nwljh vksj izHkko ,oa “kfDr vfiZr djus dsfy, /keZ dks ek/;e cuk;k tkrk gSA pUnzk ds “kCnksa esa] **lh/ks&lh/ks dgsa rks lkEiznkf;drk dk vk/kkj gh ;g /kkj.kk gS fdHkkjrh; lekt dbZ ,sls lEiznk;ksa esa caVk gqvk gS ftuds fgr u flQZ vyx gSa cfYd ,d&nwljs ds fojks/kh Hkh gSaA lkEiznkf;drkds tUe ds ihNs dk fo”okl ;g Hkh gS fd jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ls ysdj lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd bjknksa ds fy, yksxksa dksflQZ /keZ dh jLlh esa cka/kdj vkadk tk ldrk gSA** “kekZds vuqlkj] **lkEiznkf;drk us jk’Vªh; ,dhdj.k esa fuEu izdkj ls1

ck/kk mRiUu dh gS & · foHkkTku] ?k`.kk ,oa vfo”okl]

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equs”k dqekj ikBd

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Hkkjrh; yksdra= dsle{k pqukSfr;k¡

· tu&/ku dh gkfu] · jktuhfrd nq’izdk;Z] · ruko ,oa la?k’kZ] · vlkekftd rRoksa esa o`f)] · lkekftd&lkaLd`frd fo?kVu vkSj · vkfFkZd&fodkl eas ck/kdA**2

2- tkfrHkkjrh; lekt ,d tkfr ij vk/kkfjr lekt gSA lkekftd vlekurk dfFkr mPp tkfr;ksa vkSj NksVh tkfr;ksa esa

vlekurk ds :Ik esa fo|eku gSA fganw lekt cgqr izkphu le; ls ysdj vkt rd] mPp tkfr;ksa vkSj NksVh tkfr;ksa esafoHkkftr lekt jgk gSA Hkys gh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ;g ?kksf’kr djrk gS fd tkfr] jax] o.kZ] /keZ] tUe LFkku vkSj fyax ds vk/kkjij fdlh Hkh izdkj dk HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk,xkA NqvkNwr dh cqjkbZ dks lekIr dh xbZ gS vkSj bldks dkuwu ds v/khu vijk/kekuk x;k gS fdarq blds ckotwn Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt tkfr] tkfrokn] tkfr ij vk/kkfjr vlekurk vkSj tkfr ij vk/kkfjrfgalk dh Hkwfedk dks lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldk gSA

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr] fo”ks’kr;k pquko&jktuhfr eas tkfr ds vk/kkj ij mEehnokjksa dks [kM+s djuk] tkfr ds vk/kkj ij oksVekaxuk] tkfr ds vk/kkj ij oksV Mkyuk] tkfr ij vk/kkfjr uhfr;ksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dh ekax djuk] tkfr ij vk/kkfjr fgalk vkSjHksnHkko ns[kus dks feyrh gSA tkfr vk/kkfjr lekt dh vkykspuk djrs gq, ?kqfj;s us fy[kk gS] **tkfr O;oLFkk }kjk ca/ks lektesa gekjh Hkkouk lhfer gksrh gS] lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk laiw.kZ euq’; lekt ds izfr u gksdj dsoy tkfr ds lnL;ksa rd lhfergksrh gS vkSj tkfrxr vk/kkj ij lnL;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA**3

3- Hkk”kkHkkjrh; lekt esa foHkktu dk ,d eq[; dkj.k Hkk’kk gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr esa Hkk'kk ds vk/kkj ij fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth dks ysdj

fookn gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr ds yksxksa dks fgUnh esa dksbZ fo”ks’k :fp ugha gS vkSj u gh os jktdh; Hkk’kk ekuus ds fy, rS;kj gSA nwljhrjQ eqfLye vYila[;dksa dh ;g fujarj f”kdk;r jgh gS fd Hkkjr esa mnwZ Hkk’kk dks mfpr LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gSA bl n`f’Vls Hkk’kk;h vk/kkj ij oSeuL;iw.kZ foHkktu jk’Vªh; ,drk ds fy, vR;f/kd ?kkrd fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Hkk’kkxr ekaxksa ds dkj.kvka/kzizns”k] egkjk’Vª vkSj iatkc dk fuekZ.k gqvkA jk; ds “kCnksa esa] **Hkk’kkokn dk Øe izkjEHk gks pqdk gS] ;g ,d “ksj gS tks jkLrsij vk x;k gS] ;k rks mls ekj fn;k tk, ;k fQj og Hkkjrh; jk’Vª dks ekj nsxkA**4

4- {ks=oknHkkjr esa {ks=okn dh mHkjrh izo`fÙk jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd izo`fÙk;ksa dh mit gSA LFkkf;Ro Hkjs jktuhfrd ifjn`”; esa

LFkkuh; vko”;drkvksa dh vuns[kh vkSj /kheh fodkl nj us {ks=h;rk dks vkSj vf/kd folaxfriw.kZ rFkk izklafxd cuk fn;kAlbZn ds “kCnksa esa] **ns”k ds dqN Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksx laLd`fr dh n`f’V ls vius dks vU; Hkkxksa ls i`Fkd eglwl djrs gSaA blhvk/kkj ij jktuhfrd {ks= esa dsUnz ljdkj dk de ls de gLr{ksi pkgrs gSa vkSj leqfpr fodkl ds fy, i`Fkd jkT; dk fuekZ.kpkgrs gSaA** {ks=oknh izo`fÙk ds dkj.k ns”k esa vusd lEkL;k,a mHkjrh gSaA bl uohu izo`fÙk us ns”k dks /keZ] Hkk’kk] tkfr] lEiznk;5

rFkk {ks= ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr djus dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSaA o’kZ 2000 esa fcgkj ls dVdj >kj[k.M] e/; izns”k lsdVdj NÙkhlx<+ vkSj mÙkj izns”k ls dVdj mÙkjk[k.M jkT; dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA vHkh gky gh esa vFkkZr~ vka/kzizns”k lsvyx dj rsyaxkuk dks o’kZ 2014 esa jkT; dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA blds vykok fonHkZ] gfjr izns”k] iwokZapy] cqansy[k.M]xksj[kkyS.M] cksMksyS.M] dkerkiqj] fo/; izns”k] lkSjk’Vª] fefFkyk] dwxZ] dksly] rqywukMw vkfn jkT;ksa dh ekax dsUnz ljdkj dsle{k yfEcr gSA

5- vkradoknvkt laiw.kZ ekuork vkradokn ls =Lr gSA blds dkj.k lekt esa fgalk] vuSfrdrk] vfo”okl dk cksyckyk gks x;k gSA

tulkekU; dk eukscy {kh.k gks x;k gS vkSj lekftd rRoksa dk cy feyk gSA vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa us lekt ds vkfFkZdigyw dks cqjh rjg izHkkfor fd;k gSA ywV&ikV ds QyLo:Ik lekt dks vkfFkZd gkfu gksrh gSA iwath fuos”k fnuksafnu ladqfpr,oa fojr gksrk tk jgk gSA vkradokn ds dkj.k gekjk jktuhfrd thou Hkh fo’kkDr cu x;k gSA vius LokFkZ flf) ds fy,]jktuhfrd usrk vlkekftd rRoksa dk lgkjk ysrs gq, ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA oLrqr% vkradokn jkT; vkSj lekt ds fo’kSys pfj=dh mit gSaA vkradokn vyxkooknh lewgksa ;k laxBuksa dk ,d “kL= jgk gS tks fd ;ks rks Hkkjr esa ls ,d vyx Lora= jkT;cukus dh ekax djrs jgs gSa ;k fQj Hkkjr dks gh ,d u;s jkT; esa cnyus dh ekax djrs jgs gSaA tEew vkSj d”ehj esa rksvyxkoknh rRoksa us vkradoknh laxBuksa dks ,d “kL= cuk fy;k gSA ikfdLrku dh lgk;rk vkSj leFkZu ls dbZ vkradoknh

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lewg tEew vkSj d”ehj esa fo|eku gSA ?kbZ ,oa ?kbZ ds “kCnksa esa] **blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd Hkkjr esa vkradokn dh mRifÙk vkSjo`f) ds ihNs ikfdLrku dh uhfr;ka vkSj dk;Zokfg;ka jgh gSaA Hkkjr esa lfØ; dbZ vkradoknh laxBuksa vkSj lewgksa dh tM+sikfdLrku esa gSaA**6

6- Hkz”VkpkjHkz’Vkpkj esa O;fDr vius futh ykHk ds fy, iz”kklfud] lkekftd] uSfrd ;k oS/kkfud ekun.Mksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS

vFkok lÙkk dk nq:Ik;ksx djrk gSA fj”or[kksjh] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] i{kikr] xou] “kkldh; inksa ij v;ksX;ksa dh fu;qfDr vkfnHkz’Vkpkj ds fofHkUu Lo:Ik gSA Hkz’Vkpkj fdlh u fdlh :Ik esa izR;sd dky vkSj izR;sd lekt esa ik;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; lektvc miHkksDrkoknh lekt cu x;k gSA vkt Hkz’Vkpkj gekjs ns”k dh gok esa ?kqy&fey pqdk gSA o’kZ 2013 dh Vªkalisjssalhb.Vjus”kuy fjiksVZ esa n”kkZ;k x;k fd] **fo”o ds ns”kksa dh lwph esa Hkz’Vkpkj ds Lrj dh n`f’V ls Hkkjr dk 94oka LFkku177

FkkA** Vªkalisjsalh b.Vjus”kuy fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd ?kwl ysus okyksa esa flQZ ljdkjh deZpkjh vkSj iqfyl okys gh “kkfey ugha gSa7

cfYd bleas jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ka vkSj U;k;ikfydk ls tqM+s yksx Hkh “kkfey gSaA cgqrizrhf{kr yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qDr fo/ks;d2013 dks jkT; lHkk }kjk 18 fnlEcj] 2013 dks yksdlHkk }kjk /ofuer ls ikfjr dj fn;k x;k vkSj ;g dkuwu 16 tuojh]2014 ls ykxw gks x;kA

7- ySafxd vlekurkHkkjr esa ySafxd vlekurk dh izd`fr dks ,sfrgkfld ifjisz{; esa le>us dk iz;kl djsa rks ;g ckr fcydqy lkQ gks tkrh

gS fd iq:’k opZLo dh jktuhfr] fookg] ifjokj vkSj mÙkjkf/kdkj tSlh ewyHkwr laLFkkvksa ls “kq: gksrh gSA fQj /keZ] ijEijkvksa]uSfrdrk o dkuwuksa dh vkM+ ysdj bl O;oLFkk dk laiw.kZ foLrkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa dh ;g foMEcuk jgh gS fd;gka ckfydk dks vfHk”kki o ckyd dks ojnku ekuk tkrk gSA bl ckr ls Hkh badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS fd efgyk dksl”kDr cukus ds fy, vudksa ;kstuk,a fØ;k”khy gSa ysfdu nqHkkZX; ls vHkh Hkh Hkkjr dk L=h oxZ vusd HksnHkko vkSjvlekurkvksa ds lkFk gh xqtj&clj dj jgh gSaA ,sls HksnHkko dk lcls nqHkkZX;iw.kZ vkSj gkfudkjd mnkgj.k dU;kHkzw.k gR;kgSA Hkkjr eas fL=;ksa dh la[;k iq:’kkas ds vuqikr esa fujarj de gks jgh gS vkSj ;g rF; Hkh fL=;ksa ds fo:) fd, tk jgs HksnHkkodks izdV djrk gSA ik.Ms; ds vuqlkj] **iq:’k leqnk; us bl vk/kh vkcknh dks vR;kpkjksa dh Øwj tathjksa esa tdM+us esa dksbZdlj ugha NksM+h gSA mldks dqpyus] elyus vkSj mlds miHkksx ls fHkUu vfLrRo dks Lohdkj djus ds lUnHkZ esa iq:’kksa dklnSo nksgjk ekun.M jgk gSA**8

8- cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkkoHkkjrh; tula[;k dk yxHkx 70 Hkkx xk¡oksa esa jgrk gS vkSj nqHkkZX; dh ckr ;g gS fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh cgqr de%

cqfu;knh lqfo/kk,a gSaA xk¡oksa esa lM+d] fctyh] vLirky] Ldwy] m|ksx dh Hkkjh deh vHkh Hkh cuh gqbZ gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSjfodkl dk vf/kd ykHk “kgjh tula[;k ds fgLls esa vk;k gS vkSj xkoksa esa yksx vHkh Hkh lkekftd&vkfFkZd :Ik ls fiNM+s gq,gSaA “kgjksa eas jgus okyksa dh vk; xkao ds yksxksa ls yxHkx rhu xq.kk vf/kd gSA xzkeh.k vkSj “kgjh thou esa varj Hkkjrh; lektdk ,d rF; gS tks Hkkjrh; lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd thou dks xgjs :Ik esa izHkkfor dj jgk gSA

9- oa’kokn ,oa ifjokjoknHkkjrh; yksdra= ds le{k xaHkhj pqukSrh ds :Ik esa oa”kokn ,oa ifjokjokn Hkh gSA tehankjksa] jkts&jktokM+ksa o vkS|ksfxd

?kjkuksa us yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa ij Hkh viuk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir dj fy;k gSA O;oLFkkfidk] dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk]ehfM;k] /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa ds dqN yksxksa ds iq=] iq=h] iRuh] cgw ,oa vU; fj”rnkjksa ls Hkjh iM+h gSaA lkekU; Ukkxfjd vius vFkdiz;kl ,oa ;ksX;rk ds ckotwn laLkk/kuksa ds vHkko esa ifjokjokn okyksa dh i`’BHkwfe okyksa ls fIkNM+ tkrk gSA ;g oa”kokn yksdra=dks vanj ls [kks[kyk dj pqdk gSA vf/kdka”k jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] iz”kklfud laLFkk,a ikfjokfjd dqik=ksa dh “kj.kLFkyh cupqdh gS ftlls u flQZ bu laLFkkvksa dh dk;Zdq”kyrk ,oa {kerk ?kVh gS cfYd esgurd”k ,oa bZeknkj yksxksa dk buyksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa ls dqN eksgHkax gks jgk gSA vr% ;g yksdra= ds fy, vPNk ladsr ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA

10- vkfFkZd fo”kerkvkfFkZd fo’kerk dk ewy dkj.k fu/kZurk gSA fu/kZurk ds dkj.k larqfyr Hkkstu ugha fey ikrk gS vkSj larqfyr Hkkstu u

feyus ls chekfj;ksa dh la[;k c<+rh gS ftlds QyLo:Ik e`R;q&nj esa o`f) gksrh gSA fu/kZurk ds dkj.k tc izkFkfedvko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha gks ikrh rks mUgsa xSj dkuwuh rkSj ij iwjk djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gS ftlls ns”k eas vijk/k dhnjsa c<+rh gSaA fu/kZurk ds dkj.k O;fDr csjkstxkj gks tkrk gSA dqy feykdj ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd fu/kZurk ,d lkekftdvkfFkZd leL;k gSA ;g vkfFkZd leL;k blfy, gS fd D;ksafd vkfFkZd vHkko gh fu/kZurk dks tUe nsrs gS tcfd ;g ,dlkekftd leL;k blfy, gS D;ksafd blls mRiUu lkekftd n”kk,¡ lkekftd thou dks lcls vf/kd izHkkfor djrh gSA ;g

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,d ,slh lkekftd leL;k gS ftls vU; lkekftd leL;kvksa ¼vijk/k] cky vijk/k] fHk{kko`fÙk] os”;ko`fÙk vkfn½ dh tuuhekuh tkrh gSA

11- jktuhfr dk vijk/khdj.kyksdra= dks lcls cM+h pqukSrh jktuhfr esa vijk/k c<+us ls fey jgh gSA ftu yksxksa dks tsy ds lyk[kksa ds ihNs gksuk

pkfg, os tuizfrfuf/k cudj ljdkjh laj{k.k fy, gq, gSaA pquko esa thr gkfly djus ds fy, ;s yksx turk ds chp vkradQSykrs gSa vkSj vko”;drk iM+us ij os lHkh phtksa dks viukrs tks muds thus ds fy, vko”;d gSaA QfM+;k vkSj tSu ds “kCnksa esa]**orZeku le; esa /kwrZ] nq’V vkSj cnek”k vf/kdkf/kd la[;k esa jktuhfr esa izos”k ys jgs gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd jktuhfrlcls “kh?kz vkSj lcls vf/kd ykHk igq¡pkus okyk /ka/kk cu x;k gS rFkk ;g fopkj Hkh cy idM+ jgk gS** gS fd vkijkf/kd rkSjrjhdksa dks viukus esa fuiq.k O;fDr ds fy, vijk/k vkSj jktuhfr ,d lkFk viukdj lÙkk jktuhfr esa ,d ds ckn nwljhlQyrk izkIr djuk ljy gksxkA**9

12- lq’kklu dh leL;kHkkjr ds lkeus tks pqukSrh ysdj [kM+k gS muesa lq”kklu ;k xqM xouZsal lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA ns”k dh fo”kkyrk] mldh

lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd fofo/krk] ijEijk,a vkSj fo”o Lrj ij gks jgh ?kVukvksa dk ncko gekjs le{k dbZ rjg ds loky ysdj[kM+k gSA ns”k ds iztkrkaf=d lafo/kku ds rgr gekjh ;g izfrc)rk gS fd Hkkjr ds gj ukxfjd dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ thou thus dhO;oLFkk gksA lekt dh ;g LokHkkfod vis{kk gS fd vke vkneh dks u dsoy t:jr dh lHkh phtsa feys cfYd mlds fodklvkSj le`f) dh laHkkouk Hkh cuh jgsA ;g nkf;Ro vkt tula[;k foLQksV ds ncko vkSj mlds vuq:Ik visf{kr lalk/kukas dhdeh ds dkj.k ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh cu x;k gSA blds fy, lfØ; vkSj izHkkoh “kklura= vfuok;Z :Ik ls vko”;d gSA flUgkds vuqlkj] **Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds lkeus lq”kklu dh fn”kk esa vHkh fofo/k izdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa dh Hkjekj gSA lq”kklu ds fopkjdks dk;Z:Ik nsus ds le{k xjhch] fuj{kjrk] igpku vk/kkfjr la?k’kZ] uDlyokn] vkradokn vkfn dqN izcy pqukSfr;ka gSaA bupqukSfr;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfr dk vijk/khdj.k vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj lq”kklu ds iFk ij lkFkZd :Ik ls vxzlj gksus esa ?kkrd fl)gks jgs gSaA**10

ewY;kaduHkkjr esa yksdra= dk mn~Hko cM+k vuwBk vkSj loZFkk vyx rjg dk jgk gSA Hkkjr ds lafo/kku us yksdrkaf=d x.kra= dk

tUe ,oa vkdkj fn;k vkSj U;k;] Lora=rk] lekurk ,oa lHkh ukxfjdksa ds chp lkSgknZ dk ladYi fy;kA dqy feykdj ;gekuk tk ldrk gS fd yksdra= ,d thou i)fr ds :Ik esa T;knkrj yksxksa }kjk Lohdkj dj fy;k gS fd “kklu ra= ds :Ik eas,d ;a=h; O;oLFkk yksdra= dk ,adkxh Lo:Ik gh lkeus ykrh gS mldh lE;d lkFkZdrk dks mtkxj ugha djrhA ;g fooknfdlh Hkh ns”k eas yksdra= dh lQyrk ;k vlQyrk dh cqfu;kn rS;kj djrk gSA

Hkkjr esa yksdrkaf=d jktO;oLFkk vius fodkl dh lk<+s Ng n”kd ls vf/kd le; iwjh dj pqdh gS] tgka yksx bujktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dks lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds lk/ku ds :Ik esa Lohdkj dj buds iz;ksx ds rjhds lh[kjgs gSa ogha nwljh rjQ “kkld oxZ vius lalk/kuksa ds lgkjs yksdra= esa vius opZLo dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, lk/ku ds :Ik esaiz;ksx djus dh iqjtksj dksf”k”k dj jgs gS] ;g }Un Hkkjrh; yksdra= dh izeq[k pqukSrh cudj mHkjk gSA

Hkkjr eas yksdra= LFkkfir djus dk ,d gh ekxZ gS vkSj og gS lafo/kku ds cuk, jkLrs ij pyrs gq, gj O;fDr] lewg ,oalaxBu mls viuk O;fDrxr] lkewfgd o lkaxBfud ?kks’k.kk i= Lohdkj djsaA lafo/kku dh loksZPprk Lohdkj djds ghukxfjd lekt dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn dqN O;fDr] lewg ;k leqnk; vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr lpsr gS mUgsa izkIrdjus esa l{ke gSa vkSj cgqla[;d viuh fiNM+h lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa “kS{kf.kd i`’BHkwfe ds dkj.k vius vf/kdkjkas ds izfrtkx:d ugha gS ,oa mUgsa izkIr djus dk iz;kl ugha djrs rks bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas ukxfjd lekt dk fuekZ.k ugha gks ldrk gSAukxfjd lekt yksdra= dh cqfu;kn gS ftlesa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks vius O;fDrRo ds fodkl djus ds leku volj miyC/k gksaA

vkt Hkkjrh; yksdra= ftu&ftu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gS muds lek/kku ds fy, lekos”kh fodkl ij /;ku nsukvfr vko”;d gSA dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkjsa le;&le; vusd dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dks fØ;kfUor djrh jgh gSa rkfd vafreik;nku ij [kM+s O;fDr dks ykHk igaqpsA fdarq ;g ;kstuk,¡ dkjxj ,oa dBksj rjhds ls ugha viukbZ tkrh ftlls dsoy lektds vfHktkr oxZ gh ykHk mBk ikrs gSaA vr% vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fd lekos”kh yksdra= dks lQy cukus ds fy, fofHkUuleqnk;ksa ds chp ekStwn varj dks ikVuk gksxk] ySfaxad HksnHkko dks [kRe djds efgykvksa] nfyrksa dk l”kfDrdj.k djuk gksxkftlls mudh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr lq/kjsA rHkh os ns”k&lekt ds lkFk dne ls dne feykdj py ik,axs vkSj rHkheq[;/kkjk esa ;dhu dj ik,axsA la{ksi esa f”k{kk] fodkl] n`<+ ladYi ,oa lkekftd lejlrk dh vko”;drk gS ftlds ek/;e lsge fu’ks/kkRed izo`fRk;ksa ij jksd yxk ldsa vkSj rc Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d “kklu iz.kkyh mxrs lwjt ds leku viuh lqugjhfdj.kksa ls jk’Vªh; thou ds d.k&d.k esa mtkyk Hkj lds ftlls l”kDr Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k laHko gks ldsxkA

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lanHkZ lwph1- pUnzk] fofiu] **lkEiznkf;drk % ,d izosf”kdk]** us”kuy cqd VªLV bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh] 2011] i`’B la[;k&3-2- “kekZ] th-,y-] **lkekftd eqn~ns]** jkor ifCyds”kUl] t;iqj] 2015] i`’B la[;k&285-3- ?kqfj;s] th-,l- }kjk m)r deys”k egktu vkSj /keZohj egktu] **Hkkjrh; lekt % eqn~ns ,oa leL;k,a]** foosd izdk”ku]

fnYyh] 2015] i`’B la[;k&25-4- jk;] ,e-lh- }kjk m)r] iq[kjkt tSu ,o ach-,y- QfM+;k] **Hkkjrh; “kklu ,oa jktuhfr]** lkfgR; ifCyds”ku] vkxjk]

2015] i`’B la[;k&450-5- lbZn] ,l-,e-] **Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk]** Hkkjr cqd lasVj] y[kuÅ] 2015] i`’B la[;k&450-6- ?kbZ ;w-vkj- vkSj ?kbZ oh-] **Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk]** U;w ,dsMsfed ifCyf”kax dEiuh] tkya/kj] 2013] i`’B la[;k&75-7- Vªkalisjsalh b.Vjus”kuy fjiksVZ ¼2013½ }kjk m)r iq[kjkt tSu ,o ach-,y- QfM+;k] **Hkkjrh; “kklu vkSj jktuhfr]**

lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds”kUl] vkxjk] 2015] i`’B la[;k&894-8- Ikk.Ms;] laxhrk vkSj ik.Ms; rstLdj] **Hkkjr esa lkekftd leL;k,a]** VkVk eSxzkghy btwds”ku izk-fy-] ubZ fnYyh] 2012]

i`’B la[;k&128-9- QfM+;k] ch-,y vkSj tSu iq[kjkt] **Hkkjrh; “kklu vkSj jktuhfr]** lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds”kUl] vkxjk] 2015] i`’B

la[;k&858-10- flUgk] **iz”kklu ,oa yksduhfr]** flUgk vksfj;aV CySdLokWu] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`’B la[;k&195-

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ABSTRACT

mÙkjk[k.M ds eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa Hkh efgykvksa ds LokLF; dh fLFkfr vf/kd vPNh ugha gSA LokLF; lsokvksa rdefgykvksa dh igq¡p eq[; ftu rhu dkj.kksa ls ckf/kr gksrh gS os gS& dfBu HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] LokLF; dfeZ;ksa dkvHkko] ikSf’Vd vkgkj dk vHkko ,oa efgykvksa }kjk pqipki lc dqN lgu dj tkus dh izo`fÙkA xzke fldjkS<+k esaefgykvksa dh LokLF; lEcU/kh leL;kvksa ds fy, O;fDrxr rkSj ij losZ djus gsrq] efgyk;sa gh lwpuk dk mi;qZDr,oa mfpr lzksr gksxh blfy, efgykvksa ls lEidZ fd;k x;kA lkFk gh lkFk {ks= esa dk;Zjr ljdkjhfpfdRlky;ksa] ekr`f”k”kq dsUnz] izkbosV fpfdRlk dfeZ;ksa dks v/;;u izfØ;k esa “kkfey fd;k x;k rFkk v/;;ugsrq budk lg;ksx fy;k x;kA efgyk;sa tkx:d u gksus ij dkQh la[;k esa vLoLFk ,oa chekj gSA “kks/kkFkhZ usik;k dh dkQh la[;k esa efgykvksa esa [kwu dh deh ¼jDrkYirk½ gSA ;gk¡ ij f”k”kq tUe nj Hkh vf/kd gSA dkQhla[;k esa ,slh efgyk;sa gS ftuds 05 ls 08 rd cPps gSaA “kks/kkFkhZ us lq/kkj gsrq cgqr ls mik; Hkh fu/kkZfjr fd, gSA

mÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa efgykvksa ds LokLF; dk v/;;ufodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqj ds xzke fldjkS<+k ds fo’ks”k lEcU/k esa

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/khjsUnz flag jk.kk“kks/k Nk=] jktuhfr foKku

fla?kkfu;k¡ fo”ofo|ky;¼jktLFkku½

izLrkoukfdlh Hkh {ks= ds fuokfl;ksa ds nSfud fØ;k&dykiksa ij ogk¡ ds HkkSxksfyd i;kZoj.k rFkk HkkSfrd ,oa lkekftd

Lo:i dk izR;{k izHkko iM+rk gSA mÙkjk[k.M dh fo’ke HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr;ksa esa xzkeh.k leqnk; ds lkFk dk;Z djrs gq, ;g ckrLi’V :i ls fudy dj vk;h gS fd ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa efgyk,a igkM+ dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh<+ gS rFkk lekt esa mudh fLFkfr;k¡“kkspuh; gSA efgykvksa dh fnup;kZ ,oa vf/kd dke dk ncko muds LokLF; dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gS ftlds QyLo:i osfofHk™k izdkj dh chekfj;ksa ls xzflr gks tkrh gSA bl fLFkfr dks vkSj vf/kd [kjkc cukus ds lkekftd&/kkfeZd izfrca/kks dh Hkhvge Hkwfedk jgrh gSA mÙkjk[k.M ds eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa Hkh efgykvksa ds LokLF; dh fLFkfr vf/kd vPNh ugha gSA LokLF; lsokvksard efgykvksa dh igq¡p eq[; ftu rhu dkj.kksa ls ckf/kr gksrh gS os gS& dfBu HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] LokLF; dfeZ;ksa dk vHkko]ikSf’Vd vkgkj dk vHkko ,oa efgykvksa }kjk pqipki lc dqN lgu dj tkus dh izo`fÙkA

mijksDr dkj.kksa ds vfrfjDr eq[; dkj.k leqfpr f”k{kk dk vHkko] LokLF; dh leqfpr tkudkjh dk vHkko ,oafu/kZurkA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa eglwl fd;k tkrk gS fd mÙkjk[k.M esa efgykvksa ds LokLF; dh fLFkfr dk lgh nLrkosthdj.kgksuk pkfg,A

lkekftd LrjmÙkjk[k.M esa jkT; ds eSnkuh Hkkxksa dh rqyuk esa ioZrh; {ks=ksa dh efgykvksa dk Lrj fHk™k gS] bldk fL=;ksa dh “kks’k.k

dh ,d yEch ,sfrgkfld izo`fÙk gS ftlds dkj.k og lnSo fiNM+siu dk f”kdkj cuh jgh vkSj lekt esa lekt ds vuq:iizxfr djus esa fiNM+rh jgh gSA ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dks dfBu ifjJe djuk iM+rk gS] mUgsa taxy ,oa [ksrksa ls ?kkl ykuk]bZa/ku bdV~Bk djuk] Hkkstu cukuk] nwj&nwj ls ikuh <ksdj ykuk] [ksrksa esa gy pykus ds vfrfjDr leLr dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSAigkM+ dh vis{kk eSnkuh efgykvksa dks dfBu dk;Z de djuk iM+rk gS ijUrq eSnkuh efgykvksa dks Hkh [ksr] taxy ls ?kkl pkjkykuk] Ñf’k dk;Z djuk] Hkkstu idkuk vkfn dbZ dk;Z djus iM+rs gS ijUrq eSnku esa lalk/kuksa dh lqfo/kk gS ftlls ;gk¡ ijdfBu dk;Z dk cks> dqN de jgrk gSA xzkeh.k Lrj ij Hkh efgyk f”k{kk dks ljdkj }kjk izksRlkgu fn;k tkus yxkA efgyk,adqqN tkx:d gqbZ rFkk muds lkekftd Lrj esa cnyko ds lkFk lq/kkj vkus yxkA

mÙkjk[k.M jkT; dh tula[;kmÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa tula[;k forj.k vleku gSA T;knk {ks= ioZrh; gksus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ dgha mPp ioZr dgha eSnku

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/khjsUnz flag jk.kk

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mÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa efgykvksa dsLokLF; dk v/;;u fodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqjds xzke fldjkS<+k ds fo’ks”k lEcU/k esa

rks dgha ?kkfV;k¡ gSaA dsoy eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa vf/kd tula[;k fuokl djrh gSA ioZrh; {ks=ksa eas NksVs&NksVs xk¡o ,oa fc[kjh gqbZtula[;k gSA bl izns”k dk e/;orhZ Hkkx lhekorhZ Hkkx dh vis{kk l?ku clk gSA fgeky; Js.kh ij tula[;k ?kkfV;ksa rdlhfer gSA

o’kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jkT; dh dqy tula[;k 100]86]292 gSA

lzksr& le&lkefod ?kVukoØ@vfrfLdkad

mijksDr rkfydk la[;k ls Li’V gksrk gS fd mÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa lcls vf/kd tula[;k gfj}kj gS rFkk lclsU;wure okyk tuin :nziz;kx gSA fyaxkuqikr esa tuin vYeksM+k o’kZ 2001 es 1145 rFkk o’kZ 2011 esa 1139 lcls vf/kdvuqikr okyk gSA lcls U;wure vuqikr okyk ftyk gfj}kj o’kZ 2001 esa 865 o’kZ 2011 esa 880 gSA

mÙkjk[k.M ds fodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqj dh tula[;k 2011

fodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqj ds xzke fldjkS<+k dh tula[;k 2011

lzksr& [k.M fodkl vf/kdkjh dk;kZy; Hkxokuiqj tux.kuk o'kZ 2011

mijksDr rkfydk esa fodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqj dh dqy tula[;k 21140 gS ftlesa xzke fldjkS<+k dh dqy tula[;k12409 gSA tuin gfj}kj esa fodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqj esa fldjkS<+k xzke dkQh cM+h vkcknh vkSj vU; xzkeksa dh vis{kk cM+h la[;kokyk xzke gSA

xzke fldjkS<+k esa xHkZorh@?kk=h efgykvksa dk fooj.k

lzksr& cky fodkl ifj;kstuk vf/kdkjh HkxokuiqjA

ØåØåØåØålaålaålaålaå

tuintuintuintuin dqy O;fDrdqy O;fDrdqy O;fDrdqy O;fDr iq:’kiq:’kiq:’kiq:’k efgykefgykefgykefgyk,a,a,a,afyaxkuqikrfyaxkuqikrfyaxkuqikrfyaxkuqikr

2001200120012001 20112011201120111111---- mÙkjdk”kh 330,086 168,597 161,489 941 958

2222---- peksyh 391,605 193,991 197,614 1016 1019

3333---- :nziz;kx 242,285 114,589 127,696 1115 1114

4444---- fVgjh x<+oky 618,931 297,986 320,945 1049 1077

5555---- nsgjknwu 1,696,694 892,199 804,495 887 902

6666---- x<+oky 687,271 326,829 360,442 1106 1103

7777---- fiFkkSjkx< 483,439 239,306 244,133 1031 1020

8888---- ckxs”oj 259,898 124,326 135,572 1106 1090

9999---- vYeksM+k 622,506 291,081 331,425 1145 1139

10101010---- pEikor 259,648 131,125 128,523 1021 980

11111111---- uSuhrky 954,605 493,666 460,939 906 934

12121212---- Å/keflag uxj 1,648,902 858,783 790,119 902 920

13131313---- gfj}kj 1,890,422 1,005,295 885,127 865 880

mÙkjk[k.MmÙkjk[k.MmÙkjk[k.MmÙkjk[k.M 10,086,292 5,137,773 4,948,519 962 963

fodkl[k.M dh dqyfodkl[k.M dh dqyfodkl[k.M dh dqyfodkl[k.M dh dqytula[;ktula[;ktula[;ktula[;k

iq:’kiq:’kiq:’kiq:’k efgyk;saefgyk;saefgyk;saefgyk;safodkl[k.M ds dqy ifjokjksafodkl[k.M ds dqy ifjokjksafodkl[k.M ds dqy ifjokjksafodkl[k.M ds dqy ifjokjksa

dh dqy la[;kdh dqy la[;kdh dqy la[;kdh dqy la[;k{ks=Qy{ks=Qy{ks=Qy{ks=Qy

211404 112554 58850 36303 58353-00

ØålaåØålaåØålaåØålaåxzke fldjkS<+k dhxzke fldjkS<+k dhxzke fldjkS<+k dhxzke fldjkS<+k dhdqy tula[;kdqy tula[;kdqy tula[;kdqy tula[;k

iq:’kiq:’kiq:’kiq:’k efgefgefgefgyk;sayk;sayk;sayk;safodkl[k.M ds dqyfodkl[k.M ds dqyfodkl[k.M ds dqyfodkl[k.M ds dqy

ifjokjksa dh dqy la[;kifjokjksa dh dqy la[;kifjokjksa dh dqy la[;kifjokjksa dh dqy la[;k{ks=Qy{ks=Qy{ks=Qy{ks=Qy

1- 12409 6604 5805 1962 2187-00

ØålaåØålaåØålaåØålaå iw.kZ dsUnziw.kZ dsUnziw.kZ dsUnziw.kZ dsUnz feuh dsUnzfeuh dsUnzfeuh dsUnzfeuh dsUnzxHkZorhxHkZorhxHkZorhxHkZorhefgykvksaefgykvksaefgykvksaefgykvksadh la[;kdh la[;kdh la[;kdh la[;k

/kk=h efgyk/kk=h efgyk/kk=h efgyk/kk=h efgykvksa dhvksa dhvksa dhvksa dhla[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k

1- 20 “kwU; 174 177

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ykHkkFkhZ oxZykHkkFkhZ oxZykHkkFkhZ oxZykHkkFkhZ oxZVsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ek=kVsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ek=kVsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ek=kVsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ek=k

lkexzh dk ukelkexzh dk ukelkexzh dk ukelkexzh dk uke ekfld ek=kekfld ek=kekfld ek=kekfld ek=k

06 ekg ls 03 o’kZ ds cPps

nfy;k 1-50 fdyksNqokjk 250 xzkeewax nky fNydk 500 xzkeHkquk puk 250 xzke

xHkZorh ,oa /kkrh efgyk;sa

puk nky 1-50 fdyksHkquk puk 250 xzkeNqokjk 500 xzkeued 01 fdyks dk iSdsV

06 ekg ls 03 o’kZ ds vfrdqiksf’kr cPps

nfy;k 1-50 fdyksewaxnky fNydk 500 xzkeHkquk puk 250 xzkecknke fxjh 100 xzkeNqokjk 20 xzke

- 98 -

mijksDr rkfydk esa dqy xHkZorh efgykvksa dh la[;k 174 gS rFkk /kk=h efgykvksa dh la[;k 177 gSA ;gk¡ ij lHkhdsUnz iw.kZ gSA feuh dsUnz ;gk¡ dgha ij Hkh ugha gSaAfodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqj ds xzke fldjkS<+k esa efgykvksa dh fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; leL;k;sa

xzke fldjkS<+k esa efgykvksa dh LokLF; lEcU/kh leL;kvksa ds fy, O;fDrxr rkSj ij losZ djus gsrq efgykvksa lslEidZ fd;k x;k rFkk bl fo’k; esa tkudkjh ,d= djus gsrq efgyk;sa gh lwpuk dk mi;qZDr ,oa mfpr lzksr gksxh blfy,efgykvksa ls lEidZ fd;k x;kA lkFk gh lkFk {ks= esa dk;Zjr ljdkjh fpfdRlky;ksa] ekr`f”k”kq dsUnz] izkbosV fpfdRlk dfeZ;ksadks v/;;u izfØ;k esa “kkfey fd;k x;k rFkk v/;;u gsrq budk lg;ksx fy;k x;kA

efgykvksa ls lEidZ djus ij vf/kdrj efgykvksa us ogk¡ ij efgyk fpfdRld dh vko”;drk ij cy fn;k D;ksafdljdkjh Lrj ij ;gk¡ ij ,d vk;qosZfnd fpfdRlky; rFkk nwljk u;k izkFkfed fpfdRlk dsUnz tks vHkh gky esa gh l`ftr gqvkgSA nksuksa esa gh efgyk fpfdRld fu;qDr ugha gSA ;g {ks= eqfLye ckgqY; gSA f”k{kk ds vHkko ds lkFk ;gk¡ ij /kkfeZd izfrcU/kksadk Hkh izHkko gSA f”k{kk dk Lrj U;wure gksus ds dkj.k efgyk;sa LokLF; ds izfr de tkx:d gSA :f<+oknh ,oa vU/kfo”okl lsHkh efgyk;sa xzflr gSA efgykvksa ds fy, ljdkj }kjk pykbZ tk jgh LokLF; ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh cgqr de gSA efgyk;savHkh Hkh vius LokLF; ds izfr xEHkhj ugha gSA vHkh Hkh vf/kdrj :f<+oknh ;k vU/kfo”okl ds fl)kUrksa ij fo”okl djrh gSAefgykvksa ds laxBu Hkh ;gk¡ ij ugha gS ftlls muesa lkeqfgd rkSj ij dksbZ LokLF; lEcU/kh ppkZ gks ldsAvLoLFkrk dh fLFkfr

losZ esa ;gk¡ ij yxrk gS fd efgyk;sa tkx:d u gksus ij dkQh la[;k esa vLoLFk ,oa chekj gSA efgyk;sa ls lEidZdjus ij ,oa fpfdRlky;ksa ds ek/;e ls yxk fd dkQh la[;k esa efgyk;sa [kwu dh deh ¼jDrkYirk½ ls xzflr gSA ;gk¡ ij f”k”kqtUe nj Hkh vf/kd gSA dkQh la[;k esa ,slh efgyk;sa gS ftuds 05 ls 08 rd cPps gSaA vf/kd cPpksa dks tUe nsus ij Hkh ekrkvksads LokLF; ij bldk vlj iM+rk gSA bl dkj.k ckj&ckj cPpksa dks tUe nsus ls efgykvksa esa jDr dh deh ikbZ xbZ rFkk mfpriks’k.k dk vHkko Hkh ,d cM+k dkj.k gSA efgykvksa dks ;gk¡ ij xHkZ ds le; ,oa cPpk gksus ds ckn leqfpr ikSf’Vd vkgkj ughafeyrk gS ftlls ;gk¡ ij vf/kdrj efgyk;sa ,oa cPps Hkh dqiks'k.k ds f”kdkj gSAefgykvksa ds LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus okys lkekftd] vkfFkZd dkjd

lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd dkj.k Hkh efgykvksa ds LokLF; dks izHkkfor djrs gSAlkekftd dkj.k

lekt esa ijEijkxr :f<+okfnrk ls efgykvksa ds LokLF; ij cM+k izHkko iM+rk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh vYif”k{kk ls ijEijkxr fpfdRlk tSls >kM+&Qwad] iwtk&ikB] ?kjsyw tM+h&cwVh vkfn }kjk vkt Hkh fpfdRlk dh tkrh gSA efgyk;sa;gk¡ ij uhe&gdhe ls mipkj djokrh gSA vizf”kf{kr nkbZ;k¡ vkt Hkh ;gk¡ ij izlo dk dk;Z djrh gSA vizf”kf{kr nkbZ;kaizlo dk;Z djus ds iqjkus rkSj rjhds vkt Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAvkfFkZd dkj.k

vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls O;fDr viuh LokLF; dh lgh <ax ls ns[k&js[k ugha dj ikrk gSA gekjs ns”k esa izfr O;fDr vk;dkQh de gS ftlls og vius ifjokj dk Hkj.k iks’k.k Bhd ls ugha dj ikrkA vkfFkZd n`f’V ls detksj gksus ls lUrqfyr vkgkju feyus ij cPps Hkh dqiks’k.k dk f”kdkj gksrs gSA efgyk;sa lUrqfyr vkgkj ds vHkko esa jDr dh deh] dqiks’k.k dk f”kdkj rFkkdbZ vU; rjg dh chekfj;ksa ls xzflr jgrh gSA vkfFkZd n`f’V ls lEi™k ns”kksa esa bl rjg dh fLFkfr;k¡ ugha gSA

efgyk iks’k.k ,oa ikSf’Vd vkgkj] vkaxuckM+h dsUnzksa gsrq Vsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh

lzksr&cky fodklifj;kstuk vf/kdkjhHkxokuiqj

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mÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa efgykvksa dsLokLF; dk v/;;u fodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqjds xzke fldjkS<+k ds fo’ks”k lEcU/k esa

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,yksiSfFkd,yksiSfFkd,yksiSfFkd,yksiSfFkdfpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;

izkFkfed LokLF;izkFkfed LokLF;izkFkfed LokLF;izkFkfed LokLF;dsUnzdsUnzdsUnzdsUnz

lkeqnkf;d LokLF;lkeqnkf;d LokLF;lkeqnkf;d LokLF;lkeqnkf;d LokLF;dsUnzdsUnzdsUnzdsUnz

jkå vk;qosZfndjkå vk;qosZfndjkå vk;qosZfndjkå vk;qosZfndfpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;

gkSfe;kiSfFkdgkSfe;kiSfFkdgkSfe;kiSfFkdgkSfe;kiSfFkdfpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;fpfdRlky;

ekr̀ f”k”kqekr̀ f”k”kqekr̀ f”k”kqekr̀ f”k”kqdYdYdYdY;k.k dsUnz;k.k dsUnz;k.k dsUnz;k.k dsUnz

4 1 4 1 28

lkekU; oxZlkekU; oxZlkekU; oxZlkekU; oxZVsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ek=kVsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ek=kVsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ek=kVsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ek=k

lkexzh dk ukelkexzh dk ukelkexzh dk ukelkexzh dk uke ekfld ek=kekfld ek=kekfld ek=kekfld ek=k

06 ekg ls 03 o’kZ ds cPps

nfy;k 1-50 fdyksfd”kfe”k 75 xzkeewax nky fNydk 500 xzkeHkquk puk 250 xzke

- 99 -

eq[;eU=h o`) efgyk iks’k.k ds vUrxZr Vsd gkse jk”ku lkexzh

lzksr& cky fodkl ifj;kstuk vf/kdkjh Hkxokuiqj

mijksDr rkfydk la0 esa lHkh jk”ku lkexzh izfrekg ds forj.k gsrq vafdr dh xbZ gSA

efgyk dqiks”k.kefgyk;sa dqiks'k.k dk f”kdkj u gksaA bl ij dkQh iz;kl fd;k tkrk jgk gS rFkk vkadM+s Hkh crkrs gS fd igys dh

vis{kk efgyk dqiks’k.k ij losZa esa ;g ckr ns[kus dks feyh gS fd vkaxuckM+h }kjk tk jk”ku lkexzh ,oa ikSf’Vd vkgkj efgykvksadks forfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA og lkekU; fdLe dk gSA ;fn ikSf’Vd vkgkj mÙke fdLe dk gks rks efgykvksa dks dkQh gn rddqiks’k.k ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA muds LokLF; esa lq/kkj yk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk tks mijksDr rkfydk ds vuqlkj eghus esaforj.k gks jgk gSA ml vkgkj dh ek=k dks nqxquk djus dh Hkh vko”;drk eglwl gksrh gSA ;g Hkh Kkr gqvk gS fd efgykvksa,oa cPpksa dk otu lkekU; ls de gSA bl lEcU/k esa efgykvksa dks tkx:d ,oa izf”kf{kr djus dh vko”;drk gS rFkkle;&le; ij muds LokLF; ds fujh{k.k dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A

Hkxokuiqj Cykd esa LokLF; lsok;sa

lzksr& lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dsUnz Hkxokuiqj ,oa losZ ds vk/kkj ijA

fodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqj esa yxHkx 52 ls 54 rd xk¡o gSA buesa LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkh Hkh vHkko gSA {ks=Qy ,oatula[;k dh n`f’V ls ;gk¡ ij ,d ls nks izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz rFkk nks NksVs fpfdRlky;ksa dh vko”;drk gSA izkFkfedLokLF; dsUnz fldjkS<+k xk¡o esa ,d lafonk fpfdRld rFkk ,d QkekZflLV ,oa nks prqFkZ Js.kh ds deZpkjh dk;Zjr gSA bufpfdRlky;ksa esa LVkWQ dh iwfrZ gksuh pkfg, ftlls LokLF; lsokvksa dk xzkeh.k dks lgh :i esa ykHk fey ldsA iwjs mÙkjk[k.Mesa LokLF; foHkkxksa esa fpfdRldksa ,oa vU; dkfeZdksa dk vHkko gSA

ekr` f”k”kq dsUnz esa ,d ,å,uå,eå xzke fldjkS<+k esa dk;Zjr gS ftlesa fu/kkZfjr frfFkZ esa Vhdkdj.k ,oa vk;ju dhxksfy;k¡ forfjr gksrh ikbZ xbZ gS ijUrq efgyk;sa tkx:d u gksus ls fu;fer vk;ju dh xksyh ysus esa ykijokgh djrh gqbZ ikbZxbZ gSA mijksDr dk;ksZa esa lq/kkj djus dh vko”;drk gS ftlls ;gk¡ ij yksxksa dks ,d vPNk LokLF; fn;k tk lds rFkk yksxLoLF; jg ldsA bu lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk voyksdu dj eglwl gksrk gS fd mÙkjk[k.M esa efgykvksa dh LokLF; dh fLFkfr dkslq/kkjus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A efgyk LokLF; dk lkekftd] vkfFkZd dkjdksa ds vUrZlEcU/kksa dks LFkkfir fd;k tkldsA efgyk LokLF; laxBuksa dk xBu fd;k tk;sAv ljdkj ij ,sls LokLF; dk;ZØeksa dks cukus gsrq tksj fn;k tk;s rFkk efgykvksa leL;kvksa ds izfr laosnu”khy gks ,slk

iz;kl gksuk pkfg,Av ljdkj ekr` ,oa f”k”kq LokLF; dks gh y{; u ekusA lHkh efgyk ,oa tuLokLF; laxBuksa dk xBu djsaAv ,sls izf”k{k.k dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh tk;s ftlls fd fofHk™k Lrjksa ij dk;Zjr LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh dq”kyrkvksa

dk fodkl gks lds vkSj os efgykvksa dks izHkkoh lsok;sa iznku dj ldsaAlUnHkZ1- mÙkjk[k.M esa efgyk LokLF; dh fLFkfr ,d v/;;u 1996&97 eSdkFkZj QSyksf”ki ikiqys”ku bUuksfo”ku ¼vYeksM+k½A2- fodkl eas efgykvksa dh vxqokbZ ¼ ½ uSUlh vkjå fLeFkAIWID

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 96-99 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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mÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa efgykvksa dsLokLF; dk v/;;u fodkl[k.M Hkxokuiqjds xzke fldjkS<+k ds fo’ks”k lEcU/k esa

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RECENT RESEARCHES in

SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 100 - 107

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 100 -

ABSTRACT

vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds O;fDr ,d LorU= ukxfjd ds :i esa leku vf/kdkj izkIr gSa fdUrqO;ogkfjd rkSj ij ns[ksa rks vkt Hkh os gj izdkj HksnHkko o i{kikr dk lkeuk djrs gSaA ?kksj vf”k{kk] vKkurkvkSj fu/kZurk ds dkj.k budk Hkh izHkqrk lEiUu oxkZsa }kjk rjg&rjg ls “kks’k.k fd;k tkrk jgkA izLrqr v/;;ulaStuh {ks= flrkjxat ds vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds izHkko ds lEcU/k esa gSA lSatuhxkao esa 1 izkbZejh Ldwy gSA orZeku esa lSatuh xzke dh dqy tula[;k yxHkx 1134 gS] bl xkao esa dsoy 100 ?kjgSaA v/;;u dk mn~ns”; vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa ij ljdkjh ;ktukvksa ds izHkko dk v/;;u ,oa fo”ys’k.kdjuk gSA v/;;u gsrq o.kZukRed 'kks/k vfHkdYi dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vuqlwfpr tutkrh;ksa ds 50 ifjokjksadk izfrn'kZ ds #i esa p;u fd;k x;kA izfrn'kZ ds p;u esa mn~ns';iw.kZ fun'kZu fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kAHkkjr ds lafo/kku esa Hkkx 16] vuqPNsn 330&342 ds rgr vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr;ksa o vU; fiNM+s oxksZa dsfy;s fof/k izko/kku fd;s x;s gSaA v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd vf/kdka”k t:jrean yksx vKkurko”k o tkx:drkesa deh ds dkj.k vkt Hkh bu izko/kkuksa dk ykHk ugha mBk ik jgs gSa] vr% mUgsa tkx:d djus dh vko”;drk gSA

vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko % ,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u¼tuin m/ke flag uxj ds flrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds xzke lSatuh ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa½

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

pUnzk xksLokeh'kks/kkFkhZ] lekt”kkL= foHkkx]

,e0ch0ih0th0 dkWyst]gY}kuh ¼uSuhrky½

vkuUn izdk'k flag,lksfl,V izksQslj] lekt”kkL= foHkkx],e0ch0ih0th0 dkWyst]gY}kuh ¼uSuhrky½

izLrkoukHkkjrh; lekt vkfndky ls gh lkekftd laLrj.k dh uhfr ij vk/kkfjr ,d vlekurkdkjh lekt jgk gSA blesa

/kkfeZd O;oLFkkvksa ds v/khu gksdj lekt ds cgqla[;d oxZ dks mPp o.kkZsa ds v/khu ekudj mUgsa lHkh rjg ds lkekftd]/kkfeZd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr dj fn;k x;kA vkt ftl oxZ dks ge vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ rFkk tutkfr;k¡dgrs gSaA izkphu Hkkjrh; lekt pkj oxksZa esa foHkkftr Fkk& czkã.k] {kf=;] oS'; rFkk 'kwnzA buesa ls 'kwnzksa dh fLFkfr lekt esalcls fuEure FkhA MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj us buds fy, nfyr oxZ “kCn dk bLrseky fd;kA ;gh oxZ vkxs pydj vuqlwfprtkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA bUgsa vuqlwfpr tkfr o vuqlwfpr tutkfr uke vaxzstksa us fn;k FkkAvuqlwfpr tkfr ,d jktuhfrd oS/kkfud “kCn gSA igyh ckj bl “kCn dk iz;ksx lkbeu deh”ku us fd;kA fQj bls 1935 dsHkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e esa LFkku izkIr gqvkA vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa bl dksVh ds yksxksa dks laoS/kkfud lqj{kk rFkkvU; fo”ks’k lqfo/kk,¡ iznku djus ds mn~ns”; ls bl “kCn dks cjdjkj j[kk x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa izkphu le; ls gh vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr okys O;fDr;ksa dh lekt esa cgqr n;uh; fLFkfr FkhA yksxbUgsa cM+h gs; vkSj NqvkNwr Hkjh n`f’V ls ns[krs FksA ;gk¡ rd fd bUgsa Li'kZ djuk Hkh ilan ugha djrs FksA vkt mUgsa ,d LorU=ukxfjd ds :i esa leku vf/kdkj izkIr gSa fdUrq O;ogkfjd rkSj ij ns[ksa rks vkt Hkh os gj izdkj HksnHkko o i{kikr dk lkeukdjrs gSaA vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡ ,d yEcs le; ls taxyksa] igkM+h fgLlksa vFkok futZu {ks=ksa esa jgus ds dkj.k fofHkUuekuoksfpr vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr gksrh x;haA ?kksj vf”k{kk] vKkurk vkSj fu/kZurk ds dkj.k budk Hkh izHkqrk lEiUu oxkZsa }kjkrjg&rjg ls “kks’k.k fd;k tkrk jgkA

lalkj ds vf/kdka”k ns”kksa dh tula[;k dk dqN Hkkx tutkfr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gS ysfdu Hkkjr dh tula[;k esatutkfr;ksa dk fo”ks’k egRo gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa fofHkUu tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k 9 djksM+ ls Hkh vf/kd gSA vuqPNsn~ 342ds vUrxZr ftu tutkfr;ksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dh xbZ] mUgha tutkfr;ksa dks vuqlwfpr tutkfr dgk tkrk gSA vuqlwfprtutkfr;ksa dks fgUnw lekt dk vax gksus ds ckn Hkh dqN foHksndkjh fgUnw /keZ xzUFkksa esa fn;s x, funZs”kksa ds vuqlkj ,d yEcsle; rd viekfur thou O;rhr djuk iM+k] tcfd is”kksa vkSj tUe ds vk/kkj ij vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij vU; tkfr;ksa dslEidZ esa vkus ij Hkh izfrcU/k yxk fn;k x;kA vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksxksa esa vkfne tutkrh; xq.k izkIr gksrs gSaA mudh,d vuwBh laLd`fr gksrh gS vkSj os vke yksxksa ds lEidZ esa vkus ls drjkrs gSaA ;s vUrfoZokgh rFkk ,d {ks=h; lewg gSa ftudh,d vyx Hkk’kk gksrh gSA vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksx HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ls nwj jgrs gSa] blhfy, os lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd nksuksafLFkfr ls fiNM+s gq, gSaA

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RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 100-107 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

vkuUn izdk’k flag ,oa pUnzk xksLokeh

- 101 -

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko %,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u ¼tuin m/ke flag uxj dsflrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds xzke lSatuh ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa ½

ifjorZu izd`fr dk fu;e gSA le; ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh izdkj ds lektksa esa lkekftd&laLFkkvksa]lkekftd&laxBuksa] O;ogkj&izfrekuksa] ewY;ksa ,oa vkn”kkZsa esa ifjorZu gksrs gSaA tutkrh; leqnk; bl lkekU; fu;e dkviokn ugha gSA vkt ;s yksx bl ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgs gSaA bu ifjorZuksa dk izkjEHk vaxzsth “kkludky esa gqvk] tcbudk ckgjh txr~ ls lEidZ c<+us yxkA vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] vk/kqfud&f”k{kk] lapkj ds fodkl] budh fo”ks’k laLd`frdk fgUnw ,oa bZlkbZ laLd`fr ds lkFk lEidZ bR;kfn dkj.kksa ls buds ijEijkxr lkekftd&laxBu esa ifjorZu vkuk izkjEHk gksx;kA Lora=rk izkfIr ds i”pkr~ budk lkekU;&oxZ ,oa xSj&tutkrh; yksxksa ls lEidZ vkSj vf/kd c<+k gSA blls muesavusd ifjorZu gq, gSaA buesa vf/kdrj ifjorZu ijlaLd`frdj.k ,oa lkRehdj.k dh izfdz;kvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gq, gSa]blhfy, cgqr ls fo}kuksa us bu ifjorZuksa dks ^lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ladze.k* dh laKk nh gSA vkt lekt esa iznRr izfLFkfr dsLFkku ij vftZr izfLFkfr dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tk jgk gSA tutkrh; leqnk; esa lkekftd&ifjorZu dk izeq[k L=ksr fodkl,oa fu;kstu gS] D;ksafd fu;ksftr lkekftd&ifjorZu }kjk gh Hkkjrh; lekt vius y{;ksa dh vksj vxzlj gSA fu;kstu dsvfrfjDr dqN o`gn~ izfrfØ;k,¡ Hkh gSa] tSls%& iztkrU=hdj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k] if”pehdj.k] ykSfddhdj.k] laLd`frdj.k]jktuhfrdj.k vkfn] tks ns”k esa ?kfVr gks jgh gSa vkSj ftudk izHkko bu yksxksa ij iM+ jgk gSA blds vfrfjDr f”k{kk Hkh budslkekftd&ifjorZu dk izeq[k L=ksr gSA

LorU= Hkkjr ds lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us ns”k ds detksj oxZ fo”ks’k :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa tutkfr;ksa dkfo”ks’k /;ku j[kk vkSj muds fodkl ,oa mRFkku ds fy, lafo/kku esa vusd izko/kku fd;s] ftuesa dqN izeq[k bl izdkj gSa&vuqPNsn&17 ds vuqlkj vLi`”;rk dk vUr dj mldk fdlh Hkh :i esa izpyu fuf’k) dj fn;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn&19 dsvk/kkj ij vLi`”;ksa dh O;olkf;d fu;kZsX;rk dks lekIr fd;k tk pqdk gS vkSj mUgsa fdlh Hkh O;olk; dks viukus dh vktknhiznku dh x;h gSA vuqPNsn&46 esa dgk x;k gS fd jkT; nqcZyrj yksxksa] ftuesa vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ ,oa vkfne tkfr;k¡ vkrh gSa]dh f”k{kk lEcU/kh rFkk vkfFkZd fgrksa dh j{kk djsxk vkSj lHkh izdkj ds vU;k; ,oa “kks’k.k ls cpk,xkA vuqpNsn 330] 332] 334ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa tutkfr;ksa ds fy, lafo/kku ykxw gksus ds 20 o’kZ rd yksdlHkk] fo/kkulHkk] xzkeiapk;rksavkSj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa LFkku lqjf{kr jgsaxsA vuqPNsn&146 vkSj vuqPNsn&338 esa ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd jk’Vªifr ds}kjk ,d ,sls vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr dh tk ldrh gS] ftldk dke tutkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, lq>ko nsuk gksxkAvuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k ,oa fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, jkT; esa lykgdkj ifj’knksa ,oa i`Fkd&i`Fkd foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk dkizko/kku fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd jk’Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, ,dfo”ks’k inkf/kdkjh fu;qDr djsxkA bu laoS/kkfud O;oLFkkvksa ds }kjk vLi`”;rk fuokj.k ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds mRFkku dkljdkj ds }kjk fo”ks’k iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds O;fDr;ksa dks vU; yksxksa ds lekuLrj ij ykus vkSj izxfr ds iFk ij vkxs c<+us esa lgk;rk djus ds mn~ns”; ls buds fy, f”k{kk dk fo”ks’k izcU/k fd;k x;kAns”k ds lHkh ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkuksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa tutkfr;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fu”kqYd f”k{kk dhO;oLFkk dh x;kA bu izko/kkuksa ds vfrfjDr vusd nwljs vuqPNsnksa ds }kjk Hkh tutkfr;ksa dks bl rjg ds vf/kdkj fn;s x;s]ftlls mudh ikjEifjd fu;kZsX;rk,¡ nwj gks ldsa rFkk ns”k ds nwljs ukxfjdksa dh rjg gh tutkfr;k¡ Hkh Lora=rkiwoZd viusvf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx dj ldasA

Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa Hkkx 16] vuqPNsn 330&342 ds rgr vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr;ksa o vU; fiNM+s oxksZa ds fy;sfof/k izko/kku fd;s x;s gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gSa &LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k &

vuq0 tkfr o tutkfr;ksa gsrq vuqPNsn 330 o 332 ds rgr Øe'k% yksdlHkk o jkT; fo/kkulHkkvksa esa LFkkuksa dsvkj{k.k dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSAlsokvksa vkSj inksa gsrq nkos&

la?k o jkT;ksa dh yksdlsokvksa esa fu;qfDr djrs le; ,l0lh0 o ,lVh ds nkoksa ij iz'kklu dh n{krk cuk;s j[krsgq;s /;ku j[kk tk;sxkA ¼vuqPNsn 335½jk”Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr vk;ksx&

vuqPNsn 338 ds rgr ,l0lh0 o ,l0Vh0 ds fy;s ,d vk;ksx xfBr djus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA lu~ 2011 dhtux.kuk ds vuqlkj mÙkjk[k.M dh dqy tula[;k 1]00]86]292 gSA ftlesa ls vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr dh dqy tula[;k21]84]419 gS] tks jkT; dh dqy tula[;k dk 21-65 izfr'kr gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr okyksa dh la[;k 18]92]516 ¼dqy tula[;kdk 18-8 izfr'kr½ rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr okyksa dh la[;k 2]91]903 ¼dqy tula[;k 2-9 izfr'kr gS½A ,l0lh0 dk fyaxkuqikr936 o ,l0Vh0 dk 963 gSA lokZf/kd ,l0lh0 tula[;k okyk ftyk gfj}kj o lcls de ,l0lh0 tula[;k okyk ftykpEikor gSA mRrjk[k.M esa 5 vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ka eq[; :i ls ikbZ tkrh gSA tkSulkjh] Fkk:] HkksfV;k] cqDlk vkSj jkthftuesa ls lokZf/kd la[;k okyh tutkfr tkSulkjh o lcls de jkth tutkfr gSA Hkkjr esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr;ksa

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- 102 -

dks detksj vkSj fiNM+s oxkZsa ds vUrxZr j[kk tkrk gSAizLrqr v/;;u laStuh {ks= flrkjxat ds vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds izHkko ds lEcU/k esa

gSA ;g {ks= flrkjxat ls 8 fdeh- dh nwjh ij foTVh ifV;k jksM ds nf{k.k fn”kk esa fLFkr gSA ftlds vkl&ikl gjk&Hkjk[kfy;ku gSA lSatuh xkao esa 1 izkbZejh Ldwy gSA orZeku esa lSatuh xzke dh dqy tula[;k yxHkx 1134 gS] bl xkao esa dsoy100 ?kj gSaA'kks/k izk:i & izLrqr v/;;u dk mn~ns”; vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa ij ljdkjh ;ktukvksa ds izHkko dk v/;;u ,oafo”ys’k.k djuk gSA v/;;u esa o.kZukRed 'kks/k vfHkdYi dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr v/;;u ds fy;s mŸkjk[k.M jkT; dsm/ke flag uxj tuin ds flrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds lSatuh {ks= ds vuqlwfpr tutkrh;ksa ds 50 ifjokjksa dk izfrn'kZ ds #i esap;u fd;k x;kA izfrn'kZ ds p;u esa mn~ns';iw.kZ fun'kZu fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA v/;;u gsrq bl {ks= dk p;u djus dkdkj.k ;g jgk fd ;gkW dh vf/kdka”k tula[;k vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa dh gSA rRi'pkr~ lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph }kjk yksxksa lstkudkjh izkIr dh xbZAmn~ns'; &

1- vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk v/;;u djukA2- vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds izHkko dk v/;;u djukA

izLrqr v/;;u esa tutkrh; fodkl dk;Zdzeksa ds fy, pykbZ tkus okyh vusd ;kstukvksa dk fo”ys’k.k fd;k tk,xk]tks fd fuEufyf[kr lzksrksa ls vkrh gSa& jkT; ;kstuk] fo”ks’k dsUnzh; lgk;rk] dsUnzh; eU=ky;ksa ,oa foHkkxksa ds {ks=h; dk;Zdze]laLFkkfud foRr vkfnAea=ky; dh ;kstuk,W rFkk dk;ZØe

· lajpuk fodkl rFkk jkstxkj l`tu· f”k{kk ,oa O;olkf;d izf”k{k.k· mfpr ewY; lqfuf”pr djuk· vuqla/kku ,oa izf”k{k.k· Hkq[kejh dh jksdFkke vkSj foink U;wuhdj.k

dsUnzh; {ks= ;kstuk· tutkrh; yM+fd;ksa ds fy, f”k{kk O;oLFkk djuk ,oa lk{kjrk nj c<+kus dk iz;kl djuk· tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa O;olkf;d izf”k{k.k· xzke vUu cSad· vkfne tutkrh; lewgksa dk fodkl· vuqlwfpr tutkrh; Nk=ksa ds fy, eSfVªdksRrj Nk=o`fRr· jkT; tutkrh; fodkl lgdkjh fuxeksa dks y?kq ou mRiknksa ds fy, lgk;rk vuqnku· vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yM+fd;ksa ds fy, Nk=kokl· {ks= xgu enjlk vk/kqfudhdj.k dk;Zdze

rF;ksa dk lkfj.kh;u] oxhZdj.k ,oa fo”ys'k.kvuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFZkd fLFkfr rFkk ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds izHkko dks tkuus ds

fy, mŸkjnkrkvksa ds “kSf{kd Lrj dks fuEu lkj.kh }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS&rkfydk la[;k & 1

vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa dk 'kSf{kd Lrjdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k 'kSf{kd Lrj'kSf{kd Lrj'kSf{kd Lrj'kSf{kd Lrj la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~

1111---- vf”kf{kr 10 202222---- izkbZejh 15 303333---- gkbZLdwy 10 204444---- b.VjehfM,V 07 145555---- Lukrd 05 106666---- LukRdksRrj 03 06

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 100-107 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

vkuUn izdk’k flag ,oa pUnzk xksLokeh

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko %,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u ¼tuin m/ke flag uxj dsflrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds xzke lSatuh ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa ½

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dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk LrjvkfFkZd fLFkfr dk LrjvkfFkZd fLFkfr dk LrjvkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Lrj la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- mPp 10 202222---- e/;e 15 303333---- fuEu 15 30

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k ifjokj dkifjokj dkifjokj dkifjokj dk eqf[k;keqf[k;keqf[k;keqf[k;k la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- iq:’k 30 602222---- efgyk 20 40

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k O;olk; dk Lo:iO;olk; dk Lo:iO;olk; dk Lo:iO;olk; dk Lo:i la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- ljdkjh lsok 10 202222---- etnwjh 15 303333---- df̀’k 20 404444---- vU; 05 10

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

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rkfydk la[;k 1 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 20 Áfr”kr~ yksx vf”kf{kr Lrj izkIr gSaA izkbZejh Lrj dh f”k{kkizkIr djus okyksa dh la[;k 30 izfr”kr~ gS] gkbZLdwy rd dh f”k{kk izkIr djus okyksa dh la[;k 20 izfr”kr~ gS rFkk b.VjehfM,VLrj dh f”k{kk izkIr djus okyksa dh la[;k 14 izfr”kr~ gSA Lukrd Lrj dh f”k{kk izkIr djus okyksa dh la[;k 10 izfr”kr~ gStcfd LukRdksRrj Lrj dh f”k{kk izkIr djus okyksa dh la[;k 06 izfr”kr~ gSA

fdlh Hkh lekt ds fodkl esa f”k{kk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA jkstxkjijd f”k{kk dh O;oLFkk ls tutkrh; lekt esafodkl ds u;s ekxZ [kqysaxsA fodkl ;kstukvksa dh lgh tkudkjh ,oa tkx:drk f”k{kk ds c<+rs Lrj ls gh lEHko gksxkA

rkfydk la[;k & 2vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa dk O;olk;

rkfydk la[;k 2 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 20 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa ds lnL; ljdkjh lsokvksa esa dk;Zjr~ gSaAetnwjh djus okyksa dh la[;k 30 izfr”kr~ gS] d`f’k dk;Z djus okyksa dh la[;k 40 izfr”kr~ gS tcfd 10 izfr”kr~ yksx ,sls gSa tksnqdkunkjh djds vFkok izkbZosV ukSdjh bR;kfn djds vk; izkIr djrs gSaSA

tutkrh; lekt ijEijkxr :i ls d`f’k ,oa d`f’k ls lEcfU/kr vU; dk;ksaZ ds lkFk&lkFk dykd`fr;ksa] lkaLd`frd /kjksgjksavkfn ds dk;kZsa dks djus dk iz;kl djrk jgk gSA muds bu O;olkf;d dk;kZsa dks u;s rduhdh Kku ls tksM+us dh vko”;drkgS] ftlls fd mudk vkSj mudh ijEijkxr izfrHkk dks izksRlkgu fey ldsA

rkfydk la[;k & 3vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa ds ifjokj dk eqf[k;k

rkfydk la[;k 3 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 60 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa eqf[k;k iq:’k gSa tcfd 40 izfr”kr~ ifjokjksaesa eqf[k;k L=h gSaA blls irk yxrk gS fd igys dh vis{kk fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr eas lq/kkj vk;k gSA

lkekftd lajpuk esa tutkrh; lekt fir`lRrkRed ifjokjksa ds lkFk&lkFk ekr`lRrkRed ifjokjksa dks Hkh egRo nsrk gSftlds dkj.k tutkrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh izfLFkfr rqyukRed :i ls Bhd gSA

rkfydk la[;k & 4vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr

rkfydk la[;k 4 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 20 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Lrj mPp gS] 30Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Lrj e/;e gS tcfd 30 izfr”kr~ ifjokjksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Lrj fuEu gSA vkfFkZdfLFkfr Bhd u gksus ds dkj.k os d`f’k ds uohu ;U=ksa dk iz;ksx ugha dj ik jgs gSaA

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

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vkuUn izdk’k flag ,oa pUnzk xksLokeh

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko %,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u ¼tuin m/ke flag uxj dsflrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds xzke lSatuh ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa ½

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rkfydk la[;k & 5vuqlwfpr tutkrh; ifjokj esa [kkuk cukus dh O;oLFkk

rkfydk la[;k 5 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 20 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa [kkuk cukus ds fy, ck;ks xSl dkiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] 10 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa [kkuk cukus ds fy, [email protected] dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] 60 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa[kkuk cukus ds fy, ,y-ih-th- xSl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] 10 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa [kkuk cukus ds fy, ck;ks xSl ds vykokydM+h ,oa d.Ms dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSa tcfd mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls fdlh ds ?kj esa [kkuk cukus ds fy, LVkso dk iz;ksx ugha fd;ktkrk gSA vf/kdka'k ifjokjksa esa [kkuk idkus gsrq ,y-ih-th- xSl dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr os ck;ks xSl dk Hkh iz;ksxdjrs gS tks fd ljdkjh ;kstukvksa }kjk fu'kqYd cuok;k x;k gSA

rkfydk la[;k & 6ljdkjh fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa dks iznf'kZr djus okyh rkfydk

rkfydk la[;k 6 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 30 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa ljdkjh fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHkmBk;k tkrk gS] 50 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa dHkh&dHkh ljdkjh fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHk mBk;k tkrk gS tcfd mRrjnkrkvksa esals 20 Áfr”kr~ ifjokj ,sls gSa ftuesa fd ljdkjh fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHk ugha mBk;k tkrk gSSA LokLF; lEcU/kh leL;kvksadks gy djus ds fy, vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa lpy fpfdRlky;ksa dh O;oLFkk djuk vf/kd mi;ksxh fl) gksxkA clksa ds vUnj cusgq, ;g fpfdRlky; 10&15 oxZ fdeh- ds vUnj vkus okys lHkh xkaoksa esa igqWpdj izkFkfed fpfdRlk dh lqfo/kk iznku djldrs gSaA

rkfydk la[;k & 7cPpksa dks jksx izfrjks/kd Vhds yxokus dks iznf'kZr djus okyh rkfydk

rkfydk la[;k 7 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 96 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa cPpksa dks jksx izfrjks/kd ds Vhds yxok;stkrs gSa tcfd mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls 04 Áfr”kr~ ifjokj ,sls gSa ftuesa fd cPpksa dks jksx izfrjks/kd ds Vhds ugha yxok;s tkrs gSaAblls Li’V gS fd tutkrh; leqnk;ksa esa cPpksa ds LokLF; dks ysdj igys dh vis{kk vf/kd tkx:drk vk;h gSA

rkfydk la[;k & 8ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds ykHk dks iznf'kZr djus okyh rkfydk

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k [kkuk cuku[kkuk cuku[kkuk cuku[kkuk cukus dh O;oLFkks dh O;oLFkks dh O;oLFkks dh O;oLFkk la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- ck;ks xSl 10 202222---- [email protected] 05 103333---- ,y-ih-th- xSl 30 604444---- LVkso 00 005555---- ,d ls vf/kd 05 10

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k fpfdRlk lqfo/kkfpfdRlk lqfo/kkfpfdRlk lqfo/kkfpfdRlk lqfo/kk la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- ykHk mBkrs gSa 15 302222---- dHkh&dHkh 25 503333---- ugha 10 20

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k Vhds yxokus dh fLFkfrVhds yxokus dh fLFkfrVhds yxokus dh fLFkfrVhds yxokus dh fLFkfr la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- gkW 48 962222---- ugha 02 04

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k ;kstukvksa dk ykHk;kstukvksa dk ykHk;kstukvksa dk ykHk;kstukvksa dk ykHk la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- ykHk izkIr fd;k gS 20 402222---- dHkh&dHkh 25 503333---- dHkh ugha 05 10

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

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Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 100-107 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

vkuUn izdk’k flag ,oa pUnzk xksLokeh

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vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko %,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u ¼tuin m/ke flag uxj dsflrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds xzke lSatuh ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa ½

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- 105 -

rkfydk la[;k 8 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 40 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa us ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk izkIr fd;k gS]50 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa dks dHkh&dHkh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk izkIr gqvk gS tcfd mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls 10 Áfr”kr~ ifjokj ,slsgSa ftuesa fd ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk dHkh Hkh dksbZ ykHk izkIr ugha fd;k gSSA

fo/kkue.Myksa ,oa iapk;rksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkku lqjf{kr dj buesa jktuSfrdpsruk dk fujUrj fodkl fd;k x;kA dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa esa buds dY;k.k gsrq vyx&vyx foHkkxksa dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSAvuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dks mPp f”k{kk izkIr djus] viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djus rFkkmPp tkfr ds yksxksa ds lEidZ eas vkus dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa LFkku lqjf{kr j[ksa x;s gaSA [kqyhizfr;ksfxrk }kjk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij dh tkus okyh fu;qfDr;ksa esa 15 izfr”kr~ rFkk vU; izdkj ls dh tkus okyh fu;qfDr;ksaesa 16 izfr”kr~ LFkku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, lqjf{kr gksrs gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vkfne tkfr;ksa ds fy, f”k{k.k ,oa2

/3

izf”k{k.k o iFk&izn”kZu dsUnz izkjEHk fd;s x;s gSaA Nk=o`fRr;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk Nk=kokl dh lqfo/kk;sa Hkh nh x;h gSaArkfydk la[;k & 9

cPpksa dks Ldwy ls Nk=o`fRr lqfo/kk dks iznf'kZr djus okyh rkfydk

rkfydk la[;k 9 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 98 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks Ldwy ls Nk=o`fRr dh lqfo/kkizkIr gS tcfd mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls 02 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks Ldwy ls Nk=o`fRr dh lqfo/kk izkIr ugha gSA

vkt ljdkj dk iz;kl ;g gS fd Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd dks f”kf{kr cuk;k tk,A izR;sd tutkrh; xkao esa ,dtwfu;j&Lrj dh ikB”kkyk vo”; gksA ;g tuf”k{kk dk;ZØe] izkS<+&f”k{kk] Vsyhfotu vkSj jsfM;ks }kjk vukSipkfjd f”k{kk bulektksa dks u, vkn”kksZa vkSj lH;rk ls ifjfpr djkrh gSA bUgsa lekt ds lqf'kf{kr oxZ rd ykus ,oa izxfr ds iFk ij vkxsc<+us esa lgk;rk ds fy, ljdkj }kjk fo'ks'k Nk=o`fŸk;k¡ ,oa dgha&dghsa fu'kqYd f'k{kk iznku dh tkfr gS] ftlds QyLo:Ikvkt bu yksxksa ds f'k{kk ds izfr'kr esa gh o`f) ugha gqbZ gS cfYd vc bu leqnk;ksa ds O;fDr dyk vkSj okf.kT; ds vfrfjDrfpfdRlk] bathfu;fjx] dkuwu] d`f’k vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=ksa esa Hkh mPp f'k{kk xzg.k djus yxs gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr esaifjorZu dk ,d vU; #i muds vkfFkZd thou esa cnyko ds #i esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

rkfydk la[;k & 10vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa esa cPpksa dks ljdkjh Ldwy Hkstus dh fLFkfr

rkfydk la[;k 10 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 60 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa cPpksa dks ljdkjh Ldwy Hkstk tkrk gStcfd 40 izfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa cPpksa dks ljdkjh Ldwy ugha Hkstk tkrk gSA vf/kdka”k ifjokjksa esa cPpksa dks ljdkjh Ldwy ughaHkstk tkrk gS D;ksafd os vius cPpksa dks vaxzsth f'k{kk iznku djuk pkgrs gSaA vr% mUgsa dkWUosUV Ldwy esa Hkstuk ilUn djrs gSaA

rkfydk la[;k & 11vuqlwfpr tutkrh; yksxksa esa 'kkSpky; ds iz;ksx dh fLFkfr

rkfydk la[;k 11 }kjk Li’V gksrk gS fd mŸkjnkrkvksa esa 46 Áfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa 'kkSpky; dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tcfd54 izfr”kr~ ifjokjksa esa 'kkSpky; dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA vf/kdka”k ifjokjksa esa 'kkSpky; ugha cus gksus ds dkj.k os yksx[kqys esa 'kkSp djus ds fy, etcwj gSaA

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k cPpksa dkscPpksa dkscPpksa dkscPpksa dks Ldwy ls Nk=of̀Rr dh lqfo/kkLdwy ls Nk=of̀Rr dh lqfo/kkLdwy ls Nk=of̀Rr dh lqfo/kkLdwy ls Nk=of̀Rr dh lqfo/kk la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- gkW 49 982222---- ugha 01 02

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k Ldwy Hkstus dh fLFkfrLdwy Hkstus dh fLFkfrLdwy Hkstus dh fLFkfrLdwy Hkstus dh fLFkfr la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- gkW 30 602222---- ugha 20 40

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

dze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;kdze la[;k 'kkSpky; iz;ksx dh fLFkfr'kkSpky; iz;ksx dh fLFkfr'kkSpky; iz;ksx dh fLFkfr'kkSpky; iz;ksx dh fLFkfr la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfrizfrizfrizfr””””kr~kr~kr~kr~1111---- gkW 23 462222---- ugha 27 54

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 50505050 100100100100

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 100-107 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

vkuUn izdk’k flag ,oa pUnzk xksLokeh

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko %,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u ¼tuin m/ke flag uxj dsflrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds xzke lSatuh ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa ½

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- 106 -

fu”d”khZdj.k ,oa lkekU;hdj.k %&orZeku ;qx esa lHkh izcq) yksx ;g ekurs gSa fd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa fufgr v/khurkoknh n`f’Vdks.k gekjh lkekftd]

vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd izxfr ds ekxZ esa lcls cM+h ck/kk gSA blhfy, le;&le; ij Hkkjr esa bu “kksf’kr oxkZas dh fLFkfr esalq/kkj ykus ds fy, iz;kl fd;s tkrs jgsa gSa vkSj vkt Hkh iz;kl fd;s tk jgsa gSaA ifjorZu izd`fr dk fu;e gSA le; dslkFk&lkFk lHkh izdkj ds lektksa esa lkekftd laLFkkvksa] lkekftd laxBuksa] O;ogkj izfrekuksa] ewY;ksa ,oa vkn”kkZsa esa ifjorZugksrs gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkrh; leqnk; bl lkekU; fu;e dk viokn ugha gSA vkt ;s yksx bl ifjorZu ds nkSj lsxqtj jgs gSaA bu ifjorZuksa dk izkjEHk vaxzsth “kkludky esa gqvk] tc budk ckgjh txr~ ls lEidZ c<+us yxkA vkS|ksxhdj.k]uxjhdj.k] vk/kqfud f”k{kk] lapkj ds fodkl] budh fo”ks’k laLd`fr dk fgUnw ,oa bZlkbZ laLd`fr ds lkFk lEidZ bR;kfn dkj.kksals buds ijEijkxr lkekftd laxBu esa ifjorZu vkuk izkjEHk gks x;kA

m/ke flag uxj dk xzke lSatuh ,d fiNM+k gqvk xkao gSA bl {ks= esa vf/kdka”kr% vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksx fuokldjrs gSaA dqN le; igys rd vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksx brus vf/kd tkx:d ugha Fks] ftl dkj.k mudk “kks’k.k lkgwdkjksavkSj egktuksa }kjk gksrk FkkA muds ikl jkstxkj Hkh ugha Fkk vkS vkfFkZd fLFkfr Bhd u gksus ds dkj.k os vius cPpksa dks Ldwyrd ugha Hkstrs FksA ijUrq vc ,slk ugha gS] tutkrh; {ks= esa LokLF;] f'k{kk o ljdkj }kjk miyC/k vU; vkfFkZd lqfo/kkvksa odk;Zdzeksa ds dkj.k vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksxksa esa igys dh vis{kk dkQh tkx:drk vkbZ gSA bl {ks= esa f”k{kk ds lk/kuksa dsvHkko esa vf/kdka”k yksx mPp f”k{kk izkIr ugha dj ik;s gSaA bl xkao ds ;qokvksa dks mPp f”k{kk izkIr djus ds fy, [kVhek]gY}kuh rFkk :nziqj tkuk iM+rk gSA lSatuh xkao ds fo|kFkhZ mPp f”k{kk izkIr djus ds fy, iSny ;k lkbfdy ds }kjkflrkjxat tkrs gSa] mlds i”pkr~ ?k.Vksa clksa bR;kfn }kjk lQj r; dj mPp f”k{kk laLFkku igqWprs gSaA fQj Hkh fu%'kqYd f'k{kk]iqLrd] fu%'kqYd Hkkstu rFkk Nk=o`fRr dk iwjk&iwjk ykHk izkIr gksus ds dkj.k bl {ks= ds yksxksa esa cPpksa dks Ldwy Hkstus dhizo`fRr c<+ jgh gSA

jkstxkj xkjUVh ;kstuk }kjk cgqr ls yksxksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k gq, gSa ftlls mudh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr esadkQh lq/kkj Hkh gqvk gSA vf/kdka'k ifjokjksa esa [kkuk idkus gsrq ,y-ih-th- xSl dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr os ck;ks xSldk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gS tks fd ljdkjh ;kstukvksa }kjk fu%'kqYd cuok;k x;k gSA vf/kdka”k ifjokjksa esa cPpksa dks ljdkjh Ldwyugha Hkstk tkrk gS D;ksafd os vius cPpksa dks vaxzsth f'k{kk iznku djuk pkgrs gSaA vr% mUgsa dkWUosUV Ldwy esa Hkstuk ilUn djrsgSaA vVy vkokl ;kstuk] bfUnjk vkokl ;kstuk vkfn ds rgr yksxksa ds dPps edkuksa ds LFkku ij iDds edku cu pqds gSaAxjhch js[kk ls uhps thou ;kiu djus okyksa ds fy, ch-ih-,y- dkMZ cuk;s x, gSa] blls mUgsa vusd ljdkjh ykHk fey jgs gSaAlafo/kku dh Hkkoukvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk le;&le; ij vusd dkuwu cuk, tkrs jgs gSa]ftlls tutkfr;ksa dks laj{k.k nsus ds lkFk gh mudk vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl fd;k tk ldsA fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa bl rjgds dkuwu cuk, x;s gSa] ftlls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tutkfr;ksa dh Hkwfe ij dCtk u dj ldsA vkt vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfrds O;fDr laoS/kkfud vuqPNsnksa] fu;eksa] f”k{kk lEcU/kh lqfo/kkvksa] dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj ds dY;k.k ,oa lykgdj laxBu]fo/kkue.Myksa ,oa iapk;rksa esa izfrfuf/kRo rFkk vkfFkZd mUufr ds volj izkIr dj vius lokZaxh.k fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gSaA

lu~ 1989 esa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij gksus okys vR;kpkjksa dks jksdus ds fy, *vuqlwfpr tkfrrFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ¼vR;kpkj fujks/kd½ vf/kfu;e* ikl fd;k tks iwjs Hkkjr esa 30 tuojh] 1990 ls ykxw gks x;kA ljdkj}kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd izkFkfed Lrj ls mPp Lrj rd f”k{kk xzg.k djus okys lHkh vkfnoklh cPpksa dks Nk=o`fRr nhtk,A lu~ 2003&04 ls tutkfr;ksa ds fy, O;olkf;d f”k{kk ds Hkh izf”k{k.k dsUnz LFkkfir fd;s tkus yxs gSaA bl le;^lefUor tutkrh; fodkl dk;Zdze* og lcls egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk gS ftlds }kjk tutkfr;ksa dks rjg&rjg dh lqfo/kk,W nhtkrh gSaA

vc iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr laLFkkvksa esa Hkh ml {ks= dh tutkrh; tula[;k ds vuqikr esa muds fy;slhVksa dk vkj{k.k fd;k x;k gSA bu ;kstukvksa ds vfrfjDr tutkfr;ksa dh ,slh lwph rS;kj dh xbZ] ftlesa lcls vf/kdfiNM+h gq;h tutkfr;ksa dks “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA bu tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s vyx ls mi;kstuk,W rS;kj dh tkrh gSA budkmn~ns”; tutkfr;ksa esa [ksrh dh Hkwfe dk forj.k djuk] mUgsa d`f’k ds fodflr midj.k] cht vkSj [kkn nsus dh O;oLFkk djukrFkk ukeek= ds C;kt ij _.k dh lqfo/kk nsuk gSA

ge dg ldrs gSa fd vkj{k.k ,oa laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ,oa Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i buesa ,d uohu psrukdk fodkl gqvk gS rFkk muds lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA ijUrq ;g flDds dk dsoy ,d igyw gS] bu izko/kkuksadk ykHk dsoy f”kf{kr&oxZ gh mBk jgs gSaA bldk nwljk igyw ;g gS fd vf/kdka”k t:jrean yksx vKkurko”k o tkx:drkesa deh ds dkj.k vkt Hkh bu izko/kkuksa dk ykHk ugha mBk ik jgs gSa] vr% mUgsa tkx:d djus dh vko”;drk gSA ,ddY;k.kdkjh jkT; gksus ds ukrs Hkkjr ljdkj us lekt ds misf{kr vkSj detksj yksxksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, ;kstuk,W cukbZ gSaAvkt ljdkj dks mu dk;ZØeksa ij /;ku nsuk pkfg, tks vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkrh; leqnk; dks ckgjh rRoksa }kjk “kks'k.k ls

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vkuUn izdk’k flag ,oa pUnzk xksLokeh

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vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko %,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u ¼tuin m/ke flag uxj dsflrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds xzke lSatuh ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa ½

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eqfDr fnyok ldsA f”k{kk] ;krk;kr] mudh vko”;drkuqlkj lk/ku] fpfdRlk lqfo/kk,¡ mUgsa miyC/k djkbZ tkuh pkfg,Amudks viuh lkaLd`frd fof”k’Vrkvksa dks lajf{kr j[kus vkSj iuius dk iwjk volj feyuk pkfg,A ijUrq os fdl fn”kk esaviuh laLd`fr dk fodkl djuk pkgasxs vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt ds fodkl o jk’Vª fuekZ.k esa fdl izdkj ;ksxnku nsuk pkgsaxs] buiz”uksa dk fu/kkZj.k Lo;a buds }kjk gh gksuk pkfg,A vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkrh; leqnk; ds fodkl vkSj Hkkjrh; thou dheq[; /kkjk ds lkFk ,dhdj.k dk ;gh ,d lgh jkLrk gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkrh; leqnk; ds fodkl ds fy, bu yksxksadks Lo;a Hkh iz;kl djuk gksxk] rHkh bUgsa Hkkjrh; lekt essa lekurk dk ntkZ gkfly gks ldsxkA

tutkrh; lekt eUn xfr ls fodflr lektksa dk gh ,d Lo:i gSA tSls&tSls vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkrh;lekt esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfdz;k c<+ jgh gS] oSls&oSls buesa lkekftd ifjorZu Hkh rhoz xfr ls gks jgk gSA vc vuqlwfprtkfr ,oa tutkrh; leqnk; ds yksx lHkh rjg ds O;olk;ksa ds }kjk vkthfosdk mikftZr djrs gSa] ftlls mudslkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA fofHkUu ljdkjh iz;klksa ds dkj.k bu yksxksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa dqN gn rdldkjkRed ifjorZu vk;s gSaA [kku&iku vkSj lkekftd lEidZ ds foHksn yxHkx lekIr gks tkus ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa ,d u;slerkdkjh lekt dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA vc izk;% lekt esa iznRr izfLFkfr dh vis{kk vftZr izfLFkfr dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tkjgk gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr;ksa dk lekt ds vU; oxkZsa ds lkFk ,dhdj.k djus ds y{; dks ikus ds fy, cgqLrjh;,oa cgqvk;keh iz;Ruksa dh vko”;drk gSA blds fy, eq[; :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr;ksa dk vkfFkZd fodkl rkst:jh gS gh] lkFk esa bu tkfr;ksa ds izfr mPp tkfr oxkZsa esa /kkj.kkRed ifjorZu ykuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA f”k{kk ,oa lapkj ek/;efo”ks’k :i ls Vsyhfotu NqvkNwr] lkekftd HksnHkko vkSj tkfrokn dh cqjkbZ;ksa ds izfr lkekU; tkx:drk ykus esa lgk;d gksldrk gSA fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ls varj&tkrh; fookgksa dks izksRlkfgr djus dh vko”;drk gSA vdsys ljdkj ds iz;klksa ls,dhdj.k vkSj ,d lerkoknh lkekftd O;oLFkk dks LFkkfir djus dk y{; izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% Lo;alsohlaxBuksa] lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj /kkfeZd usrkvksa dks bl y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, ,dtqV gksdj iz;kl djus pkfg,A vHkh Hkhbl fn”kk esa dkQh Bksl dne mBkus dh vko”;drk gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds O;fDr laoS/kkfud vuqPNsnksa] fu;eksa]f”k{kk lEcU/kh lqfo/kkvksa] dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj ds dY;k.k ,oa lykgdj laxBu] fo/kkue.Myksa ,oa iapk;rksa esa izfrfuf/kRorFkk vkfFkZd mUufr ds volj izkIr dj vius lokZaxh.k fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr;kW viukfodkl dj izxfr ds ekxZ ij vkxs c<+ jgh gS rFkk ljdkj }kjk iznŸk lqfo/kkvksa tSls&laoS/kkfud vuqPNsnksa] vf/kfu;eksa] f'k{kklEcU/kh lqfo/kkvksa] O;olkf;d izf'k{k.kksa] fodkl ;ksatukvksa] Nk=kokl o Nk=o`fŸk;ksa ,oa cnyrs gq;s vk/kqfud lkekftdifjos'k dk ykHk mBkdj lkekftd] vkfFkZd 'kS{kf.kd vkSj jktuhfrd {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu dj 'kuS% 'kuS% izxfr dh vksj c<+rs tkjgh gSA

vkt ljdkj dks mu dk;ZØeksa ij /;ku nsuk pkfg, tks tutkrh; leqnk; dks ckgjh rRoksa }kjk “kks’k.k ls eqfDrfnyok ldsA f”k{kk] ;krk;kr] mudh vko”;drkuqlkj lk/ku] fpfdRlk lqfo/kk,¡ mUgsa miyC/k djkbZ tkuh pkfg,A mudksviuh lkaLd`frd fof”k’Vrkvksa dks lajf{kr j[kus vkSj iuius dk iwjk volj feyuk pkfg,A ijUrq os fdl fn”kk esa viuhlaLd`fr dk fodkl djuk pkgasxs vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt ds fodkl o jk’Vª fuekZ.k esa fdl izdkj ;ksxnku nsuk pkgsaxs] bu iz”uksadk fu/kkZj.k Lo;a buds }kjk gh gksuk pkfg,A tutkrh; leqnk; ds fodkl vkSj Hkkjrh; thou dh eq[; /kkjk ds lkFk,dhdj.k dk ;gh ,d lgh jkLrk gSAlUnHkZ&lwph� dqekj] eukst- 2013- ^vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa lkekftd xfr”khyrk*- jk/kk dey eqdthZ % fpUru ijEijk] o’kZ 15] vad 1]

tuojh&twu] i`’B la[;k 140� vxzoky] th0 ds0- 2003- ^Hkkjrh; lkekftd laLFkk,¡*- ,l ch ih Mh ifCyds”kUl] vkxjk] i`’B la[;k 234� egktu] /keZohj ,oa egktu] deys”k- 2011- ^tutkrh; lekt dk lekt”kkL=^- foosd izdk”ku] fnYyh&7] i`’B la[;k

221� egktu] /keZohj ,oa egktu] deys”k- 2003- ^Hkkjr esa lekt^- foosd izdk”ku] fnYyh&7] i`’B la[;k 152� eh.kk] dkUrk- 2013- ^tutkrh; efgyk fodkl ,oa Hkwe.Myhdj.k % ,d lekt”kkL=h; lanHkZ*- jk/kk dey eqdthZ % fpUru

ijEijk] o’kZ 15] vad 1] tuojh&twu] i`’B la[;k 60� enu] th0 vkj0- 2010- ^lekt dk;Z^- foosd izdk”ku] fnYyh&7] i`’B la[;k 192� xqIrk] ,e0 ,y0 ,oa “kekZ] Mh0 Mh0- 1996- ^ekuo lekt*- lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds”kUl] vkxjk] i`’B la[;k 225� dksjh] dykorh- 2014- ^fodkl ;kstukvksa dk tutkrh; thou ij izHkko*- jk/kk dey eqdthZ % fpUru ijEijk] o’kZ 16]

vad 1] tuojh&twu] i`’B la[;k 42� jLrksxh] vkj0 ds0- 2012- ^Hkkjr esa tutkrh; lekt”kkL=^- latho izdk”ku] esjB] i`’B la[;k 110� Hkkjrh; tux.kuk 2011 vkfn

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vkuUn izdk’k flag ,oa pUnzk xksLokeh

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vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk izHkko %,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u ¼tuin m/ke flag uxj dsflrkjxat fodkl[k.M ds xzke lSatuh ds fo’ks”k lanHkZ esa ½

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ABSTRACT

cky Jfedks dh leL;k vk/kqfud ;qx dh ,d xaHkhj leL;k gS] lHkh ns'kks esa cky Jfedks dh la[;k esfujarj o`f) ls fpafrr gksuk LokHkkfod gS] [kklrkSj ij fodkl'khy ns'kks esa cM+h la[;k esa cky Jfedksa dh rknknc<+ jgh gS] ;g ,d lkekftd leL;k gS] D;ksfd cPPksa fdlh Hkh ns'k ds Hkkoh fuekZrk gksrs gSa] ftu ckydksa ij ns'kdh mUufr ,oa ns'k dk Hkfo"; fuHkZj djrk gS] ;fn os gh viuk cpiu [kks csBSaxs ,oa etcwjh esa gh lgh fdarqJfedks ds leku dk;Z ds cks> rys ncs jgsxs rks ns'k dh Hkkoh mUufr dk ekxZ Lor% gh Hk;adj #i ls vo#} gkstk;sxkA cPpkas dh viuh etcwjh gS ifjokj dh csclh gS tks de mez ls cPpks dks dke djuk iM+rk gS etnwjhdjuk iM+rk gS dkj[kkuks esa] ?kjksa esa] gksVyksa esa] <kcksa esa ;k vU; dgh Hkh cPps viuk cpiu R;kx dj Jfedkscuus ij etcwj gks tkrs gSA

izLrqr 'kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls cky Jfedks dh leL;k dk v/;;u izLrqr fd;k tkosxk] cky Jfedksa dk'kks"k.k] dkj.k] ekuokf/kdkj] dk;Z ds ?kaVs] etnwjh jkf'k] dkuwu] vf/kfu;e lHkh dks eq[; fcanq cuk dj cky Je,d leL;k dk lkekftd v/;;u izLrqr fd;k tkosxkA v/;;u {ks= ds #i esa fNUnokM+k ftys ds cky Jfedksdks v/;;u bdkbZ ds #i esa fy;k x;k gSA

'kCn dqath & cky Je] Jfed] ekuokf/kdkj] cky'kks"k.k

Ckky Jfedks dh leL;k ,oa ekuokf/kdkj

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iwtk frokjhlgk0 izk/;k0 ,oa foHkkxk/;{k lekt'kkL=]

'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] fcNqvk]ftyk&fNUnokM+k ¼e-iz-½

izLrkoukizkphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk esa /keZ dh vo/kkj.kk esa gh O;kid ekuoh; lkekftd O;oLFkk ds #i esa ^^ekuokf/kdkj** dh

ppkZ Hkh dh xbZ gSaA ekuokf/kdkj lH; lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk gS] nqfu;k Hkj eas ekuokf/kdkjks ds laj{k.k gsrq la;qDr jk"V~ la?k uslu~ 1948 esa ekuokf/kdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSe ?kks"k.kk dhA blh lanHkZ esa izfro"kZ 10 fnlEcj dks ekuokf/kdkj fnol euk;k tkrk gSAekuokf/kdkj euq"; dks tUe ls izkIr gkss tkrs gSaA ;wfulsQ ds vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj fo'o esa 15 izfr'kr cPps ?kksj xjhch dk thouthus ds fy, foo'k gS] yxHkx 10 djksM+ cPpksa dks dke djus etcwj gksuk iM+rk gS] ftlesa yxHkx 5 djksM+ cs?kj] 2 djksM+'kj.kkFkhZ gSaA

varjk"Vªh; Je laxBu dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa cky Jfedksa dh leL;k xaHkhj gSA bu ns'kks es 10 ls 14o"kZ ds chp dh mez ds yxHkx 18 izfr'kr cPpksa dks dke ij yxuk iM+rk gSA cky Jfedksa dks yacs le; rd dk;Z djok;ktkrk gS ,oa etnwjh Hkh de nh tkrh gS ,oa dk;Z dk okrkoj.k muds LokLF; gsrq gkfudkjd gksrk gSA

varjk"Vªh; Je laxBu ds vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj dsoy nf{k.k ,f'k;k eas yxHkx lkr djksM+ cPps dke djrsa gS] ftlesaHkkjr ds 4-4 djksM+ tcfd ikfdLrku esa 77 yk[k ls 1 djksM+ ds chp cPps Jfed ds #i es dk;Z djrs gSA

fo'o LokLF; laxBu ds }kjk cky Jfedksa dh la[;k 15 djksM+ ls vf/kd crk;h xbZ gSaA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 5 djksM+cky Jfed crk;s x;s gSA fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj lu~ 1971 ds ckn Hkkjr esa cky Jfedks dh la[;k esa vizR;kflr o`f} gqbZz gSA ckyJfedksa dh mez 15 o"kZ ls de gSa

orZeku le; es Hkkjr esa 1-5 djksM+ cPps ca/kqvk etnwj ds #i esa dk;Zjr gSaA ca/kqvk etnwjh dk dk;Z cPPkks dks ek¡ ckils feyk gs] muesa yxHkx 88 izfr'kr vuqlwfpr tkfr tutkfr ds gSA yxHkx 30 yk[k cPps bZV HkV~Vks esa dk;Zjr gSaaA Hkkjr esapwM+h cukus] nLrdkjh] rkyk QsDVjh] [kuu dk;Z] ,oa iVk[kk QsDVjh esa vf/kdka'k cky etnwj dk;Zjr gsa ] blh izdkj lokZf/kdcky etnwj gksVy] <kcks esa dk;Zjr gSA cky Jfedks ds dk;Z ds ?kaVs fuf'pr ugh gksrs gS] dgh& dgh mUgs 12 ls 14 ?kaVs dk;Zdjuk iM+rk gS] rFkk etnwjh Hkh r; ugh gSaA ?kjsyw ukSdjks ds #i esa cPps vf/kd dk;Z djrs ik;s x;s gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ckyJe ¼ izfrjks/k ,oa fofue; ½ vf/kfu;e 1986 ikfjr fd;k x;k gsS] fdUrq mldk vlj dqN[kkl fn[kkbZ ugh iM+rk A

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iwtk frokjh

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Ckky Jfedks dhleL;k ,oa ekuokf/kdkj

v/;;u dk mÌs';1- cky Jfedks dh leL;k dh xaHkhjrk dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr djkuk A2- D;k mDr leL;k lkekftd fo?kVu dk izeq[k dkj.k gS\3- cPpksa }kjk cky Je djus ds ihNs eq[; dkj.k D;k gSa \4- v/;;u {ks= esa cky Jfedksa dh fLFkfr dks tkuuk A

vkdM+sa ,oa izfof/kcky Jfedksa dh leL;k ,d laosnu'khy fo"k; gS] bl fo"k; ds varxZr izkFkfed L=ksr ds #i esa Lo;a tkdj cky

Jfedks ls ckrphr djds vkadM+s tqVkus dk iz;kl fd;k] f}rh;d L=ksr ds #i esa xzaFkky;] iqjkus vkadM+s] iqLrds] lanHkZ xzaFkvkfn dh lgk;rk ls bl v/;;u dks iw.kZrk nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

izkFkfed L=ksr ds #i esa cky Jfedksa ls ckrphr djuk ,d csgn dfBu ,oa Je lk/; dk;Z jgk] D;ksafd cky Jfedfnu Hkj dke esa yxs jgrs gSa] ,oa ekfydksa dk Mj Hkh mUgs yxk jgrk gS] lkFk gh ,dne u;s vifjfpr O;fDr ls ckr djuk Hkhugh pkgrs] dbZ cky Jfedks dks mudk dke fNu tkus dk Mj Hkh lrkrk jgk A

fNUnokM+k eq[;ky; esa yxHkx 300 cky Jfedks dks v/;;u bZdkbZ ds #i esa p;u fd;k x;k] tks ceqf'dy lg;ksxdjus dks rS;kj gq,A

rkfydk Øekad &01cky Jfedksa ls de mez esa cky Je djus dk dkj.k tkuus laca/kh iz'u

fu"d"kZ & vf/kdka'k cky Jfed xjhch ds dkj.k fofHkUu dk;Z djus etcwj gSA

rkfydk dzekad & 02cky Jfedksa dks ekuokf/kdkj ,oa cky Je vf/kfu;e dh tkudkjh laca/kh iz”u

fu"d"kZ & vf/kdka'k dks tkudkjh ugh gS] dqN ckyJfed tkudkjh j[kuk ugh pkgrs D;ksfd muds lkeus thou;kiu djuk gh loZizFke dk;Z gSA

rkfydk dzekad &03fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dk;Zjr cky Jfedks dh fLFkfr laca/kh iz'u

fu"d"kZ & lokZf/kd cky Jfed gksVy @ <+kcksa esa dk;Z djus foo'k gS] tcfd mlds ckn dckM+h ds ikl dke djus]QsDVjh esa] ,oa lcls de ?kjsyw ukSdj ds #i esa dk;Zjr gSA Vhi & ?kjsyw ukSdj ds #i esa vf/kdka'k oks cfPp;ka dk;Zjr gSftudh ekWa mu ?kjks esa dk;Z djrh gSA

rkfydk dzekad &04cky Jfedksa dh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk laca/kh iz'u

dzdzdzdz---- fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k1- ekWa cki dh e`R;q 1002- vui<+ jg tkuk 0253- xjhch ds dkj.k 175

dzdzdzdz---- fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k1- tkudkjh gS 0202- tkudkjh ugh gsS 2003- tkudkjh j[kuk ugh pkgrs 080

dzdzdzdz---- fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k1- ?kjsyw ukSdj ds #i esa 0252- gksVy <kcks esa 1753- QsDVjh es dk;Zjr 0404- vU; LFkkuks ij dk;Zjr 060

dzdzdzdz---- fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k1- fuj{kj 0402- ikWapoh rd 1503- dke ds lkFk i<+kbZ 0604- vkBoha rd 050

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- 110 -

fu"d"kZ &% vf/kdka'k cPpksa us ikWapoh rd i<+kbZ dh gSa] dqN cPps dke ds lkFk i<+kbZ ds dj jgs gS] blesa dqN Lo;alsoh laLFkkvks dh Hkwfedk ljkguh; gSa A

rkfydk dzekad &05cky Jfedksa }kjk viuh dekbZ dh jkf'k [kpZ djus ds laca/kh iz'u

fu"d"kZ ¼ rkfydk Ø- 05½& vf/kdrj cky Jfed ekWa cki dks vkfFkZd enn djrs gS] dbZ vukFk gS tks NksVs HkkbZ cgukasdks iky jgs gSA Lo;a ij [kpZ djus okys fcYdqy vdsys gS ,oa euksjatu ds uke ij flQZ fQYe ns[kuk Lohdkj fd;k x;kftlesa oks [kpZ djrs gSA

fu"d"kZHkkjr esa cky Jfed ,d xaHkhj leL;k gSa] tks NksVs uxjksa ls ysdj egkuxjksa rd esa QSyh gqbZ gS] gekjs ns'k esa cky

Jfed dh leL;k rFkk bu ij izfrca/k yxkus ds fy;s dkuwuh rkSj ij dkQh iz;kl fd;s x;s gS] fdarq bl leL;k ij vadq'kugha yx ik;k gS] blds fy;s ljdkj ds lkFk&lkFk ge lHkh yksx cjkcj ds ftEesnkj gS] dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tc rdvkneh dh csclh dk Qk;nk mBkus dh izo`fRr gekjs lekt esa O;kIr jgsxh rc rd cky Jfedksa dks 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr ugh feyldrh] cky Jfed cuus ds ihNs xjhch] Hkq[kejh] vukFkiu] vf'k{kk] cngkyh] lkSrsys ekWa cki ,oa dbZ izdkj dh foo'krk,Wa gS]ftudk lek/kku 'kkldh; iz;klks] ,u-th-vks-] cky dY;k.k foHkkx ,oa gj vke vkneh ds la;qdr iz;klks ls fdlh lhek rd[kkstk tk ldrk gSA

cPpksa ds vf/kdkjks ds izfr tkx#drk loZizFke 1924 dks ftusok ?kks"k.kk esa ifjyf{kr gqbZ] 20 uoacj 1959 dks ^^ckyvf/kdkjksa** dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ ftls 20 uoacj 1989 dks ikfjr fd;k x;k ftldk leFkZu Hkkjr lfgr 191 ns'kksa us fd;kA blizLrko ds 54 vuqPNsn gS] ,oa cPpksa ls rkRi;Z 18 o"kZ ls de mez ds ekuoA Hkkjr fo'o esa nwljk ns'k gS tgk cPpksa dh la[;klokZf/kd gSA vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd cky Jfedksa dh dh leL;k dks ge yksx vuns[kk u djsa] cfYd 'kkldh;iz;klksa] dkuwuksa ds lkFk&lkFk lekt dk okrkoj.k Hkh cPpksa ds ekufld fodkl ,oa mUgs laj{k.k nsus ;ksX; cuk;sA bldsvykok tula[;k fu;a=.k] [kk| lqj{kk] Hkz"Vkpkj ij vadq'k ,oa uSfrdrk dk fodkl djds Hkh bl leL;k dks de fd;k tkldrk gS] rFkk cPpksa dks xksn ysus dh izfdz;k dks ljy cukdj Hkh cky dY;k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksfd cPpksa ls gh fdlhHkh ns'k dk Hkfo"; Lof.kZe gks ldrk gS] cPps dy ds jk"V fuekZrk gksrs gSA

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph� flag ,e-,u-] vk/kqfud lekt'kkL=h; fuca/k� flag ,u-] ekuokf/kdkj ,oa efgyk� c?ksy th-,l-] vkS|ksfxd lekt'kkL=] Je dk;kZy; fNUnokM+k e-iz-� ,D'ku QkWj dE;qfufV fjlpZ baVhxzs'ku ,tq-osyQs;j lfefr fNUnokM+k e-iz-

dzdzdzdz---- fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k1- ifjokj ij 1752- NksVs HkkbZ cguks ij 0753- Lo;a ij 0254- euksjatu ij 025

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Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 108-110 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

iwtk frokjh

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Ckky Jfedks dhleL;k ,oa ekuokf/kdkj

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 111 - 114

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 111 -

ABSTRACT

Hkkjr ,d xzke iz/kku ns'k gS blfy, xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dk fodkl djuk Hkkjr ljdkj dh izFke izkFkfedrk gSAxzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; ds egkRek xkW/kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjUVh ;kstuk vf/kfu;e dk mn~ns'; ns'k dsxzkeh.k bykdksa esa jgus okys ifjokjksa dh vkthfodk lEcU/kh lqj{kk c<+kuk gSA

xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh] Hkw[k vkSj xjhch ls futkr ikus ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj dh egRokdka{kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.kjkstxkj xkjUVh ;kstuk dk 'kqHkkjEHk iz/kkuea=h MkW0 eueksgu flag us 2 Qjojh 2006 dks vkU/kz izns'k ds vuUriqjftys ls fd;kA 1 vizSy 2008 ls bl ;kstuk dks lEiw.kZ ns'k esa ykxw fd;k x;kA 2 vDVwcj 2009 dks xka/kht;Urh ds volj ij bl ;kstuk dk ukedj.k jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjUVh vf/kfu;e dj(MNREGA)

fn;k x;kA eujsxk dk mn~ns'; xzkeh.k {ks= ds gj ifjokj dks] ftlds o;Ld lnL; LosPNk ls vdq'ky'kkjhfjd Je djuk pkgrs gks] ,d foRrh; o"kZ esa 100 fnu dk xkj.Vh;qDr etnwjh jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk gSAdqy l`ftr Je fnolksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksxksa dk fgLlk rFkk efgykvksas dk51%

fgLlk gSA bl dk;Zdze esa efgykvksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS] tSls bl ;kstuk ds rgr ykHkkfFkZ;ksa esa47%

de ls de ,d frgkbZ efgyk,sa gksrh gaSA mRrjk[k.M esa 2013&14 esa eujsxk ds rgr efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh41.61% FkhA

izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa mRrjk[k.M ds fVgjh tuin esa eujsxk ls ykHkkfUor efgykvksa dk lekt'kkL=h;v/;;u izLrqr gSA

eujsxk vkSj efgyk l'kfDrdj.k¼,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u½

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iwue Hkw"k.kvfl0 izksQslj] lekt'kkL= foHkkxjktdh; LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;

vxLR;eqfu ¼:nziz;kx½

Hkkjr ,d xzke iz/kku ns'k gS Hkkjr ljdkj dh izFke izkFkfedrk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dk fodkl vkSj xzkeh.k Hkkjr ls xjhch,oa Hkw[kejh gVkuk gSA Hkkjr dh yxHkx 83-30 djksM+ ls vf/kd vkcknh xkaoksa es gh fuokl djrh gSA jk"Vªfirk xka/kh th us dgkFkk **gesa ;g Lohdkj djuk gksxk fd Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k 'kgjksa ls ugh cfYd xkaoks ls gksrk gS vkSj xkaoks dk iqufuZek.k rc rd ughgks ldrk tc rd buds gLrf'kYiksa dk iqu#RFkku u fd;k tk,A**

xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; ds egkRek xka/kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e ¼egkRek xka/kh ujsxk½ dk mn~ns'; ns'kds xzkeh.k bykdksa esa jgus okys ifjokjksa dh vkthfodk lEcU/kh lqj{kk dks c<kuk gSA xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh] Hkw[k vkSj xjhch lsfutkr ikus ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj dh egRokdka{kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk dk 'kqHkkjEHk iz/kkuea=h MkW0 eueksguflag us 2 Qjojh 2006 dks vkU/kz izns'k ds vuUriqj ftys ls fd;k] igys pj.k esa o"kZ 2006&07 ds nkSjku ns'k ds 27 jkT;ksa ds200 pqfuank ftyksa esa bl ;kstuk dk dk;kZUo;u fd;k x;k Fkk nwljs pj.k esa bls 130 vkSj ftyksa esa ykxw fd;k x;k] 1 viSzy2008 ls bl ;kstuk dks lEiw.kZ ns'k esa ykxw fd;k x;k gSA

bl ;kstuk ds rgr p;fur ftyksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa izR;sd ifjokj esa ,d lnL; dks o"kZ esa de ls de 100 fnu vdq'kyJe okys jkstxkj dh xkjaVh nh xbZ gSA

dsUnz ljdkj ds egRokdka{kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e dk uke cnydj vc vkSipkfjd :i( )NREGA

ls egkRek xka/kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e dj fn;k x;k gSA ujsxk dk ukedj.k egkRek xka/kh( )MNREGA

ds uke ij djus dh ?kks"k.kk 2 vDVwcj 2009 dks xka/kh t;Urh ds volj ij dh x;hAHkkjr esa csjkstxkjh orZeku le; dh lcls cMh lkekftd leL;kvksa esa ls ,d gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk jkstxkj dks

vf/kfu;e cukdj mu djksMksa xjhc yksxksa dks lEekuiw.kZ thou thus dh jkg nh gS ftlls xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k dk ekxZiz'kLr gks x;k gS eujsxk ls xzkeh.k yksxksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr o csjkstxkjh dh leL;k lq/kjh gSA

Ekujsxk ds mnns';eujsxk dk mns'; xzkeh.k {ks= ds gj ifjokj dks ftlds o;Ld lnL; LosPNk ls vdq'ky 'kkjhfjd Je djuk pkgrs gSa

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RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 111-114 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

iwue Hkw”k.k

- 112 -

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eujsxk vkSj efgyk l'kfDrdj.k¼,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u½

,d foRrh; o"kZ esa 100 fnu dk xkj.Vh;qDr etnwjh jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk gSA� fu/kZu ds thfodk lalk/ku vk/kkj dks lq<`<+ djukA� xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa lw[kk cpko vkSj ck< izcU/ku dks etcwr djukA� lekt ds gkf'k, ij fLFkr leqnk;ksa fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa] vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr dks vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr

dkuwu ds }kjk l'kfDrdj.k djukA� iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks lq<`< djukA� 'kklu esa vf/kd ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ykuk� xjhch nwj djus vkSj vkthfodk lEcU/kh fofHkUu igyksa dks c<kok nsus ds tfj, fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj Hkkxhnkjh dh fofHkUu

;kstukvksa dks etcwr djukAegkRek xka/kh eujsxk us jkstxkj ds volj iznku djds xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa lcls detksj vkSj lcls visf{kr leqnk;ksa dh

lkekftd lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr fd;k gSA bl ;kstuk us dkQh la[;k esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks cqfu;knh vk; lqj{kk iznku fd;k gS] ;g;kstuk gj lky vkSlru gj lky yxHkx 5 djksM ifjokjksa dks jkstxkj iznku djrh gS ;g ns'k ds dqy xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dkyxHkx ,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk gSA foRrh; o"kZ 2006&07 ls foRrh; o"kZ 2013&14 rd 1]55000 djksM :i;s etnwjh ij [kpZ fd;sx;s] 2013 ls izfr O;fDr izfr fnu etnwjh 65 :0 ls c<dj 124 :i;s izfr O;fDr izfr fnu fd;k x;k gS] bl ;kstuk dsc`gRrj [kk| lqj{kk] izfr O;fDr] ekfld [kpZ vkSj cpr vkfn c<kus esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA eujsxk ;kstuk ls Hkwty Lrj esalq/kkj] flapkbZ ds fy, vf/kd ikuh dh miyC/krk] tehuh vkSj lrg ty Jksrksa ls flafpr {ks= esa o`f) vkSj ekuo vkSj i'kqvksads fy, ihus ds ikuh dh miyC/krk esa ;ksxnku feyk gS rFkk d`f"k mRikndrk ij Hkh izHkko iMk gSA d`f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe {ks= esa o`f)gqbZ gSA efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr djus esa eujsxk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gS ftlls efgyk,sa viuh vkenuh dksHkq[kejh ls cpus] NksVs dtksZ dks pqdkus vkSj cPpksa dh Ldwyh f'k{kk vkfn ij [kpZ djrh gSA

efgyk l'kfDrdj.k&eujsxk ds rgr fofHkUu izko/kkuksa vkSj mlds fn'kk funsZ'kksa dk y{; ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd efgykvksa rd jkstxkj

leku :i ls vkSj vklkuh ls igqWp lds] mUgsa csgrj dk;Z ifjfLFkfr;ka feys] mUgsa iq:"kksa ds cjkcj etwnjh feys vkSj fu.kZ; ysusokys fudk;ksa esa mudk izfrfuf/kRo gks lds] efgykvksa dks izkFkfedrk nsus dk izko/kku gS bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr ykHk ikus okyh,d frgkbZ efgyk,sa gh gSA foRrh; o"kZ 2006&07 ls foRrh; o"kZ 2013&14 rd efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<h gS bl ;kstuk lsosruekuksa esa ySafxd lekurk Hkh vk;h gSA

ns'k esa 2013&14 esa eujsxk esa efgykvksa dk izfr'kr 54-40 izfr'kr gS rFkk mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa eujsxk esa efgykvksa dhHkkxhnkjh 41-61 izfr'kr gS tuin fVgjh x<oky esa 66-91 izfr'kr efgyk,a eujsxk ls ykHkkfUor gSA fVgjh tuin ds fodkl[k.M dhfrZuxj esa 28-63 izfr'kr efgyk,a eujsxk ds rgr ykHkkFkhZ gSaA eujsxk ls efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij vuqdwyizHkko iMk gSA bl v/;;u ls eujsxk ds rgr ykHkkfUor efgykvksa ds l'kfDrdj.k esa fdl izdkj izHkko iMk gS ;g tkuus dkiz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

'kks/k leL;k&orZeku v/;;u esa eujsxk egkRek xkW/kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e }kjk efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh fLFkfr

dks tkuus dk y?kq iz;kl gS rFkk 'kks/k esa fo'ks"k :i ls ;g iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS fd eujsxk ls efgykvksa dks fdl izdkj lsykHk izkIr gqvk gSA

v/;;u dk mn~ns';&izLrqr v/;;u esa eujsxk ls efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh fLFkfr dks tkuus dk mn~ns'; fuEufyf[kr gSA

1- v/;;u dk mn~ns'; efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd fpUrk ;k ruko dks Kkr djukA2- efgykvksa dks jkstkuk Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk djus esa jkgr dks Kkr djukA3- efgykvksa dh vfrfjDRk vk; ds ckjs esa tkx:drk dh tkudkjh ysukA4- efgykvksa dh cpr dh vknr ds fodkl ds ckjs esa tkuukA5- efgykvksa esa foRrh; lk{kjrk dks tkuukA6- ifjokj esa iSlksa ds [kpZ djus esa efgykvksa dh jk; dk v/;;u djukA

v/;;u dk {ks=&izLrqr v/;;u dk {ks= mRrjk[k.M ds fVgjh tuin ds dhfrZuxj fodkl [k.M ds nks xzke iapk;rksa dks fy;k x;k gSA

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- 113 -

'kks/k izk:i& izLrqr v/;;u esa fooj.kkRed 'kks/k izk:i dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

fun'kZu fof/k&tuin fVgjh x<oky ds fodkl [k.M dhfrZuxj ds xzke iapk;r eysFkk rFkk f?kfYM;kyxkao dh og efgyk,sa tks

eujsxk ds rgr ykHkkFkhZ gSa f?kfYM;kyxkao ls 120 rFkk eysFkk ls 220 efgykvksa esa 25&25 dqy 50 efgykvksa dks pquko ykWVjhfof/k ls fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa xzke iapk;r dh efgykvksa ds uke dh iphZ cukdj vyx&vyx fMCcs esa Mky nh xbZ rFkk nksvcks/k ckydksa ls mDr ukeksa dh 25&25 iphZ;kWa fudyokbZ xbZ tks fd v/;;u dk lexz gSA

rF; ladyu ds Jksr& izkFkfed rF;ksa dk ladyu lwpuknkrkvksa ls lk{kkRdkj] vuqlwph vkSj vkSipkfjd okrkZyki,oa voyksdu ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;kA v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr f}rh;d rF;ksa dk ladyu izdkf'kr xzUFkksa] lekpkj i=ksa]if=dkvksas] ljdkjh fjiksZV] bR;kfn ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gSA

lkj.kh & 1-1D;k vkfFkZd lEcU/kh ruko esa deh vk;h gS\

mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 1&1 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd eujsxk esa etnwjh djus ls efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd ruko esa dh70%

deh vk;h gSA efgykvksa ds vuqlkj FkksMk cgqr fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA30%

lkj.kh& 1-2D;k jkstkuk Hkkstu dh fpark ls jkgr vk;h gS\

mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 1-2 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd efgykvksa ds vuqlkj jkstkuk Hkkstu dh fpUrk ls jkgr vk;h gS70%

30% efgykvksa ds vuqlkj FkksMk cgqr fpUrk de gqbZ gSAlkj.kh& 1-3

D;k ;g vfrfjDr vk; dk lk/ku gS\

mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 1-3 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd efgykvksa ds fy;s ;g vfrfjDr vk; dk lk/ku gS rFkk54% 46%

efgykvksa ds vuqlkj dqN ughas dgk tk ldrk gSAlkj.kh 1-4

D;k cpr vknr etcwr cukus es en~n feyh gS\

mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 1-4 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd efgykvksa esa cpr vknr etcwr gqbZ gS rFkk efgykvksa dh60% 40%

blls dksbZ cpr ugha gSA

ØØØØekadekadekadekad ruko esa dehruko esa dehruko esa dehruko esa deh vkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀r izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1 deh vk;h gSA 35 70%

2 FkksMk cgqr deh vk;h gSA 15 30%

3 dksbZ deh ugh 0 0;ksx 50 100

dzekaddzekaddzekaddzekad Hkkstu dh fpark esa jkgrHkkstu dh fpark esa jkgrHkkstu dh fpark esa jkgrHkkstu dh fpark esa jkgr vkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀r izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1 jkgr vk;h gSA 35 70%

2 FkksMk cgqr 15 30%

;ksx 50 100

dzekaddzekaddzekaddzekad vfrfjDr vk; gSAvfrfjDr vk; gSAvfrfjDr vk; gSAvfrfjDr vk; gSA vkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀r izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1 gka 27 54%

2 irk ugha 23 46%

;ksx 50 100

dzekaddzekaddzekaddzekad en~n feyh gSAen~n feyh gSAen~n feyh gSAen~n feyh gSA vkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀r izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1 gka 30 60%

2 Ukgha 20 40%

;ksx 50 100

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 111-114 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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eujsxk vkSj efgyk l'kfDrdj.k¼,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u½

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dzekaddzekaddzekaddzekad jk; yh tkrh gSAjk; yh tkrh gSAjk; yh tkrh gSAjk; yh tkrh gSA vkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀r izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1 gka 32 64%

2 dHkh dHkh 13 26%

3 Ukgha 05 10%

;ksx 50 100

dzekaddzekaddzekaddzekad foRrh; lk{kjrk vk;h gSAfoRrh; lk{kjrk vk;h gSAfoRrh; lk{kjrk vk;h gSAfoRrh; lk{kjrk vk;h gSA vkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀rvkof̀r izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1 gka 35 70%

2 FkksMk cgqr 15 30%

;ksx 50 100

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lkj.kh 1-5D;k foRrh; lk{kjrk vk;h gS\

mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 1-5 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd efgykvksa esa foRrh; lk{kjrk vk;h gS 3 esa FkksMk cgqr foRrh;70% 0%

tkx:drk vk;h gSAlkj.kh 1-6

D;k ifjokj esa iSlks ds [kpZ djus esa jk; yh tkrh gS\

mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 1-6 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd efgykvksa esa ls ifjokj esa iSlksa ds [kpZ djus esa mudh jk; yh tkrh64%

gS dh dHkh dHkh jk; yh tkrh gS rFkk efgykvksa ls dksbZ jk; ugha yh tkrh gSA26% 10%

fu"d"kZizLrqr 'kks/k i= esa izkFkfed rF;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd mRrjk[k.M ds fVgjh tuin ds

dhfrZuxj fodkl [k.M esa eujsxk }kjk efgyk,sa l'kDr gqbZ gSaA xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gSa rFkkeujsxk esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls efgykvksa ds fodkl ij ldkjkRed izHkko iMk gSA

lUnHkZ lwph� izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k vfrfjDrkad lkekU; v/;;u Hkkjrh; vFkZO;LFkk ijh{kksi;ksxh lhjht&1] 2014 i`"B la[;k 190A� egkRek xkW/kh jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e 2005 izfrosnu] 2 Qjojh 2014� xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;] xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx Hkkjr ljdkj ubZ fnYyhA� flag lUrks"k dqekj] eujsxk ^^xzkeh.k fodkl dk vfHkuo iz;kl** Recent Researches in social sciences and Humanities

national refereed gournal oct Nov Dec. 2014 page no 72-73 well press publications

� Tehri .nic.in/pages/display/135-mnrega

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iwue Hkw”k.k

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eujsxk vkSj efgyk l'kfDrdj.k¼,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u½

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ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 115 -

ABSTRACT

Hkkjr esa izk;% lHkh jkT;ksa us ftyk ifj"kn~ dks 'kh"kZ LFkku iznku fd;k gS tgka ftyk ifj"knksa ds laxBuksa dkiz'u gS] muesa vusd lekurk,a rFkk fo"kerk,a ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ftyk ifj"kn~ ,d fu;e fudk; gS] mldk'kk'or mrjkf/kdkj gS] mldh viuh eqgj gksrh gS] og fdlh ij eqdn~ek pyk ldrh gS vkSj ml ij eqdnekpyk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mls lafonk djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA lc jkT;ksa esa bldk uke ,d gh ugha gSA ftykifj"kn iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dh rhljh vkSj mPpre bdkbZ gSA v/;;u esa “kks/kkFkhZ us ik;k fd djuky 22lnL;ksa esa ls 14 lnL;ksa ds ikl vk; ds lk/ku de vksj 8 lnL;ksa ds ikl i;kZIr gS A blh izdkj dq#{ks= esa 15lnL;ksa esa ls 11 ds ikl vk; ds lk/ku de vkSj 4 ds ikl i;kZIr gSA 73osa laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku ds vuqlkjiapk;rh jkt dks vusd izdkj dh 'kfDr;ka nsdj lqn`<+ fd;k x;k gSA rkfd iapk;rh jkt lQy gks lds Aysfdu vkt Hkh blesa vusd izdkj dh dfe;ka ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ftlds dkj.k ;g iw.kZ :i ls lQy ugha gksik jgk A tc rd bu dfe;ksa dks nwj ugha fd;k tk ldrk og lQy ugha cu ldrkA

ftyk ifj"kn~ dk laxBu] dk;Z ,oa Hkwfedk % djuky ,oadq#{ks= ftyksa dk ,d v/;;u

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tlfoUnz flag“kks/kkFkhZ]

ifCyd ,MfefuLVsª”ku foHkkx]dq:{ks= fo”ofo|ky;] dq:{ks=

ifjp;iapk;rh jkt dks laxBukRed vk/kkj ij LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA ftlds loksZPp Hkkx ds :i esa ftyk ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk

iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oa 73osa laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e esa dh xbZ gSA orZeku 'krkCnh ds fy, ^laxBu* 'kCn vusdlanHkksZa esa yksdfiz; gks x;k gS] fdlh mís'; vFkok dk;Z dh lQyrk ,oa vlQyrk dk iwjk Js; ftls fn;k tkrk gS] oLrqr% oglaxBu gh gS] ge Hkkouk rks lgh j[krs gS] ysfdu gekjk vfHkizk; ftl O;oLFkk ls gS og iz'kklu u gksdj laxBu gSA laxBudks fofHkUu fo}kuksa us vius&vius <ax ls ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA ^'kkfCnd n`f"V ls laxBu* 'kCn ^le* milxZrFkk ^xBu* 'kCn ls feydj cuk gSA le~ milxZ dk rkRi;Z fey tqydj vPNs <ax ls dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA

ifjHkk"kkyksd iz'kklu] izcU/k ,oa laxBu ds fo}kuksa ,oa fo'ks"kKksa us laxBu dks fofHkUu igyqvksa ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA laxBu ds

mi;qZDr vko';d Lo:i dks /;ku esa j[kdj fofHkUu fo}kuksa us bldh ifjHkk"kk fuEu :iksa esa dh FkhA ewus ds vuqlkj] ^^lkekU;mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, cuk;k x;k izR;sd ekuoh; la?k laxBu dgykrk gSA** izks- OgkbV ds dFkkuqlkj & ^^fuf'pr y{; dhizkfIr dks ljy cukus ds fy, dk;ksZa ,oa mrjnkf;Roksa dk foHkktu gh laxBu gSA** lkbeu ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^laxBu dk rkRi;Z ,d,sls ;kstukc) rFkk lkewfgd iz;Ru ls gS ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr dk ,d fuf'pr dk;ZØe gksrk gS vkSj ftls og drZO; dhHkkouk ls djrk gS A**

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd dksbZ laxBu vius vki esa dqN Hkh ugha djrk] laxBu dk fuekZ.k djus okys O;fDr ghmldk okLrfod dk;Z djrs gS rFkk laxBu ,d <kapk gS ftlesa O;fDr dk;Z djrs gq, fuf'pr mís';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq iz;kldjrs gS A

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkkHkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk,a rhu Lrj ij dk;Z dj jgh gS&ftyk Lrj & ftyk ifj"kn~fodkl [k.M Lrj & iapk;r lfefrxzke Lrj & xzke iapk;r

blh izdkj gfj;k.kk esa Hkh iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ds rhu Lrj gS&

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- 116 -

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ftyk ifj"kn~ dk laxBu] dk;Z ,oa Hkwfedk %djuky ,oa dq#{ks= ftyksa dk,d v/;;u

gfj;k.kk esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkk dk Lo:i

ftyk ifj"kn~ dk laxBuHkkjr esa izk;% lHkh jkT;ksa us ftyk ifj"kn~ dks 'kh"kZ LFkku iznku fd;k gS tgka ftyk ifj"knksa ds laxBuksa dk iz'u gS] muesa

vusd lekurk,a rFkk fo"kerk,a ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ftyk ifj"kn~ dk laxBu vfUre :i ls izR;sd jkT; ds izcU/kksa ij fuHkZjdjrk gS] ;|fi iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk esa 'kh"kZ fudk; ds laxBu esa dqN ewyHkwr fofHkUurk,a ik;h tkrh gS] rFkkfi dqN ,slslkekU; fl)kUr Hkh gS tks yxHkx lHkh izns'kksa esa izHkkoh gksrs gS A ;Fkk &

1- xzke ls tuin rd iapk;rh jkt dk laxBu f=Lrjh; jguk vkSj budk lc laLFkkvksa ds e/; vkaf'kd lEcU/kLFkkfir fd;k x;k A

2- vf/kdkj vkSj nkf;Ro dk okLrfod gLrkarj.k gksuk A3- uohu laLFkkvksa dks i;kZIr lalk/ku miyC/k djkuk A4- izR;sd Lrj dk fodkl dk;ZØe mlh Lrj dh laLFkk }kjk fØ;kfUor gksuk A5- lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk bl izdkj dh gks fd ;s laLFkk,a Hkfo"; esa vkSj vf/kd vf/kdkj vksj nkf;Ro lgt gh lEikfnr dj

ldsA

ftyk ifj"kn~ dk vFkZftyk ifj"kn~ ,d fu;e fudk; gS] mldk 'kk'or mrjkf/kdkj gS] mldh viuh eqgj gksrh gS] og fdlh ij eqdn~ek

pyk ldrh gS vkSj ml ij eqdnek pyk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mls lafonk djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA lc jkT;ksa esa bldk uke,d gh ugha gSA vkU/kz izns'k] fcgkj] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] mM+hlk] iatkc] gfj;k.kk] jktLFkku] mrj izns'k vkSj if'pe caxky esamls ftyk ifj"kn~ dgrs gSA bldh lnL;rk bl <ax ls fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gS fd mls iapk;rh jkt ds e/;orhZ Lrj] iapk;rlfefr ls rFkk mPp Lrj ij jkT; ds fo/kku e.My vkSj jk"Vªh; laln ds lkFk vo;oh :i esa lEc) fd;k tk ldsA ftykifj"kn~ dks lekt ds lHkh oxksZa dk izfrfuf/k cukus ds mís'; ls mlesa fL=;ksa] ifjxf.kr tkfr;ksa rFkk ifjxf.kr tutkfr;ksa dksizfrfuf/kRo iznku fd;k x;k gSA pwafd lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh xzkeksRFkku ds dk;ZØe esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA blfy, ftykifj"kn~ esa mUgsa Hkh izfrfuf/kRo fn;k x;k gSA eksVs rkSj ij ftyk ifj"kn~ esa fuEufyf[kr lnL; gksrs gS &

ftyk ifj"kn~ ds insu lnL; &1- ftys dh iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds v/;{kA2- ftys ds lHkh fuokZpu {ks=ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okys laln lnL; ¼yksd lHkk rFkk jkT; lHkk nksuksa ds lnL;½ A3- ftys ds lc fuokZpu {ks=ksa ls fuokZfpr fo/kku e.Myksa ds lnL;A4- ljdkjh lfefr;ksa dk ,d izfrfuf/k] lkekU;r% ftyk lgdkjh lfefr dk v/;{kA5- ,d fuf'pr la[;k esa ifjxf.kr tkfr;ksa vkSj ifjxf.kr tutkfr;ksa ds lnL;A

rkfydk % 01ftyk ifj"kn djuky ds lnL;ksa dh lwph

xzke Lrj

Lrj laLFkk

fodkl [k.M Lrj

Lrj laLFkk

tuin Lrj

Lrj laLFkk

ØØØØ0000 lnL; dk ukelnL; dk ukelnL; dk ukelnL; dk uke inininin Js.khJs.khJs.khJs.kh okMZokMZokMZokMZ uauauaua----1- vaxzst flag lnL; lkekU; 12- fiadh nsoh lnL; efgyk 23- iznhi dqekj lnL; fiNMk oxZ 34- fpeu yky lnL; lkekU; 45- lrohUnz dkSj lnL; efgyk 56- lksfudk fxy lnL; vuq- tkfr 6

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7- xqjnso flag lkekU; 78- lquhy dqekj iaokj lnL; lkekU; 89- lfjrk lnL; efgyk 910 deys'k lnL; efgyk 1011 foØe flag lnL; lkekU; 1112 uh'kw jkuh lnL; vuq- tkfr 1213 d"̀.k nsoh lnL; vuq- tkfr 1314 gfj'k dqekj lnL; lkekU; 1415 lrh'k lnL; lkekU; 1516 gjsUnz flag iz/kku lkekU; 1617 v'kksd dqekj mi iz/kku lkekU; 1718 izse flag lnL; vuq- tkfr 1819 ;'kchj flag lnL; lkekU; 1920 dsyksa lnL; vuq- tkfr 2021 eqds'k lnL; efgyk 2122 vaxqjh nsoh lnL; efgyk 22

L=ksr & djuky ftyk ifj"kn~ dk;kZy; ls A

rkfydk % 02ftyk ifj"kn~ dq#{ks= ds lnL;ksa dh lwph

L=ksr % dq#{ks= ftyk ifj"kn~ dk;kZy; ls A

ftyk ifj"kn iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dh rhljh vkSj mPpre bdkbZ gSA jkT; ljdkj vf/klwpuk ds }kjk ftykifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk djrh gSA blesa os {ks= 'kkfey ugha gksaxs tks uxj ikfydk ;k Nkouh esa 'kkfey gSA ftyk ifj"kn~ ds lHkhfuokZfpr lnL;ksa dh la[;k de ls de nl vkSj vf/kd ls vf/kd rhl fuf'pr dh xbZ gSA ftls dk izR;sd fuokZfpr lnL;pkyhl gtkj tula[;k dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ysfdu dqN [k.Mksa esa ;g tula[;k 40 gtkj ls de Hkh gks ldrh gSA ftykifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu fuEu vk/kkjksa ij gksrk gS &

fuokZpu izfØ;kftyk ifj"kn~ ds fuokZpu ds fy, leLr ftys ds {ks= dks ftyk ifj"kn~ ds fuokZfpr lnL;ksa ds la[;kuqlkj okMksZa esa

ØØØØ---- lnL;lnL;lnL;lnL; dk ukedk ukedk ukedk uke inininin Js.khJs.khJs.khJs.kh okMZ uaokMZ uaokMZ uaokMZ ua----1- gjtksr flag lnL; lkekU; 12- deZthr dkSj lnL; vuq- tkfr ¼efgyk½ 23- lfyUnz dkSj lnL; vuq- tkfr ¼efgyk½ 34- jkedj.k lnL; vuq- tkfr 45- ijethr flag lnL; lkekU; ¼efgyk½ 56- u;kc flag lnL; lkekU; 67- tlikyksa nsoh lnL; lkekU; ¼efgyk½ 7-8- izoh.k dqekj iz/kku lkekU; 89- pUnzHkku lnL; vuq- tkfr 910- t;Hkxoku lnL; lkekU; 1011- useiky flag lnL; lkekU; 1112- lqHkk"k pUn miiz/kku fiNM+k oxZ 1213- Å"kk jkuh lnL; lkekU; ¼efgyk½ 1314- lqjs'k dqekj lnL; lkekU; 1415- uPNsÙkj flag lnL; lkekU; 15

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ftyk ifj"kn~ dk laxBu] dk;Z ,oa Hkwfedk %djuky ,oa dq#{ks= ftyksa dk,d v/;;u

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yxHkx cjkcj&cjkcj tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij ernkrkvksa ds }kjk xqIr ernku ds vk/kkj ij p;fur fd;k tkrk gSA bldsfuokZpu esa ernku djus dh U;wure vk;q 18 o"kZ gSA pquko yM+us ds fy, vk;q lhek 21 o"kZ gSA

ftyk ifj"kn~ ds pquko esa vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS tks fuEu izdkj ls gS &vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk

1- /kkjk 120 ds vuqlkj jkT; esa izR;sd ftyk ifj"kn~ esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, jkT; ljdkj }kjk LFkkuksa dkvkj{k.k fd;k tk,xk vkSj bl izdkj vkjf{kr fd, x, LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k ftyk ifj"kn~ esa izR;{k fuokZpu }kjkHkjs tkus okys LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k ds mlh vuqikr esa gksxh tks ftyk {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh la[;k] ftys esadqy tula[;k ds fudVre gksxh vkSj ,sls LFkku vuqlwfpr tkfr dh vf/kdre tula[;k j[kus okys ml ftys esafofHkUu izknsf'kd fuokZpu {ks=ksa dks ljdkj }kjk izkf/kd`r fdlh vU; ljdkjh vf/kdkjh }kjk vkcafVr fd, tk,axs A

2- mi/kkjk 1 ds v/khu vkjf{kr LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k ds ,d frgkbZ LFkku la[;k dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS ysfduvuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr fd, tk,axs vkSj ,sls LFkku mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vkjf{krokMksZa dk pØkuqØe vkcafVr fd, tk,axs A

3- izR;sd ftyk ifj"kn~ esa ,d LFkku fiNM+s oxksZa ls lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gksxk rFkk ,sls LFkku ftys esa,sls oxksZa dh vf/kdre tula[;k j[kus okys okMksZa esa vkcafVr fd;k tkrk gS A ijUrq mi/kkjk ¼1½] ¼2½] ¼3½] ¼4½ vkSj¼6½ ds v/khu vkjf{kr inksa ij izR;sd nl o"khZ; tux.kuk ds ckn iqu% fopkj fd;k tk,xk A

ftyk ifj"kn~ v/;{k/kkjk 122 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ dk v/;{k ftyk ifj"kn~ dh cSBdksa dks cqyk,xk] v/;{krk djsxk vkSj lapkyu

djsxk] ftyk ifj"kn~ dk fjdkMZ ns[k ldsxk rFkk mlls lEcfU/kr lHkh iz'u ftyk ifj"kn~ dks izLrqr djsxk A ftyk ifj"kn~vFkok mldh fdlh lfefr ds izLrkoksa vkSj QSlyksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ij iz'kklfud utjj[ksxk Avkikrdkyhu ekeyksa esa] fdlh dk;Z ds fu"iknu] fuyEcu vFkok jksdus vFkok fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds funsZ'k djldrk gS ftlds fy, ftyk ifj"kn~ ds fdlh izkf/kdkjh dh Lohd`fr visf{kr gks vkSj ftldk rRdky fu"iknu ;k fd;k tkuk]mldh jk; esa lkoZtfud lsok ;k lqj{kk ds fy, vko';d gS rFkk funsZ'k dj ldrk gS fd ,sls d`R; ds fu"iknu ds O;; ftykfuf/k esa ls Hkqxrku fd, tk,axs A

ijUrq iz/kku bl mi/kkjk ds v/khu dh xbZ dk;Zokgh rFkk mlds dkj.kksa dh ftyk ifj"kn~ vFkok fdlh leqfprlfefr ds vkxkeh vf/kos'ku esa rqjUr fjiksVZ djsxk] forh; vkSj dk;Zdkjh iz'kklu dh ns[kjs[k djsxk] iz/kku rFkk miiz/kku dksfo'ks"k cSBd esa ftyk ifj"kn~ ds fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k ds nks frgkbZ lnL;ksa esa tSlh Hkh fLFkfr gks] ds fo:) izLrkoikl djds gVk;k tk ldsxkA ijUrq fdlh Hkh ,slh cSBd fuokZpu vf/klwpuk dh frfFk ls ,d o"kZ igys ugha cqykbZ tk,xh A,slh vof/k dh lekfIr ds i'pkr tc dHkh ,slk vf/kos'ku mldh inkof/k ds nkSjku cqyk;k tkrk gS vkSj in dks fjDr djusdk izLrko vlQy gks tkrk gSA rRi'pkr fdlh Hkh le; iz/kku vFkok miiz/kku ds fo:) le:i izLrko ij fopkj djus dsfy, dksbZ vkSj vf/kos'ku rc rd ugha cqyk;k tk,xk] tc rd xr vlQyrk vkSj bl frfFk ds chp] ftldks ,slk vkSjvf/kos'ku cqyk;k tkrk gS de ls de ,d o"kZ dh vof/k dk vUrj ugha iM+ tkrk A

inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks inP;qr djuk/kkjk 124 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ dk dksbZ lnL; viuh inkof/k ds nkSjku ftys ls yxkrkj rhu eghus ls vf/kd ds

fy, ftyk ifj"kn~ }kjk rhu eghus ls vf/kd NqV~Vh eatwj djok,a fcuk vuqifLFkr jgrk gS ;k pkj cSBdksa esa Lo;a vuqifLFkrjgrk gS rks og ftyk ifj"kn~ dk lnL; ugha jgsxk A/kkjk 125 ds vuqlkj u, iz/kku vFkok miiz/kku ds fuokZpu in] inkojksghiz/kku vFkok miiz/kku vFkok lnL; ijUrq ,sls u, iz/kku vFkok miiz/kku vFkok lnL; dks tSlh Hkh fLFkfr gks] vius in dkizHkkj lkSai nsxk A

;fn inkojksgh iz/kku] miiz/kku vFkok dksbZ lnL; mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu ;Fkk visf{kr vius in dk izHkkj lkSaius esavlQy jgrk gS vFkok bUdkj djrk gS rks ljdkj vFkok ljdkj }kjk izkf/kd`r dksbZ izkf/kdkjh fyf[kr :i esa vkns'k }kjk;Fkk fLFkfr iz/kku vFkok miiz/kku vFkok lnL; dks rqjUr vius in dk izHkkj rFkk ftyk ifj"kn~ ds lHkh dkxt&i= dcts esagks] u, iz/kku] miiz/kku vFkok lnL; dks lkSaius dk funsZ'k dj ldrk@ldrh gSA ;fn inkojksgh iz/kku] miiz/kku vFkoklnL; ftls mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu dksbZ funsZ'k tkjh fd;k x;k gS] ,sls funsZ'k dk vuqikyu ugha djrk gS flok, ,sls dkj.kksa dstks mlds fu;U=.k ls ijs gks rks nks"k flf) ij ij ,d ekg rd lk/kkj.k dkjkokl ;k 500 :i;s rd tqekZuk gks ldrk gSvFkok nksuksa Hkh gks ldrs gS A

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cSBds/kkjk 126 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ viuk dk;Z pykus ds fy, lkekU;r% izR;sd o"kZ esa de ls de N% ckj cSBds djsxh A

nks cSBdksa ds chp nks eghus ls vf/kd le; ugha gksxk A/kkjk 127 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ dh lk/kkj.k rFkk fo'ks"k cSBdsa gksrh gSftyk ifj"kn~ ds dqy lnL;ksa ds ,d frgkbZ ds fyf[kr vuqjks/k ij blds v/;{k bldh vuqifLFkfr esa dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh ds}kjk nks lIrkg ds vUnj gh fo'ks"k cSBd dk cqyk;k tkuk vfuok;Z gS A /kkjk 128 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ dh cSBd esa ;fn oglk/kkj.k cSBd gS rks ,d frgkbZ dksje] ;fn og fo'ks"k cSBd gS rks vk/kh la[;k ls dksje cusxk A

vf/kos'ku/kkjk 129 ds vuqlkj vf/kos'ku cqykuk iz/kku ;k mldh vuqifLFkfr es muds dk;Zikyu vf/kdkjh tc Hkh og mfpr

le>s ftyk ifj"kn~ ds dqN lnL;ksa ds de ls de ,d frgkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk fyf[kr :i esa vis{kk fd, tkus ij vkSj fyf[kr:i esa vis{kk i= dh izkfIr ds nks lIrkg ds Hkhrj ,d fo'ks"k vf/kos'ku cqyk ldrk gS A /kkjk 130 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ dkdksbZ vf/kos'ku mifLFkfr lnL;ksa dh lgefr ls fdlh vU; frfFk ds fy, LFkkfxr fd;k tk ldrk gS fdUrq LFkkfxr vf/kos'kuesa ckdh u;s dkjksckj ls fHkUu dksbZ Hkh dkjksckj Bhd vkxkeh vf/kos'ku esa lEikfnr ugha fd;k tk,xk A bl vf/kos'ku ;kmlds v/khu cuk, x, fu;eksa }kjk vU;Fkk micfU/kr ds flok;] fdlh ftyk ifj"kn~ ds fdlh vf/kos'ku ds le{k vkus okyslHkh iz'u mifLFkfr vkSj ernku djus okys lnL;ksa ds cgqer }kjk vf/kos'ku fuf'pr fd, tk,axs vkSj erksa ds cjkcj gksus dhn'kk esa vf/kos'ku dk lHkkifrRo djus okys izkf/kdkjh dks f}rh; ;k fu.kkZ;d er izkIr gksxk A ijUrq /kkjk 121 o 123 ds v/khulEc) vf/kos'ku ij erksa ds cjkcj gksus dh n'kk esa ,slk izkf/kdkjh fu.kkZ;d er dk iz;ksx ugha djsxk vkSj ifj.kke dk QSlykiphZ fudky dj fd;k tk,xkA ftyk ifj"kn~ }kjk vfUre :i ls fuiVk, x, fdlh fo"k; ij rc rd iquZfopkj ugha fd;ktk,xk] tc rd mlds dqN lnL;ksa ds rhu pkSFkkbZ ls vU;wu dh vfHkfyf[kr lgefr izkIr ugha dj yh tkrh vFkok rc rd;k vU;Fkk ljdkj mlds iqufoZpkj ds fy, funsZ'k ugha djrh A

eq[; dk;Zikyd vf/kdkjh/kkjk 134 ds vuqlkj eq[; dk;Zikyd vf/kdkjh bl vf/kfu;e }kjk vFkok v/khu ml le; ykxw fdlh vU; fof/k ds

v/khu] ml ij fo'ks"k :i ls vf/kjksfir vFkok iznku dh xbZ lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djsxk A ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, fu;eksa dsvuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ ds ;k mlds v/khu ij /kkj.k djus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds drZO; vf/kdfFkr djsxk rFkkmu ij fu;U=.k rFkk i;Zos{k.k j[ksxk A

Rkfydk & 03djuky ,oa dq#{ks= ftyk ifj"kn~ dk iz'kklfud <kapk

dekMSaV vkWfQljys[kk vf/kdkjh

fujh{kdys[kkdkj

lgk;d & 2ofj"B LVSuks & 1

LVSuks & 1fyfid& 2pijklh& 2

lQkbZ deZpkjh & 1pkSdhnkj& 1

izLrqr rkfydk 2-3 esa djuky ftyk ifj"kn~ dk iz'kklfud <kapk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

ys[kk vf/kdkjhys[kk vf/kdkjh] ftyk ifj"kn~ dks forh; uhfr ekeyksa esa lykg nsxk rFkk ftyk ifj"kn~ ds ys[kksa ls lEcfU/kr lHkh

ekeyksa ds fy, mrnk;h gksxk] blesa okf"kZd ys[kksa rFkk ctV rS;kj djuk 'kkfey gS A mi&dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh ,oa lfpo eq[;dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh Hkh mlds drZO;ksa dk vuqikyu djus esa lgk;rk djsxk A

/kkjk 136 ds vuqlkj rFkk fufer tkjh fd, x, funsZ'kksa ds v/khu dksbZ ftyk ifj"kn~ ftyk esa lsokjr rFkk lEc)

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eq[; dk;Zikyd vf/kdkjh ds iwoZ vuqeksnu ls yksd fuekZ.k] f'k{kk] fpfdRlk tu&LokLF;] d`f"k lgdkfjrk m|ksx vkSji'kqikyu ;k fdlh vU; ljdkjh foHkkx ds fdlh vf/kos'ku mifLFkr gksus rFkk ,sls foHkkx ls lEc) fdlh fo"k; ds lEcfU/krftlls ,slk vf/kdkjh lEcfU/kr gSA ea=.kk nsus dh mis{kk dj ldrh gS vkSj ,slk izR;sd vf/kdkjh ,slh mis{kk dk vuqikyudjsxk tgka dksbZ ftyk ifj"kn~ ;Fkk iwoksZDr fdlh vf/kdkjh ds fdlh drZO; ds ikyu ;k fdlh dk;Z ds fu"iknu dh vis{kkdjrh gSA ogka ,slk vf/kdkjh ljdkj ds fdlh lk/kkj.k ;k fo'ks"k vkns'k ds v/khu jgrs gq, ,sls drZO; dk ikyu rFkk ,slsdk;Z dk fu"iknu djsxk Avk; ds lk/ku

ftyk ifj"kn~ dks jkT; ljdkj ds funsZ'kkuqlkj yxk, x, djksa ls vk; izkIr gksrh gSA py o py lEifÙk;ksa] nqdkuksa]Hkouksa rFkk Hkwfe ls vk;] LokLF; dsUnzksa vkS"k/kky;ksa] Ldwyksa] ljk;ksa] eafM;ksa] esyk izn'kZudkfj;ksa dh Qhl ls vk; gksrh gSA jkT;ljdkj vFkok vU; L=ksrksa ls fd, x, _.k rFkk migkjksa vFkok pUnksa vkfn ls izkIr gksrh gSA

ftyk ifj"kn ds dk;Z

/kkjk 137 ds vuqlkj &1- ftyk ifj"kn~ ftys esa iapk;r lfefr;ksa dks lykg nsxh A2- ftys esa fodkl dk;ZØeksa ds ckjs esa ljdkj dks lykg nsxh A3- iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds ctV dh tkap djsxh o mls vuqeksfnr djsxh A4- ftys esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd iapk;r lfefr;ksa] la;qDr ;kstukvksa] Ldheksa vkSj vU; dk;ZØeksa o dk;ksZa dks tks lka>h gS] ykxw

o lqfuf'pr djsxh A5- xzke iapk;r o iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds dk;ksZa dk vkcaVu djsxhA6- iapk;r lfefr;ksa dks Lo;a ;k ljdkj ds pkgus ij ;k muds dgus ij lykg nsxh A7- og jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr /ku jkf'k dks ftys dh iapk;r lfefr;ksa ls forfjr djsxh A8- ftys esa is; ty dks O;oLFkk djsxh A9- ftys esa lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k djok,xhA10- og ftyk/kh'k rFkk e.Myk;qDr dks ftys dh iapk;rksa vkSj iapk;r lfefr;ksa }kjk dh xbZ vfu;ferrkvksa ds lEcU/k esa

lwpuk nsrh gS A11- og ftys ds LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds dk;Z&dyki ds lEcU/k esa vkadM+s ,d= djrh gS A12- og mu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gS rFkk mu dk;ksZa dks djrh gS tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk mldks lqiqnZ dj fn;s tkrs gSA

ftyk ifj"kn~ ds lnL;

/kkjk 139 ds vuqlkj &1- iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds v/;{k ftyk ifj"kn~ ds lnL; gksrs gS A2- dqN lnL; iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds lnL;ksa }kjk vius esa ls ftyk ifj"kn~ ds fy, pqu fy, tkrs gS A3- ftys esa fo/kku lHkk ;k yksd esa pqus x, lHkh lnL; blds lg;ksxh lnL; gksrs gS A mUgsa ernku dk vf/kdkj ugha

gksrkA4- ftyk ifj"kn~ dk tks insu lnL; gksrk gS mls Hkh ernku dk vf/kdkj ugha gksrk A

/kkjk 142 ds vuqlkjftyk ifj"kn~ dks lkSais x, vFkok iz;k;ksftr fd, x, d`R;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, vko';d vFkok vkuq"kafxd

lHkh dk;Z djus rFkk iwoZxkeh 'kfDr;ksa ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fofufnZ"V lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksxdjus dh 'kfDr izkIr gksxh A ljdkj ds lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq, dksbZ ftyk ifj"kn~ viuh vf/kdkfjrkds ckgj f'k{kk vFkok fpfdRlk jkgr ij O;; mixr dj ldrh gS A fdlh dk;Z ;k mik;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, izcU/kdjuk ftuls ftys ds fuokfl;ksa dh HkykbZ ds fy, LokLF;] lqj{kk] f'k{kk] vkjke] lqfo/kk] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLd`frddks mUufr dh laHkkouk gS A vf[ky Hkkjrh;] jkT; vFkok vUrjkZfT;d Lrj ij laLFkkuksa dks] LFkkuh; ljdkj ds mUu;u lslEcfU/kr rFkk xzke iapk;r lfefr rFkk ftyk ifj"kn~ ds dk;Z dykiksa ls lEcfU/kr ftys ds Hkhrj izn'kZu] lsfeukj rFkk

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lEesyuksa dks va'knku ns ldrh gS vkSj fdlh O;fDr dks ftys esa fdlh ,sls dk;Z dyki dks tks mDr fudk;ksa ds drZZO;ksa lslEcfU/kr gks] dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, foÙkh; vFkok vU; lg;ksx nsuk A

/kkjk 144 ds vuqlkj/kkjk 144 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ }kjk vftZr py vFkok vpy lEifr ds vfrfjDr ftyk ifj"kn~ esa ftyk fuf/k esa

ls] jkT; ljdkj dks lgk;rk vFkok vU; 'krksZa ds lkFk vFkok muds fcuk ftyk ifj"kn~ }kjk fufeZr izR;sd Hkou vFkok vU;ladeZ] ljdkj esa fufgr dksbZ Hkwfe rFkk lEifÙk tc ,sls fucU/kksa rFkk 'krksZa ij ftUgsa ljdkj vf/kjksfir djsa] yksd iz;kstuksa dsfy, ljdkj }kjk ftyk ifj"kn~ dks vUrfjr dh tkrh gS A fdlh vU; iapk;r esa fufgr dksbZ Hkwfe ;k vU; lEifr tc blvf/kfu;e ds iz;kstuksa ds fy, ,slh iapk;r }kjk ftyk ifj"kn~ dks vUrfjr dh tkrh gS A iatkc iapk;r lfefr rFkk ftykifj"kn~ vf/kfu;e] 1973 ¼1-73 dk gfj;k.kk vf/kfu;e la[;k 22½ }kjk ftyk ifj"kn~ dh lekfIr ij ljdkj dks U;k; laxrlHkh Hkwfe;ka rFkk lM+dksa ls fHkUu vpy lEifr tSls fd futh ys[kk cgh ;k HkwriwoZ ftyk ifj"knksa ds cSadksa esa tek fd, x, /kulEcU/k ftyk ifj"kn~ esa iqu% fufgr gksaxs A

fdlh fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa bl vf/kfu;e ds izkjEHk ls rqjUr iwoZ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼/k½ esa fufnZ"V lEifr ds lEcU/kesa ljdkj }kjk ;k mlds fo:) lafLFkr fd, x, ;k lafLFkr fd, tkrs] lHkh okn vfHk;kstu rFkk vU; fof/kd dk;Zokfg;kalEcfU/kr ftyk ifj"kn~ }kjk ;k mlds fo:) tkjh j[kh tk ldrh gS vFkok lafLFkr fd, tk ldrs gS A fdlh vU; lEifr dsftyk ifj"kn~ esa fufgr gksrs gq, Hkh mldk dksbZ iV~Vk foØ; ;k vUrj.k ugha gksxh tc rd ljdkj dh iwoZ eatwjh ls u fd;kx;k gks A ijUrq mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼[k½ esa fufnZ"V lEifr ls fHkUu vpy lEifr ds fdlh iV~Vs dh n'kk esa ,slh fdlh iwoZeatwjh dh vko';drk ugha gksxh ;fn iV~Vs dh vof/k rhu o"kZ rd ugha c<+rhA/kkjk 145 ds vuqlkj

/kkjk 145 ds vuqlkj izR;sd ftyk ifj"kn~ esa ,d fuf/k gksxh tks ftyk ifj"kn~ fuf/k dgyk,xh A bl vf/kfu;e dsv/khu vf/kjksfir dksbZ dj] midj] pwaxh vFkok Qhl ds vkxe] lHkh /kwy xanxh] xkscj] dwM+k ddZV vFkok i'kqvksa ds 'ko dsfoØ; vkxe flok; tgka rd dksbZ O;fDr mlds lEiw.kZ vFkok fdlh Hkkx dk gdnkj gS A fodkl rFkk iapk;r foHkkx dh;kstuk Ldhe ds v/khu ljdkj }kjk lgk;rk vuqnku ds :i esa fdlh ftys dks vkcafVr fuf/k;ksa ds 5 izfr'kr ls 10 izfr'kr AjkT; ljdkj ls vFkok vU; _.kksa ds :i esa izkIr dh xbZ jkf'k;ka ftyk ifj"kn~ }kjk nku vFkok va'knku ds :i esa izkIr dh xbZjkf'k;ka ftyk ifj"kn~ esa fufgr fdlh lEifÙk ds fdjk;s vFkok vkxe fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys esa fdlh tqekZus dh jkf'k lsvU;Fkk fdjk;s vFkok 'kkflr ds :i esa olwy dh xbZ jkf'k A/kkjk 147 ds vuqlkj

/kkjk 147 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ dks ljdkj ds lk/kkj.k funsZ'k rFkk fu;U=.k ds v/khu dksbZ ftyk ifj"kn~ ds iwoZvuqeksnu ls dj yxk ldrh gS ftyk Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds v/khu izko/kku vuqlkj jkT; fo/kku e.My dks 'kfDr iznku gksxh A/kkjk 148 ds vuqlkj

/kkjk 148 ds vuqlkj ftyk ifj"kn~ fdlh fo'ks"k vf/kos'ku esa bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 147 ds v/khu fdlh dj dkvf/kjksi.k izLrkfor djus dk izLrko ikfjr dj ldrh gS A tc mi/kkjk ¼1½ esa fufnZ"V izLrko ikfjr dj fn;k x;k gS tksftyk ifj"kn~ dj yxkus ds fy, O;fDr;ksa dk oxZ rFkk lEifr ds forj.k vf/kjksfir fd, tkus okys dj dh jkf'k;ka nj rFkkfu/kkZj.k ds fy, viuk;h tkus okys jhfr ykxw djrs gq, ,d uksfVl izdkf'kr djsxh A izLrkfor dj ls laHkkO;rk izHkkfor gksusokyk rFkk ml ij vkis{k djus okyk dksbZ O;fDr] uksfVl ds izdk'ku ds rhl fnu ds Hkhrj fyf[kr :i ls viuk vk{ksi ftykifj"kn~ dks Hkst ldrk gS vkSj ftyk ifj"kn~ fdlh fo'ks"k vf/kos'ku esa mlds vkis{k ij fopkj djsxh A

fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>koiapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk LFkkuh; iz'kklu dk vfHkUu vax gSA ftyk ifj"kn~ djuky vkSj dq#{ks= ds fuokZfpr lnL;ksa

ds lk{kkRdkj vkSj voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij mudh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd i`"BHkwfe lEcU/kh fuEu rF; lkeusvk, gS v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd djuky ds 22 esa ls 5 lnL; 40 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds vkSj 17 lnL; 40 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;qds vkSj dq#{ks= 15 esa ls 4] 40 o"kZ ls de vkSj 11 lnL; 40 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds gS A bl izdkj ;gka ij ;qokvksa dh HkhHkkxhnkjh gS A

fuokZfpr lnL;ksa esa djuky ds 22 esa ls 12 iq:"k vkSj 10 efgyk,a vkSj dq#{ks= ds 15 esa ls 10 iq:"k vkSj 5 efgyk,apquko {ks= esa fot; jgh gS A bl izdkj efgykvksa dk 1@3 Hkkx izkIr gqvk gS vkSj ;g vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k gh lEHkogks ik;k gS A tkfr ds vk/kkj ij djuky ds dqy 22 lnL;ksa esa ls 14 lnL; lkekU;] 3 fiNM+h vkSj 5 vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa lslEcU/k j[krs gS blh izdkj dq#{ks= ds dqy 15 esa ls 9 lkekU; 2 fiNM+h vkSj 4 lnL; vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ls lEcU/k j[krs gS A

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- 122 -

O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij djuky esa 9 lnL; d`"kd 8 x`fg.kh 1 fpfdRld 1 ofdy] 1 m|ksxifr] 2 nqdkunkj rFkkdq#{ks= esa 10 d`"kd] 4 x`fg.kh] 1 odhy A blh izdkj ifjokj ds vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij djuky esa 9 la;qDr ifjokj vkSj 13,dkadh ifjokj rFkk dq#{ks= esa 9 la;qDr vkSj 6 ,dkadh ifjokj gS A bl izdkj iqjkus le; dh vis{kk vc la;qDr ifjokj dhdeh gksrh tk jgh gS vkSj ,dkadh ifjokjksa dh c<+kSrjh gks jgh gS A djuky ds dqy 22 lnL;ksa esa lHkh lnL; fookfgr gS vkSjlHkh dq#{ks= ds 15 lnL; fookfgr gS A djuky esa Hkwfe LokfeRo ls lEcfU/kr 3 lnL;ksa ds ikl 20 ,dM+ ls vf/kd 10 ds ikl10 ls 20 ,dM+ ds chp] 6 ds ikl 5 ls 10 ,dM+] 1 ds ikl 0 ls 5 ,dM+ vkSj 2 lnL; ,sls gS ftuds ikl fdlh izdkj dh HkwfeLokfeRo lEcU/kh Hkwfe ugha gS A blh izdkj dq#{ks= ftyk ifj"kn~ esa 5 lnL; 20 ,dM+ ls Åij 3 lnL;ksa ds ikl 10 ls 20,dM+] 3 ds ikl 5 ls 10 ,dM+ 1 lnL; ds ikl 0&5 ,dM+ vkSj 3 lnL;ksa ds ikl dksbZ Hkwfe ugha gS A

ftyk ifj"kn~ djuky ,oa dq#{ks= esa fofHkUu /keksZa ds yksx jgrs gSa ysfdu ;gka ij fgUnw vkSj flD[k /keZ ds T;knk yksxjgrs gS A blhfy, ;gka ij djuky ds 22 esa ls 19 lnL; fgUnw vkSj 3 lnL; flD[k /keZ ls lEcfU/kr gS A blh izdkj dq#{ks=esa 15 esa ls 13 lnL; fgUnw /keZ ds vkSj 2 lnL; flD[k /keZ ls lEcU/k j[krs gS A blls irk pyrk gS fd ;gka ij fgUnw vkSjflD[k /keZ ds vf/kd yksx jgrs gS A djuky ds ftyk ifj"kn~ ds dqy 22 lnL;ksa esa f'k{kk dk Lrj 1 Lukrdksrj] 3 Lukrd] 4lnL; 10$2] 10 eSfVªd nks izkbejh rFkk 2 vui<+ gS ,oa dq#{ks= esa 1 LukrdksÙkj 4 lukrd] 2 lnL; 10$2] 2 eSfVªd] 1feMy] 3 izkbZejh rFkk 2 vui<+ gS A bl izdkj bu {ks=ksa esa mPp tkfr ds yksxksa ds ikl vkfFkZd lk/ku gksus ds dkj.k oks vf/kdi<+s fy[ks vkSj fiNM+h rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa ds ikl /ku dk vHkko ,oa efgykvksa dk Hkh f'k{kk Lrj dkQh detksj gS A

okf"kZd vk; ls lEcU/kh vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj djuky esa 4 lnL; ,sls gS ftldh okf"kZd vk; 50 gtkjs ls 1 yk[k:i;s rd gS vkSj 18 lnL; ,sls gS ftudh okf"kZd vk; 1 yk[k :i;s ls vf/kd gS A blh izdkj dq#{ks= ds 15 lnL;ksa esa ls 1lnL; dh okf"kZd vk; 20 gtkj rd 3 lnL;ksa dh 20 ls 50 gtkj :i;s rd dh] 2 lnL;ksa dh 50 gtkj :i;s ls 1 yk[k rdvkSj 9 lnL; ,sls gS ftudh okf"kZd vk; 1 yk[k :i;s ls vf/kd gS A bl izdkj mPp tkfr ds yksxksa ikl vkfFkZd lk/kuvf/kd vkSj nfyr lnL;ksa ds ikl vkfFkZd lk/ku de gS Alekt ds lnL;ksa ds Lrj ds vuqlkj djuky ds dqy 22 lnL;ksa esals 5 lnL;ksa dk lekt esa mPp Lrj] 17 dk e/; vksj dksbZ Hkh ,slk lnL; ugha gS A ftldk lekt esa fuEu Lrj gS vkSjdq#{ks= ds 15 lnL;ksa esa 8 lnL;ksa dk mPp Lrj 5 dk e/; vSj 2 dk fuEu Lrj gS A blh izdkj lapkj ds lk/kuksa esa djuky esadsoy 1 lnL; dks NksM+dj lHkh lnL;ksa ds ikl lapkj ds lk/ku gS rFkk dq#{ks= esa lHkh lnL;ksa ds ikl lapkj ds lk/ku gS Adjuky vkSj dq#{ks= ftyk ifj"kn ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds dkfeZdksa ds lkFk vPNs lEcU/k gS A

djuky 22 lnL;ksa esa ls 14 lnL;ksa ds ikl vk; ds lk/ku de vksj 8 lnL;ksa ds ikl i;kZIr gS A blh izdkjdq#{ks= esa 15 lnL;ksa esa ls 11 ds ikl vk; ds lk/ku de vkSj 4 ds ikl i;kZIr gS A

lq>ko73osa laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku ds vuqlkj iapk;rh jkt dks vusd izdkj dh 'kfDr;ka nsdj lqn`<+ fd;k x;k gS A rkfd

iapk;rh jkt lQy gks lds A ysfdu vkt Hkh blesa vusd izdkj dh dfe;ka ns[kh tk ldrh gS A ftlds dkj.k ;g iw.kZ :i lslQy ugha gks ik jgk A tc rd bu dfe;ksa dks nwj ugha fd;k tk ldrk og lQy ugha cu ldrk A blds fy, vusd lq>kofn, tk jgs gS A ftyk ifj"Kn~ ds lnL; ds pquko yM+us ds fy, ,d vPNs f'kf{kr dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS A f'kf{kr lnL; ghvius vf/kdkj vkSj nkf;Roksa dks fuHkk ldrk gS A vKkurk ds dkj.k og dqN ugha dj ikrk A efgyk lnL; rks vf'kf{kr gksusds dkj.k dqN Hkh nkf;Ro ugha fuHkk ldrh A bl {ks= esa T;knk xjhc lnL; Hkh viuk drZO; ugha fuHkk ldrk A D;ksafd ogmPp oxZ ds ncko eas jgrk gS blfy, vkfFkZd :i ls lEiUu O;fDr gh bldk lnL; cuuk pkfg, A

lnL;ksa ds pquko dk [kpZ bR;kfn ds fy, dqN ekin.M fuf'pr djus pkfg, A T;knk iSlk [kpZ djus okys ds pqukodks voS/k ?kksf"kr djuk pkfg,A ftyk ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa esa efgyk lnL;ksa ds fy, LFkku vkjf{kr djus ds i'pkr HkhfØ;k'khy Hkkxhnkjh ns[kus dks ugha feyrh A blds eq[; ifj.kkeksa esa xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk vf'kf{kr gksuk] lkekftdjhfr&fjoktksa dk cU/ku] efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd :i ls iq:"kksa ij fuHkZjrk] efgykvksa dks ?kjsyw dk;ksZa ds fy, gh ;ksX; crkuk ghvkfn gS A blfy, bu leL;kvksa dks nwj djuk vko';d gS A tSls efgykvksa ds fy, fofHkUu f'k{kk dk;ZØe 'kq: fd, tk,aftlls mUgsa vius vf/kdkjksa dk vkHkkl gksxk A

lekt dh lksp cnyus ds fy, ftyk iz'kklu rFkk xSj ljdkjh laxBu fofHkUu euksjatu ds lk/ku ls ,d psrukiSnk djsa A ftlls efgyk lnL; ?kj dh pkj nhokjh ls ckgj vkdj iapk;r dk;Ziz.kkyh esa viuk ;ksxnku ns lds A 73osalafo/kku la'kks/ku esa ftyk ifj"kn~ dks nh xbZ 'kfDr;ka mUgsa okLro esa mUgsa gLrkafjr dh tk, tks jkT; ljdkjksa us mUgsa vHkh rdugha nh gS A ftyk ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa ds Åij ukSdj'kkgh dk vuko';d fu;U=.k dks de fd;k tk, rkfd oks fu.kZ; izfØ;k esaLora= :i ls dk;Z dj lds A vuqlwfpr tkfr o efgyk lnL;ksa dks ftyk iz'kklu dh rjQ ls iw.kZ lqj{kk iznku dh tk,rkfd oks fuHkZ; gksdj ftyk ifj"kn~ dh ehfVaxksa esa Hkkx ys ldsa A efgyk lnL;ksa dh izR;{kHkkxhnkjh ij tksj fn;k tk, vkSj

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mudks lHkkvksa esa ;k iapk;r dk;kZy;ksa esa tkus fn;k tk, A ftyk ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa esa jktuSfrd tkx:drk dk fodkl djusds ljdkjh vkSj xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dh lgk;rk ls vusd izdkj ds dSEi vkfn yxk, tk,a rkfd muds vius vf/kdkj vkSjdrZO;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gks lds A

;g y?kq 'kks/k lekIr djus ls igys eSa ;g crkuk pkgrk gwa fd eSaus tks rF; izLrqr fd;s gS oks lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph lsizkIr fd, gS A eSaus 'kq) vkadM+s ,df=r djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS A efgyk lnL;ksa us lk{kkRdkj djus esa vkSj lnL;ksa ls vkfFkZdfLFkfr tkudkjh izkIr djus esa eq>s dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+k D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh lnL; viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh iw.kZtkudkjh ugha ns jgk Fkk vkSj pqukoh [kpsZ dh tkudkjh nsus esa ladksp dj jgs Fks A lc lnL; viuh thr dk dkj.k vkfFkZdi{k dk lqn`<+ u gksuk cfYd mudk lekt esa vPNs Lrj dks eku jgs Fks A

lUnHkZ� OgkbZV] ,V-Mh- ,UVªksMD'ku Vw nh LVMh vkWQ ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku] U;w;kdZ] eSdfeyu daiuh] prqFkZ laLdj.k] 1955] i`"B

la[;k 41� lkbZeu gjcVZ] ,-] ,MfefuLVªsfVo fcgkfo;j] U;w;kdZ] eSdfeyu] f}rh; laLdj.k] 1957] i`"B la[;k 148� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oe~ fu;e] 1994] eqnzd nh czkbZV yk gkÅl] i`- 54� pkS- bZ'oj flag /kjroky] ,MoksdsV] fglkj] i`- 153� pkS- bZ'oj flag] iwoksZDr] iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e] 1994] izdk'kd pkS- gfjflag /kjroky] ,MoksdsV] fglkj 1994] i`"B 154� pkS- bZ'oj flag] iwoksZDr] iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e] 1994] izdk'kd pkS- gfjflag /kjroky] ,MoksdsV] fglkj 1994] i`"B 154� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oe~ fu;e] 1994] eqnzd nh czkbZV yk gkÅl] i`- 56� pkS- bZ'oj flag] iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e] 1994] izdk'kd pkS- gfjflag /kjroky] ,MoksdsV] fglkj] i`- 154� pkS- bZ'oj flag] iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e] 1994] izdk'kd pkS- gfjflag /kjroky] ,MoksdsV] fglkj] 1994 i`- 154� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;e] iwoksZDr] 1994] i`- 58� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;e] iwoksZDr] 1994] i`- 58� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;e] iwoksZDr] 1994] i`- 59� pkS/kjh bZ'oj flag] iwoksZDr] i`- 157� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;e] iwoksZDr] 1994] i`- 63� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;e] iwoksZDr] 1994] i`- 63� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;e] iwoksZDr] 1994] i`- 63� gfj;k.kk iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;e] iwoksZDr] 1994] i`- 64

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ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dh LFkkuh; 'kklu dk;ks± esa vuojr :fp cuh jgrh gS D;ksafd osviuh LFkkuh; leL;kvksa dk LFkkuh; i)fr ls lek/kku dj ldrs gSa] fQj Hkh cgqr ls Lrjksa dh tkaple;&le; ij djuh vR;ko”;d ekuh tkrh gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa esjB tuin ds vUrxZr vkus okys lHkhvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk voyksdu fof/k rFkk lk{kkRdkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds }kjk muds O;fDrxrthou dk xgurk ls v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS ftlesa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dh mez]ifjokj ds lEcU/k esa iw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr djuk] ifjokj dk vkdkj dk irk yxkuk] ifjokj ds f'k{kk ds rFkkvkfFkZd Lrj dk irk yxkuk bR;kfnA

v/;;u ds nkSjku vf/kdka'k xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dk vkfFkZd :ils l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA tcfd vU; xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksx vkfFkZd :i ls]jktuSfrd :i ls] lkekftd :i ls] lkaLÑfrd :i ls l'kDr gq, gSA

vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa xzke Lrj ij iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk esal'kfDrdj.k % ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u

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mRrj izns'k iapk;rh jkt ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e dk izeq[k mÌs'; izns'k ds fuekZ.k vkSj mUufr ds fy, turkfU=dfodsUnzhdj.k dh uhfr dks viukdj iapk;rh jkt dh LFkkiuk fd;k tkuk gSA ysfdu bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd vf/kfu;eesa la'kks/ku djus ls gh iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh leLr leL;kvksa dk lek/kku gks tk,xk cfYd vko';drk bl ckr dh gSfd vf/kfu;e esa fd;s x;s la'kks/kuksa dks okLrfod :i ls ykxw fd;k tk;sa rFkk fodsUnzhdj.k dh uhfr dks viukrs gq;s xzkeiapk;rksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd vf/kdkj lEiUu cuk;k tk;sa rHkh vf/kfu;e dk eq[; mÌs'; iwjk gks ldsxkA

btyky vuhl t+Snh ¼1988½ us mRrjh Hkkjr ds xk¡oksa ds jktuhfrd ifjn`'; dk xgu ,oa lw{e v/;;u fd;k gSA blv/;;u esa LorU=rk ds i'pkr ls 1982 rd jktuhfrd fodkl dks lekfgr djrs gq, xzke iapk;rksas ds pqukoksa dks fo'ysf"krfd;k x;k gSA

th-Mh- HkÍ ¼1994½ us fiFkkSjkx<+ ¼mRrjizns'k½ ftys esa f=Lrjh; iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk ls mHkjs xzkeh.k usr`Ro dh O;k[;kdh gSA bl v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ ;g Li"V djrs gSa fd xzkeh.k ijEijkxr jktuhfrd vfHktu oxZ dh txg u;k usr`Ro vk;k gSftldk tkfr ,oa leqnk; ds lUnHkks± esa O;kid izfrfuf/kRo gSA

HkksykukFk ?kks"k ¼1996½ us vius v/;;u esa xzkeh.k thou ds lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd i{kksa dk fo'ys"k.kfd;k gS ogha xzkeh.k usr`Ro dh ,sls eqÌksa ,oa iz'uksa ij Hkwfedk dks Hkh Li"V fd;k gSA

bl v/;;u esa esjB tuin ds vUrxZr vkus okys lHkh vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk voyksdu fof/k rFkk lk{kkRdkjvuqlwfpr tkfr ds }kjk muds O;fDrxr thou dk xgurk ls v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS ftlesa vuqlwfpr tkfrds xzke iz/kkuksa dh mez] ifjokj ds lEcU/k esa iw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr djuk] ifjokj dk vkdkj dk irk yxkuk] ifjokj ds f'k{kk dsrFkk vkfFkZd Lrj dk irk yxkuk muds O;olk; ijEijkxr gS ;k mUgksus u;s O;olk; dks xzg.k dj fy;k gS] O;ogkfjd Lrjij mUgksaus tkfr dh lhekvksa dks rksM+k gS Åp&uhp rFkk mPp tkfr ds yksxksa ds lkFk muds lEcU/kksa esa vk;k cnyko] /keZ dslUnHkZ esa xgurk ls v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

izLrqr 'kks/k if'peh mRrj izns'k ds esjB tuin esa fd;k x;k gSA esjB mRrjh Hkkjr ds izeq[k fgUnh jkT; mRrjizns'k ds if'peh {ks= dk eq[; ,oa izkphu tuin gSA

iapk;rh jkt & iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dh LFkkuh; 'kklu dk;ks± esa vuojr :fp cuh jgrh gS

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vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa xzke Lrj ijiapk;r jkt O;oLFkk esa l'kfDrdj.k %,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u

D;ksafd os viuh LFkkuh; leL;kvksa dk LFkkuh; i)fr ls lek/kku dj ldrs gSaA

lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 341 ds rgr~ jk"Vªifr dks ;g vf/kdkj fn;k x;k fd og jkT; fo'ks"k ds izeq[k ds ijke'kZ dj ds,d vkns'k tkjh djs fd fdu lewgksa dks jkT; ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ekuk tk;sA vr% oS/kkfud n`f"V ls vuqlwfprtkfr;ka os lewg gS ftudk uke ,d le; fo'ks"k ds fy, ^vuqlwfpr tkfr vkns'k* laoS/kkfud mik;ksa vkSj dY;k.kdkjh ykHkksa dsfy;s mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gksA

rkfydk la[;k & 1

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk vk;q ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k

mijksDr rkfydk la[;k&1 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mRrjnkrkvksas dk vk;q ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gS rFkkmRrjnkrkvksa dks vk;q ds vk/kkj ij pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa ckVk x;k gSA dqy 106 ¼100½ mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls 21 ls 30 o"kZ ds 9mRrjnkrkvksa dh la[;k 15 ¼14-15½ gS 31 ls 40 o"kZ ds mRrjnkrkvksa dh la[;k 41¼38-68½] 41 o"kZ ls 50 o"kZ ds mRrjnkrkvksadh la[;k 29 ¼27-36½ rFkk 51 o"kZ ls vf/kd mRrjnkrkvksas dh la[;k 21 ¼19-81½ gSA

vr% rkfydk dk voyksdu djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lcls vf/kd mRrjnkrkvksa 31 ls 40 o"kZ dh vk;q lhek ds gSatcfd vU; vk;q lhek ds mRrjnkrkvksa dh la[;k bu ls de gSA

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa esa 31 ls 40 o"kZ dh vk;q lhek xzke iz/kku dsin ds izfr vU; vk;q lhek ds xzke iz/kkuksa ds eqdkcys esa vf/kd tkx:drk gSA

rkfydk la[;k & 2

tkfr ds vk/kkj ij mÙkjnkrkvksa dk oxhZdj.k

rkfydk la[;k&2 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;kas ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk tkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gS esjB tuinds dqy 106 vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dqy o vuqlwfpr tkfr ds ls vkrs gSa tks bl izdkj ls gS cgsfy;k 01 ¼0-94½]ckfYedh 8 ¼7-54½] pekj 85¼80-18½] /kksch 02 ¼1-88½ Mkse 01 ¼0-94½ [kVhd 03 ¼2-88½] dksjh 02 ¼1-88½] iklh 03 ¼2-83½f'kYidkj 01 ¼0-94½ gSA

vr% mijksDr rkfydk dk voyksdu djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd pekj 85 ¼80-18½ xzke iz/kku gS rFkk budh la[;k

ØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒ vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh vk;qvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh vk;qvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh vk;qvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh vk;q la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1111---- 21 o"kZ ls 30 o"kZ rd 15 14-152222---- 31 o"kZ ls 40 o"kZ rd 41 38-68

3333---- 41 o"kZ ls 50 o"kZ rd 29 27-364444---- 51 o"kZ ls vf/kd 21 19-81

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 106106106106 100100100100

ØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒ vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh tkfrvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh tkfrvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh tkfrvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh tkfr la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1111---- cgsfy;k 01 0-942222---- ckfYedh 08 7-54

3333---- pekj 85 80-184444---- /kksch 02 1-88

5555---- Mkse 01 0-946666---- [kVhd 03 2-837777---- dksjh 02 1-88

8888---- iklh 03 2-839999---- f'kYidkj 01 0-94

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 106106106106 100100100100

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- 126 -

vU; vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gSA

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa esa vU; vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dhrqyuk esa pekj ¼gfjtu½ tkfr la[;k 85 ¼80-18½ gS tks vU; tkfr ds eqdkcys cgqr vf/kd gSA

rkfydk la[;k & 3

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk /keZ ds vk/kkj ij vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k

mijksDr rkfydk la[;k 3 esaa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk /keZ ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gSA /keZ ds vk/kkjij 106 mRrjnkrkvksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k gS rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa tks fgUnq /keZ esavkLFkk j[krs gSa 79 ¼74-53½ gS] ckS/k /keZ esa vkLFkk j[kus okys 08 ¼7-55½ tcfd dqN mRrjnkrk fgUnw /keZ rFkk ckS/k /keZ esa vk[;k19 ¼17-92½ gSA

vr% mijksDr rkfydk dk voyksdu djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dh la[;k fgUnw /keZ esavkLFkk j[krs gSaA budh la[;k 49 ¼7-53½ cgqr vf/kd gS tc vU; /keZ esa vkLFkk j[kus dh la[;k cgqr de gSA

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dks fgUnw /keZ esa vkLFkk j[krs gSa tcfd vU;/keZ esa budh vkLFkk cgqr de gSA

rkfydk la[;k & 4vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k

rkfydk la[;k&4 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk mudh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k x;kgS 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij dqy 106 ¼100½ xzke iz/kkuksa dks 6 Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS ftlds Øe bl izdkj ls gS fuj{kjmRrjnkrk 16] ¼15-09½] lk{kj 62 ¼58-49½] gkbZLdwy 11 ¼10-38½] b.Vj ikl 09 ¼8-49½] ch-,-@,e-,- 07 ¼6-60½ vU;O;olkf;d rduhdh f'k{kk 01 ¼0-94½ gSA

vr% mijksDr rkfydk dk voyksdu djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke izk/kkuksa dh lcls vf/kdla[;k 62 ¼58-49½ lk{kj gSA tcfd vU; 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk blds eqdkcys cgqr de gS blds vykok 16 ¼15-09½ xzke iz/kkufuj{kj gSA

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgka tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdrj xzke iz/kkuksa dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk 62 ¼58-49½lk{kj gS tcfd vkt Hkh 16 ¼15-09½ xzke iz/kku fuj{kj gSA

ØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒ vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh vk;qvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh vk;qvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh vk;qvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh vk;q la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1111---- fgUnw /keZ esa vkLFkk j[kus okys 79 74-53

2222---- ckS/k /keZ esa vkLFkk j[kus okys 08 7-553333---- nksuksa /keZ ¼fgUnw&ckS/k½ esa vkLFkk j[kus okys 19 17-92

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 106106106106 100100100100

ØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒ vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rkvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rkvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rkvuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr1111---- fuj{kj 16 15-09

2222---- lk{kj 62 58-493333---- gkbZLdwy 11 10-384444---- b.Vj ikl 09 8-49

5555---- ch-,-@,e-,- ¼Lukrd@LukrdksÙkj½ 7 6-606666---- vU; O;olkf;d rduhdh f'k{kk 01 0-94

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 106106106106 100100100100

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 124-130 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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- 127 -

rkfydk la[;k & 5

mRrjnkrkvksa ds }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd n'kk lq/kkjus ds fy, fd;s x;s dk;ks± ds

vk/kkj ij vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k

rkfydk & 5 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd mRrjnkrkvksa ds }kjk xkao esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh n'kk lq/kkjus ds fy, fd;s x;s

iz;kl dqy 106 ¼100½ mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls 05 ¼4-71½ ekuuk gS mUuksg us vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksas dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk dh gSA

23 ¼21-69½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgksaus Ñf"k Hkw[k.M vkoafVr djds vuqlwfpr ds yksxksa dh lgk;rk dh gS] 28 ¼26-

41½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgksaus] ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk igq¡pkdj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh lgk;rk dh gS

04 ¼3-77½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS mUgksaus vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksas dks tkx:d djds rFkk O;olkf;d izf'k{k.k fnykdj

mudh lgk;rk dh gSA 46¼43-39½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgksaus vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksas dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkds

fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa o ;kstukvksa dk ykHk mUgsa igqpk;k¡ gSA

vr% mijksDr rF;ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgksaus ls xkao esa

vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh lgk;rk jkstxkj miyC/k djkus gsrq fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa o ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u 46 ¼43-39½

fd;k] o ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk igqpk;k o Ñf"k Hkw[k.M vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks vkoafVr fd,A

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa us xzke ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa ds fodkl ds

fy, mUgsa jkstxkj miyC/k djk;s gSa xkao esa fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa o ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u fd;k gS o ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk

ykHk igq¡pkus dk dke fd;k gS rFkk Ñf"k Hkw[k.M vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks vkoafVr djkus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA

rkfydk la[;k & 6

mRrjnkrkvksas ls izkIr vkdM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij xzke iz/kku cuus ds ckn l'kDr gq, dk oxhZdj.k

rkfydk & 6 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa o yksx xzke esa l'kDr gq, gSaA ds ckjs esa lwpuk izkIr dh x;h gSA dqy106¼100½ mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls 36¼33-96½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kku vkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr

ØaŒØaŒØaŒØaŒlaŒlaŒlaŒlaŒ

mRrmRrmRrmRrjnkrkvksas ls izkIr vkdM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij xzke iz/kku cuusjnkrkvksas ls izkIr vkdM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij xzke iz/kku cuusjnkrkvksas ls izkIr vkdM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij xzke iz/kku cuusjnkrkvksas ls izkIr vkdM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij xzke iz/kku cuusds ckn l'kDr gq, dk oxhZdj.kds ckn l'kDr gq, dk oxhZdj.kds ckn l'kDr gq, dk oxhZdj.kds ckn l'kDr gq, dk oxhZdj.k

la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr

1111---- vkfFkZd :i ls 36 33-962222---- jktuSfrd :i ls 24 22-643333---- lkekftd :i ls 16 15-09

4444---- lkaLÑfrd :i ls 05 4-715555---- mijksDr lHkh :i ls 25 23-58

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 106106106106 100100100100

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 124-130 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa xzke Lrj ijiapk;r jkt O;oLFkk esa l'kfDrdj.k %,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u

ØaŒØaŒØaŒØaŒlaŒlaŒlaŒlaŒ

mRrjnkrkvksa ds }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dmRrjnkrkvksa ds }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dmRrjnkrkvksa ds }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dmRrjnkrkvksa ds }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZdh lkekftd&vkfFkZdh lkekftd&vkfFkZdh lkekftd&vkfFkZdn'kk lq/kkjusn'kk lq/kkjusn'kk lq/kkjusn'kk lq/kkjus

ds fy, fd;s x;s dk;ks± ds vk/kkj ij vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.kds fy, fd;s x;s dk;ks± ds vk/kkj ij vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.kds fy, fd;s x;s dk;ks± ds vk/kkj ij vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.kds fy, fd;s x;s dk;ks± ds vk/kkj ij vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k

la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr

1111---- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk igq¡pkuk 05 4-712222---- Ñf"k Hkw[k.M vkoafVr djuk 23 21-69

3333---- ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk igq¡pkuk 28 26-414444---- tkx:d djuk rFkk O;lkf;d izf'k{k.k dh lgk;rk djuk 04 3-775555---- jkstxkj miyC/k djokus gsrq fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa o ;kstukvksa dk

fØ;kUo;u djuk46 43-39

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 106106106106 100100100100

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- 128 -

gq, gSaA 24¼22-64½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd og jktuSfrd :i ls l'kDr gq, gSaA 16¼15-09½ dk ekuuk gS fd lkekftd:i ls l'kDr gq, gSaA 05 ¼4-71½ dk ekuuk gS fd og lkaLÑfrd :i ls l'kDr gq, gSaA tcfd 25¼23-58½ mRrjnkrkvksas dkekuuk gS fd og vkfFkZd :i ls] jktuSfrd :i ls lkekftd :i ls] lkaLÑfrd :i ls l'kDr gq, gSaA

vr% mijksDr rF;ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k mRrjnkrkvksa 36¼33-96½ dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzkeiz/kku cuus ds ckn og vkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr gq, gSaA tcfd 25¼23-58½ xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd og vkfFkZd jktuSfrd]lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd :i ls l'kDr gq, gSaA

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd og xzke iz/kku cuus ds ckjvkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr ¼etcwr½ gq, gSaA tcfd dqN dk ekuuk gS fd og vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd :i lsl'kDr ¼etcwr½ gq, gSaA

rkfydk la[;k & 7mRrjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh izeq[k LFkkuh; leL;k dk oxhZdj.k

rkfydk la[;k & 7 ds vuqlkj xzke Lrj dh izeq[k leL;k D;k gS ds vk/kkj ij izkIr vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k dqy 106¼100½ mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls 23 ¼21-69½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke dh vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh izeq[k leL;k f'k{kkgSA 26 ¼24-52½ mRrjinkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh izeq[k leL;k fu/kZurk gSA 18 ¼16-98½mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh leL;k csjkstxkjh gSA 08 ¼7-54½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gSfd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh leL;k ladqfpr ekufldrk gSA 19 ¼17-92½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr dsyksxksa dh leL;k u'kk[kksjh gSA 12¼11-32½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh vf'k{kk] fu/kZurk]csjkstxkjh] ladqfpr ekufldrk] u'kk[kksjh gSA

vr% mijksDr rF;ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k mRrjnkrkvksa 23 ¼21-69½ dk ekuuk gS fd vf'k{kk vuqlwfpr tkfrds yksxksa dh izeq[k leL;k gSA

26 ¼24-52½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd fu/kZurk vuqlwfpr tkfr dh izeq[k leL;k gS tcfd 19 ¼17-92½ rFkk 18¼16-98½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dh u'kk[kksjh] o csjkstxkjh izeq[k leL;k gSA

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke esa vf'k{kk izeq[kleL;k gS tcfd vU; xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuwlwfpr tkfr dks yksxksa dh xzke esa fu/kZurk csjkstxkjh rFkk u'kk[kksjhizeq[k leL;k gSA

ØaŒØaŒØaŒØaŒ

laŒlaŒlaŒlaŒ

xzke iz/kku ds vuqlkj vuqŒtkfr dsxzke iz/kku ds vuqlkj vuqŒtkfr dsxzke iz/kku ds vuqlkj vuqŒtkfr dsxzke iz/kku ds vuqlkj vuqŒtkfr ds

yksxksa dh izeq[k leL;kyksxksa dh izeq[k leL;kyksxksa dh izeq[k leL;kyksxksa dh izeq[k leL;k

la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr

1111---- vf'k{kk 23 21-69

2222---- fu/kZurk 26 24-52

3333---- cSjkstxkjh 18 16-98

4444---- ladqfpr ekufldrk 08 7-54

5555---- u'kk [kksjh 19 17-92

6666---- mijksDr lHkh 12 11-32

;ksx;ksx;ksx;ksx 106106106106 100100100100

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 124-130 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

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ØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒØaŒlaŒ mRrjnkrk ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds l'kfDrdj.kmRrjnkrk ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds l'kfDrdj.kmRrjnkrk ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds l'kfDrdj.kmRrjnkrk ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds l'kfDrdj.k la[;kla[;kla[;kla[;k izfr'krizfr'krizfr'krizfr'kr

1111---- vkfFkZd :i ls 35 33-01

2222---- jktuSfrd :i ls 28 26-41

3333---- lkekftd :i ls 10 9-43

4444---- lkaLÑfrd :i ls 06 5-66

5555---- mijksDr lHkh 27 25-47

;ksx 106106106106 100100100100

- 129 -

rkfydk la[;k & 8

mRrjnkrkvksa ls izkIr vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds l'kfDrdj.k ds vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k

rkfydk la[;k & 8 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds l'kfDrdj.k ds lEcU/k esa izkIr vkdM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k dqy 106¼100½ mRrjnkrkvksa esa ls 35¼33-01½ mRrjnkrkvksaa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa esa vkfFkZd :i lsl'kfDrdj.k vk;k gSA 28¼26-41½ izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd jktuSfrd :i ls yksxksa esa l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA 10¼9-43½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd yksxksa esa lkekftd :i ls l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA 06 ¼5-66½ izfr'kr yksxksas dk ekuuk gSfd lkaLÑfrd :i ls yksxksa dk l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA 27 ¼25-47½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dksxzke esa vkfFkZd :ils jktuSfrd :i ls] lkekftd :i ls] lkaLÑfrd :i ls l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA

vr% mijksDr rF;ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k 35¼3301½ izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke esaa vuqlwfprtkfr ds yksxksas dk vkfFkZd :i ls l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA tcfd 28¼26-41½ mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd jktuSfrd :i lsyksxksa dk l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA tcfd 27¼25-47½ izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke esa yksxksa dks vkfFkZd jktuSfrdlkekftd lkaLÑfrd :i ls yksxksa dk l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA

fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gS fd vf/kdka'k xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dk vkfFkZd :ils l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA tcfd vU; xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksx vkfFkZd :i ls] jktuSfrd :i ls]lkekftd :i ls] lkaLÑfrd :i ls l'kDr gq, gSA1- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa esa 31 ls 40 o"kZ dh vk;q lhek xzke iz/kku ds

in ds izfr vU; vk;q lhek ds xzke iz/kkuksa ds eqdkcys esa vf/kd tkx:drk gSA2- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa esa vU; vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dh

rqyuk esa pekj ¼gfjtu½ tkfr la[;k 85 ¼80-18½ gS tks vU; tkfr ds eqdkcys cgqr vf/kd gSA3- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dks fgUnw /keZ esa vkLFkk j[krs gSa tcfd vU;

/keZ esa budh vkLFkk cgqr de gSA4- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgka tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vf/kdrj xzke iz/kkuksa dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk 62 ¼58-49½

lk{kj gS tcfd vkt Hkh 16 ¼15-09½ xzke iz/kku fuj{kj gSA5- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa us xzke ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa ds fodkl ds

fy, mUgsa jkstxkj miyC/k djk;s gSa xkao esa fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa o ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u fd;k gS o ljdkjh;kstukvksa dk ykHk igq¡pkus dk dke fd;k gS rFkk Ñf"k Hkw[k.M vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dks vkoafVr djkus dk dk;Zfd;k gSA

6- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd og xzke iz/kku cuus ds ckjvkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr ¼etcwr½ gq, gSaA tcfd dqN dk ekuuk gS fd og vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd:i ls l'kDr ¼etcwr½ gq, gSaA

7- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dsfodkl esa lcls egRoiw.kZ dkjd yksxkas dk vkfFkZd :i ls etcwr gksuk rFkk f'kf{kr gksuk jgk gSA

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nq”;ar] jfoUnz dqekj lSuh ,oa gseyrk

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vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa xzke Lrj ijiapk;r jkt O;oLFkk esa l'kfDrdj.k %,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u

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8- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke esa vf'k{kk izeq[kleL;k gS tcfd vU; xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuwlwfpr tkfr dks yksxksa dh xzke esa fu/kZurk csjkstxkjh rFkku'kk[kksjh izeq[k leL;k gSA

9- fu"d"kZ ds :i esa Li"V gS fd vf/kdka'k xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd xzke esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa dk vkfFkZd :ils l'kfDrdj.k gqvk gSA tcfd vU; xzke iz/kkuksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksx vkfFkZd :i ls]jktuSfrd :i ls] lkekftd :i ls] lkaLÑfrd :i ls l'kDr gq, gSA

lUnHkZ lwph

� mRrj izns'k vf/kfu;e la[;k 2440@l=g & foŒ 1&1 ¼d½ 41&2001] fnukad 6 vDVwcj 2001 }kjk izfrLFkkfirA� f<Yyu] ,l- ,l-] ^^yhMjf'ki ,.M xzqIl lkmFk bf.M;k foyslst] izksxzke bosY;q,'ku vkxsZukbts'ku**] Iykfuax deh'ku]

ubZ fnYyh] 1955� vCcklk;qyq] okbZ] ch-] ^^, lkWf'k;ksyksftdy LVMh vkWQ f'kM~;qYM dkLV ysftl~ysVlZ vkWQ vkU/kzizns'k**] ,e-fyV~] Fkhfll]

mLekfu;k ;wfuoflZVh] 1974� vxzoky] ih- lh- ,oa v'kjQ] ^^,e- ,e-] bfDofyVh fizfoyst & , LVMh vkWQ Lis'ky fizfoyst+st vkWQ f'kM~;wYM dkLV bu

gfj;k.kk**] Jh jke lsaVj QkWj b.MfLVª;y fjys'kal ,.M áweu fjlkslsZt+] ubZ fnYyh] 1977-� lfPpnkuan] ^^n gfjtu bfyV**] FkkWelu izsl] ubZ fnYyh] 1977-� tSnh] btyky vuhl] ^^ikWfyfVDl ikWoj ,.M yhMjf'ki bu :jy bf.M;k**] dkWeuosYFk ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 1988-� HkV~V] th-Mh-] ^^beftZax yhMjf'ki iSVuZ bu :jy bf.M;k**] ,e-Mh- ifCyds'kal] ubZ fnYyh] 1994-� ?kks"k] HkksykuikFk] ^^:jy yhMjf'ki ,.M MSoyieSaV**] eksfgr ifCyds'kal] ubZ fnYyh] 1996� jkor] gfjÑ".k] **lekt'kkL= fo'odks'k**] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj] 2006] i`"B&548&549-� jkor] gfjÑ".k] ^^lekt'kkL= fo'odks'k**] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj] 2006] i`"B&419&420-

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

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nq”;ar] jfoUnz dqekj lSuh ,oa gseyrk

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vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa xzke Lrj ijiapk;r jkt O;oLFkk esa l'kfDrdj.k %,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 131-135

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 131 -

ABSTRACT

Hkkjrh; lekt esa tUe ls e`R;q i;ZUr fofo/k laLdkj deksZa dh egÙkk fl) djrs gq, egkHkkjr esa dgk x;kgS fd tUe ls lHkh “kqnz gksrs gSa] laLdkj ls gh mUgsa f}tRo izkIr gksrk gSA f”k”kq ds xHkZ esa vkus ds lkFk gh laLdkjizkjEHk gksrs gSa vkSj e`R;q i;ZUr pyrs jgrs gSaA izFke laLdkj xHkkZ/kku rFkk vfUre laLdkj vUR;sf’V gSA laLdkjksadh la[;k fuf”pr ugha gSA lkekU;r% 16 laLdkjksa dk o.kZu gSA euq] ;kKoYD;] fo’.kq vkfn Le`fr;ksa esa 16laLdkjksa ds mYys[k gSaA ^xkSre /keZlw=^ esa laLdkjksa dh la[;k 40 gSA ^cS[kkue /keZlw=^ us 18 laLdkj fxuk;s gSaAvf³~xjk us 25 dgs gSaA ftxusl us 108 laLdkjksa dh x.kuk dh gSA laLdkjksa dh ;s J`[kyk;sa o’kksZa ls pyh vk jghgSa dqN laLdkjksa dh i)fr esa ifjorZu ,oa dqN dk yksi Hkh gks x;k gSA ;s laLdkj] O;fDrxr thou dslkFk&lkFk tkfr ,oa lekt vkSj ns”k ds fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gq;h gSA tkrdeZ] ukedj.k] vUuizk”ku]pwM+kdeZ] d.kZHksn] miu;u] fookg ,oa vUR;sf’V laLdkj fgUnw ifjokjksa esa lkekU;r% vkt Hkh gksrs gSaA

fgUnw /keZ esa izpfyr lksyg laLdkj

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lq’khy pUnz cgqxq.kkvfl0 izks0] f”k{kk “kkL= foHkkx]

jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;]xksis”oj] mÙkjk[k.M

Hkkjrh; thou esa laLdkjksa dk cgqr vf/kd egRo jgk gSA thou esa lokZaxh.k mUufr vkSj e`R;q ds ckn LoxZ ;k eks{k Hkkjrh;ijEijk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa tUe ls e`R;q i;ZUr fofo/k laLdkj deksZa dh egÙkk fl) djrs gq, egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS fdtUe ls lHkh “kqnz gksrs gSa] laLdkj ls gh mUgsa f}tRo izkIr gksrk gSA laLdkj dk vFkZ gS& iw.kZ djuk f”k{kk] vuq”khyu] izf”k{k.k]vklTtk] J`xkaj] vfHkeU=.k] var”kqf)dj.k bR;kfnA vk;q ds izR;sd Hkkx ds fodkl ds fy;s laLdkjksa dh ;kstuk cukbZ x;hFkhA laLdkjksa }kjk euq’;ksa dh vk/;kfRed] ekufld ,oa “kkjhfjd “kqf) gksdj leLr thou ds mRFkku dh vn~Hkqr ijEijkizLrqr gksrh gS] laLdkj bl yksd esa rFkk ijyksd esa ifo= djus okys gSaA xHkZ lEcU/kh gou tkrdeZ pwM+kdeZ miu;u vkfnlaLdkjksa }kjk f}tksa ds xHkZ ,oa oh;Z lEcU/kh nks’k nwj gks tkrs gSaA laLdkj “kCn dh O;k[;k izkphu euhf’k;ksa us vusd izdkj lsdh gS&

1‐ laLdkj og gS ftlds gksus ij dksbZ inkFkZ fdlh ;ksX; gks tkrk gSA2‐ ;ksX;rk dk vknku djus okyh fdz;k;sa laLdkj dgykrh gSaA3‐ laLdkj }kjk xq.kksa dk vknku fd;k tkrk gS vkSj nks’kksa dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA4‐ laLdkjksa }kjk cht&xHkZ ls mRiUu nks’k nwj gks tkrs gSaA5‐ oLrq esa vU; xq.k dk vknku djuk gh laLdkj gSAlaLdkjksa }kjk izkphu _f’k;ksa us ekuo thou ds izR;sd vax dks xq.kksa ls Hkjus ,oa fodflr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA mUgksusa

laLdkjksa dks /kkfeZd rFkk lkekftd lekjksg dk :i fn;kA vr% fgUnw ifjokjksa esa vfuok;Z gks x;sA f”k”kq ds xHkZ esa vkus ds lkFkgh laLdkj izkjEHk gksrs gSa vkSj e`R;q i;ZUr pyrs jgrs gSaA izFke laLdkj xHkkZ/kku rFkk vfUre laLdkj vUR;sf’V gSA laLdkjksa dhla[;k fuf”pr ugha gSA lkekU;r% 16 laLdkjksa dk o.kZu gSA euq] ;kKoYD;] fo’.kq vkfn Le`fr;ksa esa 16 laLdkjksa ds mYys[k gSaijUrq fofHkUu /keZ”kkL=ksa esa ;g la[;k fHkUu Hkh gSA ^xkSre /keZlw=^ esa laLdkjksa dh la[;k 40 gSA ^cS[kkue /keZlw=^ us 18 laLdkjfxuk;s gSaA vf³~jk us 25 dgs gSaA ftxusl us ¼egkiqjk.k 38&51&68½ 108 laLdkjksa dh x.kuk dh gSA rFkkfi fgUnwvksa esa lkekU;:i ls 16 laLdkj izpfyr jgsA bu laLdkjksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu fuEu gS%&xHkkZ/kku laLdkj

LoLFk ;qod vkSj ;qorh fookg ds ca/kdj ifr&iRuh gksdj ,d nwljs ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSaA _rqLukrk iRuh ds xHkZ esa ifrvius oh;Z dks cht:i esa izfrf’Br djrk gS] bl izfdz;k dks xHkkZ/kku dgrs gSaA bl izfdz;k ls iwoZ nEifr izHkq ls izkFkZuk djrs gSamudks mÙke xq.kksa ls ;qä lUrfr izkIr gksA ekrk&firk xHkZLFk f”k”kq esa ladzfer gksrs gSaA “kkL=ksa ds vuqlkj xHkkZ/kku “kqHk u{k=vkSj frfFk esa djuk pkfg;sA euq] ;kKoYD; vkfn dk dFku gS fd v’Veh] prqnZ”kh] vekoL;k vkSj iwf.kZek esa bldk fu’ks/k gSAbl lEcU/k esa euhf’k;ksa dk dFku gS fd ioksZa esa i`Foh dh HkkSfrd fLFkfr ds fucZy gksus ls izkf.k;ksa dh “kkjhfjd fLFkfr fucZy gkstkrh gSA _f’k n;kuUn us fy[kk gS fd iq= dh bPNk gksus ij _rqdky ls NBha] vkBoha] nloha] ckjgoha] pkSngoha ;k lksygoha

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lq’khy pUnz cgqxq.kk

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fgUnw /keZ esa izpfyr lksyg laLdkj

jkf= esa xHkkZ/kku djsa] dU;k dh bPNk gksus ij ikapoh] lkroha] uoeha ,oa iUnzgoha jkf= dks vPNk le>saA ;g laLdkj izFkexHkkZ/kkj.k ds le; gh fd;k tkrk FkkAiqalou laLdkj

xHkZ dh fLFkfr ds nwljs ;k rhljs eghus fd;s tkus okys iaqlou laLdkj dk mn~ns”; xHkZ dh iqf’V rFkk xHkZLFk f”k”kq dksiq=Ro iznku djuk gSA bl volj ij nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr ds lkFk gh dqN vkS’kf/k;ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bllaLdkj ds leku xHkZorh dh izlUurk ds fy;s vkuUn mRloksa dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ^ikjLdj x`g~;lw=^ dk dFku gSfd xHkZ ds nwljs ;k rhljs efgus oV o`{k dh tVk ;k iÙks dks xHkZorh nkfgus uklkiqV ls lw?ksaA fxyks; vkSj czkºeh dk lsou xHkZdks iq’V djrs gSaA izFke xfHkZ.kh ukfj;ksa ds fy;s rhljs efgus rFkk vU; xfHkZf.k;ksa ds fy, pkSFks] NBs ;k vkBosa efgus esa ;glaLdkj lEiUu djus dk fo/kku FkkA iqalou uke ls gh Li’V gS iq= dh izkfIr ds bPNqd tu gh laLdkj dks lEikfnr djrs FksAlhekUrksUu;u laLdkj

xHkZorh dks lUrks’k] vkjksX;] xHkZfLFkjrk] mRd`’Vrk vkfn ds fy;s ;g laLdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkekU;r% xHkZ ds pkSFkseghus “kqDy i{k esa pUnzek ds ewy u{k= esa gksus ij gksuk pkfg;sA dqN er gS fd xHkZ ds NBsa ;k vkBosa eghus ;g laLdkj gksrkgSA ifr dk /keZ gS fd og iRuh dh loZizdkjs.k j{kk djs rFkk Lusg nsA bl volj ij ifr dks pkfg;s fd eU= ikB djrs gq;svius gkFk ls og iRuh ds ds”kksa esa lqxfU/kr rsy Mkydj da?ks ls lokjs] mldh lhekUr ¼ekax½ dks “kqHk vkHkw'k.kksa ls ltk;sA b’Vfe= ,df=r gksdj nsorkvksa ls izkFkZuk djrs gSa fd ohj lUrku dk izlo gksAtkrdeZ laLdkj

lUrku dk izlo gksus ij tkrdeZ laLdkj fd;k tkrk gS] bl g’kZ ds volj ij [kqf”k;ka euk;h tkrh gSa vkSj nsorkvksa dsizfr d`rKrk O;Dr dh tkrh gSA izlo gksus ds vuUrj nk;h f”k”kq ds tjk;q dks vyx dj mlds eq[k] ukfldk] vk¡[k] ukd]dku vkfn vaxksa ls efyurk dks nwj djds ukM+h dk Nsnu djrh gSA rRi”pkr f”k”kq dks Luku djkdj] LoPN oL= igukdjfirk dh xksnh esa fn;k tkrk gS rFkk gou djrs gq;s eU= ds lkFk f”k”kq dh ftºok ij ngh&?kh&”kgn esa Mqcksdj lksus dh“kykdk ls vksm~e fy[krs gSa fQj firk cPps dks ngh ,oa ?kh pVkrk gSA og cPpksa dh nh?kZ vk;q dh dkeuk djrk gS ,oa mldsdku esa eU= dks i<+rk gSA blds ckn og f”k”kq ls dgrk gS& gs f”k”kq rqe iRFkj ds leku dBksj cuks] ij”kq ds leku rh{.k cuks]rstLoh cuks] Kkuoku cuks] “krk;q jgks rFkk bUnz rqEgsa Js’B /ku iznku djsAukedj.k laLdkj

fgUnw ifjokjksa esa ukedj.k laLdkj dk cgqr vf/kd egRo gSA c`gLifr dk dFku gS fd uke gh yksd O;ogkj dk gsrq gksrkgSA og “kqHk dk;ksZa dks djus okyk gS vkSj HkkX; dk dkj.k gS] uke ls gh euq’; dhfrZ dks izkIr djrk gSA ekU;rk jgh gS fd ekuodh izd`fr ij uke lokZf/kd izHkko Mkyrk gSA ;g HkkX; ewy Hkh gS blfy;s ukedj.k ds volj ij mRlo eukuk cgqriz”kaluh; dk;Z le>k tkrk gS] ukedj.k laLdkj tUe ls nlosa fnu ;k ckjgosa fnu djuk pkfg;sA uke dh lkFkZdrk egRoiw.kZgS vr% fujFkZd uke ugha gksus pkfg;sA ukeksa ds fuokZpu esa frfFk nsorkvksa vkSj u{k= nsorkvksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s o ukee/kqj /ofu okys gksus pkfg;sA ckfydk ds uke ds v{kj ljy gksa dzwj vFkZ dks vfHkO;ä djus okys ugha] lqUnj ,oa eaxye; gksAbuds vUr esa nh?kZ Loj vk ;k bZ gks tks vk”khokZnkRed gksA

euq us ukedj.k ds lEcU/k esa izR;sd o.kZ ds fy;s i`Fkd Hkko;qDr uke p;u dh fof/k nh gSA czkºe.k dk eaxylwpd “kCnls ;qä] {kf=; dk cylwpd “kCn ls ;qä oS”; dk /kuokpd ,oa “kwnz dk buds vfrfjDr vU; “kCnksa ls ;qä ukedj.k gksukpkfg;sA ukedj.k laLdkj ds le; gou esa ekrk&firk iq= dks xksnh esa ysdj cSBs vkSj firk f”k”kq dh ukfldk ds }kjk ok;q dksLi”kZ djds ea= ¼rRlEcU/kh½ dk mPpkj.k djsAfu”dze.k laLdkj

f”k”kq ds loZizFke x`g ls ckgj ys tkus ds le; ;g laLdkj deZ fd;k tkrk gSA blds laiknu dk dky tUe ds ckjgosafnu ls ysdj pkSFks eghus fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA ckjgosa fnu dk vuqeksnu Hkfo’;r iqjk.k rFkk c`gLifr Le`fr esa gqvk gSAckjgosa fnu ds vfHkfu’dze.k laLdkj ds gksus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lEHkor% ukedj.k laLdkj ds lkFk gh ;g laLdkj lEiUugksrk FkkA f”k”kq ds izlwfr x`g ls ckgj vkus ds dkj.k bls fu’dze.k dgk x;k gSA fdUrq vU; Le`fr;ksa] /keZ”kkL=ksa ,oa lw=ksa esa bldeZ dks rhljs ;k pkSFks ekl esa lEiUu djkus dk fo/kku gSA ;e dgrs gSa fd f”k”kq ds lw;Z n”kZu dh izfdz;k rhljs ,oa pUnz n”kZudh izfdz;k pkSFks eghus esa gksA jkr esa f”k”kq dks vf/kd dky ds fy;s ckgj j[kus ds dkj.k pUnz n”kZu dks pkSFks eghus esa djkus dkfo/kku FkkA gou djds firk ckyd dks ckgj ykdj fnu esa lw;Z ,oa jkf= esa pUnz n”kZu djkrs gq;s ea= dk mPpkj.k djrk gS rclHkh yksx f”k”kq dks “krk;q gksus dk vk”khokZn nsrs gSaAvUuizk’ku laLdkj

f”k”kq }kjk izFke ckj vUu xzg.k dh izfdz;k dks vUu izk”ku dgk tkrk gSA lqJqr ,oa euq nksuksa us bl laLdkj dks tUe ds

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NBs ekl esa lEikfnr djus dk funsZ”k fn;k gSA tUe ds le; f”k”kq dks ngh] ?k`r vkSj e/kq fn;k x;k FkkA rc ls NBs eghus rdmldks dsoy nw/k fn;k tkrk gSA NBss eghus ea=ks ds mPpkj.k ds lkFk ckyd dks vUu nsuk izkjEHk djrs gSaA bl le; f”k”kq dkslqikP; ,oa iqf’Vdj Hkkstu nsuk pkfg;sApwM+kdeZ laLdkj

pwM+kdeZ laLdkj ds volj ij f”k”kq ds cky dVokdj mldh f”k[kk j[kok;h tkrh gSA f”k[kk ,oa ;Kksiohr ;s nksuksafgUnwRo ds fpUg ds :i esa fodflr gq;s FksA f”k[kk dh LFkkiuk pwM+kdeZ ds le; rFkk ;Kksiohr dk iguuk miu;u ds le;gksrs gSaA f”k[kk dks flj ds f”k[kj ij vfLFk;ksa ds feyu dsUnz ij j[kk tkrk gSA ;g bl LFkku dh j{kk ds fy;s dh x;hA f”k”kqds flj ds ckyksa dk izFke ckj mLrjs ls eq.Mu djuk gh pwM+kdeZ laLdkj gSA dgk x;k gS fd pwM+kdeZ laLdkj ls f”k”kq nh?kkZ;qgksrk gSA lqJqr ds vuqlkj eq.Mu] nk<+h dkVus ,oa u[kPNsnu ls vifo=rk u’V gksrh gS rFkk g’kZ ,s”o;Z] mRlkg vkfn izkIr gksrsgSaA pjd dgrs gSa fd eq.Mu] nk<+h dkVus ,oa u[kmPNsfnr djus ls cy mRlkg] thou esa ifo=rk ,oa lkSan;Z izkIr gksrs gSaA euq,oa ijk”kj xqg~;lw=ksa esa pwM+kdeZ dh vof/k tUe ds igys ;k rhljs o’kZ esa ekuh x;h gSA vf= ds vuqlkj thou ds izFke o’kZ esapkSy deZ dk lEiknu mÙke gksrk gS blls euq’; nh?kkZ;q rFkk fo}ku gksrk gSA r`rh; o’kZ esa blds lEiknu ls lkjh bPNkvksa dhiwfrZ] ikaposa o’kZ esa blds lEiknu ls i”kqvksa dh izkfIr dk Qy fufnZ’V gSA lkrosa o’kZ esa bl deZ dk fu'ks/k ekuk gSA ijUrq ukjnLe`fr esa mfYyf[kr gS fd rhljs o’kZ esa bldk lEiknu fo}kuksa us mÙke] lkrosa esa lk/kkj.k ,oa X;kjgosa o’kZ esa v/ke ekuk gSA bllaLdkj esa gou djds izFke firk f”k”kq ds ds”kksa dks ea=ksa dk mPpkj.k djds mLrjs ls dkVrk gS blds ckn mLrjk ukbZ ds gkFkesa nsdj cky dkVs tkrs gSa ea= ds ikB ds lkFk ukbZ f”k”kq ds ds”kksa dks dkVdj flj dks LoPN djsaAd.kZos/k laLdkj

d.kZos/k laLdkj dk le; rhljk ;k ikapok o’kZ gSA bl laLdkj ds nks mn~ns”; dgs x;s gSa %&1‐ dkuksa dks os/kus ls vusd jksxksa ls j{kk gksrh gSA2‐ dkuksa esa vkHkw’k.k iguk;s tkrs gSaA;g laLdkj fdlh ;ksX; O;fä }kjk lEiUu djk;k tkrk gSA gou djus ds ckn ;ksX; O;fä dkuksa ds fupys Hkkx dks rst

lwbZ ls cha/krk gSA ea=ksa ds lkFk igys nkfgus rRi”pkr ck;sa dku dk cs/ku djsaA rRi”pkr dkuksa esa lksus dh ckfy;k¡ igukdjbl izdkj dh vkS’kf/k yxk;sa fd ?kko “kh?kz Bhd gks tk;sA c`gLifr dgrs gSa fd bldk lEiknu tUe ls nlosa] ckjgosa ;klksygosa fnu djuk pkfg;sA xxZ bls NBsa] lkrosa ;k vkBosa ;k ckjgosa eghus esa lEikfnr djus dk funsZ”k nsrs gSaA tcfd Jhifrds vuqlkj f”k”kq ds nUr gksus ds iwoZ tc rd og ekrk dh xksn esa jgrk gS bl vof/k esa gh bls lEikfnr djuk pkfg;sA fgUnwifjokjksa esa bl volj ij ckfydkvksa dh ukd Hkh csa/kh tkrh gS ijUrq izkphu “kkL=ksa esa bldk fo/kku ugha gSAmiu;u laLdkj

fgUnw laLd`fr esa vk;Z ijEijkvksa esa miu;u laLdkj dk cgqr vf/kd egRo gS] ckyd ds fo|k/;;u ds ;ksX; gks tkus ijtc mldks xq: ds lehi yk;k tkrk gS rks bl laLdkj dks fd;k tkrk gS] miu;u dk vFkZ gS lehi ys tkuk vFkkZr xq: dslehi ys tkukA euq ds vuqlkj ;g czkºe.k dk vkBosa o’kZ esa] {kf=; dk X;kjgosa vkSj oS”; dk ckjgosa o’kZ esa gksuk pkfg;s ijUrq;g lhek vfuok;Z ugha gSA czºeKku dks izkIr djus dh bPNk djus okys czkºe.k dk miu;u ikaposa o’kZ esa] “kklu dh bPNkokys {kf=; dk NBsa o’kZ vkSj lEifÙk dk vtZu djus dh vfHkyk'kk okys oS”; dk vkBosa o’kZ esa miu;u gksuk pkfg;sA izkphu“kkL=ksa esa czkºe.k] {kf=; ,oa oS”; ckydksa ds miu;u djus dk fo/kku fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj os f}t dgykrs Fks D;ksafd budktUe nks ckj ekuk x;kA ,d rks ekrk ds xHkZ ls vkSj nwljk fo|k izkIr djus xq: ds lkfu/; lsA mifu’kn esa vkpk;Z }kjk ;ksX;le>s tkus ij “kqnz ckydksa dk Hkh miu;u laLdkj gks ldrk FkkA miu;u laLdkj }kjk vkpk;Z ckyd dks f”k’; ds :i esaLohdkj djds xq:dqy esa izfo’V djrk gS miu;u }kjk og f”k’; dks ,d izdkj ls vius xHkZ ds vanj /kkj.k djrk gS ,oa fo|knsrk gSA

vk”oyk;u x`álw= ds vuqlkj ckyd ds ds”kksa dks dVokdj Luku vkfn ls LoPN fd;k tkrk gS fQj mldks uohumÙkjh; ,oa v/kksoL= igukrs gSaA vc og es[kyk vkSj n.M dks /kkj.k djds miu;u ds fy;s vkpk;Z ds le{k cSB tkrs gSa] gouds ckn vkpk;Z xk;=h ea= dk mPpkj.k djds f”k’; ds ck;sa da/ks ds Åij d.B ds ikl ls flj ds chp esa ls vkSj nkfgus gkFk dscxy esa fudkydj ;Kksiohr igukrs gSaA miu;u laLdkj dh fof/k esa ;Kksiohr vfr egRoiw.kZ gS bls lw= Hkh dgrs gSaA blesarhu /kkxs gksrs gSa tks euq’; ij nso_.k] fir`_.k ,oa _f’k_.k ds lwpd gSaA ;Kksiohr ds rhu rkj ,d fo”ks’k xkaB czãxzfUFk lscka/ks tkrs gSa] og xzfUFk] czã vkSj fo|k dk ladsr djrh gSA miu;u laLdkj ds volj ij ;K djrs le; bldks iguk tkrkgS vr% ;g ;Kksiohr gqvkA ;Kksiohr ds ckn vkpk;Z] czãpkjh dks f”k’; ds :i esa Lohdkj djrk gSA f”k’; Hkh f”k’;Ro dksLohdkj djrk gS] miu;u gksus ij vkpk;Z f”k’; dks czãp;Z dk ikyu djus ,oa rRi”pkr mifLFkr tu leqnk; ls fHk{kkekaxus dk vkns”k nsrk gSA euqLe`fr ds vuqlkj loZizFke og ekrk] cgu ,oa ekSlh ls fHk{kk ekaxsA vc og czãpkjh vkpk;Z ds dqydk ,d lnL; gks tkrk gS] rc vkpk;Z ea=ksa ds lkFk mldks nsorkvksa dk vk”khokZn nsrs gSaA

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osnkjEHk laLdkjmiu;u laLdkj ds ckn mlh fnu vFkok mlds ,d fnu ckn “kqHk frfFk ij ;g laLdkj fd;k tkrk gSA miohr czãpkjh

vkpk;Z ds le{k cSBdj bZ”ojLrqfr] mikluk ,oa gou djrk gSA vkpk;Z ls og czãpkjh izkFkZuk djrk gSA vkpk;Z mldks rhuckj xk;=h ea= dk mins”k nsrk gS fQj mls xq:dqy esa jgus ds fu;eksa rFkk czãp;Z ds ikyu dk vuqns”k djrk gSA mins”kksa dsvUrj og czãpkjh osn] osnkax] n”kZu] miosn] czkºe.k] vkj.;d mifu’kn vkfn dk v/;;u djsa rFkk viuh :fp ds vuqlkjfofo/k fo’k;ksa dk v/;;u vkpk;Z ls djsaA izkphudky esa f”k{kk dk vkjEHk osnksa ds v/;;u ls gksrk FkkA vr% bls osnkjEHklaLdkj dgk x;kAlekorZu laLdkj

lekorZu laLdkj dk vFkZ gS czºep;Z dk ikyu djrs gq;s lkxksikax osnfo|kvksa dk rFkk vU; fo/kkvksa dk v/;;u djxq:dqy ls ?kj dks okfil tkuk bl laLdkj dks nh{kkUr Hkh uke fn;k x;k FkkA bl laLdkj ds ckn czãpkjh dks Lukrdmikf/k nh tkrh FkhA vk”oyk;u ds vuqlkj Lukrd rhu izdkj ds gksrs FksA izFke fo|kLukrd og ftlus v/;;u rks iw.kZfd;k gS ij czãp;Z ozr ds ikyu esa iw.kZrk ugha izkIr dj ldk] nwljk ozrLukrd og gS ftlus czãp;Z ozr esa iw.kZrk izkIr djfy;k ijUrq iw.kZ v/;;u ugha dj ldk] rhljk mHk;Lukrd ;k fo|kozrLukrd og gS ftlus lEiw.kZ fo|kvksa dk v/;;u fd;krFkk ozrksa esa Hkh iw.kZrk izkIr dj ldkA v/;;u dky esa fo|kFkhZ Hkksx foykl dh oLrqvksa ls nwj jgdj dBksj thou O;rhr djrsFksA lekorZu laLdkj ds le; budk ;g ozr iw.kZ gksrk FkkA rc mudks {kkSj&deZ djkdj Lukuizlk/ku djds mÙke oL=iguk;s tkrs FksA euq dk dFku gS fd Lukrd dks cky vkSj nk<+h&ew¡N dVokus pkfg;s ueu”khy gksuk pkfg;s] mÙke oL= /kkj.kdjus pkfg;s] ifo= ,oa Lok/;k;”khy gksuk pkfg;sA xq: nf{k.kk ds lEcU/k esa euq dk dFku gS fd fo|k/;;u ds le; fo|kFkhZxq: dks dksbZ “kqYd u ns ijUrq Lukrd gksus ij og ;Fkk”kfDr xq: ds fy;s vkfn'V oLrq ykdj nsA egkHkkjr esa nzks.kkpk;Z us,dyO; ls mudk nkfguk vaxwBk gh xq: nf{k.kk esa ekax fy;k Fkk ftls mlus lg’kZ ns fn;kA

lekorZu laLdkj cgqr lekjksg ds lkFk gksrk FkkA mlesa czãpkfj;ksa ds ekrk&firk rFkk vU; lEcU/kh vkdj mldkslEeku ds lkFk ?kj ys tkrs FksA ?kj tkrs le; f”k’; vkpk;Z ds izfr d`rKrk iznf”kZr djrs gq;s ?kj tkus dh vuqefr ekaxrs FksAfonk djrs le; vkpk;Z f”k’;ksa dks thou ds fy;s mi;ksxh mins”k nsrs FksA vFkZoosn esa fy[kk gS fd Lukrd i`Foh ij“kksHkk;eku gksrk gqvk cgqr vf/kd pedrk gSA euq ds vuqlkj jktk ,oa Lukrd esa Lukrd vf/kd lEekuuh; gSAfookg laLdkj

xq:vkJe ls Lox`g okil vkus dh vkKk izkIr djus ds i”pkr f”k’; f}tozr lekfIr lwpd Luku djrk Fkk rRi”pkrog leku o.kZokyh “kqHky{k.kksa ls ;qDr dU;k ds lkFk fookg dj ysrk FkkA L=h iq:’k ds la;ksx dks fookg dgk x;k vr% L=hiq:’k dks feydj bl /keZ dk vkpj.k djuk pkfg;sA fgUnw Hkkoukvksa ds vuqlkj L=h iq:’k dk ;g lEcU/k “kk”or tUetUekarxZr gSA pkj iq:’kkFkksZa esa iRuh] iq:’k dh lgkf;dk gS] v/kkZfxauh gSA fookg laLdkj ds ek/;e ls x`gLFk vkJe esa izos”kgksrk gSA fookg ds fy, oj&o/kw dh ;ksX;rk dk fu/kkZj.k vR;ko”;d Fkk mÙke y{k.kksa ls ;qDr LoLFk ;qod dks mÙke y{k.kksa ls;qDr LoLFk ;qorh ds lkFk gh fookg djuk pkfg;sA oSfnd ;qx esa oj&o/kw dh vk;q dks fuf”pr fd;k x;k Fkk oj dh U;wurevk;q 25 ,oa o/kw dh U;wure 16 o’kZ dgh x;h gSA izkphu “kkL=ksa esa vkB izdkj ds fookg dk fo/kku fd;k x;k gSAokuizLFk laLdkj

Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa ds vuqlkj czºep;Z vkJe dks iwjk djds x`gLFkh gksrk gSA x`gLFk ds ckn okuizLFkh vkSj okuizLFk dsckn laU;klh gksrk gSA x`gLFkh dh vk;q 50 o’kZ dh gksus ij tc mlds ds”k “osr gksus yxs vFkok mlds iq= dk Hkh iq= gks tk;s]rc og x`gLFk vkJe dk ifjR;kx djds okuizLFk vkJe dks Lohdkj djsA okuizLFk /keZ dks Lohdkj djus ij euq’; ?kj dhlEifÙk dks vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dks cM+s iq= ds fy, lkSai nsrk gS vkSj viuk le; Lok/;k; rFkk bZ”ojksikluk esa fcrkrk gSAokuizLFk vkJe esa izos”k djrs le; fof/k&fo/kuksa dks] deZdk.M+ksa dks iwjk djds okuizLFkh b’V fe= rFkk lEcfU/k;ksa ls feydjvkSj iq= ij ?kj dk Hkkj Mkydj vfXugks= dh lkexzh ysdj riksouksa esa pyk tkrk gSA okuizLFk esa jgrs gq;s euq'; ;fn pkgs rksviuh iRuh dks Hkh lkFk ys tk ldrk gS ijUrq ogka mlds fy;s czãp;Z ozr dk ikyu vfuok;Z gSAlaU;kl&laLdkj

ykSfdd O;ogkjksa ds izfr eksg dks R;kxdj] fojä gksdj tks O;fDr yksdksidkj ds fy;s fujUrj fopj.k djrk gS mldkslaU;klh dgrs gSaA nh?kZ dky rd ouksa esa riL;k djrs gq;s vk;q ds rhljs Hkkx dks fcrkdj lalkj ds lHkh cU/kuksa ls eqä gksdjvk;q ds pkSFks Hkkx esa laU;kl xzg.k djus dk fo/kku fd;k x;k FkkA laU;kl in dk vFkZ gS R;kx nsuk& lHkh dkE; deksZa dkifjR;kx djuk laU;kl gSA laU;kl djrs le; lcls igys gou vkfn dk;Z djds fof”k’V osnea=ksa dh vkgqfr nh tkrh gSAlaU;kl laLdkj ds le; ds”kksa dks dVok nsuk pkfg;s] mlds ckn fo”ks’k ea=ksa dk mPpkj.k djrs gq;s Luku djuk pkfg;s]rRi”pkr laU;klh fojä dk’kk; oL= /kkj.k dj ,d gkFk esa n.M rFkk nwljs gkFk esa fHk{kkik= /kkj.k djrk gS rFkk lc tuksa dsfgr dh dkeuk ls fopj.k djrk gSA mldks dgha Hkh LFkk;h fuokl ugha cukuk pkfg;sA

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vUR;sf”V laLdkje`R;q gks tkus ij e`rd “kjhj ds fy;s tks laLdkj fd;s tkrs gSa mls vUR;sf’V laLdkj dgrs gSaA oSfnd ijEijkvksa ds vuqlkj

e`r “kjhj dks Luku djkdj] mldh vFkhZ esa ca/kkdj] pUnu vkfn lqxfU/kr nzO;ksa dk ysi djkrs gSaA e`r O;fDr ds lEcU/kh ,oafiz;tu mldks uohu oL=ksa esa yisVdj “e”kku esa ys tkrs gSa] ogka osnh ij cukbZ x;h fprk ij “ko dks fyVk fn;k tkrk gSAi`Fkd LFkku ij vfXu dks izTtofyr djds ml vfXu ls fprk esa vkx yxk nh tkrh gSA rnUrj vUR;sf’V ds ;ksX; ea=ksa dkmPpkj.k djds ?k`r vkSj lkexzh dh vkgqfr nh tkrh gSA bu ea=ksa esa “kjhj ds iap egkHkwrksa ls cus gksus rFkk mlesa foyhu gksus dkmYys[k gS o buds }kjk vkRek dh ln~xfr dh izkFkZuk dh tkrh gSA “ko ds HkLe gksus rd lEcU/kh tu ogha jgrs gSa fQj Lukudjds rFkk oL= iz{kkyu djds vius ?kj dks ykSVrs gSaA ogka x`g “kqf)] “kkfUr vkfn dk;Z djrs gSaA vusd ifjokjksa esa 11osa fnue`rd Jk) djrs gSaA fgUnqvksa esa okf’kZd Jk) djus dh Hkh ijEijk gSA bl laLdkj dk lEiknu “e”kku esa fd;k tkrk gS blfy;s;g laLdkj euq’; dk vfUre laLdkj gSA

laLdkjksa dh ;s J`[kyk;sa fgUnwvksa esa o’kksZa ls pyh vk jgh gSa dqN laLdkjksa dh i)fr esa ifjorZu ,oa dqN dk yksi Hkh gksx;k gS] tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd laLdkjksa dh ;g J`a[kyk ifo= fgUnw thou dh ikou J`a[kyk gS tks O;fDrxr thou dslkFk&lkFk tkfr ,oa lekt vkSj ns”k ds fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gq;h gSA tkrdeZ] ukedj.k] vUuizk”ku] pwM+kdeZ] d.kZHksn]miu;u] fookg ,oa vUR;sf’V laLdkj fgUnw ifjokjksa esa lkekU;r% vkt Hkh gksrs gSaA

mijksDr of.kZr lksyg laLdkjksa dks voLFkk ds vuqlkj fuEu izdkj ls o.kZu feyrk gSA1‐ tUe ls iwoZ ds laLdkj %& xHkkZ/kku] iqlaou] lhekUrksu;u laLdkjA2‐ ckY;koLFkk ds laLdkj %& tkrdeZ] ukedj.k] fu’dze.k] vUuizk”ku] pwM+kdeZ] d.kZos/k laLdkjA3‐ fo|k/;;u ls lEcfU/kr laLdkj %& miu;u] osnkjEHk] lekorZu laLdkjA4‐ vkJeksa esa izos”k djus ds laLdkj %& fookg] okuizLFk] laU;kl laLdkjA5‐ e`R;ksRrj laLdkj %& vUR;sf’VAbu laLdkjksa esa izFke ukS laLdkjksa dks lEiUu djkus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ekrk&firk dk gSA miu;u laLdkj dks ekrk&firk

dh vuqefr ls vkpk;Z djkrs gSaA osnkjEHk ,oa lekorZu vkpk;Z }kjk djk;s tkrs gSaA fookg laLdkj esa O;fDr Lo;a] ekrk&firkvkSj vkpk;Z lfEefyr :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA okuizLFk vkSj laU;kl laLdkj esa O;fDr Lo;a mÙkjnk;h gS vkSj vUR;sf’VlaLdkj dks iq=] b’Vtu lEiUu djrs gSaA

lUnHkZ lwph� izkphu Hkkjr dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl& MkW0 d`’.k dqekj] Jh ljLorh lnu] ,&1@32 lQnjtax&bUdyso] ubZ fnYyhA� egkHkkjr esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr& Jherh lqtkrk dqekjh] lat; izdk”ku fnYyhA� mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt esa f”k{kd& MkW0 jke”kdy ik.Ms;] fouksn iqLrd efUnj vkxjk&2� mÙkjk[k.M jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl& ?ku”;ke tks”kh] izdk”k cqd fMiks] eq[; dk;kZy;] cM+k cktkj

cjsyhA

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- 136 -

ABSTRACT

Hkkjr ds vYila[;d leqnk;ksa esa eqlyekuksa dk LFkku izeq[k gSA Hkkjr esa eqfLyeksa dh tula[;k vU;/kkfeZd vYila[;dksa dh rqyuk esa dgha vf/kd gSaA 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa eqfLyeksa dh vkcknh13-4 izfr'kr vkadh xbZ FkhA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa eqlyekuksa dh tula[;k 24 izfr'kr rdc<+hA Lora=rk ls iwoZ ^eqfLye yhx* eqlyekuksa dh izeq[k izfrfuf/k laLFkk FkhA 1906 esa LFkkfir ;g ny ns'k dsfoHkktu ds ckn Hkkjr ls yxHkx lekIr gks x;k Fkk] ysfdu 1970 bZ0 ds ckn gh ;g igys dsjy esa vkSj ckn esarfeyukMq esa lfØ; gks x;kA

bf.M;u ;wfu;u eqfLye yhx ls vyx gq, /kMs ¼lqyseku lsB vkSj vU;½ us vizSy 1994 esa bf.M;u us'kuyyhx ds uke ls ,d jktuhfrd ikVhZ dk xBu fd;k gSA eqlyekuksa ds vU; laxBu Hkh gS] tks dHkh dkaxzsl vkSjdHkh foi{kh nyksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djrs jgs gSaA vky bafM;k etfyl&,&bRrsgknqy eqlyehu ,d jktuhfrdny gS] ftlds usrk ,l0,l0 vkSoslh gSA bldk izHkko {ks= gSnjkckn gSA

yksdlHkk esa eqfLyeksa dk izfrfuf/kRo ,d v/;;u

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Hkkjr ds vYila[;d leqnk;ksa esa eqlyekuksa dk LFkku izeq[k gSA Hkkjr esa eqfLyeksa dh tula[;k vU; /kkfeZdvYila[;dksa dh rqyuk esa dgha vf/kd gSaA 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa eqfLyeksa dh vkcknh 13-4 izfr'kr vkadhxbZ FkhA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa eqlyekuksa dh tula[;k 24 izfr'kr rd c<+hA1 2

Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dh jktuhfrd fLFkfrLora=rk ls iwoZ ^eqfLye yhx* eqlyekuksa dh izeq[k izfrfuf/k laLFkk FkhA 1906 esa LFkkfir ;g ny ns'k ds foHkktu ds

ckn Hkkjr ls yxHkx lekIr gks x;k Fkk] ysfdu 1970 bZ0 ds ckn gh ;g igys dsjy esa vkSj ckn esa rfeyukMq esa lfØ; gksx;kA egkjk"Vª] xqtjkr vkSj mRrj Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa esa Hkh blds }kjk vius izHkko dk foLrkj djus dh ps"Vk dh tk jgh gSA1993 esa yhx esa fof/kor foHkktu dh fLFkfr [kM+h gks xbZ rFkk eqfLye yhx ds ,d izeq[k usrk bczkfge lqyseku lsB bl ny lsvyx gks x;sA3

bf.M;u ;wfu;u eqfLye yhx ls vyx gq, /kMs ¼lqyseku lsB vkSj vU;½ us vizSy 1994 esa bf.M;u us'kuy yhx dsuke ls ,d jktuhfrd ikVhZ dk xBu fd;k gSA bl ny us izeq[k :i ls nks ekaxs dh gS % dsUnzh; ljdkj dh lsok esa eqlyekuksads fy, vkj{k.k vkSj /kkfeZd] Hkk"kk;h vkSj lkaLd`frd vYila[;dksa ds fy, dsUnzh; Lrj ij ,d vyx eU=ky; dh LFkkiukA4

eqlyekuksa ds vU; laxBu Hkh gS] tks dHkh dkaxzsl vkSj dHkh foi{kh nyksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djrs jgs gSaA bu lHkheqfLye nyksa dk izeq[k mn~ns'; eqlyekuksa ds fo'ks"k fgrksa& vyhx<+ fo'ofo|ky; ds eqfLye Lo:i vkSj eqlyekuksa ds fo'ks"klkekftd dkuwuksa dh j{kk rFkk mnwZ Hkk"kk ds fy, izksRlkguA5

us'kuy dkaÝsal tEew&d'ehj jkT; dk ,d {ks=h; ny gSA bl ny ds loksZPp usrk 'ks[k vCnqYyk rFkk e`R;q mijkUrmuds iq= Qk:[k vCnqYyk jgs gSA us'kuy dkUÝsal Hkkjrh; la?k esa tEew&d'ehj jkT; dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr ¼Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dkvuqPNsn 370½ dks cuk;s j[kus dh leFkZd gS vkSj bl ckr ij cy nsrh jgh gS fd tEew d'ehj jkT; dks vkt dh rqyuk esavf/kd Lok;rrk nh tkuh pkfg,A 2003 bZ0 ls Qk:[k vCnqYyk ds iq= vej vCnqyyk us'kuy dkUÝsal ds v/;{k in ijvklhu gSA6

ihiqYl MseksØsfVd ikVhZ ¼ih0Mh0,Q0½ dk xBu 2002 bZ0 esa fo/kku lHkk pquko ds iwoZ eq¶rh eksgEen lbZn rFkkmudh iq=h egcwck ds usr`Ro esa bl ikVhZ dk xBu gqvkA ikVhZ esa d'ehj ls tqMs lHkh i{kksa ds lkFk ckrphr ds vk/kkj ijd'ehj esa veu pSu LFkkfir djus vkSj d'ehfj;ksa ds t[e Hkjus dk oknk fd;k gSA ?kkVh esa bl ikVhZ us vPNs leFkZu dkifjp; fn;k gSA orZeku esa tEew&d'ehj esa Hkktik ds lg;ksx ls bl ikVhZ dh ljdkj gSA

vky bafM;k etfyl&,&bRrsgknqy eqlyehu ,d jktuhfrd ny gS] ftlds usrk ,l0,l0 vkSoslh gSA bldkizHkko {ks= gSnjkckn gSA

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Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 136-138 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

jktho dqekj ,oa e/kq dlkuk

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yksdlHkk esa eqfLyeksa dkizfrfuf/kRo ,d v/;;u

blds vykok ;qukbZfVM MseksØsfVd ÝUV ,d {ks=h; ny gS] ftldk izHkko vklke rd gSAbl izdkj ls eqlyekuksa ds vusd nyksa dk xBu le;&le; ij gksrk jgk gS] ysfdu dksbZ Hkh ,slk ny ugha Fkk]

ftldk izHkko jk"Vª O;kih gksA gky gh esa izdkf'kr vUlkjh dh iqLrd ^ikWfyfVdy fjiztsaVs'ku vkQ eqfLye bu bf.M;k*¼1952 & 2004½ crkrh gS fd dsjy dks NksM+dj 'ks"k Hkkjr esa yksdlHkk vkSj fo/kkulHkkvksa esa vktknh ds ckn eqlyekuksa dkizfrfuf/kRo yxkrkj fxjk gSA

Lora=rk ls iwoZ vaxzstksa us QwV Mkyks jkt djksa dh uhfr ds rgr 1909 esa lkEiznkf;d izfrfuf/kRo iz.kkyh 'kq: dh Fkh]blds QyLo:i eqfLyeksa dks mfpr izfrfuf/kRo izkIr FkkA Lora=rk ds ckn i`Fkd fuokZpu i)fr esa fufgr voxq.kksa dks ns[krsgq, bl i)fr dks jn~n dj fn;k x;kA nwljh vksj Hkkjr ds foHkktu ds ckn Hkkjr esa fuokl djus okys eqfLye vYila[;d gksx;sA vr% mijksDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa esa eqfLye izfrfuf/kRo /khjs&/khjs ?kVrk x;kA vc fLFkfr ;g gS fdlRrk esa eqfLye izfrfuf/kRo dk izfr'kr vkcknh ds foijhr vuqikr esa py jgk gSA

bl 'kks/k i= esa fiNys 63 o"kksZ esa yksdlHkk esa eqfLyeksa dk izfrfuf/kRo dk v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS] tksxzkQ ds ek/;e ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

xzkQyksdlHkk esa eqfLye izfrfuf/kRo

lzks= & Election Commission of India.

Data for sixteen Lokshabha based on different sources

mijksDr fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij ;fn ge fo'ys"k.k djsa rks igyh yksdlHkk esa eqfLye lkalnksa dk izfrfuf/kRo 22 Fkk]nwljh yksdlHkk esa og c<+dj 23 gks x;kA rhljh yksdlHkk esa fQj budh la[;k 22 gks xbZA ;fn ge pkSFkh ,oa ikapohyksdlHkk dh ckr djsa rks budh la[;k 29 FkhA ogha NBh yksdlHkk esa c<+dj 33 gks xbZA lkroha yksdlHkk esa eqfLye lkalnksadh la[;k 49 Fkh] tks vc rd dh yksdlHkkvksa esa lkoZf/kd FkhA ;fn ge vkBoha] ukSaoh yksdlHkk dh ckr djsa rks bu yksdlHkkvksaesa eqfLye izfrfuf/kRo Øe'k% 45 o 33 FkkA nloha ,oa X;kgjoha yksdlHkk esa izfrfuf/kRo Øe'k% 28 o 27 FkkA ckgjoha o rsgjohayksdlHkk esa c<+dj Øe'k% 29 o 32 gks x;kA ;fn ge pkSgnoha yksdlHkk dh ckr djsa rks eqfLye lkalnksa dh la[;k c<+dj 36gks xbZA ogha ianzgoha yksdlHkk esa ?kVdj 30 gks xbZA orZeku esa lksygoha yksdlHkk esa eqfLye lkalnksa dh la[;k ?kVdj 22 jgxbZ gS] tks dkQh de gSA

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fu"d"kZfl)kUr :i esa iztkra= dks leLr turk dk 'kklu dgk tkrk gS] ysfdu O;ogkj esa ;g viuh cgqer fuokZpu

i)fr ds dkj.k cgqer dk 'kklu cudj jg tkrk gSA vr% ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd iztkra= ds vUrxZr cgqla[;dksa dks ghugha] oju vYila[;dksa dks Hkh i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo gksuk pkfg,A rkfd iztkra= vius vkn'kZ :i vFkkZr ;FkkrZ esa lHkh O;fDr;ksadk 'kklu gks ldsA mi;qZDr xzkQ ls Li"V gS fd turk dh izfrfuf/kRo laLFkk yksdlHkk esa eqfLye izfrfuf/kRo ges'kk ls ghcgqr de jgk gSA fu%lUnsg Hkkjr tSls /keZfujis{k ns'k esa eqlyekuksa dk ns'k dh fu.kZ; fuekZ.kd laLFkk esa lhfer izfrfuf/kRogksuk ns'k dh ,drk o v[k.M+rk dk cgqr cM+k [krjk gS] D;ksafd ;g ,d fpjifjfpr lR; gS fd ftl oxZ dks ns'k us mfprizfrfuf/kRo ;k igpku izkIr ugha gks ikrh gS] og Lo;a dks ns'k dh eq[; /kkjk ds lkFk tqM+k ugha ikrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k /khjs&/khjsmuesa ns'k ds izfr vyxko dh Hkkouk iuius yxrh gS] tks ,d fnu fodjky :i /kkj.k dj ns'k dh ,drk ds fy, [krjk iSnkdj nsrh gSA blfy, jk"Vªh; nyksa dk ;g drZO; gS fd pquko eSnku esa og gj /keZ o leqnk; ds ;ksX; izR;kf'k;ksa dks [kM+k djs]rkfd gj leqnk; dks jktuhfrd izfrfuf/kRo izkIr gks ldsA ij nqHkkZX; ls gekjs jk"Vªh; nyksa us eqlyekuksa dks izR;k'kh ds :iesa [kM+k djus esa dksbZ fo'ks"k mRlkg ugha fn[kk;h nsrk gSA tc pquko eSnku esa [kM+s gksus okys eqfLye izR;kf'k;ksa dh la[;k ghde gksxh rks fot; gksdj vkus okys izR;k'kh rks vkSj Hkh de gksaxs vkSj muesa Hkh fiNM+s oxZ ds izR;k'kh rks u ds cjkcj gh gksaxsAvr% tks oxZ xjhc] vf'kf{kr o t:jr eUn gS] mldh vkokt mBkus okyk laln esa dksbZ ugha gksxkA fu%lUnsg vxj eqlyekuksadh lRrk esa Hkkxhnkjh c<+h rks og Hkh Lo;a dks ns'k dh eq[; /kkjk ds lkFk tksM+ ldsaxsA blls mls cgqla[;d oxZ ds izfr O;kIrlUnsg] vyxko] Hk;] erHksn o vlqj{kk ds ckny gV tk;saxs vkSj xjhch] vf'k{kk] :f<+okfnrk ls ;sa eqlyeku fcjknjh dks ckgjfudkydj ns'k ds fodkl esa viuk iw.kZ ;ksxnku ns ldsaxsaA

lUnHkZ� Hkkjr dh tux.kuk] 2001� Hkkjr dh tux.kuk] 2011� Mk0 iq[kjkt tSu] jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu vkSj Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk] i`"B 234� Mk0 iq[kjkt tSu] jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu vkSj Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk] i`"B 234� Mk0 iq[kjkt tSu] jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu vkSj Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk] i`"B 234� Mk0 iq[kjkt tSu] jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu vkSj Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk] i`"B 232

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 136-138 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

jktho dqekj ,oa e/kq dlkuk

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yksdlHkk esa eqfLyeksa dkizfrfuf/kRo ,d v/;;u

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 139-142

ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

vkt i;kZoj.k ds iznw’k.k dh leL;k Hkkjr ds lkeus gh ugha iwjs fo'o ds lkeus gSA ge vf/kd mRiknu dsfy, Qlyksa esa tks jklk;fud moZjd vkSj dhVuk'kd nokb;ka Mkyrs gS] bldk izfrdwy izHkko ty] ok;q] e`nkij iMrk gS vkSj gekjk LokLF; Hkh izHkkfor gksrk gSA tSfod d`f’k ,d Je iz/kku rduhdh gSA blls csjkstxkjhrFkk vn`'; csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dqN gn rd gy gksxh rFkk tSfod d`f’k esa LFkkuh; iks’kd rRoksa dk iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gS ftlls fons'kksa ls vk;kr dh tkus okyh dhVuk'kd nokb;ksa] jklk;fud moZjdksa dk mi;ksx degksus ls d`f’k ykxr de vk,xhA tSfod [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls e`nk dk tSfod Lrj c<rk gS] ftlls ykHkdkjhthok.kqvksa dh la[;k c< tkrh gSa vkSj e`nk dkQh mitkÅ cuh jgrh gSA tSfod [kkn ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy;svko';d [kfud inkFkZ iznku djrs gS] tks e`nk esa ekStwn lw{e thoksa ds }kjk ikS/kksa dks feyrs gSaA Hkkjr esa tSfodd`f’k d`’kdksa ds chp yksdfiz; fof/k ugh gSA gj ,d dks Hkkstu miyC/k djkuk gh gekjh izkFkfedrk ugha gksuhpkfg, cfYd iks’kd rRoksa ds lkFk gj ,d dks Hkkstu miyC/k djkuk gekjh izkFkfedrk esa gksuk pkfg,A

tSfod d`f”k % ,d u;h igy

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lqjthr flagvflLVsUV izksQslj vFkZ”kkL=ch-,l-,e- ih-th- dkWyst]#M+dh] gfj}kj

foeydkarfjlpZ LdkWyj

izLrkoukLora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr fiNys Ng n'kdksa esa Hkkjrh; d`f’k us dbZ fn'kkvksa esa izxfr dh gSA [kk|kUu ds mRiknu esa o`f}]

izfr gsDVs;j mRiknu esa o`f}] flapkbZ vk/khu {ks=Qy esa o`f} vkfn ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr [kk|kUu esa vkRefuHkZj gks x;k gSAc<rh tula[;k ds dkj.k c<rh [k|kUu dh ekax ds dkj.k d`f’k {ks= esa 4 izfr'kr dh fodkl nj dks izkIr djuk vkt Hkh ,dpqukSrh gS d`f’k {ks= esa vf/kd vkSj vf/kd mRiknu ds fy, moZjdksa dk vR;f/kd iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:ivusd izdkj ds nq’ifj.kke lkeus vkus yxs gSA Hkkjr esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa gsrq moZjdksa ¼ukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl rFkk iksVkl½ dkekud vuqikr 4 % 2 % 1 gSa ijUrq 2011&12 esa jklk;fud moZjdksa dk vuqikr 6-9 % 3-1 %1 Fkk ¼moZjd foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj½AHkkjr esa ukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl rFkk iksVkl ds ewY;ksa esa Hkkjh vUrj gksus ds dkj.k ;wfj;k lokZf/kd iz;ksx esa vkus okyk moZjdgSA moZjdksa dk ;g vlarqfyr vuqikr Hkh e`nk dh moZjdrk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

Hkkjr esa jklk;fud moZjdksa dk iz;ksx 1960 ds e/; n'kd esa gfjr dzkfUr dh 'kq:vkr ds lkFk ekuk tkrk gSA gfjrdzkfUr ds vUrZxr flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk foLrkj] jklk;fud nokbZ;kas ,oa moZjdksa ds iz;ksx vkfn ds ifj.kkeLo:i mRiknu esacgqr o`f) gqbZA ukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl] iksVkl dk dqy miHkksx o’kZ 1970&71 esa 2177 gtkj Vu ls c<dj o’kZ 2013&14 esa25536 gtkj Vu gks x;k ¼moZjd foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj½A jkT;ksa esa Hkh moZjd miHkksx esa vR;kf/kd fofo/krk ns[kh x;h gSA

tula[;k ds c<+us ds dkj.k [kk|kUu dh c<+rh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, ukbVªkstu [kkn dh ekax Hkh vR;f/kd c<+rhtkrh gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i yksxksa ds LokLF; ,oa i;kZoj.k ij Hkh cqjk izHkko iMk gSa ¼jktsUnz izlkn½A jklk;fud moZjdksa dsvR;f/kd iz;ksx ds nq"izHkko lkeus vkus yxs gSA ftu {ks=ksa esa vf/kd jlk;fud moZjdksa dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSa mu {ks=ksa esa [kk|inkFkZ dh xq.koRrk esa deh gqbZ gSa] feV~Vh dh cukoV ,oa ok;q lapj.k izHkkfor gq, gSa] feV~Vh esa mi;ksxh lw{e thfo;ksa dh la[;kde gqbZ gSa] feV~Vh ds vlarqfyr ih-,p-ds dkj.k iks’kd rRoksa dk vo”kks’k.k izHkkfor gqvk gSa] mRikndrk ,oa LokLF; ij izfrdwyizHkko iMk gSa ¼foyj ,oa fdYpj½A QkLQksjl vkSj ukbVªkstu tSls iznw’kdksa dh ek=k c<h gS tks 'kSokyksa ds fy, iks’kdrk dk dkedjrk gS] tks LokLF; ds lkFk&LkkFk tSo fofo/krk ds fy, Hkh [krjk gSA dukZVd] vkU/kz izns'k] egkjk’Vª ,oa iatkc esa ns'k dhdqy moZjd dk 38-14 izfr'kr moZjd iz;ksx gksrk gSaA ¼vfXugks=h] 2000½A iatkc ,oa i0 mRrj izns'k esa dSalj dh chekjh dk;gh izeq[k dkj.k gSS A vkt bu {ks=kas dh Hkwfe catj gks pqdh gSa rFkk ikuh ihus yk;d ugha gS ¼tlfoUnz dkSj dkyjk½A

izkphudky ls Hkkjr ,d d`f’k iz/kku ns'k jgk gSA ;gka ds fuokfl;ksa dk eq[; O;olk; d`f’k ,oa Ik'kqikyu FkkA _Xosn dseaMy pkj ,oa vFkZoosn esa bldk mYys[k feyrk gSa fd ;gka ds fuoklh lEiUu] LoLF; rFkk [kq'kgky Fks D;ksafd d`f’k dhmRikndrk vf/kd Fkh rFkk ykxr U;wu FkhA Hkq[kejh] csjkstxkjh vkfn dh leL;k ugha Fkh ¼dkSfVY;½A vkt d`f’k ftl eqdkeij [kMh gS ogka ls gekjs lkeus fodkl ds nks ekxZ lkeus gSa& ,d ekxZ] vR;f/kd jklk;fud [kkn ds iz;ksx dk] tks vR;kf/kd

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tSfod d`f”k % ,d u;h igy

flapkbZ] iznwf’kr ty] ?kVrk ty Lrj] i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k] dSalj ,oa nek tSlh chekfj;ka] feV~Vh ds ?kVrs iks’kd rRo vkfn lsgksdj tkrk gSa vkSj nwljk ekxZ gSa tSfod [ksrh dk] tks fodkl dk i;kZ; cu ldrk gSA ljdkj us tSfod d`f"k dks c<kok nsus dsfy;s vusd dk;Zdze pyk;s rFkk vusd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSAtSfod [ksrh dk vFkZ

tSfod [ksrh dks tSo xfr'khy] izkd`frd [ksrh vFkok oSdfYid [ksrh Hkh dgrs gSA tSfod d`f’k mRiknu dh ,d ,slh izfdz;kgS ftlesa ,slh jklk;fud [kknksa ,oa dhVuk'kd nokb;ksa dks udkjk tkrk gS tks ekuo LokLF; o i;kZoj.k ds fy, gkfudkjdgksrh gSA blds LFkku ij tkuojksa dk eyew=] gjh [kkn] tSfod [kkn] dEiksLV [kkn vkfn LFkkuh; ,oa LokLF; o/kZd rRoksa dkiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftudk ekuo LokLF; o i;kZoj.k ij dksbZ izfrdwy izHkko ugh iMrk gSA

[ksr esa xkscj Mkyuk gh tSfod [ksrh ugha gS cfYd tSfod [ksrh d`f’k dh og fof/k gS ftlesa fofHkUu [kknksa dks oSKkfudfof/k ls cukdj mldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&dEiksLV o xkscj dh [kkn] QkLQks&lYQks&ukbVªks dEiksLV] gjh [kkn]jkbtksfc;e vkfnA oSKkfud fof/k ls rS;kj dEiksLV esa iks’kd rRoksa dh ek=k esa lkFkZd o`f) gks tkrh gSA fry ds ikS/kksa ds ruksarFkk MaByksa dk [kkn ds :i esa iz;ksx djus dh ppkZ vFkoZosn ls feyrh gSAvkt tSfod [ksrh dh vko';drk D;ksa gSa \

tSfod [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls e`nk dk tSfod Lrj c<rk gSA ftlls ykHkdkjh thok.kqvksa dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gS vkSj e`nkdkQh mitkÅ cuh jgrh gSA tSfod [kkn ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy;s vko';d [kfut inkFkZ iznku djrs gSa tks e`nk esa ekStwn lw{ethoksa ds }kjk ikS/kksa dk feyrs gSa ftlls ikS/ks LoLFk curs gSa vkSj mRiknu c<rk gSA jlk;fud [kknksa ds eqdkcys tSfod [kknlLrh vkSj fVdkÅ gksrh gSaA buds iz;ksx ls e`nk esa vknzZrk dh c<ksrjh gksrh gSA ikS/kks dh o`f) ds fy;s vko';d iks"kd rRokastSls ukbZVªkstu] QkLQksjl ,ao iksVkl rFkk dkQh ek=k esa xkS.k iks"kd rRokas dh iwfrZ tSfod [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls gks tkrh gSAdhVksa] chekfj;kas rFkk [kjirokjksa ij fu;a=.k dkQh gn rd Qly pd] dhVksa ds izkd`frd 'k=qvksa] izfrjks/k fdLekas vkSj tSozmRiknkas }kjk gh dj fy;k tkrk gSA tSfod [kkn lMus ij dkcZfud vEy nsrh gSa ftlls e`nk dk ih0,p0 eku fu;af=r gkstkrk gSa rFkk lw{e iks"kd rRokas dh miyC/krk c<+ tkrh gSA bu [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls iks"kd rRo ikS/kksa dh dkQh le; rd feyrsgSA ;g [kkn esa viuk vof”k"V xq.k e`nk esa NksM+rh gSA tSfod [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls ,d Qly ds ckn nwljh Qly dks ykHkfeyrk gSA blls e`nk dk larqyu ,ao moZjrk Bhd cuk jgrk gS ¼,Q-,-vks-½A

feV~Vh esa thok'e inkFkZ dh ek=k vkSj mldh mRikndrk esa pksyh nkeu dk lEcU/k gSA vr% feV~Vh esa thok'e inkFkZdh ek=k c<kus ds fy, Bksl mik; fd;s tkus pkfg,A moZjdksa ds izpyu ls iwoZ gekjs ns'k dh [ksrh tSfod [kknksa ds cy ijgksrh FkhA lkB ds n'kd ds vUr esa moZjdksa ds mi;ksx esa o`f) dh 'kq:vkr gksrs gh tSfod [kknksa ds mi;ksx dks egRo fn;ktkus yxkA ,slh n'kk esa feV~Vh esa thok'e inkFkZ dh ek=k ?kVus ds lkFk gh izeq[k ,oa lw{e iks’kd rRoksa dh miyC/k ek=k esadeh gqqbZA fdlku i'kqvksa ds xkscj] ew=] foNkyh] Qly vo'ks’kksa ds laj{k.k vkSj muds dq'ky mi;ksx ds izfr ykijokg gSA bulkjh cgqewY; lkefxz;ksa dks ?kj ds lkeus] xkaoksa ds jkLrs vkSj lMd ds fdukjs yxs <sjksa ds vEckj ds :i esa gj xkao esa ns[kk tkldrk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjr esa miyC/k laiw.kZ xkscj vkSj ew= dk laj{k.k vkSj [kkn ds :i esa mudk lgh <ax mi;ksx djfy;k tk, rks mlls yxHkx 70 yk[k Vu izeq[k iks’kd rRoksa ¼ukbVªkstu+++] QkLQksjl +++iksVSf'k;e½ dh vkiwfrZ gks ldrh gSA bldsvykok Qly vo'ks”kksa ls yxHkx 100 yk[k Vu izeq[k iks”kd rRoksa dh vkiwfrZ gks ldrh gSA ;fn bldh vk/kh ek=k Hkh lgh<ax ls dj yh tk, rks Hkh 85 yk[k Vu izeq[k iks’kd rRoksa dh vkiwfrZ gks ldrh gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd Qly vo'ks’kksa esaiksVSf'k;e dh ek=k vkSlru 1 izfr'kr eku yh tk, rks 1 Vu dh ek=k ls 10 fdxzk0 iksVSf'k;e dh iwfrZ gks tk,xhA gesa Qlyvo'ks’kksa ds dq'ky mi;ksx ds izfr fo'ks’k xEHkhj gksuk pkfg, ,slk gksus ij iksVkl ds vk;kr esa lkFkZd dVkSrh lEHko gksxh ¼,-ds-'kekZ½A

vkt i;kZoj.k ds iznw’k.k dh leL;k Hkkjr ds lkeus gh ugha iwjs fo'o ds lkeus gSA bl leL;k ds mRiUu gksus esavkt dh d`f’k fof/k dk Hkh ;ksxnku gS D;ksafd vkt ge vf/kd mRiknu ds fy, Qlyksa esa tks jklk;fud moZjd vkSjdhVuk'kd nokb;ka Mkyrs gS] bldk izfrdwy izHkko ty] ok;q] e`nk ij iMrk gS vkSj gekjk LokLF; Hkh izHkkfor gksrk gSAtSfod d`f’k ,d Je iz/kku rduhdh gSA blls csjkstxkjh rFkk vn`'; csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dqN gn rd gy gksxh rFkktSfod d`f’k esa LFkkuh; iks’kd rRoksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlls fons'kksa ls vk;kr dh tkus okyh dhVuk'kd nokb;ksa]jklk;fud moZjdksa dk mi;ksx de gksus ls d`f’k ykxr de vk,xhA fdlkuksa dks vf/kd ykHk izkIr gksxk rFkk Hkkjr ds Hkqxrkularqyu ij Hkh vuqdwy izHkko gksxkA tSfod [ksrh de ykxr vkSj vf/kd mRikndrk okyh fof/k gS ¼Vsjh vkSj ysaxj½A

tSfod [ksrh }kjk mRikfnr pkjk dk iz;ksx djus ds QyLo:i i'kqvksa dh nqX/k mRiknu {kerk vf/kd le; rd cuhjgrh gSA tSfod [ksrh }kjk mRikfnr mRikn dh dher vf/kd feyrh gS ¼HkV~Vkpk;Z ,oa pdzorhZ½A tSfod [ksrh ds QyLo:iflafpr {ks= esa 5 ls 10 izfr'kr rFkk o"kkZ ty vk/kkfjr d`f"k {ks=ksa eas 40 ls 50 izfr'kr rd dh o`f) ntZ gks ldrh gS ¼izeks'kuvkWQ vkWxsZfud QkfeZx ,.M lksbZy gSYFk eSustesUV** dk;Z'kkyk&2014&15½A

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fo'o ,oa Hkkjr esa tSfod d`f”kfo'o Lrj ij tSfod d`f’k dks c<kok nsus gsrq vUrjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ij vkbZ0,Q0vks0,0,e0 laLFkk dk;Zjr gSA 117 ns'k

bl laLFkk ds lnL; gSA ;g la?k vUrjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ij tSfod d`f’k ds fy, ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA blds lkFkvusd jk’Vªh;] {ks=h; la?k cus gSa tks tSfod d`f’k ij tksj ns jgs gSA fo'o esa dqy 37-5 fefy;u gSDVS;j Hkwfe ij vkxsZfud d`f’kdh tk jgh gS tks fo'o dh dqy d`f’k ;ksX; Hkwfe dk 0-9 izfr'kr Hkkx gSA fo'o esa lokZf/kd tSfod d`f’k {ks= vkLVªsfy;k 12fefy;u gSDVs;j ij gksrh gS] vtsZUVhuk esa 3-6 fefy;u gSDVs;j] ;w0,l0,0 esa 2-2 fefy;u gSDVs;j] phu 1-9 fefy;u gSDVs;j]Lisu 1-6 fefy;u gSDVs;j] bVyh 1-2 fefy;u gSDVs;j] teZuh ,oa QzkUl esa 1-0 fefy;u gSDVs;j] m:Xos 0-9 fefy;u gSDVs;j]dukMk 0-8 fefy;u gSDVs;j] HkwHkkx ij tSfod d`f’k gksrh gSA fo'o esa Hkkjr dk tSfod d`f’k mRiknu esa 16oka LFkku gSA ;gka 0-5fefy;u gSDVs;j ij tSfod d`f’k dh tkrh gS ¼,Q-vkbZ-ch-,y- ,oa vkbZ-,Q-vks-,-,e- fjiksZV] 2014½A

Hkkjr esa d`f’k ;ksX; Hkwfe dk {ks=Qy 141-23 fefy;u gSDVs;j ¼dqy Hkwfe dk 43 izfr'kr½ gSA Hkkjr esa tSfod d`f’k dksizksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ljdkj us NBh iapo’khZ; ;kstuk esa jk’Vªh; izkstsDV 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA ftlds vUrxZr xkft;kckn esaus'kuy ck;ksQkfVZykbtj MsoyiesUV lsUVj ¼,u0ch0Mh0lh0½ [kksyk x;kA bl ;kstuk dks gVkdj vDVwcj 2004 ls ,d ubZ;kstuk us'kuy izkstsDV vkWu vkxsZfud QkfeaZx 'kq: dh x;h rFkk ,u0ch0Mh0lh0 dks u;k uke us'kuy lsUVj vkQ vkxsZfudQkfeZax ¼,u0lh0vks0,Q0½ dj fn;k x;kA

Hkkjr esa dqy iw.kZ :i ls izekf.kd tSfod Hkwfe 6000003 gSDVs;j gSA ftlesa ls lokZf/kd {ks=Qy e/; izns'k] xqtjkr]vkU/kz izns'k] dukZVd] mRrj izns'k vkfn jkT; gSa ¼,u-lh-vks-,Q- fjiksZV] 2014½A

tSfod [ksrh ls ykHktSfod [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls e`nk dk tSfod Lrj c<rk gS] ftlls ykHkdkjh thok.kqvksa dh la[;k c< tkrh gSa vkSj e`nk

dkQh mitkÅ cuh jgrh gSA tSfod [kkn ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy;s vko';d [kfud inkFkZ iznku djrs gS] tks e`nk esa ekStwn lw{ethoksa ds }kjk ikS/kksa dk feyrs gSa ftlls ikS/ks LoLFk curs gSa vkSj mRiknu c<rk gSA jklk;fud [kknksa ds eqdkcys tSfod [kknlLrs vkSj fVdkÅ gksrs gSA buds iz;ksx ls e`nk esa g;wel dh c<ksrjh gksrh gSA ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy;s vko';d iks’kd rRokas tSlsukbZVªkstu] QkLQksjl ,oa iksVkl rFkk dkQh ek=k esa xkS.k iks’kd rRokas dh iwfrZ tSfod [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls gks tkrh gSA dhVksa]chekfj;kas rFkk [kjirokjksa dk fu;a=.k dkQh gn rd Qly pd] dhVksa ds izkd`frd 'k=qvksa] izfrjks/k fd'ekas vkSj tSo mRiknkas}kjk gh dj fy;k tkrk gSA tSfod [kkn lMus ij dkcZfud vEy nsrh gS] ftlls e`nk dk ih0,p0 eku fu;af=r gks tkrk gSrFkk lw{e iks’kd rRokas dh miyC/krk c<+ tkrh gSA bu [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls iks’kd rRo ikS/kksa dh dkQh le; rd feyrs gSA ;g[kkn esa viuk vof'k’V xq.k e`nk esa NksMrh gSA tSfod [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls ,d Qly ds ckn nwljh Qly dks ykHk feyrk gSAblls e`nk dk larqyu ,ao moZjrk Bhd cuk jgrk gSA tSfod d`f’k ds izeq[k ykHk fuEu gSa&� tSfod [ksrh dk eq[; mn~ns'; e`nk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k djuk gS rFkk blds tSfod] HkkSfrd ,ao jlk;fud Lo:i dks

iquZLFkkfir djuk gS A� tSfod [ksrh ds }kjk e`nk ds dkcZfud Lrj esa o`f) gksrh gS ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i e`nk esa lw{e [kk| J`[kyka lrr~ #i esa

fodflr gksrh gSA� tSfod esa iz;qDr dkcZfud vof'k’V inkFkZ tks fd iks’kd rRo dk vewy Hk.Mkj gSA d`f’k eas iz;ksx ds }kjk mudk Hk.Mkj.k

,oa fuiVku leL;k ls Hkh futkr feyrh gS] lkFk gh muds }kjk QSyk;k tkus okyk lHkh izdkj ds iznw’k.k ls cpk;k tkldrk gS A

� tSfod [ksrh }kjk fu”pj.k ijEijkxr d`f’k dh rqyuk esa 40 ls 60 izfr'kr rd de ik;k tkrk gS A blh izdkj feFksu]veksfu;k dk mRiknu Hkh tSfod [ksrh esa de ik;k x;k gSa] blfy;s tSfod [ksrh i;kZoj.k ds fy;s lqjf{kr gSA

� tSfod [ksrh }kjk mRikfnr pkjk dk iz;ksx djus ds QyLo:i i'kqvksa dh nqX/k mRiknu {kerk vf/kd le; rd cuh jgrhgSA

� tSfod [ksrh }kjk mRikfnr mRikn dh dher vf/kd feyrh gSA� tSfod [ksrh ds QyLo:i flfapr {ks= esa 5 ls 10 izfr'kr rFkk o’kkZ ty vk/kkfjr d`f’k {ks=ksa eas 40 ls 50 izfr'kr rd dh

o`f) ntZ gks ldrh gS A

fu”d”kZ&mi;qZDr ykHkksa ds ckotwn Hkkjr esa tSfod d`f’k d`’kdksa ds chp yksdfiz; fof/k ugh gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ljdkj

)kjk bldk izpkj&izlkj de fd;k x;k gSA gj ,d dks Hkkstu miyC/k djkuk gh gekjh izkFkfedrk ugha gksuh pkfg, cfYdiks’kd rRoksa ds lkFk gj ,d dks Hkkstu miyC/k djkuk gekjh izkFkfedrk esa gksuk pkfg,A

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lUnHkZ lwph� izeks'ku vkWQ vkWxsZfud QkfeZx ,.M lkSbZy gSYFk eSustesUV dk;Z'kkyk ¼2014&15½- d`f"k foHkkx mRrjk[k.MA� ,Q-vkbZ-ch-,y ,oa vkbZ-,Q-vks-,-,e-fjiksZV ¼2013½- MkVk vkWu vkWxsZfud ,xzhdYpj oYMZ&okbMA� eksUMys;lZ ds-] ,V vWy- ¼2009½- , esVk ,ukykbZfll vkWQ n fMQjsUlsl bu ,uok;jesUVy bEisDV~l fcVfou vkWxsZfud

,.M dUosU'kuy QkfeZax- fczfV'k QwM tujy 111 ¼10½ % 1098&1119-� dkSj tlfoUnz ,oa vkj-ds- dkyjk (2006)- vkxsZfud QkWjfeax bu iatkc- , dsl LVMh- 10¼3½- 419&429� gkycxZ- ,u-] bV vy-] bM~l- ¼2006½- Xykscy MsoysiesUV vkWQ vkWxszfud ,xzhdYpj & pSysatlZ ,aM izkslisDV~l-

oSfyaxQksMZ] lh,chvkbZ ifCylZ-� 'kekZ ,- ds- (2005). , gsUMcqd vkWQ vkxsZfud QkWjfeax-,xzkscbl ifCy'kj- tks/kiqj� jes'k ih- flag ,aM eksgu lqCckjko ¼2005½- vkxZfud QkWjfeax% bVl fjfyosUl Vw nk bf.;u dkUVsLV( djsUV lkbUl(

oksY;we&88( u0&4( ist u0&561&568� ngk;r rqylhjke ,oa Vsdke ds'ko tSfod d`f”k rduhdh dh lEHkkouk;sa- dq:{ks= twu 2014- Hkkjr ljdkj]( )-2005

xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;-� gs.Mcqd vkWQ ,xzhdYpj] ¼2002½- vkbZ-lh-vkj-,- ifCyds'ku- bf.M;k de beZt ,t v estj Iys;j bu vkWxsZfud QkfeZax-

nk fgUnq U;wtisij] uoEcj-29-2002� bdksfcdu] Mh-ts- ¼2001½- isLVhlkbM ;wt bu Msoysfiax dUVªht- VSDlhdksykWth 160 ¼1&3½ % 27&33-� fdzpeu] ,p- ,.M ,y- czdLVªkse ¼2001½- Mw vkWxszfud QkfeZax iSzfDVlsl fjM;wt ukbZVªsV ykafpax\ dE;wfuds'ku bu lks;y

lkbZUl ,.M IykUV ,ukfyfll 32 ¼7½ % 997&1028-� /kkek] ,0ds0 ¼1999½ vkWxszfud QkfeZax QkWj laLVsuscy ,xzhdYpj- vkxjk cksVkfudk] chdkusj] bf.M;k-� lkbZfxzLV] ,l0 bV vy ¼1998½- Mt vkWxszsfud ,xzhdYpj fjM;wt lksbZy bjksfMfcyhVh\ n fjtYV vkWQ , ykWx Vªe

fQYM LVMh vkWu ykW;l bu fLoVtjyS.M- ,xzhdYpj bdksflVle ,.M bUok;leSUV 65 ¼3½ 253&264-� ekjxkLkX;ke] ,e- ,.M Vh- ,l- tscjkt ukWeZu ¼1997½- , LVsMh vkWQ bEisDV vkWQ vkWxsZfud QkfeZax bu iqMqDdksVkbZ

fMLVªhDV bu rfeyukMq( tujy vkWQ g;weu bDyksth 8¼3½% 171&173-� jktsUnz izlkn Øksfiax flLVel ,.M laLVsfcfyVh vkWQ ,xzhdYpj- bf.M;u QkfeZax-uoEcj 1996-¼1996½-� ,UMjlu ,e0Mh0 ¼1994½ ^^bdksuksfeDl vkWQ vkWxsZfud QkfeaZx bu ;w0,l0,0** bu fn bdksuksfeDl vkWQ vkxzsfud

QkfeZax&,u bUVjus'kuy izSlisfDVo ¼bZMh½ ck; ySEifdu ,u0,p0 ,.M iMsy ,l0 dSc bUVjus'kuy ifCy'klZ-

Websites� www.organic-world.net� www.fao.org

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 143-148

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 143 -

ABSTRACT

Hkkjr esa eqfLye “kkldksa dh /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk dh uhfr us] nksuksa /keksZ ds e/; oSeuL; dh [kkbZ cM+h dj nhAfgUnw ,oa eqfLye /keksZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa dh /kkfeZd ladh.kZrk ls nksuksa /keksZ esa :<+hoknh fopkj /kkjk,a mRiUu gqbZA^^fo}kuksa ,oa fopkjdksa us tgka ,d vksj fgUnw /keZ dks mnkjoknh cukus dk iz;Ru fd;k rks ogha bLYkke dks Hkhmnkjoknh cukus ij tksj fn;k x;kA QyLo:Ik HkfDr vkUnksyu vfLrRo o lwQh lEiznk; vfLrRo esa vk;kAHkfDRk&vkUnksyu us ns”k esa ,drk dks c<+kok fn;k D;ksafd bl vkUnksyu ls ln~Hkkouk dh ,slh ygj mBh tkslEiw.kZ ns”k esa Nk xbZ ukud vkSj dchj tSls lUrksa us fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds fy, ljkguh; iz;kl fd;sA HkfDrvkUnksyu ds dkj.k ewfrZ&iwtk] vU/kfo”okl] cky gR;k] lrhizFkk] nklrk] /kkfeZd deZdk.M vkfn dk izeq[krkls [k.Mu gqvk ftlls] lekt dks ,d u;k cy feykA HkfDr vkUnksyu dk lokZf/kd mYys[kuh; ;ksxnkufgUnqvkssa dks e/;dky esa grk”kk ls ckgj fudkyus dk gSA lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk uk”k dj] lekt dks laxfBrvkSj lqn`<+ cuk;kA bl vkUnksyu ds izHkko ls gh vkxs pydj vdcj us lfg’.kqrk uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;kA

Hkkjr esa lkekftd /kkfeZd lq/kkj ,oa HkfDr vkUnksyu]13oha ls 16oha ‘krkCnh

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xhrk VEVk“kks/k Nk=k] bfrgkl foHkkx]

jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;]jkuh[ksr vYeksM+k

Hkkjr esa rqdksZ ds vkxeu ,oa lYrur dkyhu “kkldksa dh /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk dh uhfr us fgUnw /keZ ,oa fgUnw lekt dslEeq[k tgk¡ ,d vksj iz”u fpUg yxk fn;k ogha nwljh vksj nksuksa /keksZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds e/; oSeuL; dh [kkbZ “kuS%&”kuS% pkS<+hgksrh pyh xbZA fgUnw ,oa eqfLye /keksZ ds dfri; vuq;kf;;ksa dh /kkfeZd ladh.kZrk us nksuksa /keksZ esa :<+hoknh fopkj /kkjk,amRiUu FkhA vr% vusd ^^fo}kuksa ,oa fopkjdksa us tgka ,d vksj fgUnw /keZ dks ân;xzkgh ,oa mnkjoknh cukus dk iz;Ru fd;kAogha nwljh vksj LYkke dks Hkh mnkjoknh ,oa ân;xzkgh cukus dk iz;Ru dqN fo}kuksa ,oa fopkjdksa }kjk fd;k x;kA QyLo:IkfgUnw /keZ dks mnkjoknh cukus ds fy, tgk¡ ,d vksj HkfDr vkUnksyu vfLrRo esa vk;k ogha nwljh vksj bLyke dks mnkjoknhcukus dks lwQh lEiznk; vfLrRo esa vk;kA Hkkjr esa HkfDr dk loZizFke mYys[k xhrk] esa Hkxoku Jhd`’.k }kjk fn;k x;k vkSjmlds ckn nf{k.k esa 7oha lnh ls 13oha lnh rd HkfDr dk izpkj vyokj o u;ukj larksa us fd;k] okLro esa ;gha ls Hkkjr esaHkfDr vkanksyu dk lw= ikr gqvk blds ckn jkekuqtkpk;Z }kjk mÙkj Hkkjr esa HkfDr dk izpkj fd;kA

tks 13oha lnh ls 16oha lnh rd fodflr gksrk jgk bldk eq[; lEca/k fgUnw /keZ ls FkkA blds Lo:Ik ml le; bLYkke}kjk fgUnw /keZ ds lekIr gks tkus ds vklU; [krjs ls mÙksftr ,oa izHkkfor FkkA MkW0 fxz;lu& HkfDr vkUnksyu dks fctyh dh1**

ped ds leku vpkud mu leLr iqjkus /kkfeZd erksa ds vU/kdkj ds Åij ,d ubZ ckr fn[kkbZ nhA dksbZ fgUnw ;g ughatkurk fd ;g ckr dgk¡ ls vkbZ vkSj dksbZ Hkh blds izknqZHkko dk dky fuf”pr ugha gks ldrkA MkW0 ;qlqQ us HkfDr dks Hkkjrh;okrkoj.k dh mit Lohdkj fd;k gS] HkfDr “kCn Hkt /kkrq ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS lsok] ijUrq okLro esa bZ”oj ds pj.kksa esa iw.kZ:Ik ls vkRe leiZ.k dj nsus ls ,oa bZ”oj esa iw.kZ :Ik ls vuqjDr gks tkuk gh HkfDr dgykrk gSA HkfDr vkUnksyu ds mn; dsdkj.k lYrur dky esa fgUnw viuh jktuhfrd LorU=rk [kks pqds Fks muds pkjksa vksj bLykeh izHkko FkkA muls NqVdkjk ikusds fy, mUgs Li’V ekxZ ugha fn[kkbZ ns jgk Fkk] vr% yksxksa dks bl vU/kdkj iw.kZ fLFkfr us bZ”oj dh vksj c<+us ds fy, rsth lsizsfjr dj fn;k fgUnw ,oa eqfLye turk ds vkil esa lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd lEidZ ls nksuksa ds e/; ln~Hkko lgkuqHkwfr ,oalg;ksx dk fodkl gqvk bl dkj.k ls HkfDr vkUnksyu ds fodkl esa lgk;ksx feyk lwQh lUrksa dh mnkj ,oa lfg’.kqrk dhHkkouk rFkk ,ds”ojokn esa mudh izcy fu’Bk us fgUnqvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k ftl dkj.k ls fgUnw bLyke ds fl)kUrksa ds fudVlEidZ esa vk,A bu lcdk HkfDr vkUnksyu ij xgjk izHkko iM+k fgUnqvksa us lwfQ;ksa dh rjg ,ds”ojokn esa fo”okl djrs gq,ÅWp&uhp ,oa tkfr&ikfr dk ?kksj fojks/k fd;kA ladjkpk;Z dk Kku ekxZ o v}sr~okn vc lk/kkj.k turk ds fy, cks/kxE;ugha jg x;k bfrgkldkjkssa dk ekuuk gS fd HkfDr vkUnksyu bLyke dh lgtrk ,oa jpukRedrk ls vf/kd izHkkfor gqvkAmlds ,ds”ojoknh Lo:Ik lekurk ,oa cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk ls fgUnw /keZ lq/kkjd Hkh izHkkfor gq, vkSj mu yksxksa us Hkh ckg~;vkMEcjksa tSls eafnjksa ewfrZ iwtk ,oa ;K vkfn dks R;kx dj bZ”oj HkfDr ij cy fn;kA HkfDr ekxZ ds izeq[k iz.ksrkvksa ds mins”kksa,oa fopkjksa esa iw.kZ lekurk ns[kus dks ugha feyrh fQj Hkh mudh f”k{kkvksa ds ekSfyd fl)kUr cgqr dqN feyrs&tqyrs gSaA HkfDr

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ekxZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa dk fo”okl Fkk fd bZ”oj ,d gS ftls jke] jghe ;k vYykg vkfn lUrksa us ;gh mins”k fn;k fd fgUnqvksa dsbZ”oj vkSj eqlyekuksa ds [kqnk dks vyx&vyx foHkkftr djuk ew[kZrk gSA os nksuksa ,d gh gSa HkfDr dky ds lUrksa us bZ”oj dh,drk ds lkFk&lkFk mldh HkfDr djus dks dgk mUgksaus yksxksas esa ;g fo”okl mRiUu djus dk iz;kl fd;k fd eks{k izkfIr dsfy, mUgsa bZ”oj dh HkfDr esa yx tkuk pkfg,A

bu lUrksa us leiZ.k dk fl)kUr lkeus j[kk rFkk HkfDr ekxZ ds lHkh lUrksa us crk;k fd bZ”oj dk Kku izkIr djus dsfy, vius vki dks mlds pj.kksa esa iw.kZ :Ik ls lefiZr dj nsuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ euq’; dks vius dke dzks/k eksg vkfn ij fot;izkIr dj bZ”oj dh HkfDr esa yhu gks tkuk pkfg,A HkfDr ekxZ ds lUrksa us xq: dh efgek dk c[kku fd;k rFkk ;g dgk fd xq:ds fcuk bZ”ojh; Kku izkIr ugha fd;k tkrkA D;ksafd xq: gh ,slk ek/;e gS tks euq’; dh lksbZ gqbZ vkRek dks txk ldrk gSAHkfDr vkUnksyu ds izHkko ds dkj.k gh egku fl[k lSfudksa dk mn; gqvk ftUgksaus eqxyksa dk lkeuk fd;k bUgha HkfDrvkUnksyu ds larksa dk lgkjk ikdj fot; uxj tSls fgUnw lkezkT; dk mn; gqvk mlds pyrs gq, HkfDr vkUnksyu esa {ks=h;Hkk’kk dks le`) fd;k caxyk] xqtjkrh] ejkBh] fgUnh] jktLFkkuh vkfn {ks=h; Hkk’kkvksa esa lwj lkfgR; dk lapkyu gqvkA ^^HkfDRkvkUnksyu us lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk uk”k dj lekt dks laxfBr vkSj n`<+ cuk;kA bl izdkj ls “kks/kkFkhZ }kjk bl “kks/k i= dsek/;e ls HkfDr vkUnksyu esa 13oha “krkCnh ls 16oha lnh rd lekt lq/kkjd larksa dk iw.kZ :Ik ls Li’V djus dh dksf”k”k dhtk jgh gSaA blds rRi”pkr Lkarksa rFkk lwfQ;ksa ds iz;klksa ls tks HkfDr ,oa lwQh vkUnksyu vkjEHk gq, muls e/; Hkkjr dslkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd thou esa ,d uohu “kfDr ,oa xfr”khyrk dk lapkj gqvkA og HkfDr vkUnksyu ds izeq[k izek.k FksA2**

HkfDr ds izfr vkLFkk dk fodkl yksdHkk’kkvksa esa lkfgR;&jpuk dk vkjEHk bLyke ds lkFk lg;ksx ds ifj.kkeLo:Iklfg”kq’.krk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk /keZ ,oa deZ esa f”kfFkyrk vkbZ vkSj fopkj rFkk deZ nksuksa Lrjksa ij lektmUufr dh vksj vxzlj gqvkA ,sfrgkfld n`f’V ls HkfDr vkUnksyu dks nks pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA igys pj.kesa iknqHkkZo ls ysdj 13oha “krkCnh rd vkSj nwljs esa 13oha ls 16oha “krkCnh rd irk pyrk gSaA mÙkjh Hkkjr esa ;g vkUnksyu blhle; bLyke ds lEidZ esa vk;k vkSj bldh pqukSfr;k¡ Lohdkj djrk gqvk blls izHkkfor] mÙksftr vkSj vkUnksfyr gqvkA

e/;dky ls iwoZ Hkkjr izkphu /kkfeZd voLFkk rFkk fopkj/kkjk ls Kkr gksrk gSa fd gtkjksa o’kZ ls Hkkjr esa osnksa dh LFkkiukvkSj mudh ijEijk bruh etcwr vkSj ekU; jgh gSa fd gekjs vk/;kfRed vkSj ykSfdd deZ mlh ls lpkafyr gksrs jgs gSaA osngekjs fopkj/kkjk ds gh ugh] vfirq gekjs thou i)fr ds lzksr vkSj leFkZd jgsa gSaA vkSj Hkkjr esa tks fpard &fopkjd _f’kvkSj lar gq, mu ij oSfnd fprau dk xgjk izHkko iM+k gSaA osnksa dks yssdj fparu vkSj O;ogkj dh ,d ,slh ifjikVh fufeZr gqbZftlds vUrxZr gh yksx lksp ikrs Fks fd xkSre cq) tSls dzkfUrdkjh vkSj ltx fpaUrd us eqfDr ds fy, uSfrd vkpj.k dks udsoy viuk;k vfirq mls O;kogkfjd :Ik Hkh fn;kA mUgksaus lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd Lrj ij tkfr /keZ Hksn] vkSj czkg~ze.kksa dhlRrk dk fojks/k djus ds lkFk gh uohu dzkfUrdkjh /kkjk dks tUe fn;kA vr% ckS) /keZ viuh ledkyhu ijfLFkfr;ksa esa cSfnd/keZ dk dk fojks/kh FkkA ^^ckSf)d Lrj ij cq) ds fparu dh tM+sa fgykus okyksa esa “kadjkpk;Z dk LFkku vxz.;a Fkk nk”kZfud KkuekfxZ;ksa esa lcls vf/kd [;kfr “kadjkpk;Z dks gqbZA bUgksaus v}Srokn ds fl)kUr ij cy fn;k bZ”oj dks f”ko dk Lo:Ik nsdjtulk/kkj.k ds fy, “kSo mikluk vkSj ifaMarksa ds fy, Kku&ekxZ ds }kjk ,ds”ojokn dk ekxZ iz”kLr fd;kA lxq.kksmiklukdk vi`R;{k :Ik esa fojks/k dj ijarq “kadj dk fuxq.kZ Kkuokn eu esa cSBh fujk”kk ls ekuo dks eqfDr ugh ns ldrk] ftldsdkj.k ls oS’.ko lEiznk;dksa us v}Sr vkSj Kku dk fojks/k fd;kA blds ckotwn bu lcdh izo`fÙk lxq.k HkfDr dh vksj f[kprhpyh xbZ] bu lHkh us czge vkSj tho dh iw.k ,drk dks vLohsdkj fd;kA3**

Lkekt lq/kkjdksa ds :Ik esa fuxqZ.k ,oa lxq.k HkfDr vkUnksyuksa ds izeq[k lUrksa dk Li’V mYys[k fd;k tk jgk gSaAfuxqZ.k& ”kk[kk ds lUr fujkdkj bZ”oj dh loksZPprk esa fo”okl djrs Fks] yksx fgUnw /keZ xzUFk *mifu’knksa] ls vf/kd

izHkkfor Fks] bUgksaus okg~; lk/kuk ij cy fn;kA ;s vius fopkjksssa ij vf/kd izxfr”khy Fks] bZ”oj dh ,drk ds vk/kkj ij fgUnqvksavkSj eqlyekuksa esa ,drk LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA bl fuxqZ.k ijEijk dk mn; ckzge.k /keZ ls deZdk.Mh; vkf/kir;rFkk KkuekZxh; dk “kq’d ,oa uhjl rkfdZdrk ds fo:)* fonzksg dh Hkkouk ls gqvkA fuxqZ.k lk[kk ds fopkj/kkjk okys lUrksa dkvke turk esa O;kid vlj gqvkA fuxqZ.k lUrksa esa dchj] ukud ,oa jSnkl ds uke mYys[kuh; gSA

^^lxq.k& bl lk[kk ds vuq;k;h bZ”oj ds lkdkj :Ik ds vjk/kd gSa] ;s bZ”oj dks jke ,oa d`’.k ds uke ls iqdkjrs Fks;g vorjokn ls izsfjr gksdj Hkxoku fo’.kq ds 10 vorkjksa esa fo”okl djrsa FksA bUgksus czge lk/kuk] tSls& ewfrZ iwtk]vorkjokn] dhrZu] mikluk vkfn ij cy fn;kA bl lEiznk; ds lUr jkekuqtkpk;Z] pSru;] ek/kokpk;Z] ehjk vkfn FksA /kfeZdvkUnksyuksa dh “kq:okr “kadjkpk;Z ds lkFk gh gks x;h Fkh] ftl izdkj vkBoha “krkCnh esa “kadjkpk;Z us /keZ ds {ks= esa ,d dzkfUrdks tUe fn;k FkkA 12oha “krkCnh esa jkekuqt us /kkfeZd {ks= esa ,d u;s ifjorZu dks mifLFkr fd;kA ;s “kadjkpk;Z ds vuq;k;hrFkk dkathoje ds fuoklh ;kno izdk”k ds izFke f”k’; FksA xq: ls erHksn gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa fu’dkflr dj fn;k x;kA4**

;equkeqfu us bUgsa vkeaf=r dj Jhjxae esa f”k{kk nh] f”k{kk ,oa Kku izkIr dj ysus ds Ik”pkr~ bUgksaus viuk lUns”k turk rdigqpkus dk fu”p; fd;kA bUkds }kjk osnkUr lxazg] osnkUr lw=] oknjk;.k dk Hkk’; rFkk Hkxorxhrk dh O;k[;k dh xbZA Jh

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jaxiV~Ve esa nf{k.k cfnzdkJe dk fo”kky efUnj jkekuqtkpk;Z dh vej d`fr gSaA 1237 bZ- esa budh e`R;q gks xbZ] egku nk”kZfudjkekuqt us “kadjkpk;Z ds v}Sr dh nh{kk dsoy dk¡ph esa xzg.k dh FkhA vr,o bUgksaus “kadjkpk;Z ds ,ds”ojokn rFkk ek;kokndk [k.Mu djuk viuh f”k{kk dk mn~ns”; cuk;k jkekuqtkpk;Z nk”kZfud ds lkFk &LkkFk egku lekt lqk/kkjd Hkh FksA Hkkjr esaloZizFke bUgksaus lektlq/kkjd dk cht cks;k tks vkxs pydj dchj] pSru;] jktkjkeeksgu jk;] vkSj xkW/kh th ds gkFkksa esaiYyfor gksdj iwjs Hkkjr esa QyhHkwr gqvkA

^^jkekUkUn& Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa 13oha lnh fgUnw lH;rk dk vU/kdkje; ;qx ekuk tkrk FkkA blh ;qx esa egku /keZrFkk lekt&lq/kkjd jkekuUn dk tUe 1299 bZ- esa iz;kx ds dkU;kdqCt esa gqvk Fkk] rRi”pkr bUgksaus jkekuqt dh HkkWfr HkfDrdks eks{k dk ,d ek= lk/ku Lohdkj fd;k rFkk ;s fo’.kq ds LFkku ij ,d ,sls vjk/;nso dks pkgrs Fks tks fgUnw lekt ds lHkhoxksZ dks lUrq’V dj lds budk ewy mn~ns”; /keZ ,oa HkfDr ds ek/;e ls lekt&lq/kkj djuk ije y{; FkkA bUgksaus tkfr Hksndk ifjR;kx djds] **ekugq ,d Hkxr dS ukrk dk n`f’V~dks.k viuk;k] vkSj tkfr izFkk dh vkykspuk dj mls feFkd crk;kA**^^jkekuUn ds Hkhrj izkphurk vkSj uohurk esa la?k’kZ Fkk] ”kkL=ksa dk Hkk’; djrs le; o.kkZJe dk [k.Mu ugha dj ldrs Fks fdUrqbuds fy, ;g dfBu Fkk ;s fopkj ls dBksj fdUrq vkpkj ls n;kyq FksA Mk- rkjk pUn }kjk&jkekuUn ,d fujUrj izokfgrioZrh; tylzksr ds leku Fks] ftleas e/kqj lwjr ds :Ik esa ty cqncqnk jgk FkkA tks lkaLkkfjd nq%[k ls laf{kIr gzn; dh r`’.kkdks “kkUr djus esa leFkZ FkkA5**

^^dchj& budk tUe~ 1425 bZ- esa ,d fo/kok czkge.kh ds ;gk¡ gqvk Fkk] mlus yksd&yTtk ds Hk; ls uotkr f”k”kq dksokjk.klh esa ygjrkjk ds ikl ,d rkykc ds fdukjs NksM+ fn;kA fu%lUrku uh: ,oa uhek mls mBk ys vk;s vkSj mldk ukedchj j[kk] ;g “kCn vjch Hkk’kk dk gSa ftldk vFkZ egku gksrk gSaA tc dkth us fdrkc [kksyh rks dchj “kCn rqjUr fn[kk;hiM+++k] blfy, ckyd dk uke dchj j[kk x;k] budk izkjfEHkd thou eqfLye ifjokj esa O;rhr gqvkA dchj us Lo;a dks fgUnweqfLye ls ijs j[kdj ,d ;ksxh dgk] bUgksaus dksbZ Ldwyh f”k{kk xzg.k ugha dh FkhA

**efl dkxn Nw;ks ugha dye xgkzS ufg gkFk]]^^dchj us jke&jghe] gtjr] vYykg vkfn dks ,d gh bZ”oj ds vusd :Ik ekuk bUgksus ckg~; vkMEcjksa dk ?kksj

fojks/k djrs gq, ,ds”ojokn esa vkLFkk ,oa fujkdkj czgek dh mikluk dks egRo fn;kA bUgksaus bZ”oj izkfIr gsrw “kq) izseifo=rk ,oa fueZy gzn; dh vko”;Drk crk;hA fuxqZ.k HkfDr /kkjk ls tqM+s dchj ,sls HkDr Fks ftUgksaus lUr gksus ds ckn Hkhiw.kr% x`LFk thou dk fuokZg fd;k] bUgksus Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ,drk ,oa lfg”.kqrk dh Hkkouk dks cuk;s j[kkA /keZ dksvdeZ.;rk dh Hkwfe ls gVkdj deZ;ksxh dh Hkwfe ls gVkdj deZ;ksxh dh Hkwfe ij ykdj [kM+k fd;kA rRi”pkr bUgksus viuk6**

lUns”k nksgksa ds ek/;e ls tulk/kkj.k ds lEeq[k izLrqr fd;k buds vuq;k;h dchj iaFkh dgyk;s rFkk budh Hkk’kk esa [kM+hcksyh] iwohZ] czt] jktLFkkuh] iatkch] vjch] Qkjlh vkfn Hkk’kkvksa ds “kCnksa dk izpqj iz;ksx gqvk gSaA gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dsvuqlkj & **fgUnh esa vkt rd ,slk tcjnLr O;ax ys[kd iSnk ugha gqvk FkkA** bUgksus /keZ ,oa deZ ;ksx ij /keZ dh vdeZ.;rkls gVkdj bls lgt :Ik esa tulk/kkj.k ds fy, xzkg; cuk;kA rRi”pkr fgUnw /keZ ds iwtk] ikB mRlo] osnikB] rhFkZ;k=k]o`r] NqvkNwr] vorkjksikluk rFkk deZdk.Maksa ij dl&dl dj O;ax fd;kA bUgksus fgUnqvksa dh ewfrZ iwtk ,oa fuR; Luku vkfndks O;FkZ dgk &

**ikgu iwts gfj feys] rks eS iwtWw igkj]]rkrs ;g pkdh Hkyh ihl [kk; lalkjAA]**ugk;s /kks;s D;k Hk;k tks eudk eSy u tk;A]ehu lnk ty esa jgs] /kks;s ckl u tk;AA]nwljh vksj bUgksus eqlyekuksa ds uekt i<+us rFkk gt ;k=k ij rh[kk izgkj fd;k &**dkdj ikFkj tksfj ds efLtn ybZ pquk; ]rk pf<+ eqYyk okax ns D;k cgjk Hk;k [kqnk;A]]buds }kjk izse ds ,sls /keZ dk tks lHkh /keksZa vkSj tkfr;ksa dks laxfBr dj ns] dk izpkj djuk gh buds thou dk y{; FkkA

bUgksus fgUnwRo ,oa bLyke ds mu rRoksa dks tks fd vk/;kfRed dY;k.k ds fy, ugha Fks vLohdkj dj fn;kA**vjs bu nksmu jk; u ikbZAfgUnw viuh djs c<+kbZ ]xkxj Nwou u nksbZAA**eqlyeku ds ihj ekSfy;k ]eqxkZ eqxhZ [kkbZAA]]bUgksus HkfDr ekxZ dks deZ ekxZ rFkk Kku ekxZ ls Js’B crkrsa gq, dgk tc rd vkjk/; ds izfr HkfDr Hkko ugh gSa rc rd

ti] ri] l;ae] Luku] /;ku vkfn O;FkZ gSA**>wBk] ti] ri ] >wBk KkuA]]jke uke fou ]>wBk /;kuA]]7

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 143-148 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

Hkkjr esa lkekftd /kkfeZd lq/kkj,oa HkfDr vkUnksyu] 13ohals 16oha ‘krkCnh

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bUgksus jkekuUn ls jke dk xq: eU= ik;k Fkk] fdUrq buds] jke n”kjFk ds jke ugha FksA muds vjk/; rks fuxqZ.k czgek gSa ftudkfuokl “kqU; e.My esa gSa] budks vjk/; dh izkfIr ds fy, u efUnj dh vko”;Drk Fkh u efLtn dh u fxjtk?kj dh u rhFkZLFkku dh] vko”;Drk Fkha budh HkfDr esa xq: dk cM+k egRoiw.k LFkku FkkA budh n`f’V esa xq: og lk/kq gSa ftls bZ”ojh; KkuizkIr gSaA

**dfcjk rs uj vU/k gSA xq: dks dgrs vkSjAgfj :Bs xq: xksfoUn nksm [kM+s] dkds ykxwW ikW;Aacfygkjh xq: vkius xksfoUn fn;ks crk;Aa]]

bUgksus rVLFkk dh uhfr ls lkekftd vkfFkZd fo’kerkvksa dks fugkjk Fkk] vkSj vius izcy O;fDÙko ls bUgsa feVkdj,dÙko dh LFkkiuk dk fu”p; fd;kA e/;dkyhu lekt lq/kkjdksa esa ;g igyk O;fDr gSa ftUgksus lekt ds vkfFkZd <kWps dksle>us dk iz;kl fd;kA Hkkjrh; lekt dh tks dYiuk mUgksaus dh Fkha] og bruh etcwr fudyh fd vkt Hkh og gekjs lkFk gSamlh dYiuk dks lkdkj :Ik nsus ds fy, la?k’kZ dj jgs gSA

,slh ok.kh cksfy;s] eu dk vkik [kksbAviuk ru lhry djsa] vkSju dkSa lq[k gksbAAdLrwjh dqaMfy clS] e`x <wW<S cu ekWfgA,slSa ?kfV jkWe gS] nqfu;kW ns[kS ukWfgAAdchj nkl th dh bu iafdr;ksa dks lqudj dVqopuh Hkh ehBh ck.kh cksyus ds fy, vR;Ur izHkkfor gksaxs D;ksafd

dchj nkl th ,sls egku O;fDr;ksa esa ls ,d gS ftUgksaus fouk Ldwy dh f”k{kk fy, gh bruh “kq) Hkk’kk] cksyh] “kSyh] dk izR;{k:Ik ls vusd LFkkuh; Hkk’kkvksa esa nksgksa ,oa dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls iwjs lalkj dks txk fn;kA dchj dh Hkk’kk iwohZ tuin dhHkk’kk Fkh] bUgksaus tupsruk vkSj tuHkkoukvksa dks vius lcn vkSj lkf[k;ksa dss ek/;e ls tu&tu rd igWpk;kA

^^xq:ukud& iatkc ds ryc.Mah ¼crZeku uudkuk ½xzke esa lu~ 1469 bZ- esa budk tUe gqvk FkkaA bUgksaus mifu’kn dsfo:) ,ds”ojokn dk fl)kUr dks iqu% tkxzr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA bUgksaus bZekunkjh] fo”oklik=rk] lR;fu’Bk] nku] n;k]egkfu’ks/k tSls vkn”kksZ dk ikyu dj thou dks mPp oukus ij cy fn;kA ^^rRi”pkr **ejnkuk] uked ,d f”k’; dks lkFk7**

ysdj eDdk ,oa enhuk ds vykok] vU; eqfLye ns”kksa dk Hkze.k fd;k vkSj vius vusd vuq;k;h cukrs gq, bZ”oj ds izfr iw.kZvkRelei.kZ dh Hkkouk ls vksrizksr eks{k ds :Ik esa] dgk gS le`f)”kkyh fgUnqvksa] ,d vksj rks eqLkyekuksa dk “kklu lqn`<+ cukusds fy, xkSvksa vkSj czkgkze.kksa ij dj yxkrs gks nwljh vksj xkS ds cy ij eqfDr ikuk pkgrs gks Hkyk ;g dSls lEHko gks ldrk gSabl l`f’V~ dh jpuk bZ”oj dh d`ik dk ifj.kke gSa] “kadjkpk;Z dh HkkWfr ukud txr dks ek;k ls ifjiw.kZ ugha] cfYd txr dsd.k&d.k esa bZ”ojh; “kfDr dks ns[krs FksA ek;k&eksg ,d ,slh cqjh lkl gS] tks tho :ih c/kq dks vius ?kj esa vFkkZr~ vkRelkresa jgus ugha nsrhA ;g tho:ih c/kq dks ijekRek&:ih fiz;re ls feyus ugh nsrhA buds }kjk osnkUr xzUFkksa rFkkJhenHkxonxhrk ds vk/kkj ij vkRek dh vejrk dk izfriknu fd;k gSa “kjhj u”oj gS] vkRek vej gS] Kku ls gh euq’; dkslEiw.kZ lalkj pjkpj izdk”ke; fn[kk;h nsrk gSaA bUgksaus HkfDr Hkkouk dks tkxzr dj lrlax rFkk lk/kq&lUr dks vko”;d8**

ekuk gSa] lekt lq/kkjd ds :Ik esa lw{Ek n`f’V ls jktuhfrd /kekZU/krk dk leqfUor :Ik vius esa LFkkfir dj] ogh ijekRek dkokLrfod jgL; tku ldrk gS blds Ik”pkr bUgksaus lHkh /keksaZ dks ,d leku Hkkouk tkxzr dj Hkkr`Ro dk Loj mBk;kA

**ijczgk izHkq ,d gSa] nwtk ukgh dksbZ]bUgksaus fgUnw&efqLye ,drk ij cy nsrs gq, le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj ml le; fL=;ksa ds mij vR;kpkj peZ

lhek ij igWqp pqdh Fkh rRk~i”pkr bUgksaus Hkkjrh; ukjh dks xkSjo vklu ij izfrf’Br~ djus dh ps’Bk dhA bUgksaus dgk ge fL+=hds xHkZ ls tUe fy, gSa mlh ls gekjh thou Ik;ZUr eS=h gSa] blh ls l`f’V deZ pyrk gSa] fL=h gh gesa lkekftd cU/ku esa j[krhgSa] fQj ml fL+=h dks eUn D;ksa dgsa ftlls egku iq:’k tUe ysrs gSa] mlh ls gekjh thou Ik;ZUr eS=h gSa] budk vkfFkZdn`f’Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij /ku :ih vgadkj euq’; dks ,sfPNd Hkksxksa dh vksj vkd`’V~ djrk gSaA ^^budk eq[; mn~sn~”; lEiw.kZekuo lekt dk mRFkku FkkA ,d lektlq/kkjd ds :Ik esa bUgksaus tkfr izFkk dk [k.Mu djrs gq,] fgUnw eqfLye leao; ijcy nsrs gq, Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=;kasa dh n”kk lq/kkjus ds fy, iz”kaluh; dk;Z fd;sA9**

egkizHkq pSrUk;& ^^iUnzgoha “krkCnh esa HkfDr vkunksyu dh yiVsa nf{k.k Hkkjr] xqtjkr] iatkc rFkk mÙkj Hkkjr dksizTTofyr dj jgh Fkh ftl le; pSru; viuk mins”k ysdj lekt ds jax eap esa vk;s ml le; caxkky esa xksj[kiaFkh fopkjksadk vf/kd izHkko FkkA ,sls vU/kdkje; ;qx esa ,d ,sls lekktlq/kkjd dh t:jr Fkh] tks ;g crk lds fd deZ vkSj Kku dhvis{kk HkfDr eks{k dk ljy lk/ku gS] tks Hkkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dks ,d lw= esa ck/k ldsA bUgksaus jke vkSj fo’.kq ds LFkku ij d`’.kdks viuk vjk/;nso cuk;k] budh HkfDr ],ds”ojokn] vkfn “kfDr jl lkxj] tho vkRek] izd`fr ds cU/ku ls eqfDr ,oa gfj dkvfpUr;d] ,oa eks{k izkfIr dk lk/ku] ds lkFk gh lkFk bugksaus d`’.k ds izfr izse ,oa HkfDr rFkk mudh cky yhyk dk /;ku gheks{k dk ,dek= lk/ku gSaA ;|fi og Lo;a laU;klh Fks] ;g ,d /keZ lq/kkjd gksrs gq, e/;;qxhu~ lekt lq/kkjd Fks10**

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leuo;okn ,oa ekuorkokn esa fdlh Hkh lekt lq/kkjd ds lkeus ;g tfVy leL;k Fkh fd fgUnw eqfLye lEiznk;ksa dks fdlizdkj lkSgk)Ziw.kZ okrkoj.k iSnk fd;k tk;] rRi”pkr ekuo lsok ds ek/;e lss bUgksaus izse fl)kUr dk izfriknu fd;k ;gekfVZu ywFkj dh HkkWfr /keZ esa ewy ifjorZu ugh cfYd tkWtZ ukok{k dh rjg /kkfZeZd rFkk lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks lekIr djlq/kkj djuk pkgrs FksA

^^e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa lar&lekt lq/kkjd ds :Ik esa jkekuUn ls PkSrU; rd egku fopkjdksa dh ,d ,slh ijEijk jgh gSaA15oha ,oa 16oha “krkCnh esa HkfDr vkUnksyu vius peksZRd’kZ ij FkkA ;g dky lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd lq/kkjdksa dk dky FkkA fdaUrqbl dky esa ¼15oha rFkk 16oha “krkCnh ½ esa lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ,d xEHkhj /kkfeZd mÙkstukvksa dk vuqHko dj jgk FkkA rqYklhnkl]lwjnkl] ehjkckbZ] nknw] pSrU; vkfn larksa us bl vkUnksyu dks vf/kdkf/kd tksj fn;kA11**

cYyHkkpk;Z & 15oha lnh ds d`’.kekxhZ “kk[kk ds ,d izeq[k lUr Fks bUgksaus rr~dkyhu lkekftd vko”;Drkvksa dkv/;~;u djds fgUnw /keZ ds vk/kkj ij lekt lq/kkj djus dk fu”p; fd;k ysfdu ekuk tkrk gSa fd budh fopkj /kkjk,sa:<+hoknh Fkh] fQj Hkh /keZ ds vkk/kkj f”kyk ij lekt] ifjorZu djuk pkgrs Fks] rRi”pkr ;g ,d vk/;kfRed lekt lq/kkjdFksA lekt esa fL=;ksa ds izfr budk n`f’Vdks.k oSfnddkyhu lkekftd O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj Fkk budh n`f’V esa L=h iq:’k esa dksbZHksn ugh FkkA fL=;ksa ds izfr budh lgkuwHkwfr Fkh tks HkfDr Hkkouk dks viukuk pkgrh Fkh A rFkk bUgkasus vUrZtkrh; fookg dksHkh izksRlkgu fn;kA

ek/okpk;Z & 12oha lnh ds lUr Fks] bUgksaus Hkxor n”kZu ls fo”ks’k yxko j[kk] dgk fd nq%[k vkSsj lq[k pdzkvuqlkjthou esa vkrs jgrs gSa] vr% mudk vuqHko lekt esa lHkh ds fy, vko”;d gSA O;fDr dks pkfg, fd pkgs og lq[k esa gks ;k nq%[kesa mls bZ”oj dks lnSo ;kn djrs jguk pkfg, vkSj fujUrj deZ djuk pkfg, rFkk mlh dks Lej.k djrs gq, leLr deZ vfiZrdj nsus pkfg,A

jSnkl budk tUe okjk.kklh esa gqvk FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd esokM+ ls >kalh dh jkuh us buls izHkkfor gksdj budhf”k’;rk Lohdkj dj yhA ^^ehjkckbZ us bUgsa viuk xq: Lohdkj fd;kA ,dkUrfu’Bk] lkfRod thou] fo”oizse] n`<+&fo”oklrFkk vkRe&leZi.k ds Hkko mudh jpukvksa dh fo”ks’krk gSA12*

nknw& ;g dchj ds loZJs’B vuq;k;h FksA bUgksaus ,ds”ojokn ds fl)kUr dks lkj;qDr crk;kA ;g vYykg rFkk fgUnwnsokrkvksa esa dksbZ vUrj ugha ekurs FksA nknw us mPp tkfr;ksa rFkk lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ij mls rhozrk ls izgkj ugha fd;k tSlkdchj us budk LoHkko fou; fefJr e/kqjrk vf/kd FkhA ^^;g uezrk ,oa izhfr ds lkFk&lkFk /kkfeZd lgz`”kq’.krk ls vksr&izkrFksA ;s tUe ls eqlyeku Fks ysfdu buds fopkj cgqr dqN fgUnw laLd`fr ds utnhd FksA bUgksaus jhfr&fjoktksa rFkk laLdkjksa dhdVq vkykspuk dh FkhA ijUrq rqylhnkl us izkphu fgUnw laLdkjksa dk leFkZu fd;k bUgkssaus ewfrZ iwtk ,oa xq: ds egRo dks HkhLohdkjk fcuk xq: dh d`ik ls dksbZ bl volj dks ikj ugha dj ldrk gSA

**xq: fouq Hko fuf/k rjbZ u dksbZA tks fojafp ladj le gksbZAA]]lekt lq/kkjd ds :Ik esa bUgksaus ,d vkn”kZ lekt dh dYiuk dh FkhA ftlesa lHkh oxZ ds yksx lq[ke; thou13**

O;rhr dj ldsaA fL=;ksa ds izfr budk n`f’Vdks.k lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ ugha FkkA bUgksaus xzgLFkkJe esa jgdj ifr ds vuqlkj u pyusokyh fL=;ksa dh vkykspuk dhA

^*Jke Hkxfr jr uj v: ukjh] ldy ijexfr ds vf/kdkjhAAf=uq le ukfj ije xfr ygghaA]budk g`n; fL=;ksa dh n”kk ij nzfor gks mBk FkkA dr fof/k l`th ukfj tx ekafg ijk/khu liusgw lq[k ukghaA]] bUgkssaus

ikoZrh] lhrk] vuqlw;k] dkS”kY;k rFkk lqfe=k dh Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz”kalk dh gSA mUgksusa L=h tkfr dh ugha vfirq fL=;ksa dh v{kf/kd`rLorU=rk dh vkykspuk dhA14**

ukenso& budk tUe lu~ 1520 bZ- esa lgkjk ftys ds cjlh yseuh xkWo esa gqvk FkkA ;s fuxqZ.kksikld FksA ijUrqlxq.kksikluk eas Hkh mudk fo”okl FkkA budh vf/kdka”k jpuk,a ejkBh Hkk’kk esa gSA budk fo”okl ,dkUr fu’Bk esa FkkA bUgksausHkfDr ekxZ dk leFkZu fd;k blds vfrfjDr bUgkssaus izkFkZuk] Hkze.k] rhFkZ;k=k] lRlax rFkk xq: dh lsok ij fo”ks’k cy fn;kA

ehjkckbZ& HkfDrdkyhu lUrksa esa ehjkckbZ dks izeq[k LFkku izkIr gSA ehjk jk.kk jru flag dh iq=h rFkk esaokM+ dsegkjk.kk lkaxk dh iq= c/kq FkhA cpiu ls gh ;s d`’.k HkfDr dh vksj vkdf’kZr FkhA ;g 16oha “krkCnh ds izeq[k HkfDr larksa esa ls,d Fkh budk tUe 1498 bZ- esa gqvk ;s d`’.k HkDr esa bruk je xbZ fd bUgksaus d`’.k HkfDr dks gh thou dk vk/kkj cuk fy;kAvius nsoj }kjk frjLd`r ,oa viekfur gksus ij bUgksaus firk ds ;gka “kj.k yh vUr esa HkkSfrd thou dk ifjR;kx dj lU;kalhgksus dk fu”p; dj fy;kA ;s jSnkl dh f”k’;k FkhA e/;dkyhu HkfDr vkanksyu dh vk/;kfRed izsj.kk us ftu dfo;ksa dks tUefn;k mlesa ehjkckbZ dk fof”k’V LFkku gSA buds in iwjs mRrj Hkkjr lfgr xqTkjkr] fogkj vkSj caxky rd izpfyr gSArRi”pkr bUgksaus vius thou dky esa vusd xs; inksa dh jpuk dhA ;s inksa esa in Hkxoku d`’.k dh HkfDr esa Mwcs gq, gSaA buinksa dh Hkk’kk czt rFkk jktLFkkuh nksuksa gh gSaA

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gfj vki gjks tu jh HkhjAnzksinh jh ykt jk[kh] vki c<+k+;ks phjAHkxr dkj.k :Ik ujgfj] /kj;ks vki ljhjACkw<+rk xtjkt jk[;ks] dkVh dq.tj ihjANklh ehjkW yky fxj/kj] gjks Egkjh HkhjAAftl izdkj ls HkfDr vkUnksyu ,d jk’VªO;kih vkUnksyu Fkk ftlus tulk/kkj.k dks vR;f/kd izHkkfor fd;k] HkfDr

vkUnksyu ds lUrksa ,oa lq/kkjdksa us Hkkjr esa psruk dh ,d ubZ ygj iSnk dj nh vkSj lEiw.kZ ns”k esa ,d u, okrkoj.k dk l`tugqvkA tc Hkkjr esa HkfDRk&vkUnksyu pyk ml le; Hkkjr dh turk vius jktuhfrd vf/kdkj [kkdj eqfLye]vkdze.kdkfj;kssa ls Hk;kdzkUr FkhA muds }kjk ;gk¡ dh turk dk eku&lEeku ywVk tk jgk FkkA ,sls esa HkfDr vkUnksyu us15**

turk dks lgkjk fn;kAHkfDRk&vkUnksyu us ns”k esa ,drk dks c<+kok fn;k D;ksafd bl vkUnksyu ls ln~Hkkouk dh ,slh ygj mBh tks lEiw.kZ

ns”k esa Nk xbZ ukud vkSj dchj tSls lUrksa us fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds fy, ljkguh; iz;kl fd;sAHkfDr vkUnksyu ls fuEe tkfr;ksa ds mRFkku dk ekxZ [kqyk D;ksafd blds lUrksa us lHkh tkfr;ksa ,oa /keksZ ds yksxksa ds

fy, HkfDr dk ekxZ [kksy fn;k rFkk bZ”oj ds le{k lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks leku crkdj izk.kh ek= dh lekurk ij cy fn;kAHkfDr vkUnksyu ds dkj.k ewfrZ&iwtk] vU/kfo”okl cky gR;k] lrhizFkk] nklrk] /kkfeZd deZdk.M vkfn dk izeq[krk

ls [k.Mu gqvk ftlls] lekt dks ,d u;k cy feykAHkfDr vkUnksyu ds izHkko ds dkj.k gh ejkBk vkSj fla[k tSls lSfud tkfr;ksa dk mn; gqvkA ftUgkssus eqxyksa dk

lkeuk fd;k bl HkfDr vkUnksyu ds lUrksa dk lgkjk ikdj fot;uxj tSls fgUnw lkezkT; dk mn; gqvkA HkfDr vkUnksyu us{ks=h; Hkk’kk vkSj lkfgR; dks le`) fd;kA caxyk] xqtjkrh] ejkBh fgUnh] jktLFkkuh] vkfn {ks=h; Hkk’kkvksa esa [kwc lkfgR; dkl`tu gqvkA

HkfDr vkUnksyu dk lokZf/kd mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fgUnqvkssa dks e/;dky esa grk”k ls ckgj fudkyus dk gSA bluslkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk uk”k dj] lekt dks laxfBr vkSj lqn`<+ cuk;kA bl vkUnksyu ds izHkko ds QyLo:Ik gh vkxs pydjvdcj us lfg’.kqrk uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;kA

lUnHkZ xzUFk� feRr~y MkW+0] ,++++0 ds0& 2008] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ]¼1206 bZ0 ls 1764 bZ0 rd½

lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds”kUl % vkxjk& 282003] i`0]]146] ,oa 147� ”kekZ MkW0] gfj”kadj] 1997] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ]izdk”ku efyd ,.M dEiuh ]pkSMk+ jkLrk ]iz/kku dk;kZy; % 23] nfj;kxta]

ubZ fnYyh 110002] t;iqj &302003] i`0 241]242� oekZ gfj”pUnz & 1993] 2007] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr Hkkx &1]¼ 750&1540 bZ ½ izdk”kd % fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; ]funs”kkYk;

fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;] cSjd u0 2 ,oa 4] dsosyjh ykbu ]fnYyh & 110007] i`0 435] 438]� feRr~y MkW+0],++++0ds0& 2008] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ]¼1206 bZ0 ls 1764 bZ0 rd ½ lkfgR;

Hkou ifCyds”kUl % vkxjk & 282003] i`0]]149] 150� feRr~y MkW+0],++++0ds0& 2008] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ]¼1206 bZ0 ls 1764 bZ0 rd½ lkfgR;

Hkou ifCyds”kUl % vkxjk &282003] i`0]]150] 151� oekZ gfj”pUnz &1993] 2007] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr Hkkx &1] ¼ 750&1540 bZ ½ izdk”kd % fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZy;] funs”kkYk;

fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;] cSjd u0] 2 ,oa 4] dsosyjh ykbu ]fnYyh & 110007] i`0 435] fnYyh 110002] t;iqj & 302003i`0] 241] 242

� ”kekZ MkW0] gfj”kadj] 1997] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] izdk”ku efyd ,.M dEiuh] pkSMk+ jkLrk] iz/kku dk;kZy; % 23] nfj;kxat]ubZ fnYyh 110002] t;iqj &302003 i`0 241] 242

� yqfu;k ch0 ,u0 1952] 2004] 5] 6] 7] Hkkjrh; lH;rk rFkk laLd`fr dk fodkl izdk”ku y{keh ukjk;.k vxzoky] vuqie]Iyktk&1] Cykd u0 50 lat; Iysl ]vkxjk &2] VSyhQSDl% ¼0562]½] i`0] 288] 89] 90]

� feRr~y MkW+0] ,++++0 ds0& 2008] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] ¼1206 bZ0 ls 1764 bZ0 rd½lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds”kUl % vkxjk& 282003] i`0]162] 163]

� oekZ gfj”pUnz &1993] 2007] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr Hkkx &1] ¼ 750&1540 bZ ½ izdk”kd % fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZy;] funs”kkYk;fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;] cSjd u0] 2 ,oa 4] dsosyjh ykbu ]fnYyh & 110007] i`0] 435]442

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 149-152

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 149 -

ABSTRACT

yksddyk thou dh ljy vkSj lgt vfHkO;fDr gSA yksddyk ijEijkxr :i ls pyh vk jgh yksd'kSyh gSftldk mn~ns'; Hkwfe dks jaxdj lkSUn;Z iznku djuk gSA izR;sd {ks= ;k vapy dh yksddyk dh viuh fo'ks’krkgksrh gSA ftls ml {ks= dh fp=dyk] okLrqdyk] gLrdyk] f'kYidyk vkfn esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkjdqekÅ¡ dh yksddyk dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA dqekÅ¡ ds yksddyk esa nksuksa izdkj dh dykvksa dk lekos'k gSAdqekÅ¡ dh yksddyk dks bl izdkj ckWVk tk ldrk gS &1- fp=dyk o 2- gLrf'kYi dykA dqekÅ¡ dhyksddyk esa fp=dyk ds vUrZxr ,si.k] T;wWfr] Fkkis iV~Vs] jaxokyh dk fiNkSM+k] ckjcw¡n] fMdkjs] uUnknsoheq[kkd`fr;k¡A dqekÅ¡ dh fp=dyk dks ukjh us laj{k.k iznku fd;k gSA dqekÅ¡ esa /kkfeZd ioksZa] rht R;ksgkj]laLdkj vkfn esa bl dyk dk fo'ks’k egRo gSA izkphu le; esa dqekÅ¡ ds vYeksM+k fiFkSjkx<+] uSuhrky tuin esafeÍh ds crZu Hkh cuk;s tkrs FksA ijUrq vc ;g dk;Z lekIrh dh dxkj ij gSA ;s gLrf”kYi dqekÅ¡uh laLÑrh dsvfHkUu vax gSA blls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd dqekÅ¡ izkphu le; ls gh lkaLd`frd Hkwfe jgh gSA

dqekšuh lekt esa izpfyr yksd dyk,sa

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uhye fc”Vvuqlaf/kRlq] fp=dyk foHkkx

,l0,l0ts0 ifjlj vYeksM+k]dqekaÅ fo”ofo|ky;] uSuhrky

yksddyk] yksd dk vFkZ Mk0 gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dsvuqlkj & yksd 'kCn dk vFkZ tuin vFkok xzke ugha gS cfYd uxjksaxk¡oksa esa QSyh gqbZ og lewph turk gS ftls O;ogkfjd Kku dk vk/kkj;s yksx vd`f=e vkSj ljy thou O;rhr djrs gSaA Mk0 nso flag1

iks[kfj;k th ds vuqlkj yksd dh Hkk’kk] Hkko vkSj 'kSyh esa tu lkekU;dh vkRekuqHkwfr vkSj lkSUn;kZfHk:fp dh vux<+ vfHkO;fDr yksddykgSA2

yksddyk yksdthou dh ljy vkSj lgt vfHkO;fDr gSAyksddyk ijEijkxr :i ls pyh vk jgh yksd'kSyh gS ftldkmn~ns'; Hkwfe dks jaxdj lkSUn;Z iznku djuk gSA yksddyk fdlh {ks=fo'ks’k dh dyk gksrh gSA izR;sd {ks= ;k vapy dh yksddyk dh viuhfo'ks’krk gksrh gSA ftls ml {ks= dh fp=dyk] okLrqdyk] gLrdyk]3

f'kYidyk vkfn esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dqekÅ¡ dh yksddykdk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA dyk nks izdkj dh gksrh gS ,d yfyr dyknwljh mi;ksxh dykA tks dyk lkSUn;kZHkwfr vkSj vkUkUn izkIr djrh gSog yfyr dyk dgykrh gSA vkSj tks dyk O;olk; ;k thou mi;ksxdh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, gksrh gS og mi;ksxh dyk dgykrhgSA bl izdkj yfyr dyk ds vUrZxr dkO; dyk] fp= dyk] laxhrdyk] okLrq dyk] vkfn vkrs gSaA mi;ksxh dyk ds vUrZxr dk’Bdyk]gLrdyk] ewfrZdyk] crZu fuekZ.k dyk vkfn vkrs gSaA dqekÅ¡ ds yksddyk esa nksuksa izdkj dh dykvksa dk lekos'k gSA dqekÅ¡dh yksddyk dks bl izdkj ckWVk tk ldrk gS &

1- fp=dyk2- gLrf'kYi dyk

dqekÅ¡ dh fp=dyk &dqekÅ¡ dh yksddyk esa fp=dyk ds vUrZxr ,si.k] T;wWfr] Fkkis iV~Vs] jaxokyh dk fiNkSM+k] ckjcw¡n] fMdkjs] uUnknsoh

eq[kkd`fr;k¡ A dqekÅ¡ dh fp=dyk dks ukjh us laj{k.k iznku fd;k gSA vFkkZr dqekÅ¡ esa ukjh }kjk gh bl dyk dks fd;k tkrk

fp= la- 1

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dqekšuh lekt esaizpfyr yksd dyk,sa

gSA ekW viuh iq=h dks ;g dyk fl[kkrh gSA bl izdkj ;g dykfujUrj fodkleku jgrh gSA dqekÅ¡ esa /kkfeZd ioksZa] rht R;ksgkj]laLdkj vkfn esa bl dyk dk fo'ks’k egRo gSA bl dyk ¼fp=la[;k&2½ esa dqekÅ¡ dh laLd`fr] dqekÅ¡ dk n”kZu vkSj /keZn`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA,si.k& ,si.k dks vYiuk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ,si.k dk vFkZ gS^^yhiuk**A yhi “kCn dk vFkZ gS vaxqfy;ksa ls jax yxkuk u fd4

rqfydkj ls jax HkjukA ,si.k lewps Hkkjr o’kZ esa vyx&vyx ukeksa5

ls tkuk tkrk gSA xqtjkr esa ^^jaxksyh** jktLFkku esa ^^ekaMuk**]mÙkjizns”k esa ^^pkSdkiwjuk**] caxky esa rht R;ksgkj tSls f”kojkf=egky{eh iwtu] nhikoyh] nwxkZiwtu] fookg] ukedj.k] tusÅvkfn voljksa ij ,si.k cukus dh ijEijk gSA ;g ,si.k izk;% ;gk¡dh efgykvksa }kjk cukbZ tkrh gSA loZizFke ,si.k cuk;s tkus okysLFkku dks xs: ;k yky feÍh ls yhik tkrk gSA mlds i”pkr Hkhxspkoyksa dks ckjhd ihldj mldk ^^fcLokj** cuk;k tkrk gSA rRi”pkr~ fcLokj ls xs: ls yhis x;s LFkku ij fcLokj ls lqUnjvadu fd;k tkrk gSA ,si.k gkFk ls cuk;k tkrk gSA ,si.k cukrs le; gkFk dh vko”;drkuqlkj ,d] nks] rhu vFkok pkjksavaxqfy;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,si.k esa }kj esa eq[; :i ls lw;Z] pUnzek] dy'k o x.ks'k vkfn dk vadu fd;k tkrk gSA6

dqekÅ¡ esa nsgyh ¼njoktksa dk izos'k }kj½ esa lqUnj&lqUnj ,si.k ls vyadj.k cgqr yksdfiz; vkSj izfl) gSA ;gk¡ gksus okys rhtR;ksgkjksa tSls edj laØkfUr] QwynsbZ] clUriapeh] gjsyk] nhikoyh] vkfn ds fnu ?kj&?kj esa lqUnj ,si.kksa ls nsgfy;ksa dksvyad`r fd;k tkrk gSaA

fookg] ukedj.k] “kqHk voljksa ij pkSfd;k¡ Hkh cukbZ tkrh gSaA fookg ds volj ij vk¡xu esa ckjkr Lokxr ds fy,/kwfyvxZ pkSdh cukbZ tkrh gSA vkSj ydM+h ds iÍs ;k pkSds esa oj pkSadh vkSj vkpk;Z pkSdh cukbZ tkrh gSA tks /kwfyvxZ ds le;oj vkSj vkpkZ; dks HksaV dh tkrh gSA nksuksa pkSfd;ksa esa vyx&vyx vadu fd;k tkrk gSA oj pkSdh eas rksrk&eSauk dk tksM+kvkSj oÙkkZdkj vYiuk dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj fookg ,oa vU; lHkh laLdkjksa esa pkSfd;ksa dk fo”ks’k egRo gSA bu voljksa ijukedj.k pkSdh] y{ehpkSdh] ljLorhpkSdh] f”koihB vkfn pkSfd;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA dqekÅ¡ esa nhokj ij Hkh ,si.k cuuk cgqryksdfiz; gSA nhokj ds pkjksa vksj lrg ls Åij yky iÍhuqek xs: ls yhik tkrk gSA mlesa fcLokj ls js[kk;sa nh tkrh gSA ftlsolq/kkjs Hkh dgrs gaSA dqekÅ¡ ds fofHkUu laLdkjksa] /kkfeZd vuq’Bkuksa rht& R;ksgkjksa esa ,si.k dk fo”ks’k egRo gSA tks ;gk¡ dhlaLd`fr dks lajf{kr fd;s gq, gSaAT;ksafrekr`dk iÍ %&

,si.k ds vfrfjDr dqekÅ¡ esa iÍ cukus dh ijEijk Hkh gSA T;ksfrx.ks”k th dh vkd`fr dk vadu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dkxt] lerynhokj ij jaxks dh lgk;rk ls cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa vaxwfy;ksa ds LFkkuij :bZ vkSj lhad dh rqfydk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS T;kasfr ekr`dk iÍukedj.k] NVh] ;Kksiohr laLdkj] fookg laLdkj esa iwth dh tkrh gSAbldk vadu yky] ihyk] caSxuh jaxksa ls efgykvksa }kjk iwtkd{k ;k izeq[kd{k dh nhokj ij fd;k tkrk gSA T;ksafr ekr`dk iÍ dks lQsn i`’BHkwfeij cuk;k tkrk gSA lcls ckgj dk fdukjk csyksa ls vyad`r fd;k tkrkgSA Hkhrj dh vksj yky jax ls NksVs vkSj cM+s ioZr ;k fgeky; cuk;s tkrsgaSA fgeky; ds nwljk uke fgekapy gksus ds dkj.k bu ykyjaxksa dhfgeky; dks fgekapy Hkh dgk x;k gSA NBh vkSj ukedj.k laLdkj esa7

cukbZ tkusokyh T;ksfr ekr`dk iÍ ds eq[; Hkkx esa rhu egk”kfDr;ksaegkdkyh] egky{eh] egkljLorh dks dey ds vklku esa nkfgus Hkkx esa x.ks”k dk fp= vafdr gS tks prqHkwthZ :Ik gSA bUgsa gkFkhds flj okyk gksus ds dkj.k xtkuu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA T;ksafr ekr`dk iÍ esa ekr`dkvksa ds uhps ‘kksM'k ek=k,¡ dks.kkRed :i lsvafdr dh xbZ gSA bu ‘kksM'k ekf=dkvksa ds uke gS& xkSjh] inek] “kph] es?kk] lkfo=h] fot;k] t;k] nsolsuk] Lo/kk] Lokgk]ektjks] âf’V] iqf’VLrFkk] rqf’V] jkReu] ;s x.ks”k ds uhps Hkh vafdr dh tkrh gSaA blesa Åij ds nkfgus dksus ij pUnzek rFkk ck,adksus ij lw;Z dh ikjEifjd vkd`fr cukbZ tkrh gSA+ ;KksiokZr~ laLdkj esa cuus okyh T;ksafr esa rhuksa ekr`dkvkssa ds lkFk x.ks”k8

fp= la- 2

fp= la- 3

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th vius okgu eq'kd lfgr vadu fd;s tkrs gSaA uhps dh vksj izrhdkRed Lo:iksa esa lksyg ekr`dk,¡ o lcls Åij lq;Z opUnzek vkSj rkjs rFkk nksuksa vksj ifÍ;ksa esa lkxfy;kckj cuk;s tkrs gSaA thoekr`dksa esa Åij dh vkSj ck;h rjQ fof”k’V vkd`fr]9

tusÅ vkSj tusÅ Nkisjh cukrs gaSA e/; Hkkx esa dYir# dk izrhd gjk o`{k gSA fookg ds volj ij cukbZ tkus okyh T;ksfr10

ekr`dk iÍ esa gjs o`{k ds ikl jk/kk d`’.k vkSj dey dk Qwy cuk;k tkrk gSA ekr`dkvksa o x.ks”k th dks yky] ihys] o gjs jax lscuk;k tkrk gSA jk/kk ds flj ij eqdqV cuk;k tkrk gSA vkSj yagxk] fiNkSM+k igus gq, cuk;k tkrk gSA fookg laLdkj dh T;w¡rhekr`dk iÍ esa tusÅ vkSj tusÅ Nkijh ugha cuk;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj dqekÅ¡ esa xkso/kZuiwtk iÍk] egky{eh dk iÍk] d`’.ktUek’Veh iÍk] o lkfo=h iÍk] nqxkZ dk iÍk] xaxk n”kgjk }kj] ;a=] tUedq.Myh vkfn cukbZ tkrh gSA

jaxokyh dk fiNkSM+k

jaxokyh dk fiNkSM+k dqekÅ¡uh laLd`fr dk ifjpk;d gSAdqekÅ¡ esa ekaxfyd dk;Z] /kkfeZd vuq’Bkuksa ozr R;kSgkj vkfn ds volj ij;gk¡ ds efgyk,¡ fcuk fdlh cU/ku ds bldks vks<+rh gSA dqekÅ¡ esa fookgds le; dU;k dks fiNkSM+k HksaV fd;k tkrk gSA fookg ds le; ls gjekaxfyd dk;kasZ esa fiNkSM+k “kqHk dk izrhd ekuk x;k gSA gj “kknh ”kqnkefgyk bldks vks<+rh gSA jaxokyh fiNkSM+s dks rS;kj djus ds fy,fdyeksM+ dh tM+ dks ihldj vFkok gYnh ls ihyk jax rS;kj fd;k tkrkgSA blesa rhu ehVj yEck rFkk lok ls Ms<+ ehVj rd pkSM+k lQsn jax dsdiM+s dks jax esa Mqcks;k tkrk gSA diM+s dks jaxus ds i”pkr Nk;k esalq[kk;k tkrk gSA blds Ik”pkr efgyk,a yky jax cukrh gSaA yky jaxcukus ds fy, lcls igys gYnh esa uhcw fupksM+k tkrk gSA rRi”pkr~lqgkxk Mkydj jkrHkj rk¡cs ds crZu esa j[kk tkrk gSA lqcg bls uhcw dsjl esa idk;k tkrk gSA blds ckn ihys diM+s esa chpks chp blls LokfLrd cuk;k tkrk gSA ihys diMs esa yky jax dk vadufo”ks’k /;ku ls fd;k tkrk gSA diMs ds pkjksa dksuksa dks “ka[k] pØ] ?kaVk] lq;Z] pUnzek] vkfn ls vyad`r fd;k tkrk gSA BIis dhlgk;rk ls NksVs&NksVs fcUns iwjs diMs+ ij cuk;s tkrs gaSA bl izdkj iwjk jaxokyh fiNkSM+k gkFk ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSAvktdy cktkj esa fizUVsV fiNkSMs+ Hkh vklkuh ls miyC/k gks tkrs gaSA fQj Hkh ijEijkxr :Ik ls fiNkSM+k cukus dh dyk vktHkh czkºke.k o lkg ifjokjksa esa izpfyr gaSAfMdkjs

fMdkjs ls rRi;Z gS izkd`frd oLrqvksa ls ewfrZ;k¡ cukdj dqekÅ¡ es gjsys ds R;kSgkjk ds volj ij feÍh ls fMdkjs cuk;s tkrsgSA gjsys ds R;kSgkj dks d`f’k vkSj f”ko fookg ls tksM+k tkrk gSA gjsyk lkou ekl dh ddZ laØkUrh ds fnu iM+rk gSA ;glkou ds izFke fnol dks iM+rk gSA bl fnu f”koth ds ifjokj ds fMdkjs cuk;s tkrs gSaA f”ko ikoZrh] x.ks”k] dkfrZds;] fjf)]flf) rFkk buds okguksa dks Hkh feÍh ls cuk;k tkrk gSA

fMdkjs yky jax dh fpduh feÍh ls cuk;s tkrs gSaA f”koth dks uhys jax ls ikoZrh dks “osr jax ls cuk;k tkrk gSA blhizdkj x.ks”k vkSj dkfrZds; Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSaA gjsyk Hkh 11 fnu igys fjaxky dh Vksdjh dks yhidj mlesa ,si.k fudkydj¼cukdj½ cks;k tkrk gSA gjsys ds fnu bu fMdkjksa dh iwtk ds mijkUr ty esa foltZu fd;k tkrk gSA

dqekÅ¡ dk yksdf’kYi ;k gLrf’kYidyk

dqekÅ¡ ds yksddyk ds vUrZxr fp=dyk ds lkFk&lkFk gLrf”kYi dyk Hkh vkrk gSA laLd`r esa dyk ds fy,^f”kYi* ,oa lqf”kYi vkfn “kCnksa dk iz;ksx loZizFke fd;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ ^^lqUnj** Bhd izdkj ls cuk;h gqbZA vPNh jaxhgqbZ vFkok lqUnjrk ls vyad`r vkfn le>k x;k gSA dqN fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj f”kYi dk vkjfEHkd vFkZ jaxuk Fkk fdUrq ckn esalHkh izdkj ds dkS”kyksa ds fy, Hkh f”kYi “kCn iz;qDr gksus yxkA f”kYi dks vaxzsth esa Øk¶V dgrs gSaA fdlh lkexzh dks dkV]11

NkV] Bksd&ihV dj ,d vkdkj ;k :i iznku djuk f”kYi dgykrk gSA bl izdkj ns[kk tk; rks lHkh dyk;sa fdlh u fdlh:Ik esa f”kYi ds vUrxZr vk tkrh gSA izkphu Hkkjr esa c<+bZxhjh oLrqfuekZ.k] oL= cquuk] iRFkj rjkluk iz/kkur% f”kYi ds :Ik esaekU; Fks rFkk ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk Fkk fd vU; leLr dykvksa esa Hkh f”kYi gS blh ls Hkjr us fp=dyk dks f”kYi dgk gSA12

dkS”kfrdh czkãe.k uked xzUFk esa u`R; ,oa laxhr dks f”kYi ekuk x;k gSA+ izkphu Hkkjrh; xzUFkksa esa Hkh f”kYi “kCn O;kid vFkkasZ13

esa iz;qDr gqvk gSA14

gLrf”kYi dyk dqekÅ¡ dks fojklr esa migkj Lo:Ik feyh gSA bl yksddyk ds vUrxZr gkFk ls cuh gqbZ leLr

fp= la- 4

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- 152 -

jkstejkZ dh t:jr dh mi;ksxh oLrqvksa vk tkrh gSA tSls rk¡cs ds cus crZu] yksgs ds vkStkj ;k crZu] fjaxky ds Mksds] Mfy;kalwi] Vksdjh vkfn isM+ ikS/kkSa ds js”kkas ls oL= cukus dh dyk HksM+ o Åu ls] cfu;ku] FkqYes] xyhps] dEcy vkfn nw/k] ngh j[kusds fy, dk’B ds cus crZu <sdh] Mksdk vkfn ukius ds fy, ek.k] iSljh vkfnA ;g gLr f”kYi dyk ;gk¡ ds yksxksa dk iSr`dO;olk; gSA bl gLrf”kYi dyk ds vUrxZr /kkrq ij vk/kkfjr gLrf”kYi] Åu ;k drkbZ] cqukbZ ij vk/kkfjr gLrf”kYi vkrkgSA tks ;gk¡ dk ikjEifjd O;olk; gSA izkphu le; esa dqekÅ¡ ds vYeksM+k fiFkSjkx<+] uSuhrky tuin esa feÍh ds crZu Hkhcuk;s tkrs FksA ijUrq vc ;g dk;Z lekIrh dh dxkj ij gSA ;s gLrf”kYi dqekÅ¡uh laLÑrh ds vfHkUu vax gSA blls ;g Kkrgksrk gS fd dqekÅ¡ izkphu le; ls gh lkaLd`frd Hkwfe jgh gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph� “kekZ] yksds”k pUnz] 1970] Hkkjrh; dh fp=dyk dk laf{kIr] bfrgkl] Ik`0la0 167] Ñ’.kk izdk”ku ehfM;k] f”kokth jksM

esjB]� iks[kfj;k] nsoflag] 1994] yksd laLd`fr ds fofo/k vk;ke] v/;k;&5 Ik`0la0&61 Jh vYeksM+k cqd fMiks] n eky jksM

vYeksMk]� “kekZ] yksds”k pUnz] 1970] Hkkjrh dh fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] Ik`0la0 168]� lDlsuk] dkS”ky fd”kksj] 1994] dqekÅ¡ dyk f”kYi vkSj laLd`fr] i`0la0&175]� mizsrh] ukFkwjke] 1977] dqekÅ¡dh yksddyk y{e.k flag ckjksgh mi;kksxh izdk”ku] :nziqj i`0la0&165]� cywuh] fnus”k PkUnz] 2001] mÙkjkapy % laLd`fr yksdthou] bfrgkl ,oa iqjkrRo i`0la0 305 izdk”k cqd fMiks] vjsyh]� lDlsuk] dkS”ky fd”kksj] 1994] dqekÅ¡ dyk f”kYi vkSj laLd`fr] i`0la0 18� ik.Ms;] ckyknÙk] 1998] yksd dyk ,oa f”kYi dqekÅ¡] i`0la0] 75 funs”kd laLd`fr foHkkx mÙkj izns”k ljdkj }kjk o'kZ

1998 esa izdkf”kr� lDlsuk] dkS”ky fd”kksj] 1994] dqekÅ¡ dyk f”kYi vkSj laLd`fr] i`0la0182] Jh vYeksM+k cqd fMiks] vYeksM+k� vxzoky] fxjkt fd”kksj] 1971] dyk fucU/k] i`0la011]Yfyr dyk] izdk”ku 272 lkdsr dkyksuh vyhx<+� ^v”kksd*] 2010] dyk lkSUn;Z vkSj leh{kk] i`0la0&6] lat; ifCyds”kUl “kS{kd iqLrd izdk”kd] vkxjk� Jsf=;] “kqdnso] 2008] fp=dyk ds ewy vk/kkj ¼dyk cks/k ,oa lkSUn;Z ½]rRo fl)kUr vkSj rduhdh] i`0la0 23 izfr;ksfxrk

izdk”ku eqt¶Qjuxj]

fp= lwph� fp= la[;k&1 /kqyhvxZ pkSdh] jktdh; laxzgky; vYeksM+k ls izkIr A� fp= la[;k&2 osnh ljLorh] jktdh; laxzgky; vYeksM+k ls izkIr A� fp= la[;k&3 fookg dh T;ksafr] jktdh; laxzgky; vYeksM+k ls izkIr A� fp= la[;k&4 fiNkSM+k] jktdh; laxzgky; vYeksM+k ls izkIr A

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

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ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 153 -

ABSTRACT

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ;FkkFkZ Kku osnksa vkSj oSfnd okM+~e; ls gh izkIr gksrk gSA izkphu le; eas oLrqvksa dsuke rFkk ekuo ds dRkZO;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k osnksa ls gh fd;k x;k Fkk] blhfy;s bUgsa Kku foKku dk fo”odks’k dgktkrk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] “kkL=] Kku] foKku] dyk;sa vkfn ,slk dksbZ rRo ugha gS ftldh Li’V :Ikjs[kkoSfnd lkfgR; eas u feysaA lkeosn eas laxhr dk mnkRr ,oa fodflr :Ik ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fdlkeosn dks vU; osnksa dh vis{kk fof”k’V rFkk egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gSA vFkoZosn eas xkFkk xku] izkr% dkylEcks/ku laxhr] ykSfdd laxhr ds varxZr oSokfgd voljksa ij iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys xhr vkfn dk mYYks[kizkIr gksrk gSA pkjksa osnksa eas vou) dk [kwc iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks vou) ok| izpfyr Fks os gS Hkwfe nqUnqfHk]nqUnqfHk] xxZj] i.ko vkfn] ftudk mYYs[k oSfnd dkyhu lekt ds fofHkUu voljksa ij ik;k x;k gS rFkk budhlekt eas cgqr mi;ksfxrk jgh gSA ok| dk iz;ksx oSfnd dky ds yksx vius veksn&izeksn] [kqf”k;ksa o mRlkg dksO;Dr djus eas fd;k djrs FksA

oSfnd dkyhu lekt eas vou) ok|ksa dh mi;ksfxrk

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jhuk xqIrkOkfj0 izoDrk] Lkaxhr foHkkx]

bLekbZy us”kuy efgyk ihth dkfyt]esjB ¼m0iz0½

osn Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ewy lzksr gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ;FkkFkZ Kku osnksa vkSj oSfnd okM+~e; ls gh izkIr gksrk gSA izkphule; eas oLrqvksa ds uke rFkk ekuo ds dRkZO;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k osnksa ls gh fd;k x;k Fkk] blhfy;s bUgsa Kku foKku dk fo”odks’kdgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] “kkL=] Kku] foKku] dyk;sa vkfn ,slk dksbZ rRo ugha gS ftldh Li’V :Ikjs[kk oSfnd lkfgR;eas u feysaA

czEgk ds pkjksa eq[kksa ls pkj osnksa dh mRifRr ekuh tkrh gS os gSa& _Xosn] lkeosn] ;tqosZn vkSj vFkoZosnA oSfnd lkfgR; ls;g fuf”pr gksrk gS fd laxhr “kkL= Hkh Kku dh ,d “kk[kk gS vkSj mldk laca/k lkeosn ls gSA lkeosn ds leLr ea= xs; gSAvr% lkeosn ls gh laxhr dh mRifRr ekuh tkrh gSA

oSfnd dkyhu lekt eas laxhr dk LFkku loksZRd`’V FkkA lqcg “kke izR;sd ifjokj eas bZ”oj dh vjk/kuk o mikluk gksrhjgrh FkhA gou] vuq’Bku vkfn Lrqfr ijd dk;Z ekuo ds nSfud thou dk vax FkkA bl dky eas laxhr dk ftruk fodkl ?kjksaeas gqvk mRkuk ckgj ugha gks ldkA T;knkrj laxhr czkã.k oxZ eas izfrf’Br Fkk] os gh dyk lk/kuk dj lekt ds pfj= dks mPpLrj rd ys tkrs Fks rFkk lHkh dks laxhr f”k{kk nsrs FksA

_Xosn dky eas xk;u] oknu rFkk u`R; rhuksa /kkjk;sa izokfgr gks pqdh FkhA bl dky eas bldk [kwc izpyu FkkA lkoZtfud:Ik ls laxhr dk izn”kZu gksrk Fkk ftleas urZfd;ka [kqydj Hkkx ysrh Fkh] D;ksafd lekt eas xk;dksa] okndksa ,oa urZfd;ksa dksmPp LFkku izkIr FkkA laxhrKksa dks lekt eas mPpn`f’V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA

bl dky esa lkoZtfud laxhr vk;kstu vkSj izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk ,d euksjatu :Ik ^leu* ds uke ls ns[kus eas vkrk FkkA^leu* eas laxhr dk cgqr egRo FkkA _Xosn dky dk ^leu* cM+k gh izHkko”kkyh FkkA laxhr dks fodflr voLFkk eas igqapkus dkegRoiw.kZ dk;Z ^leu* us fd;kA ;gh ^leu* vkxs pydj leTtk ds uke ls izLQqfVr gqvkA oSfnd ;qx eas laxhr dk ftruklqUnj :i izkIr gkssssrk gS mruk Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh ;qx eas izkIr ugha gqvkA

;tqosZn deZdk.M dk osn gSA bleas fofHkUu ;Kksa dh fof/k;ka vkSj mueas ikB~; ea=ksa dk ladyu gS ftudk iz;ksx xk;u;Kkfn ds volj ij deZdk.M ds fy;s gksrk FkkA ;Kksa eass lkexku dk vfuok;Z LFkku jgk gSA bl ;qx eas iq:’k laxhr izseh gksrsFks] ijUrq efgykvksa esa dyk dkS”ky cgqr ik;k tkrk FkkA ml le; dh efgykvksa dks laxhr dyk dkS”ky dh f”k{kk nh tkrhFkhA mPp oxZ dh efgykvksa dks xk;u rFkk oknu dh f”k{kk nh tkrh Fkh ftleas os lke xk;dksa dh laxfr vklkuh ls dj ldrhFkhA bl dky eas iq:’k o efgyk;sa nksuksa gh lekxku xkrs Fks rFkk lkexku dh laxfr gsrq ukuk izdkj ds ok|ksa dk oknu fd;ktkrk FkkA

^^lkeosn dks osnksa dk lkj dgk x;k gSA lke xku ds fcuk ;K iw.kZ ugha gksrk gSA** ;gka rd fd xhrk eas Hkh Jh d`’.k us1

lkeosn dks loksZPp LFkku fn;k gS vkSj mls ijekRek dk :Ik ekuk gSA2

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Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 153-155 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

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NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

oSfnd dkyhu lekt easvou) ok|ksa dh mi;ksfxrk

lkeosn iw.kZr% laxhre; gSA ;g izkjEHk ls ysdj vUr rd lkaxhfrd rRoksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA lkeosn eas laxhr dk mnkRr ,oafodflr :Ik ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkeosn dks vU; osnksa dh vis{kk fof”k’V rFkk egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gSA

;g ,d ,slk osn gS ftleas mn~xkrk nsorkvksa dh mikluk ds fy;s ;K ea=ksa dk mPpkj.k fofHkUUk ok|ksa dh laxr djrs gq;sxs; :Ik eas djrk FkkA

vFkoZosn eas xkFkk xku] izkr% dky lEcks/ku laxhr] ykSfdd laxhr ds varxZr oSokfgd voljksa ij iz;ksx fd;s tkus okysxhr vkfn dk mYYks[k izkIr gksrk gSA xk;u] oknu rFkk u`R; dk lkewfgd :Ik ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dsok|ksa dk oknu] xk;u rFkk u`R; dh laxfr eas fd;k x;k gSA fo”ks’krkSj ij vou) ok|ksa ds iz;ksx }kjk gh xk;u] oknu rFkku`R; eas jl] lkSUn;Z rFkk vkuUn dh l`f’V dh tkrh FkhA budh /ofu;ka dk;Zdze o mRlo dks cy iznku djrh FkhA

pkjksa osnksa eas vou) dk [kwc iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks vou) ok| izpfyr Fks os gS Hkwfe nqUnqfHk] nqUnqfHk] xxZj] i.kovkfnA ftudk mYYs[k oSfnd dkyhu lekt ds fofHkUu voljksa ij ik;k x;k gS rFkk budh lekt eas cgqr mi;ksfxrk jgh gSA

Hkwfe nqUnqfHk& tSlk dh uke ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkwfe vFkkZr Hkwfe eas x<~<k [kksndj peZ ls vkPNkfnr dj cuk;k tkus okykok| Hkwfe nqUnqfHk dgykrk gSA ;g cM+k uxkM+k tSlk gksrk gSA Hkwfe nqUnqfHk dk oknu cSy dh iw¡N }kjk gh gksrk FkkA ;g Ik¡wN mle<+s peM+s ds lkFk jgrh FkhA ^oSfnd baMsDl* eas Hkwfe nqUnqfHk bl izdkj of.kZr gS ^^nqUnqfHk tks izR;{kr% ,d /oU;kuqdj.kkRed“kCn gS] ;q) vkSj “kkfUr nksuksa gh le;ksa eas iz;qDr <+ksy tSls ok| dk vFkZ gSA _Xosn rFkk mlds ckn ls bldk mYYks[k feyrkgS ,d fo”ks’k izdkj ds <+ksy dks ^i`Foh <+ksy* dgrs gSA ftls Hkwfe eas [kqns gq;s ,d x<~<s dks peZ ls <+ddj cuk;k tkrk FkkA Hkwi`’B ij peZ ls vkPNkfnr dj cukbZ xbZ nqUnqfHk dks Hkwfe nqUnqfHk dgk x;k gSA edj ladzkfUr ds le; fd;s tkus okys ^egkozr*3

laLdkj eas lw;Z dks ykSVus ¼mRrjk;.k gksus½ eas ck/kd izHkkoksa dks cfg’d`r djus ds fy;s bl izdkj ds <ksy dk O;ogkj gksrk FkkA^<ksy ctkus okys* dks iq:’kes/k ds cfy izkf.k;ksa dh rkfydk eas lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA4

Hkwfe nqUnqfHk dk oknu iq:’k }kjk laxfr ds fy;s fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk dk.M oh.kk dk oknu fL=;ka djrh FkhA e/;vQzhdk ds oU; izns”kksa eas vkt Hkh ,slh nqUnqfHk dk O;ogkj ik;k tkrk gSA

Lkkexku ds le; Hkh bl ok| dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g ok| thou ds dk;ksaZ eas lgk;rk djrs FksA Ik”kqvksa dks cqykuk];q) eas mRlkg fnykuk rFkk ;K ;Kkfn tSls dk;ksaZ eas Hkh bldk oknu fd;k tkrk FkkA

nqUnqfHk& izkphu dky eas nqUnqfHk ,d gh ux dk gksrk Fkk vkSj og Hkh c<+k gksrk Fkk] ysfdu bldh /khj&xEHkhj /ofu dhotg ls ;g nks ux eas ifjofrZr gks x;kA ,d ux cM+k uxkM+k tSlk gksrk gS ftlls xEHkhj “kCn mRiUu gksrk gS rFkk blh dslkFk ,d NksVk uxkM+k gksrk gS ftldk “kCn NksVk rFkk Å¡pk gksrk gSA

Hkkuqth nhf{kr us ^vejdks’k* dh O;k[;k ^lq/kk* eas nqUnqfHk “kCn dh O;qRifRr bl izdkj crkbZ gS ^^nqUnq /ofu ls tks izdV gks]og nqUnqfHk gSA** ,d nwljh O;qRifRr ds vuqlkj ^^tks vkdk”k dks Hkj ns og gS nqUnqfHkA** ogh /kekZofr JhokLro th us ^^bls5 6

<ksy dk izdkj ekuk gSA**7

oSfnd dky eas pekZPNkfnr ok|ksa dk fo”ks’k egRo FkkA _Xosn ds vusd ea=ksa eas ,slh Lrqfr;ka feyrh gS ftleas vU; ok|ksads lkFk pekZPNkfnr ok|ksa dk Hkh o.kZUk gSA _Xosn eas pekZPNkfnr ok|ksa ds varxZr lokZf/kd izpfyr o mi;ksxh ok| nqUnqfHkFkkA

nqUnqfHk dk fuekZ.k ouLifr ¼dk’B½ ds }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk mldk eq[kpeZ ls vku) gksrk FkkA ^^budh cf);ksa dks8

e`l.k djus ds fy;s /k`r ¼rsy½ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA** rFkk ^^nqUnqfHk ds eq[kkPNknu ds fy;s gfj.k ds peZ** dk iz;ksx9 10

fd;s tkus dk mYys[k gSA vU; xzaFk o osnkaxksa vkfn ds vou) ok|ksa ds eq[kkPNknu ds fy;s o`’kHk ¼cSy½ ds peZ ds iz;qDr gksusdk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gS ysfdu vFkoZosn eas gfj.k ds peZ dk iz;ksx gh fufnZ’V gSA ;g fgju ds lhax ;k ydM+h ls ctkbZ tkrhFkhA

nqUnqfHk dh /khj&xEHkhj /ofu dks oSfnd dky eas cgqr egRoiw.kZ rFkk mi;ksxh crk;k x;k gSA bldks fHkUu&fHkUu rjhdsa lsfHkUu&fHkUu LFkku ij mi;ksx eas yk;k tkrk FkkA bldh /ofu }kjk gh ;K dks iw.kZ fd;k tkrk FkkA ftldk egRoiw.kZ mYys[kizkIr gksrk gSA _Xosn dky eas nqUnqfHk dks ;K eas egRoiw.kZ crkrs gq;s dgk gS] ^^vks[ky! ;|fi ?kj&?kj rqels dke fy;k gS] rksHkh bl ;K eas fot;h yksxksa dh nqUnqfHk dh rjg rqe /ofu djrs gksaA** blh ;K ds le; izkFkZuk djus eas Hkh nqUnqfHk dk mYys[k11

gqvk gS ;K ds le; nqUnqfHk ok| ctuk “kqHk ekuk tkrk FkkA12

foifRr dh vka”kdk gsrq tSls fdlh cM+s ;k Hk;kud tkuoj dchys ;k xkao eas ?kwl vkrs Fks rks mUgsa Hkxkus eas Hkh bl ok| dkiz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk fdlh Hkh izdkj dh lwpuk yksxksa eas igqapkuh gks ;k yksxksa dks ,df=r djus eas bl ok| dk mi;ksxlaHkor% fd;k tkrk FkkA ?kks'k.kk djus ds fy;s nqUnqfHk ok| dk mYys[k _Xosn eas feyrk gS] ^^gs bUnz] gekjh lkjh xk;ksa dksjksddj gekjs ikl ys vkvksaA lcds ikl ?kks’k.kk djus ds fy;s nqUnqfHk fu;r mPPk jo djrk gSA gekjs lsukuh ?kksM+ksa ij p<+djbdB~Bs gq;s gSA gs bUnz] gekjs jFkk:<+ lSfud vkSj lsuk;sa ;q) eas fot;h cusaA**13

lwpukfn dk;ksaZ eas Hkh nqUnqfHk ok| dk oknu fd;k tkrk FkkA ^^ekgsUnz Lrks= ds }kjk lwpuk fn;s tkus ij oh.kkvksa ds lkFk

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nqUnqfHk dk ?kks’k fd;k tkrk FkkA**14

;q) Hkwfe eas rks nqUnqfHk ok| dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku Fkk bldh /ofu;ksa }kjk “k=q dks Mjkus rFkk ohjksa dks mRlkfgr djus dsfy;s bl ok| dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA bldh /khj&xaHkhj /ofu;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA ml le; yksxksa dksfo”okl Fkk fd nqUnqfHk viuh /ofu ek= ls foi{kh dks ijkftr dj ldrh gSA ^^gs nqUnqfHk gekjs “k=qvksa dks :ykvksa gesa cy nksAbrus tksj ls ctksa fd nq)Z'k “k=qvksa dks cy feysA nqUnqfHk] tks gekjk vfu’V djds vkufUnr gksrs gS] mUgsa nwj gVkvksa] rqe bUnzdh eqf’Vdklh] gks blfy;s gesa n`<+rk nksA** blh izdkj ^^“k=qvksa dks nwj Hkxkus rFkk Mjkus eas nqUnqfHk ok| dk mYys[k osnksa eas15

izkIr gksrk gSA**16

xxZj ok|& _Xosn eas xxZj ok| dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ;g ,d izdkj dk peM+s dk ok| Fkk ftlls ^xj&xj* /ofuxwatrh FkhA Hkk’dkj Jh jke “kekZ us ^xxZjksa* dk vFkZ j.kHksjh dg dj fd;k gSA tcfd lk;.k ds vuqlkj xxZj dk ^xxZj* /ofudjus okyk ok| fo”ks'k dgk gSA17

xxZj dh lcls cM+h mi;ksfxrk ;g Fkk fd og vius xj&xj dh xwat }kjk “k=qvksa ds ân; eas Hk; mRiUu djrk FkkA blls;g vuqeku yxrk gS fd xxZj ok| dk iz;ksx ;q) LFky ij fo”ks’k :Ik ls fd;k tkrk FkkA

i.ko ok|& ,d vU; ok| i.ko dk mYys[k rSfrjh; vkj.;d eas izkIr gksrk gSA bls Hkh peM+s ls e<+dj cuk;k tkrk18

FkkA bldks lk;.k e`nax dk ,d izdkj ekurs gSaA laHkor% bl ok| dk iz;ksx oSfnd dky ds yksx vius veksn&izeksn] [kqf”k;ksao mRlkg dks O;Dr djus eas fd;k djrs gksxsaA

lanHkZ xzaFk� ^^uklkek ;Kks·flr**A “kriFk czkgE.k 1@4@1@1� ^^osnkuka lkeosnks·fLeA** xhrk 10@22� ^^peZ.kk vkPNkfnreq[ke~ HkwxHkZe~A** Hkk’dkj HkVV~ HkkLdj] Hkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] i`0 la0 34A� oSfnd bUMsDl okY;we&1] i`0 la0 368] n`’VO;&Hkkjrh; laxhr “kkL=ksa eas ok|ksa dk fpUru] vatuk HkkxZo] i`0 la0

17]18� ^^nqUnq bfr “kCnsu Hkkfr] bfr nqUnqfHkA** laxhr if=dk] tuojh 2007 ys[k oSfnd dky ds ok| &,d vuq”khyu]

iadtekyk “kekZ i`0 la0 67&68A� ^^|keqHkkfr ¼”kCnsu½ ^^mHkiwjs.k&Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] Bkdqj t;nso flag] i`0 la0 30A� Ikzkphu Hkkjr eas laxhr& i`0 la0 11A� ^^okuLiR;% laHk`r mflz;kfe%A** vFkoZosn] n`’VO;%&laxhr if=dk tuojh 2007A oSfnd dky ds ok|&,d vuq”khyu]

Mk0 iadtekyk “kekZ] 5@21@2] i`0 la0 68A� ^^i=klefe=sH;ks onkT;sufHk/kkfjr%A** ogh 5@20@1] i`0 la0 68A� ^^Ikjkfe=ku nqUnqfHkuk gfj.kL;kftusu pA** ogh 5@21@7] i`0 la0 68A� _Xosn lafgrk] i`0 la0 38A� ;tqosZn 9@12A� _Xosn& 6@47@31] i`0 la0 242A� d`’.k ;tqosZn dh rSfŸkjh; lafgrk] 7@5@9@29A� _Xosn& 6@47@30] i`0 la0 242A

d&;tqosZn 29@55] i`0 la0 456A[k& ogh] 29@56] i`0 la0 456AXk& vFkoZosn izFke Hkkx] 5@20@4@6] 5@21@4@9] 5@31@6@7?k& vFkoZosn 5@20@5] 5@21@2

� xxZj /ofu;qDrksa ok| fo”ks’k%A _Xosn 6@69@9] lk;.k dk Hkk’;A� izkphu Hkkjr eas laxhr & Mk0 /kekZ JhokLro i`0 la0 13A

RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

Issue : 3, Year : 2, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 153-155 , ISSN 2348 – 3318

jhuk xqIrk

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

oSfnd dkyhu lekt easvou) ok|ksa dh mi;ksfxrk

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SOCIAL SCIENCES HUMANITIES&

Issue : 3, Year : 2

Oct.-Nov.-Dec. (2015), Pages : 156-165

ISSN 2348 – 3318

- 156 -

ABSTRACT

laxhr og dyk gS ftlesa xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R; dk iw.kZ:is.k lekos”k gksrk gS laxhr dgykrk gSAvkuane; czã rRo dk vkdkj :Ik laxhr gS ftldh vf/k’Bk=h nsoh ljLorh ekuh tkrh gSA v{kj :Ik uknczgkz**vkse~** dk loZizFke Kku czgka th dks gqvkA mUgsa czgkz dh vuqHkwfr iz.ko vkse :Ik esa laxhfrd Loj ds :Ik esa gqbZA**NkUnksX;ksifu’kn** esa Li’V dgk gS] **vkse** “kCn vkSj Loj lkfgR; vkSj laxhr dk vkfn lefUor :Ik gSA bZlkbZviuh izkFkZuk esa vkesu “kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSaaA eqlyeku Hkh viuh izkFkZuk o uekt esa **vkehu** dgrs gSaaA ;s“kCn vksadkj ds gh :ikUrj gSaA fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj esa gtjr ewlk iSxEcj dks ,d iRFkj feyk bl iRFkj dslkr VqdM+s gks x, ftuesa ls 7 /kkjk,a cgus yxh rFkk gj /kkjk ls vyx&vyx /ofu;ka cgus yxh gj /ofu lsvyx&vyx /ofu;ka fudyh tks lkr Loj cu x,A eksj ls 'kM~t] pkrd ls _’kHk] cdjk ls xa/kkj] dkSok lse/;e] dks;y ls iape] es<d ls /kSor] gkFkh ls fu’kkn Loj dh mRifRr gq;h gSA yksd /kquksa esa Hkkjr dh vkRek gS]uSfrd laLdkj gS rFkk gekjh jhfr uhfr gS o gekjs xkSjoe; vrhr dk fp=.k gS rFkk Hkkjr dh vejrk gSA

yksd lkfgR; esa laxhr dh jlkRed Hkwfedkizkphu ,oa orZeku ifjis{k esa

NATIONALREFEREED JOURNAL

v’kksd pUnz VEVklaxhr foHkkx]

,l-,l-ts-ifjlj vYeksM+kdqekaÅ fo”ofo|ky;] uSuhrky

tc dHkh Hkh ge yksd lkfgR; dh ckrsa djrs gSa rks gekjs tgu esa laxhr dh ckr vk gh tkrh gSA yksd lkfgR; Hkykfdlh Hkh izkUr dk D;ksa u gks ml lkfgR; esa ml izkUr dh feV~Vh dh lqxU/k] ml izkUr dh cksy pky dh Hkk’kk] jgu&lgu dkLrj ogkW ds okrkoj.k ogkW dh lkaLd`frd i`’BhHkwfe dk lekos”k ml izkUr ds lkfgR; ds vUrxZr Lor% gh lekfo’V gks tkrhgSA ftruk xgjk ml izkUr dk lkfgR; gksxk mlls dgha vPNk ml izkUr dk laxhr gksxk yksd lkfgR; ls rkRi;Z gS yksxksa dsthou ,oa muls tqM+h vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls pkgs mudh i`’BHkwfe “kS{kf.kd gks pkgs mudh i`’BHkwwfe tkfr xr gks pkgs mudhi`’BHkwfe jktuSfrd gh D;ksa u gks Hkyk mudh Ik`’BHkwfe fdlh Hkh izdkj dh D;wa u gks euq’; dk tqM+ko ml izkUr ls lnSo tqM+kjgrk gSA lkfgR; euq’; ds euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr dj mudks vkuUn iznku djkrk gSA yksd lkfgR; gh euq’; dks izd`fr ds n”kZudjkrk gS vkSj mldk lgt lkSUn;Z :ih n`”; dk fp=.k gekjs euksHkkoksa ds ek/;e ls n`’Vxkspj djrk gSA

“yksd&lkfgR; ,d ;FkkFkZ vkfne ekuoh; eukso`fRr gSA ftl izdkj Hkk’kk dk fodkl tuok.kh ls gksrk gS] oLrqr%mlh izdkj tu&lkfgR; ls mnkRr vFkok oxksZPp uke dh oLrq dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA yksd&ekul ¼Qksd ekbaM½ viuh ccZjekul ijEijk dk mRrjkf/kdkj vFkkZr~ vkfne ekuo&ekul laLdkjksa dks cuk;s j[krk gSA blh izdkj ekul dks f”k’V laLdkjds mijkUr lkfgfR;d ekufldrk izkIr gksrh gSA”1

blds lkFk gh lkFk vc ckr vkrh gS laxhr dh laxhr og dyk gS ftlesa xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R; dk iw.kZ:is.klekos”k gksrk gS laxhr dgykrk gSA izkphu dky ls orZeku rd laxhr loZLo O;kIr gS ijUrq bldh mRifRr dc] dSls] dgkWgqbZ bl fo’k; ij dqN dguk lEHko ugha gS] ftl izdkj euq’; dk tUe dSls gqvk] ikS/kk dSls gqvk] ikS/kk igys gqvk ;k cht buiz”uksa dk mRrj nsuk vR;Ur dfBu gS mlh izdkj laxhr dh mRifRr ds fo’k; esa dqN fuf”pr dguk eqf”dy gSA laxhr mrukgh iqjkuk gS ftruh ekuo tkfrA ekuo dh Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk izFke lk/ku laxhr gh rks gS] “kkL=ksa ds v/;;u ls laxhrdh mRifRr dh vusd dFkk,a lkeus vkrh gSaA Lokeh izKkuan th us laxhr vkSj laLd`fr dh Hkwfedk esa fy[kk gS fd& Hkkjrh;bfrgkl vHkh laxhr jpuk dky fuf”pr ugha dj ik;k gS D;ksafd izkphu vla[; ik.Mqfyfi;kW ;=&r= vizdkf”kr iM+h gSa] tcrd budk fo}kuksa }kjk vkSfpR; iw.kZ izdk”ku gks tk; rc rd laxhr ds iw.kZ bfrgkl dh jpuk vlaHko gSA ijczgkz ijes”oj2

dh bPNk “kfDr ls lalkj dh mRifRr gqbZ rFkk lalkj dh mRifRr ds lkFk gh laxhr dh mRifRr Hkh gqbZA lr~ fpr vkuan Lo:Ikczgkz us viuh f=xq.kkfRedk izd`fr ds }kjk bl lalkj dh jpuk dh czgkz vkuan Lo:Ik gS vr% mlds vkuan rRo ls laxhr dhmRifRr gqbZA

mlh vkuane; rRo dk vkdkj :Ik laxhr gS ftldh vf/k’Bk=h nsoh ljLorh ekuh tkrh gS ml czgkza us lozizFkevius dks rhu :iksa esa izdV fd;k czgkz] fo’.kq vkSj f”ko bu rhuksa us dze”k% ljLorh] y{eh rFkk dkyh bu rhuksa “kfDr;ksa ls bllr~ fpr~ vkuane; fo”o dh mRifRr dhA Lkaxhr dh mRifRr ds fo’k; esa izR;sd fo}ku vius fHkUu er ,oa n`f’Vdks.k j[krs gaSA3

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yksd lkfgR; esa laxhr dhjlkRed Hkwfedk izkphu ,oaorZeku ifjis{k esa

izR;sd] osn] xzaFkdkj] ijEijk o laxhrKksa us vyx&vyx <ax ls laxhrksRifRr ds fo’k; esa O;k[;k dh gSA/kkfeZd n`f”Vdks.k& ftl izdkj gekjs ns”k esa vyx&vyx /keZ okl djrs gSa mlh izdkj mu /keksZ esa laxhr dh mRifRr ds fo’k;esa viuh i`Fkd /kkj.k gSA Hkkjrh; ijEijk ds vuqlkj uVjkt f”ko] u`R; dyk ds vkfn nso gSa rFkk ekW “kkjns xhr rFkk ok| dykdh izofrZdk gSA ,d erkuqlkj czgkz th us laxhr dk fuekZ.k fd;k rFkk mls f”ko th dks fn;k] f”ko ls ;g ljLorh dks feyk]ljLorh ls ukjn dks rFkk ukjn us bldk izpkj xka/koksZa] fdUujksa vkfn esa fd;k o blh izdkj laxhr lEiw.kZ txr esa izlkfjrgqvk nkeksnj iafMr** laxhr niZ.k** ds erkuqlkj] laxhr dh mRifRr czgkz th ls gh gqbZA

nqzfg.ksr ;nfUo'Va iz;qDr Hkjrsu pAegknsoL;a iqjrLrUekxkZ[; foeqDrene~AA4

vFkkZr~& czgkz nzqfg.k us ftl laxhr dks “kks/k dj fudkyk] Hkjr eqfu us egknso ds lkeus ftldk iz;ksx fd;k rFkk tkseqfDrnk;d gS] og **ekxhZ** laxhr dgykrk gSA

blh izdkj oSfnd lkfgR; o laxhr xzaFkksa ds vk/kkj ij Kkr gqvk fd laxhr dh mRifRr *iz.ko* vkFkkZr~ vksadkj ls gqbZgSA ;g loZKkr gS fd laxhr dk vk/kkj ;k izkjafHkd LFkku vksadkj dh /ofu gh gSA iz.ko uknkRed czgkz gSA leLr osn ijekRekds fu%”okl :Ik gS blfy, mls vikS:’kes; dgk x;k gSA vr% lkeosn tks iw.kZ:Ik ls laxhre; xzaFk gS og Hkh vikS:’kes; gS ;gLi’V gSA rSfrjh;ksifu’kn~ esa dgk x;k gS *vkse~* iz.kr ;g czgkz gS **vkse~** ls gh lkexk;d xku izkjaHk djrs gSaA **vkse**;g ,dv{kj lk{kkr czgkz gSA dBksifu’kn esa dgk x;k gS] **;g v{kj gh rks czgkz vkSj ijczgkz gSA

**fu’d’kZ gS fd v{kj :Ik uknczgkz **vkse~** dk loZizFke Kku czgka th dks gqvkA mUgsa czgkz dh vuqHkwfr iz.ko vkse :Ik esalaxhfrd Loj ds :Ik esa gqbZA **NkUnksX;ksifu’kn** esa Li’V dgk gS] ** vkse** “kCn vkSj Loj lkfgR; vkSj laxhr dk vkfn lefUor:Ik gSA ckbfcy esa Hkh dgk x;k gS] “In the beginning there was the word, the word was with God and the word was

God” vFkkZr~ l`f’V ds vkfn esa “kCn Fkk] ;g czgkz bZ”oj ds lkFk gh Fkk vkSj og “kCn gh bZ”oj FkkA blfy;s] bZlkbZ viuh izkFkZukesa vesu “kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSaaA eqlyeku Hkh viuh izkFkZuk o uekt esa **vkehu** dgrs gSaaA ;s “kCn vksadkj ds gh :ikUrj gSaAfu’d’kZ :Ik esa] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjrh; oSfnd er laxhr dh mRifRr dks iapHkwrksa ls Hkh izkphu ekurk gSA laxhr dslIrLojksa dk vkfn :Ik ukn czgkaz vksadkj gSA ;gh “kCn Hkh gS vkSj Loj Hkh gSA lalkj esa tc dqN ugha Fkk] vFkkZr~ vkdk”kkfniapHkwrksa dk tc vfLrRo ugha Fkk] rc dsoy **vksadkj** FkkA

fgUnw /keZ esa ,d vU; er Hkh laxhrksRifRr ds fo’k; esa izpfyr gSA Hkxoku f”ko us iwoZ] if”pe] mRrj] nf{k.k rFkkvkdk”k dh vksj ds vius ikap eq[kksa ls ikap jkx HkSjo] fg.Mksy] es?k] nhid] jkx cuk, rFkk ikoZrh us NBk jkx jkx&dkSf”kdmRiUu fd;kA bl izdkj bu N% jkxksa ls laxhr mRiUu gqvk rFkk loZO;kI; cukA vr% fo}kuksa dk ,d oxZ bl er dks ekurk5

gS fd laxhr dk tUe **vkse** “kCn ls gqvk vkse esa v] m] e ;ss rhu v{kj gaS tks l`f’V ds mRifRr j{k.k rFkk “kfDr ds lwpd gSaAbl iz.ko vkse esa rhu xq.kksa dh “kfDr gS] blh dkj.k iz.ko esa gLo nh?kZ rFkk Iyqr rhu Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls gh mPpkfjr fd;ktk ldrk gSA tgkW fgUnw /keZ esa osnksa ds vk/kkj ij vkse ls Loj cuus rFkk laxhr mRifRr dk o.kZu feyrk gS ogha Qkjlh ;keqfLye /keZ esa ,d dFkk vR;ar izpfyr gSA fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj esa gtjr ewlk iSxEcj dks ,d iRFkj feyk bl iRFkj ds lkrVqdM+s gks x, ftuesa ls 7 /kkjk,a cgus yxh rFkk gj /kkjk ls vyx&vyx /ofu;ka cgus yxh gj /ofu ls vyx&vyx /ofu;kafudyh tks lkr Loj cu x,Aif{k;ksa ls laxhr dh mRifRr& if{k;ksa ls laxhr dh mRifRr ekuus okys fo}kuksa dk viuk ,d vyx oxZ gSA bl oxZ ds fo}kuksadk ekuuk gS fd laxhr ds lkr Loj lkr if{k;ksa dh /ofu ls fudys gSaA Jh erax eqfu jfpr xzUFk o`gn~ns”kh esa fuEu mYys[k gS&

**'kM~t onfr e;wj _'ko pkrdks onsu~A6

vtk onfr xkU/kkje~ dzkspks ofnr~ e/;eAAIkq’Ik lk/kkjs.k dkys dksfdyk iapeks osnrAIkzki`V~dkysrq lEizkls /kSora nnqZjks onsrAloZnk p rFkk nso fu'kkn onrs xt%A**vFkkZr~ eksj ls 'kM~t] pkrd ls _’kHk] cdjk ls xa/kkj] dkSok ls e/;e] dks;y ls iape] es<d ls /kSor] gkFkh ls fu’kkn

Loj dh mRifRr gq;h gSA ia- nkeksnj us Hkh laxhr dh mRifRr if{k;ksa ls ekudj “kkjaxnso ds er dks gh Lohdkj fd;k gSA bldsvfrfjDr dqN yksxksa ds erkuqlkj dksgQkd esa ,d i{kh gS ftls Qkjlh esa vkfrf'kte dgrs gSaA bl i{kh dh pksap esa lkr fNnzksals lkr izdkj ds Loj fudyrs gSa ftUgsa eq[; lkr Loj eku fy;k x;kA vjc ds bfrgkldkj *vksyklhfuT;* ds vuqlkj ekuodks lcls izFke laxhr cqy&cqy ls feyk lalkj esa mRiUu gksus ds ckn ekuo dks fpfM+;ksa ls e/kqj Loj lquus dks feyk fuR;fpfM+;ksa dh ml cksyh dks lquus ls ml lqu Loj dks vius daB ls fudkyus dh izsj.kk feyh rFkk blh ?kVuk ls laxhr dhmRifRr gqbZA

if{k;ksa ls laxhr dh mRifRr ds fo’k; esa ,d vkSj er n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA Qkjlh fo}ku ds vuqlkj igkM+ksa ij

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ewlhdkj uke dk ,d i{kh gksrk gS] ftldh pksap esa ckWlqjh dh HkkWfr lkr lqjk[k gksrs gSa ftuls lkr Loj izkIr gq,A vr% ;gdgk tk ldrk gS fd Ik”kq rFkk izd`fr dh fofHkUu /ofu;ksa dks lqudj rFkk mudh eUtqeUtqyrk dks vuqHko dj Lo;a ,slh gh/ofu;ksa dks xkus dh izsj.kk vkfn ekuo dks gqbZ gks rks dksbZ vk”p;Z ugha] vkfne tkfr ls izHkkfor gksrh gS ;g rF; vuqHkotU;gSA ukV~;”kkL= ds vuqlkj e`naxok| dh ifjdYiuk iRrksa ij fxjus okys ty fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkr “kCnksa ls gqbZ gSA laxhrksRifrIk”kq if{k;ksa ds lkFk gh izd`fr ls Hkh lac) gSA ;g ladsr izkphu dky ls gh izkIr gks jgs gSaA dqN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd izd`fr lsgh /ofu ewyd miknkuksa dks xzg.k dj o ifj’d`r dj laxhr dk fuekZ.k ekuo daB ls lEiUu gqvkA ekuo dk daB Lo;a ,dok| gS tks Loj dh lw{kerkvksa dks vkRelkr djus dh {kerk j[krk gSAeuksoSKkfud n`f”Vdks.k& laxhr dh mRifRr ds fo’k; esa izR;sd fo}ku dk viuk ,d fof”k’V er gSA euksoSKkfudksa us vius <axls laxhr dh mRifRr ds fo’k; ij izdk”k Mkyk gSA Qzk;M ds vuqlkj laxhr dk tUe ,d f”k”kq ds leku euksoSKkfud vk/kkjij gqvkA ftl izdkj ,d f”k”kq gluk jksuk vius vki gh lh[k tkrk gSA mlh izdkj laxhr dk izknqHkkZo ekuo esa euksfoKku dsvuqlkj gqvkA tsEl ykWx ds erkuqlkj ** igys euq’; us cksyuk lh[kk] pyuk fQjuk lh[kk vkSj fQj fdz;k”khy gks tkus ijmlds vUnj laxhr Lor% mRiUu gqvkA vKkurk dh voLFkk esa laxhr ij fopkj djuk lEHko ugha gSA laxhr dh mRifRr dsfo’k; esa tksdksfcy us viuh iqLrd esa fy[kk gS fd ekuo dks laxhr dk Kku dSls gqvk ;g ,d fooknkLin iz”u gS ij fQj Hkhbruk rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd tc ekuo dks Hkw[k rFkk I;kl eglwl gqbZ gksxh rHkh mls vius vanj laxr dh gypy eglwldh gksxh ,slk ekuk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd vHkh rd dksbZ Bksl rF; ugha feys gSa ijUrq bruk rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekuo dkslaxhr dk Kku vU; lHkh dykvksa ls igys gqvk gksxkA

laxhr pkgs] izd`fr ls fufeZr gks ;k Ik”kq&if{k;ksa ls] /kkfeZd n`f’Vdks.k lgh gks ;k euksoSKkfud n`f’Vdks.k ijUrq bulHkh dks Kkr djus rFkk mls lkFkZd :Ik iznku djus ds fy, ekuo us vius Kku o le> dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA izfl)bfrgkldkj vksyd lFkksoj us dgk gS fd ,slk ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd laxhr ekuo ds lkFk vk;k vFkok ekuo us fo”o esavkdj tYnh ls laxhr lh[k fy;kA izkjafHkd voLFkk esa ekuo taxyh voLFkk esa Fkk vr% laxhr gh ugha vfirq vU; fdlh Hkhdyk dk tUe ml le; ugha gqvk gksxkA ekuo dks tc Hkk’kk dk Kku vk;k gksxk rFkk ;g Kku /khjs&/khjs c<+k gksxk rks ekuodks fdlh pht+ dh deh yxh gksxhA bl deh dks laxhr uke fn;k x;k gksxkA

,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd laxhr dh mRifRr ekuo tkfr ds mn~Hko ds lkFk gqvk gSA ekuo dk tSls gh us=hUehyu gqvk7

mlds d.B ls /ofu fu%l`r gqbZA :nu rFkk ekulh lgt /ofu ds :ikUrj gSA bl /ofu dk Kku ekuo tkfr dks cgqr le;ckn gqvkA rFkk blh Kku ds vk/kkj ij euq’; us laxhr dk fuekZ.k fd;k blh dkj.k laxhr ,d ekuo fufeZr dgk gSA ekuodh rhozkuqHkwfr;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr bldh tuuh jgh gS o ekuo eu ds fodkl ds lkFk gh bl dyk dk fodkl gksrk jgk gSALkaxhr dh mRifRr ds fo’k; esa vusd fo}kuksa ds /kkfeZd er ;k fdonafr;ka izpfyr gSa tks ,sfrgkfld dlkSVh ij [kjh ughamrjrh] laxhr dh mRifRr ds fo’k; esa dksbZ Hkh ,sfrgkfld rF; izkIr ugha gq, gSaA laxhr dh mRifRr ekuo fodkl ds lkFk gqbZgS ;g dgk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd tSls&tSls ekuo tkfr us fodkl fd;k gS laxhr us Hkh vR;ar fodkl fd;k gS o le; ds lkFkmUufr ds f”k[kj dks Nw jgk gSA

tc ge yksd lkfgR; dh ckr djrs gSa rks mlds lkFk yksd laxhr dh ckr Lor% gh vk tkrh gSA lalkj esa uke vkSj:ie; tks dqN fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] yksd gSA lgtrk] ljyrk] fu”pNyrk rFkk vkMECkj foghurk yksd ds xq.k o LoHkko gSa]“ ” “ ”

;s gh xq.k vkSj LoHkko vkuUn vkSj lkSUn;Z ds vkfn Jksr jgs gSaA ,slk dksbZ Hkh xhr ftldk mn~xe yksd esa gks vkSj tks“

ijEijkxr :Ik ls ckn ds yksxksa dks feyk gks] yksdxhr dgykrk gSA”lkfgR; dk bfrgkl lkfgR; dk tks bfrgkl gksrk gS oks tu dkO; ls izkjEHk gksrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS turk dk Kku]

mldk vuqHko vkSj mldh jpuk mlds xhr yksd xhr ds dksfV esa vkrs gSaA vFkkZr~ yksd esa izpfyr yksd }kjk jfpr ,oa“ ”

yksd ds fy, fy[ks x;s xhrksa dks yksd dgk tkrk gSA yksd laxhr ekuo g`n; ds Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk ,d lqxeek/;e gSA g’kZ&”kksd] jkx&}s’k] Hk;&fuosZn vkfn leLr ekufld Hkkoksa dks /kquksa esa “kCn c) dj yksd xhr ekuo g`n; esa LFkkuik ysrs gSaA ;gh laxhr Hkko foHkksj gksdj ekuo eu dks o”khHkwr fd;s jgrk gS] vFkkZr~ yksd laxhr dk foLrkj o izLrkj bruk8

vf/kd gS fd ekuo lekt ds leLr fdz;k dyki o O;kikj yksd laxhr esa vUrfuZfgr jgrs gSaA thou dk ,slk dkSu lk i{k gSftls yksd laxhr dk Li”kZ u feyk gksA yksd laxhr dh lkoZHkkSfedrk leLr fo”o esa leku Hkko ls O;kIr gSA ;g ekuo thoudk vfHkUu lgpj gSA lkekU; ekuo thou ds lHkh igyqvksa dk lokZaxh.k fp=.k yksd laxhr esa gh feyrk gSA9

yksd laxhr dk mn~Hko dc vkSj dSls gqvk] bldh izkphurk ds laca/k esa vuqeku yxkuk dfBu t:j gS] yksd laxhrdk bfrgkl mruk gh iqjkuk gS ftruk dh ekuo l`f’V dkA izd`fr gh yksd laxhr dh tuuh gSA ekuo us jksuk o xkuk Lo;a ghlh[kk vkSj bu nksuksa ls mRiUu Hkkoksa esa laxhr fo|eku gksrk gSA vkt yksd laxhr dk tks fodflr :Ik gekjs lkeus gS] mlesaekuo dh leLr vuqHkwfr;ksa dk lap; gSA ;g laxhr fdlh ,d O;fDr ds }kjk fufeZr ugha gqvk gSA bldk fodkl

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v’kksd pUnz VEVk

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yksd lkfgR; esa laxhr dhjlkRed Hkwfedk izkphu ,oaorZeku ifjis{k esa

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;qx&;qxkUrj esa fujkin xfr ls cgrh gqbZ mldh /kkjk rFkk vusd O;fDr;ksa dh vuqHkwfr;ksa dk mlesa lekos”k gksus dsifj.kkeLo:Ik gqvk gSA yksd laxhr dk viuk dksbZ fyf[kr “kkL= ugha gSA mRrjk[k.M dh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj esa xhrkas dk10

fuekZ.k ns”k dky ds vuqlkj gksrk jgrk gSA tSlk fd loZ fofnr gS fd fdlh izns”k ds fuokfl;ksa ds thou esa yksdxhrksa dk cM+kegRo gksrk gSA yksdxhr yksd lkfgR; ds lcy vax gSA ;s gaS xqM+ dh lksa/kh xa/k ftls ,d ih<+h lw?k xbZ vkSj ftldh xa/k dksvkt Hkh yksd ekul law?k jgk gSA yksdxhr gS laLdkjksa dh izfr Nk;k]ekaxfyd voljksa dh Hkkoqdrk] thou dk gkzl] fojg dhmRihM+u vkSj fcNksg dh cslczh ftueas yksd ekulh dk vUrj O;Dr gksdj jg x;k gSA yksdxhr gS mRloksa ds mYykl _rqvksadk mrkj p<+ko blls c<+dj yksdxhr gksrs gSa ukjh ds xys dh feBkl]mlds g`n; dk mPNkl lwus ouksa]xgjs unh]mRrqax J`axksapyrh pDdh vkSj [ksr dh xedrh vFkok lwuh esM+ dh nsuA

lp ;g gS fd ;s vikS:’ks; gSA izkjEHk esa yksd laxhr dk lh/kk lEcU/k ekuo dh eukso`fRr;ksa] mlds [kku&iku rFkkjgu lgu vkfn ls FkkA ftl izdkj fofHkUu izkUrksa ds yksxksa dh os’k&Hkw’kk jhfr& fjokt fHkUu& fHkUu Fks mlh ds izHkko ls yksdlaxhr esa Hkh fofHkUurk vk x;h vkSj og vius fofHkUu :iksa esa foHkkftr gks x;kA U;kSyh] tksM+] pkWpjh] >ksMk] Nisyh] cSj] Qkx]gksyh] Ckkyxhr bR;kfn ;gkW ds izeq[k xhrksa esa ,d gSaA *U;kSyh* dqekÅWuh xhrksa dh ,d xk;u&i)fr gSA ^U;kSyh^ oLrqr% ,deknk i{kh dk uke gS] tks dks;y dh HkkWfr dkys jax dh gksrh gSA

fiz;re ds fo;ksx esa os izk;% >wjrh jgrh gSA laHkor% yksd Hkkouk us foizyaHk dh iz/kkurk gksus ds dkj.k bu xhrksa dks^U;kSyh ^uke fn;k gksxka ^U;kSyh^ ds vU; vFkZss&uosyh&uo voyh vFkkZr~ ^u;s xhrksa dh voyh^ vkSj ^uosyh^ vkFkkZr~ uoy vFkkZr~^u;s Nanksa dh ekSfyd vk”kq dfork^ ,oa uosyh dkfeuh dks vkyacu ekudj xk;s tkus okys xhr lkFkZd ,oa laxr izrhr gksrs gSaA;s fuHk`r ou izkUr esa xk;s tkus okys xhr gSaA dHkh dsoy ckWlqjh dh /kqu ds :Ik esa vkyki “kSyh esa bUgSa lquk tk ldrk gSA buesaxk;u esa vkjksg & vojksg dh vn~Hkqr fof”k’Vrk ik;h tkrh gSA ^,^ ^yk^ gkbyk^ U;kSyh^ vkfn “kCn xhr dh iafDr esa ;kfr dsLFkku ij iz;qDr gksrs gSa] ;Fkk &

dkV~uk dkV~uk---iy ÅWN-------- yh pkSeklh dks cu------AFkkeh tkWN ------cXU;k ikuh ---yh –uSa Fkkfeuwa--- eu—AA

^U;kSyh nks rtksZ esa xk;h tkrh gS & ¼1½ lksj~;yh vkSj ¼ 2½ jhBkxkM+hAJaxkj jl esa foizyaHk dk g`n;xzkgh vkSj izHkkokfHkO;atd o.kZu buesa feyrk gSA la;ksx esa fiz;feyu dh vkdqyrk vkSj

NsM+&NkM+ ] gzkl&ifjgkl]mikyaHk vkSj fo;ksx esa izksf’krifrdk dh vrqyLi”khZ ihM+k buesa fo|eku gSA Jaxkj dh pkjksa fLFkfr;ksaesa izokl dk vkf/kD; gSA fo;ksx esa lEiw.kZ fojg n”kkvksa dk ekfeZd vkSj ltho o.kZu bu xhrksa esa feyrk gSA ikol _rq izkjEHkgks x;h gS] fiz; ijns”k esa gS] ,sls esa vkdk”k esa cknyksa ds meM+us gh fojfg.kh dk g`n; lqcdus yxrk gS &

ÅWpk /kqjk lqdks Mk.kw ] ikuh dh rM+qdAvxkl ckny fjV~;k]jos ÅWph /kqM+qdkAAIkj og ^es?knwr^ dh HkkWfr fojg esa d`”k ugha gksrh]mldk izse ^deZB izse^ gSA ;kn fdls ugha vkrh] dkeuk fdldh ugha

gksrh fd ^ia[kk gquk mfM+ vkSuw] eSa fcuk ikW[kS dks^] ij isV Hkh rks ekWxrk gSA fcuk gkFk&ikWo fgyk;s mldh iwrhZ dSls laHko gksxh\izse ;k fiz;k rd lhfer ugha gS] vfirq dgha O;kid vkSj foLrh.kZ gSA ekW] firk] HkkbZ ] ckyiu ds lkFkh] lHkh vuU; gSa]izsekLingSaA lkSUn;Z o.kZu esa ukjh] iq:’k vkSj izd`fr&rhuksa dk ckgzk vkSj vH;Urj lkSUn;Z bu xhrksa esa feyrk gSA fiz;k f”k[kj ij izdVD;k gqbZ] yxrk gS fn”kk [kqy x;h gks

pepe pedWNh] R;kj ukdS dh QqyhA/kkj esa /ksdkfy HkSN] tkfu fn”kk [kqyhAAizd`fr o.kZu] _rq o.kZu] ckjgeklk] u[kf”k[k o.kZu] ukf;dkHksn o.kZu vkfn dk fo’kn fp= bu xhrksa ds xk;d us

izLrqr fd;k gSA ifjos”k vkSj nSufUnu xhrksa dk xk;d ;qx thou ds lkFk thrk gSA uoo/kq dk nq%[k] lkl dk cwtZvkiu]tkfrizFkk dk ca/ku ,oa vU; lkekftd ,oa ikfjokfjd leL;kvksa dh folaxfe;ksa dks xk;d us xhrksa dk Loj fn;k gSA dBksjik’kk.k dh dkj.k ls la?k'kZjr yksd thou dk fu;froknh n”kZu Hkh bu xhrksa esa eq[kfjr gqvk gS &

Qy~ fVih ckanj ySX;k] lkSyk :[kS NuAUkd ew[k gWlh ÅWNh] fg;k nq[kS NuAAbuesa vyadkfjd lkSan;Z lgt :Ik esa lekfo’V gks x;k gSA mieku oLrq txr ds gSa] cukoV dk dgha uke ugha gSA

miek]mRisz{kk] n`’VkUr] mnkgj.k vkfn vyadkj ^U;kSyh* xhrksa esa eq[; :Ik ls n`f’Vxr gksrs gSaA miek,W vuwBh vkSj vNwrh gSaAizse dh vfHkUurk]?kfu’Brk]vVwV cU/ku** izfrc)rk vkSj Hk;adjrk dks O;Dr djus okyk ,d mieku n`’VO; gS &

lqukjS dk nqdkuS esa ] psgjknkj pkWfnArsfj ek;k ys csfM+ jk[;wa] lji dh HkkWfrAA^U;kSyh* ,d xk;u i)fr Hkh gS vkSj Nan:Ik HkhA ;g pkSng o.kksZ dk eqDrd of.kZd Nan gS] ftlls vkB vkSj N % o.kksZ

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ij ;fr vkrh gS] pkgs o.kZZ de ;k vf/kd D;ksa u gks izR;sd iafDr esa y; 14 o.kksZ dh jgrh gSA pkSng o.kZ okys bl Nan dksvleh] caxky vkSj mfM+;k esa *I;kj* ,oa ejkBh esa *yoaxyrk* dgk tkrk gSA of.kZd y;k/kj dh n`f’V ls *U;kSyh* dks dqekÅWuhNUnksa dh jkuh dgk tk ldrk gSA dqekÅWuh xhrksa esa izk;% /kqod ;k Vsd ds ckn *tksM+* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blh vk/kkj ij*U;kSyh* dks Hkh tksM+ dg fn;k tkrk gS] fdUrq *U;kSyh* vkSj tksM+ esa y;kRed vUrj gSA *U;kSyh* dks y;k/kkj ij tksM+ esa ughacnyk tk ldrk] tcfd tksM+ dks lqxerk ls U;kSyh esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA tSls &

tksM+& Ikk[kS dh nU;kjAHkwyh tWwyks nkWrikVh] fu HkwWyWw vUokjAU;kSyh& Ikk[kS dh nU;kj lwok ] Ikk[kS dh nU;kjAHkwyh tWwyks nkWrikVh] fu HkwWyWw vUokjAA*tksM+* c`gn~ jpuk& izfdz;k gSA budk xk;u LorU= :Ik ls vkSj dqekÅW dh vU; u`R; xhr i)fr;ksa&pkWpjh] >ksM+k

vkfn esa leku :Ik ls gksrk gSA *U;kSyh* dh HkkWfr *tksM+* dk Hkh izeq[k izfrik| fo’k; Jaxkj gSA buesa izse u`R;&Hkkouk] lkSan;Zo.kZu] la;ksx o.kZu] foizyaHk dk euksgkjh vadu feyrk gSA izse dh fiz;k tgkW Hkh gS] ftl ioZr f”k[kj ij Hkh gS] izseh dks oglEiw.kZ ioZr izkUr gh jle; yxrk gS&

?kk dkVks vksflyksAtS /kqjk Nw esjh lqok] Å /kwjks jflyksAAmlds n`f’Vxr gksrs gh yxrk gS] o’kkZ dks m|r es?kkPNUu vkdk”k ,dk,d fuEkZy gks x;k gks Xkk;u&“kSyh dh

fHkUurk ds vk/kkj ij bUgha tksM+ksa dks *HkXukSy* Hkh dgk tkrk gSALky d cqfu;kWAlcqW dh lqQy gks;s] Hkwfe d Hkwfe;kWAA*pkWpjh* dqekmuh u`R;&xhrksa dh ,d fof”k’V “kSyh gSA nkuiqj] ukdqjh vkfn LFkkuksa esa budk fo”ks’k izpyu gSA esyksa]

mRloksa vkSj fofHkUu ioZ ,oa R;kSgkjksa ds volj ij ;s xhr xk;s tkrs gSaA Uk`R;xhr gksus ds dkj.k pkWpjh esa xfr vkSj indze dkfo”ks’k egRo gksrk gSA o`Rr fufeZr djds ;s xhr xk;s tkrs gSaA blesa gkFkksa dks tksM+ dj o`Rr fufeZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj chp esaeq[; xk;d jgrk gSA blesa L=h vkSj iq:’k nksuksa Hkkx ysrs gSaA o`Rr esa ,d Hkkx iq:’kksa dk nwljk Hkkx fL=;ksa dk jgrk gSA buxhrksa dks dsoy L=h ;k dsoy iq:’k Hkh i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ :Ik ls xk ldrs gSaA eq[; xk;d dks *pkWpfj;kW*;k *nqgfj;k* dgk tkrk gSApkWpjh esa in lapkyu vkSj vkafxd xfr dk o`Rr esa yxs gq, izR;sd O;fDr dks /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA ;s xhr eq[; nks xk;dksa dschp ¼iz”uksRrj½ gksrs gSaA pkWpjh esa ok|;U= ds :Ik esa izk;% gqM+dk ctrk gS] tks eq[; xk;d ;k lgxk;dksa }kjk ctk;k tkrkgSA o`Rr dk ,d Hkkx eq[; xk;d }kjk dgha xhr iafDr xkrk gS] nwljk Hkkx mls nqgjkrk gSA pkWpjh dk izkjEHk bZ”k&oUnuk]eaxy opu ;k ueLdkjkRed :Ik esa gksrk gSA rRi”pkr~ ifjp; ,oa fofo/k izlaxksa dks] xk;d dh xk;u dq”kyrk ,oa L=h vFkokiq:’kksa ds nksgjksa ds :Ik esa vfojke xfr ls yEcs varjky rd xk;k tkrk gSA

,d gh pkWpjh dbZ ?kaVksa rd py ldrh bu xhrksa esa fo’k;&oLrq dh fofo/krk ik;h tkrh gSA *ef.k&dEiklh*]¼nscw&MQSnku½ ¼fclyk&fdVqok½ vkfn PkkWpfj;ksa dk vuq”khyu djus ds mijkUr bl fu’d’kZ ij igqapk tk ldrk gS fdpkWpfj;ksa dk izkjfEHkd :Ik izca/kkRed jgk gksxkA dkykUrj esa blesa eqDrd xq.k lekfo’V gks x;sA pkWpjh esa xk;d Jaxkj]/kkfeZdrk] yksd fo”okl] lelkef;drk vkfn fofo/k fo’k;ksa dks euksgj dfoRoiw.kZ vfHkO;fDr iznku djrk gSA *lkyh&Hkhuk*]*nsoj&HkkHkh*] *izseh&izsfedk* vkfn ls lEcfU/kr pkWpfj;ksa esa laoknkRedrk feyrh gSA pkWpjh esa izk;% vk|Ur vko`fRr;kW iz;qDrgksrh gSaA dqaekmuh yksdxhrksa&>ksM+k] Nisyh] PkkWpjh vkfn ds ewy esa U;kSyh vkSj tksM+ jgrs gSaA blh izdkj *>ksM+k* Hkh dqekmuh dslkeqfgd u`R; xhr gSaA LFkku Hksn ds vk/kkj ij bUgSa pkWpjh] [ksy] gFktksM+k vkSj HkSuh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dqekÅW esa >ksM+ksa ds nks:Ik ik;s tkrs gSaa&1-eqDrd >ksM+s vkSj 2- izca/kkRed >ksM+sA eqDrd >ksM+s u`R;&iz/kku lewg xhr gSa]tks esyksa mRloksa vkSj fofHkUuioksZ vkfn ds voljksa ij xk;s tkrs gSaA iq:’k rFkk efgyk,W buesa leku :Ik ls Hkkx ysrs gSA pkWpjh dh HkkWfr bu xhrks esa Hkh inlapkyu dk fo”ks’k egRo gksrk gSA eq[; xk;d }kjk xk;h gqbZ iafDr dks izFke ny xkrk gS vkSj nwljk ny mls nqgjkrk gSA>ksM+k ]PkWkpjh vkfn xku&”kSfy;ksa dk izkjEHk oLrqr% u`R;k/kj ij gh gqvk gksxkA bu xhrksa esa nks eq[; xk;dksa ds e/; *nksgjs*vFkok iz”uksRrj Hkh gksrs gSaA eqDrd >ksM+s /keZ ]ifjokj]lekt vkSj lelkef;d vkfn lHkh fo'k;ksa dks ysdj xk;s tkrs gSaa ok| ds:Ik esa eqDrd >ksM+ksa esa gqM+ds dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA izca/kRed >ksM+ksa esa LFkkuh; nsoh&nsorkvksa dh xkFkk,W xk;h tkrh gSaa izca/kkRed>ksM+ksa dks /keZ xkFkkvksa esa lekfo’V fd;k tk ldrk gSA >ksM+ksa dk ;g izca/kkRed :Ik dqekÅW ds cgqr de LFkkuksa ¼lhjk {ks= vkSjdqekÅW ds dqN iwohZ {ks= vkfn½ esa gh izpfyr gSA

bu /keZxkFkkRed >ksM+ksa esa nso vFkok nsoh fo”ks’k ds izfr fou;] HkfDr vkSj iwtk dk Hkko ik;k tkrk gSA xkFkk }kjk nsoh;k nsork ds “kkS;Z] ijkdze] peRdkj] vykSfdd ,oa vifjfpr “kfDr dk xq.kxku ,oa muds dk;ksZ dk Lej.k fd;k tkrk gSAdFkkxku ds e/; nsork vorfjr gksdj “kqHkk”khoZpu nsrk gSA <+ksy&uxkM+ksa ds lkFk nsork ds [kssy izkjEHk gksrs gSa ,oa dFkk Hkkx

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ogha NwV tkrk gSA ;s >ksM+s jrtxk djds nsoeafnjksa esa gh xk;s tkrs gSaA budk xk;u izeq[k :Ik ls uojkf=;ksa esa gksrk gSAizca/kkRed >ksM+ksa esa ckyfpu] dkyfpu] Nqjey] ey;ukFk] uUnknsoh] t;Urh] vkfn nsoh&nsorkvksa ds >ksM+s eq[; gSaA eqDrdvkSj izca/kkRed >ksM+ksa esa o.;Z vkSj “kSyhxr oS’kE; gSA eqDrd >ksM+ksa esa fo’k; oSfo/; gksrk gS] izcU/kkRed >ksM+ksa esa /keZ Hkkouk dhiz/kkurk jgrh gSA eqDrd >ksM+s lkewfgd u`R;xhr gSa] tcfd izca/kkRed >ksM+s dsoy lkeqfgd xhr] tks cSB dj gh xk;s tkrs gSaAnksuksa ds xk;u LFkkuksa es Hkh fHkUurk gSA eqDrd >ksM+ks esa y; oSfo/; vkSj vko`fRr iz;ksxksa dh cgqyrk ik;h tkrh gS] izca/kkRed>ksM+ksa esa dFkkRed ,oa ,djl y; jgrh gSA ;gkW dqekmuh ds eqDrd dkO; :iksa dk izlax py jgk gS] vr% *>ksM+k* dk vFkZ ;gkWeqDrd :Ik ls gh fy;k tkuk pkfg,A ;s xhr euksjatu ds lkFk gh {ks=h; lkaLd`frd egRo dks Hkh izfrikfnr djrs gSaA buxhrksa esa isze dh mnkRr Hkkouk vkSj izd`fr ds iq:’k&e/kqqj :iksa ds n”kZu gksrs gSaA pkWpjh dh HkkWfr buesa Hkh iwoZ e/; vkSjvUR;ko`fRr;kW iz;qDr gksrh gSa] ftlls bu xhrksa esa y;&ifjorZu] y;&oSfo/; vkSj Nan&oSfo/; ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA >ksM+ksa ds ewyesa Hkh U;kSyh ;k tksM+ jgrs gSaA Vsd vkSj vko`fRr;kW fo’k;] ;fr] xfr] u`R;&xk;u vkfn vk/kkjksa ij ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSAof.kZd y;k/kkj dh nqf’V ls 6 o.kksZ ls ysdj 22 o.kksZ dh y; bu xhrksa esa feyrh gSA vko`fRr vkSj ewy y; ds fofu;ksx lsf=ikn] iapinh vkSj 'kV~inh Hkh fufEkZr gksrs gSaA

Ekkj >iSd lqjekSyh dkSfrd yksxks ekj >iSd AEkkj >iSd eSays dS dkSfrd tWwyks Ekkj >iSdAEkkj >iSd rsj Lokeh ?kj uSa gkrh Ekkj >iSdAEkkj >iSd rSa dSdk nxkM+k tkWNh Ekkj >iSdA

blh izdkj dqekÅ¡ esa *Nisyh* xk;u ,oa u`R;&”kSyh ds xhr fookg] esyksa] mRloksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa ds volj ij xk;stkrs gSaA Nisyh esa ,d eq[; xk;d] ,d urZd o xk;d leqg gksrk gSA igys urZd L=h gksrh Fkh] fdarq vc L=h dk LFkku L=hos”k/kkjh iq:’k us ys fy;k gSA L=h ;k L=h os”k/kkjh iq:’k vkSj eq[; xk;d] nksuksa iDds xk;d gksr gSaA dHkh&dHkh ny ds eq[;xk;d vkSj ckgkz xk;d esa iz”uksRrj esa VsM+ ¼rdjkj½ gks tkus ij] iz”u dkVdj xk;d vius jkLrs yx tkrs gSaA eq[; xk;dizk;% gqM+dk oknd Hkh gksrk gSA vU; lgxk;dksa ds gkFkksa esa Hkh gqM+ds gks ldrs gSaA urZd vius vax&lapkyu vkSj Hkko Hkafxekvksals xhr dh ewy Hkkouk dks vfHku; dkS”ky }kjk O;Dr djrk gqvk u`R; djrk gSA lqe/kqj laxhrkRedrk vkSj fofo/k u`R; eqnzk,WizLrqr u`R; xhr dks yksdukV~; dk Lo:Ik iznku djrs gSaA *Nksfy;k u`R;* esa Hkh Nisyh xk;h tkrh gSA Nisyh esa xhr dh vafreiafDr ds lkFk Vsd inksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Vsd inksa dks *lewg&xku* ¼dksjl½ ds :Ik esa xk;d e.Myh }kjk vusd vko`fRr;ksa esaxk;k tkrk gSA urZd izk;% dksjl ds e/; gh u`R; djrk gSA xhrksa esa rqdcanh vkSj vUR;kuqizkl dh ;kstuk Hkh jgrh gSA bu xhrksaesa fufgr nwjkUrj vUR;kuqizkl dh ;kstuk yksd xk;d dh izfrHkk] iVqrk vkSj dYiuk ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA Nisyh esa eq[;r;k izsevkSj Jaxkfjd fo’k;ksa dh iz/kkurk feyrh gSA izse esa Hkkoqdrk] fu”Nyrk ,oa mnkRrrk ik;h tkrh gSA iz”uksRrj izseh&izsfedkvFkok nks xk;dksa ds e/; gksrs gSaA buesa FkksM+h cgqr rkfdZdrk Hkh jgrh gSA

Jaxkj esa lkSn;Z o.kZu] vuqu;] ifjgkl] lkgp;Z] lax&lq[k dkeuk] mUeqDrrk] vkosx vkfn fLFkfr;kW feyrh gSAizd`fr] tuthou] ifjos”k vkSj lelkef;d fo”ks’krkvksa dks Hkh yksd xk;d bu xhrksa esa lgt vkSj ljy <ax esa lekfo’V djysrk gSA xk;d dgha yksdlR;ksa dh LFkiuk djrk gS vkSj dgha fu;froknh thou n”kZu dks O;Dr djrk gS&

xfM+;k dks lkx/ku esjks HkkxtEcw cksys ;ks xr HkbZ]

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rw D;ksa cksys dkx-----------Ikkf.k esa QVd gk.kh]fu cqtuh vkx---------------

dqekÅ¡ esa *cSj* xhrksa dk izpyu izkphu le; ls gh jgk gSA *cSj xhrksa esa Loi{k eaMu ,oa iji{k [k.Mu dj ,d nwljsdks ijkftr djus dh gksM+ jgrh gSA ;g iz”uksRrj “kSyh esa gksus okyh vuqie xhrkRed izfr}fUnrk gSA xk;dksa ds chp ;goSj&Hkko dsoy iz”uksRrj dky vFkok xhrksa dh vof/k rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA mRloksa] esyksa vkfn esa xk;dksa }kjk bl xhr“kSyh dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA lkjk tu leqg Jksrk cudj xk;dksa dh t; ijkt; ns[kus Hkwfe ij cSBk jgrk gSA dksbZ HkhcSj xk;d vFkkZr~ *cSfj;k* ;k *HkXukSfy;k* fdlh Hkh fo’k;] n`”;] ?kVuk ;k izlax dks ysdj xhr izkjEHk djrk gS vkSj xhrksa esagh nwljs cSfj;ksa ls iz”u iwN nsrk gSA Jksrkvksa dh e.Myh ds chp dbZ cSfj;s ,df=r jgrs gSaA nwljk *cSfj;k* vius LFkku ij[kM+k gksdj igys ds iz”u dk mRrj nsrs gq, viuk iz”u iwN ysrk gSA iz”u&mRrj vkSj izR;qRrj dk ;g dze vck/k vkSjv[k.M xfr ls pyrk jgrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks jkr chr tkrh gS vkSj nwljk&rhljk fnu Hkh O;rhr gksus dks gksrk gS] ij xhrksadk dze fujUrj pyrk jgrk gSA rhu&rhu&pkj&pkj cSfj;s iz”uksRrj ds bl }U} esa fHkM+ tkrs gSaA iz”u dk mRrj u ns ikusokys xk;d dh ijkt; eku yh tkrh gSA ;s iz”u nq: xw<+ fcEckRed] izrhdkRed rFkk mfDr oSfp™;iw.kZ gksrs gSaA iz”u iwNus dk<ax izk;% vlkekU; gksrk gSA xhrksa dk lekiu ijLij eaxy dkeuk ls gksrk gSA

*cSj^ rdZ iz/kku xhr “kSyh gS] ftlesa xk;d dh izfrHkk] izR;qRi=efr] dYiuk vkSj cqf) dkS”ky dk fo”ks'k egRo jgrkgSA bl okd~ fookn esa bfrgkl] iqjk.k] O;fDr] lekt] ?kVuk] n`”;] izd`fr tu thou vkfn ls fdlh Hkh lR; vFkok leL;k dks;k fdlh Hkh fo’k; dks iz”uksRrj :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA iz”uksa ds izLrqrhdj.k dh “kSyh mRiUu dfo dh cqf)erk]dYiuk vkSj rkfdZdrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA cSj xhrksa esa O;aX; dk iqV Hkh Ik;kZIr ek=k esa fo|eku jgrk gSA fcEc ;k izrhd;kstuk xhrksa esa “khyrk vkSj e;kZnk dks cuk;s j[krh gSA ;g euksjatu dh vR;Ur LoLFk “kSyh gSA blesa xk;d dks viuhizfrHkk&izn”kZu dk iw.kZ volj feyrk gSA cSj xhrksa ds lkFk fdlh ok|;U= dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA cSj xhrksa esa dgha dghaa e/; ;kizkjEHk esa y;kRed x| dk fo/kku jgrk gS] ij vkyki }kjk xhr & l`f’V djds xk;d xs;rk dks vfoPN= j[krk gSA

*cSj* vkSj ^Nisyh* esa iYyo ds pj.k izk;% y;kRed n`f’V ls leku jgrs gSa fdUrq fo’k;&oLrq vkSj xk;u&i)fr dsvk/kkj ij nksuksa esa vUrj vk tkrk gSA Nisyh esa Jaxkfjd fo’k;ksa dh iz/kkurk gksrh gS] tcfd *cSj*esa rkfdZdrk vkSj mfDroSfp™; dh iz/kkurk gksrh gSA Nisyh esa ok| ds :Ik esa gqM+dk ctrk gS] ij cSj esa dksbZ ok| iz;qDr ugha gksrkA bl izdkj *Qkx*dqekÅW esa fofHkUu laLdkjksa ds volj ij xk;s tkus okys eaxyxhr gSaA bu xhrksa dk laLdkjksa ls lEcU/k gksus ds dkj.k bUgSa*laLdkj xhr* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dqekÅW esa bUgSa *”kdquk[kj* Hkh dgrs gSaA vkS/kku xHkkZ/kku] iq=&tUe] 'k’Vh] ukedj.k] ozrca/k]fookg vkfn laLdkjksa ds vloj ij *Qkx* vkSj *”kdquk[kj* xk;s tkrs gSaA fdlh /kkfeZd mRlo esa nsoh&nsork dh xkFkkvksa dks Hkh*Qkx* ds :Ik esa xk;k tkrk gSA *Qkx* QkYxqu eghus ds *Qxqok* ;k *Qkxq* xhrksa ls fHkUu gSaA vU; izns”kksa ds lksg cUuk&cuM+h]lxqu vkfn xhrksa dh gh HkkWfr dqekÅW esa *Qkx* xhrksa dk izpyu gSA dqekmuh yksd lkfgR; esa dqN v/;srkvksa us dqekÅW esa *Qkx*xhrksa dk vHkko ekuk gS] fdUrq ;g rF; lgh ugha gSA yxrk gS] mu fo}kuksa us dqekmuh yksdxhrksa dk lokZxh.k v/;;u fd;sfcuk gh Hkzked fu’d’kZ fudky fy;s gSaA *Qkx* dsoy fL=;ksa }jk xk;s tkrs gSaA buesa xhrkRedrk ,oa daB Loj dk fo”ks’k egRogksrk gSA *Qkx xhrksa esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd xkf;dk,W gksrh gSaA bu xhrks esa ukjh daB dh iw.kZ deuh;rk vkSj ljyrk fo|ekujgrh gSA le; vFkok fo’k; dh n`f’V ls bu xhrksa dh nks dksfV;kW gSa&1- izklafxd vkSj 2- vfuok;ZA

*Qkx* izklafxd :Ik esa ekaxfyd dk;ksZ] mRloksa vkSj xkFkkvksa esa xk;s tkrs gSa vkSj fofo/k laLdkjksa&iq=tUe] ukedj.k]ozrca/k vkSj fookg vkfn volj ij vfuok;Z :Ik ls xk;s tkrs gSaA bu xhrksa esa yksd&osn dh jhfr dk vHkwriwoZ leUo;ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA budk izkjEHk vkdk”k&ikrky] i`Foh vkfn ds nsoh nsorkvksa dh cUnuk ls gksrk gSA mlds x.ks”k iwtu]ekr`iwtu] dy”k LFkkiu vkfn xhrksa ds lkFk ifjokj o mlds lnL;ksa ,oa lEcfU/k;ksa ds izfr eaxy dkeuk fufgr jgrh gSAlaLdkj Hksn ds vuqlkj tUe] ukedj.k] ;Kksiohr vkSj fookg vkfn ds i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ xhr gSaA *ns”kdeZ* *x.ks”kiwtk* vkSj*U;wrus* ds xhr lHkh esa leku :Ik ls xk;s tkrs gSaA dkeukijd xhrksa esa *vkSNu* xhr xk;s tkrs gSaA xfHkZ.kh dh fLFkfr dkeuksoSKkfud fp=.k bu xhrksa esa feyrk gS&

[kS fy;ks ckST;w]euS dh bfPN;k tks][kS fy;ks ckST;w] cklerh dks HkkrAmM+n dh ny]f?kjr HkqVkjks]nk[k nkM+hekANksfyax fctksjk]dSyh dpkSjh]yk[kh dks lhdkjkAA

ukedj.k vkSj ozrca/k lEcU/kh xhrksa esa ckyd ds xHkZokl ls ysdj fo|k/;;u] ;Kksiohr] U;wr.k vkfn ds xhr xk;stkrs gSaA fookg esa dU;k vkSj oj i{k ds i`Fkd&i`Fkd Qkx xk;s tkrs gSaA buesa *lkaSy iFkkbZ* iwokZx * U;wr.k vkfn xhrksa esalekurk gksrh gSA dqN mHk;fu’B :Ik esa Hkh xk;s tkrs gSaA oj i{k ds xhrksa esa Jaxkj] ckjkr izLFkku] ekW dk iq= ls nw/k dk eksy

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ekWxuk] jR;kyh] ?kjiSal] fcjknjksa o ckjkfr;ksa dh fonkbZ vkfn ds xhr eq[; gSaA dU;k i{k ds xhrksa esa ckjkr vkxeu] /kqY;?kZ]Jaxkj] dU;knku] lIrinh] ckjkr fonkbZ vkfn eq[; gSaaA dU;k dh fonkbZ ds volj ds xhr brus O;Fkkiw.kZ] d:.k o g`n;nzkodgksrs gSa fd Jksrk ds ekul dh lhih vius n`x}kj [kksydj eqDrkJqvksa ls jksrh ckfydk dk vfHk'ksd djrh tku iM+rh gS&

NksM+~ ;ks&NksM+~ ;ks ckyh Rohys] /kqYekVh dks [ksy]ek.kwuh dk [kktkAfdyS NksM+h ckyh Rohys]ek;wM+h dh dks[k]fdyS NksM+~;ks] ckck T;w dks ?kkSjAAbl izdkj *gksyh* dk Hkh dqekÅ¡uh lekt esa cM+k egRo gS tks fd ewyr% czt”kSyh dk xk;u gS] fdUrq leLr Hkkjr esa

;g leku :Ik ls yksdfiz; gS vkSj ioZrh; gksyh dk BkB rks fujkyk gh gSA lEiw.kZ dqekÅW {ks= esa iwl ds eghus ds igys jfookjds fnu ls gksyh dk xk;u izkjEHk gks tkrk gS] tks vuojr :Ik ls Vhds ds fnu ds fnu rd pyrk jgrk gSA dqekÅW esa gksyhxk;u dh nks “kSfy;kW izpfyr gSa& 1- [kM+h gksyh vkSj 2- cSB gksyh A “kSyh dk ;g Hksn oLrqr% gksyh xk;u dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkjgSA [kM+h gksyh vkWxu esa vFkok jkLrs pyrs leqg esa xk;h tkrh gS vkSj cSB gksyh ?kj ds Hkhrj ;k fdlh LFkku fo”ks’k ij cSBdjxk;h tkrh gSA [kM+h gksyh izk;% fnu esa vkSj cSB gksyh izk;% la/;k o jkrksa esa xk;h tkrh gSA [kM+h gksyh esa o`Rrkdkj ?ksjs esa ?kwersgq, u`R; ;kstuk] indze ,oa gLr lapkyu dk izR;sd **gksykj** dks vuqikyu djuk iM+rk gS vkSj cSBdh gksyh esa Loj&dze dsvkjksg&vojksg ij xk;u fuHkZj djrk gSA [kM+h gksyh esa ckyd vkSj “kkL=h; jkx&jkfxfu;ksa ls vufHkK O;fDr Hkh vklkuh lsxkrs vkSj u`R; djrs gSa] ij cSBdh esa xkk;u ds fy, jkx vkSj rky dk Kku gksuk vifuok;Z gSA cSBdh esa Jksrk Hkh izk;% ogh gksrkgS] tks laxhr ;k Loj&y; dk Kku j[krk gSA

cSBdh esa vuqHkwfr dh l?kurk dh iz/kkurk gksrh gSA [kM+h gksyh esa <ksyd] eatjh vkSj cSBdh esa gkjeksfu;e] flrkj]rcyk] ,oa eatjh vkfn ok|;a= iz;qDr gksrs gSaA cSBdh dk xk;u eq[;r% f”kojk=h ls izkjEHk gksrk gS] ;|fi vkjEHk clar iapehls gh gks tkrk gSA f”ko dks vchj vkfn pM+k;k tkrk gS vkSj miokl j[kk tkrk gSA f”kojkf= dks fnu ls gksyh dh cSBdh dkvk;kstu gksus yxrk gS vkSj gksfy;ksa dh fo’k; oLrq esa Hkh cnyko vk tkrk gSA f”kojkf= ds fnu ls jl&jax vkSj Jaxkj ijdgksfy;kW xk;h tkus yxrh gSa] tc fd f”kojkf= ds iwoZ /kkfeZd gksfy;ksa dk gh xk;u gksrk gSA ;s gksfy;kW f”ko] jke] d`’.k]egk”kfDr] nqxkZ vkfn ls lEcaf/kr gksrh gSaA buesa iwtk vkSj vkjk/kuk dk izk/kkU; jgrk gSA**ÅWps Hkou ij cl jgh var rsjks ufgaik;ks** 8 **tVu fcjktr xax** vkfn izfl) HkfDrijd gksfy;kW gSaA vc rks yksxksa dks le; dh deh jgrh gS] mUgSa le; gh ughafey ikrk] f”kojk=h ds fnu ;k fdlh “kke ,dk/k ?kaVk gksyh lquus&lqukus dkA D;ksa u gks] vFkksZiktZu ,oa thou &;kiu dslk/ku Hkh rks fnukasfnu dfBurj gksrs tk jgs gSaA [kM+h gksyh jax iM+us ij tksj idM+rh gSA [kwc jkx& jax vkSj eLrh vk tkrh gSpkj fnuksa ds fy,A ru&onu esa Jaxkj Nk tkrk gSA NyM+h ds fnu rks ok.kh Hkh csyxke gks tkrh gSa dqekÅW ds xzkeh.k vapyksa esadbZ LFkkuksa ij gksyh <ksy&uxkM+ksa ds lkFk ,d xkWo dks c<+ tkrh gSA Ckq:W”k ds Qwyksa dks gkFk esa ysdj prqnZ”kh ds fnu fdlh/kkfeZd LFky ;k efUnj esa bdV~Bh gksfy;ksa dk gtkjksa yksxksa dk feyu ns[krs gh curk gSA vius phj ds lkFk vkxs c<+rhdqekmuh gksfy;kW ux.; gSaA izk;% lkjh gksfy;kW cztHkk’kk esa gh miy) gksrh gSaA gkW] budk dqekmuhdj.k vo”; gks x;k gSA ewy:Ik czt”kSyh dk jgus ij Hkh “kCn&;kstuk] foHkDr&iz;ksx] fdz;kvksa vkfn ds iz;ksx dh n`f’V ls budks **dqekmuh gksfy;kW**dgus esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vkifRr ugha gksuh pkfg,A fo’k; oLrq ds vk/kkj ij gksfy;ksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckWVk tk ldrk gS&1-HkfDr ijd vkSj 2- Jaxkj ijdA HkfDr ijd gksfy;kW ijes”oj rFkk fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa ls lEcfU/kr gSaA buesa nk”kZfudrk]jgL;kRedrk] izkFkZuk] Lrqfr]gSA Jaaxkjijd gksfy;ksa esa ;kSoutU; mUekn vkSj mYykl jgrk gSA buesa NsM+NkM+] gkl&ifjgkl]feyu&ladsr] izrhd ,oa xw<+ dFkuksa }kjk ;kSoukfHkO;fDr] jaxjsyh ds fy, tkuk ;k veaf=r djuk] lqUnjh dk Jaxkj o.kZu vkSjn`Ir Hkksx&Hkkouk dh vfHkO;fDr vkfn o.kZu ,oa izlax feyrs gSaA gksfy;ksa dk ewy Loj Jaxkjh gSA ;gkW jk/kk&d`’.k gh ugha]cfYd jke vkSj lhrk dks Hkh jax esa Mwcrs ,oa Jaxkj dh vusdksa ps’Vk,W djrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vchj&xqyky dk mM+uk] jaxHkjh fipdkfj;ksa dk pyuk fdls ugha jl&jax esa Mqcks nsrk gS\ ,sls esa **HkwrukFk Hkksys ckck** Hkh vius x.kksa ds lkFk u`R; djusyxrs gSaA nsoj&HkkHkh ds laca/k oSls Hkh gkl&ifjgkl] Lusgkfn dh n`f’V ls e/kqj gSaA gksfy;ksa esa HkkHkh vius iwjs jax esa fn[krh gSvkSj nsoj dks lh[k nsrh gqbZ lqukbZ iM+rh gSA HkfDr vkSj Jaxkj ds vfrfjDr vusd lelkef;d fo’k;ksa ij dbZ dfo;ksa vkSjxhrdkjksa }kjk Hkh gksfy;kW fufeZr dh xbZ gSaA dqekmuh lekt esa xqekuh vkSj xkSnkZ dh gksfy;kW Hkh ;Fks’V izpfyr gSaA xkSnkZ usLons”kh] pj[kk vkfn lEcU/kh dbZ gksfy;kW fy[kh gSaaA gksyh okLro esa olUrksRlo dh Js’B vkSj l”kDr yksd&ijEijk gSA ;gQkYxquh jaxksa esa ekuo eu dh mYykl vkSj mUekne;h fpjUru vfHkO;fDr gSA pkgs blds ewy esa gksfydk nguksijkUr dhvkLFkk gks ;k enuksRlo dk ek/kq;Z vFkok jk/k&d`’.k dh yhyk dk foyklA gksyh dh lekfIr ds volj ij xhr xkrs gq,?kj&?kj tkdj lkjs ifjokjh&tuksa ds izfr eaxy dkeuk,Wa izdV dh tkrh gSa vkSj vxys Qkxqu esa iqufeZyu dh vkdka{kk izdVdh tkrh gSA lHkh dks yk[k&yk[k cjl thfor jgus rFkk vUu&/ku],s”o;Z vkfn ls iwjk jgus dh dkeuk dh tkrh gS&

vkt dh gksyh UgSxSN

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Qkxqu mWyks dS xSNxkoS [ksysa nsosa vlhl]gks gks gksydjsAcjl fnoky cjls Qkx] gks gks gksydjsAtks uj thosa [ksys Qkx]gks gks gksydjsAvktd clUr dSdk ?kjk]gks gks gksydjsAthjks yk[k lks cjhl gks gks gksydjsAdqekš esa ckyxhrksa dk izpyu izkphu le; ls gh jgk gSA ckydksa ls lEcfU/kr xhr ckyxhr gSaA ckyxhrksa dh jpuk

nks izdkj ls gqbZ gS--&1- o;Ldksa }kjk yksfj;ksa ds :Ik esa vkSj 2- Lo;a cPpksa }kjk fufeZr rqdcafn;kWA cPpksa dks lqykus] mUgSa LojikB vkfn dh fn”kk nsus] mins”k nsus ,oa cky fouksn ds fy, cM+s&cwM+kas vkSj ekrkvksa }kjk ;s xhr fufeZr fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj xk;stkrs gSaA bu xhrksa esa vFkZ dh vis{kk y; dh iz/kkurk gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ cPps dks FkiFkik dj lwykrs gq, fL=;kW ;g xhrxkrh gSa&

gYyksjh ckyk gYyksjhArsjh btk ikyqjh dk tS jSNApfM+ ekfj Y;kyh ]pfM+ ekfj Y;kyhApfM+ [ksy yxkySAgYyksjh ckyk gYyksjhAdqN xhr cPpksa ds [ksyksa ls lacaf/kr gSaA [ksy [ksyrs le; cPps bu xhrksa dks rqdcUnh Lo;a dj fy;k djrs gSa A buesa

lqxzkg~; “kCn&p;u vkSj rqd dh e/kqjrk o lgtrk jgrh gS] ftlls cPpksa ds ekufld fodkl dh fofHkuu voLFkkvksa dk irkpyrk gSA bl izdkj xhr cky&euksjatu ds izeq[k lk/ku gSaA cky xhrksa dh ;g LoPN ijEijk vc “kgjh izHkko ds dkj.klEkkIr gksrh tk jgh gSA Hkk'kk dh lq?kM+rk vkSj mRd`’V HkkokfHkO;atuk u lgh] rqd] ykfyR;] cky euksfoKku ,oa euksjatu dhn`f’V ls budk egRo v{kq..k gSA bu xhrksa ds vfrfjDr dqekmuh yksdxhrksa esa ou xhr] ?kL;kjh xhr] _rqvksa ds xhr&pSrh]clar] dQfy;k] :M+h] fgukSy vkfn] esyksa] mRloksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa ds v/kkj ij xk;s tkus okys xhr] xqM+kbZ ds xhr&xqM+kSy]<qldk xhr] xWojk&xhr] M~;kSM+k] x.karks&xhr] Hkkxk|kS] lkyh& thtk] lkl&cgq] nsoj&HkkHkh] firk&iq=] izseh&izfedk vkfn lslEcaf/kr laoknkRed xhr Hkh izpfyr gSa buesa dbZ xhrksa dh xk;u ijEijk vc lekIr gks xbZ gSAYkksd laxhr dk egRo &

Hkkoksa dk mn~xkj djus ds fy, dHkh&dHkh Hkk’kk lhfer ek/;e cu tkrh gS] ,sls esa vius vusd Hkkoksa dks lw{e :Ik esaO;Dr djus dk ljy ek/;e laxhr gh gSA yksd laxhr ds ek/;e ls HkkokfHkO;fDr vklku gks tkrh gSA vr,o yksd xhrksa esalaxhr i{k dk izcy gsuk LokHkkfod gSA ia- vksadkjukFk Bkdqj th us yksd laxhr ds fo’k; esa dgk gS &^yksd laxhr esa izse ]HkfDr]vuqjkx] /keZ vkfn ekuo thou ds lHkh vo;oksa dk lfUuos”k gSA ;fn gekjk turU= jkT; “kklu yksd laxhr ds lHkh vaxksa dsfodkl dh ;Fks’V ps’Vk djs rks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds fodkl dk ,d ,slk vuq”khyu iz/kku bfrgkl fufeZr gks tk, ftllsleLr ekuo tkfr dks izsj.kk vkSj yksdksRrj vkuUn izkIr gks ldsxkA yksd laxhr ds ek/;e ls leLr fo”o esa ekuorkvkReh;rk vkSj ,drk dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gS D;ksafd laaxhr ,d ,slk ek/;e gS tks lHkh izdkj ds foHksnksa ls vrhr gS vkSj;g vHksn rRo Hkkjrh; laxhr dh vkRek gSA yksdxhrksa dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk,W mldh ljy] lqcks/k Hkk’kk] HkkokfHkO;fDr dh iw.kZ{kerk vkfn gSaA bu fo”ks’krkvksa ds dkj.k gh yksdxhr vR;Ur yksdfiz; gSA yksdxhr dh fo”ks'krkvksa dks MkW- ykyef.k feJ thus viuh iqLrd ^Hkkjrh; laxhr ok| ^esa bl izdkj of.kZr fd;k gS %

^^yksdxhrksa dk dkO; ftl izdkj lkfgR; “kkL= ds dBksj cU/kuksa ls eqDr ckSf)d ,oa rkfdZd mgkiksgksa ls ijsLoPNUn ,oa mUeqDr g`n; dh i`’BHkwfe esa Hkkoukvksa ls vuqizkf.kr ,oa ifjiksf’kr gksrk gS] mlh izdkj yksd laxhr “kkL=h; laxhrds ifj’d`r fu;eksa ls nwj vkdk”k ds LoPNUn i{kh dh HkkWfr Loj vkSj y; ds ia[kksa ij mM+rk gqvk vius LokHkkfodmrkj&pM+ko ls Jksrkvksa dk eu eqX/k dj nsrk gSA yksd xhr vFkok yksd laxhr Hkkouk iz/kku gksrk gS mls “kkL=h;rk dhdlkSVh ij ykdj ij[kus dk iz;kl djuk mlds lkFk vU;k; gksxkA^^

^^ dUgS;k yky e/kqdj^^ th us yksd laxhr ds egRo dks bl izdkj of.kZr fd;k gS %& yksd /kquksa esa Hkkjr dh vkRek gS]uSfrd laLdkj gS rFkk gekjh jhfr uhfr gS o gekjs xkSjoe; vrhr dk fp=.k gS rFkk Hkkjr dh vejrk gSA^^

lanHkZ lwph� e/;;qxhu fgUnh lkfgR; yksd rkfRod v/;;u i`-50� f}osnh MkW0 jekdkUr] jkx lkSUn;Z laLdj.k]2000 lkfgR; jRuky;] 37@50 fxfyl cktkj dkuiqj- i`’B]1� tkSgjh lhek] laxhrk;u izFke laLdj.k] 2003 jk/kk ifCyds”ku] valkjh jksM nfj;kxat ubZ fnYyh] i`-1

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v’kksd pUnz VEVk

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yksd lkfgR; esa laxhr dhjlkRed Hkwfedk izkphu ,oaorZeku ifjis{k esa

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� “kekZ MkW0 e`R;qUt;] laxhr eSuqoy] ,p-th- ifCyds”ku bf.M;k] laLdj.k]2002] i`’B 83� izkaits MkW0 “kjl pUnzz Jh/kj] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] pkS[kEck izdk”ku] fo|kHkou okjk.kklh- i`’B 7� f}osnh MkW0 jekdkUr] jkx lkSUn;Z laLdj.k] 2000 lkfgR; jRuky;] 37@50 fxfyl cktkj dkuiqj- i`’B 2� “kekZ MkW0 e`R;qUt;] laxhr eSuqoy] ,p-th- ifCyds”ku bf.M;k] laLdj.k]2002] i`’B]83� “kekZ izks0 LorU= ¼2010½] lkSUn;Z] jl ,oa laxhr vuqHko ifCyf”kax] gkml bykgkckn Ik`- 324� MkW- xhrk feJ] ^lkaxhfrdk^ “kadj izdk”ku] dkuiqjA� MkW- e`R;qUt; “kekZ] ^laxhr eSuqvy^A� nhoku flag Hkkdquh] mRrjk[k.M dh laLd`frA� MkW- nso flag iks[kfj;k] dqekÅW yksdxhr vkSj yksdxkFkk,W] izdk”k cqd Mhiks] cM+k cktkj cjsyhA� MkW- nso flag iks[kfj;k] dqekÅWuh yksd lkfgR; ,oa yksd laLd`frA

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v’kksd pUnz VEVk

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yksd lkfgR; esa laxhr dhjlkRed Hkwfedk izkphu ,oaorZeku ifjis{k esa

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ISSN 2348 – 3318

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ABSTRACT

egknsoh th ds dkO; esa xgu osnuk loZ= O;kIr gSA os d:.kk ls vksr&izksr fojg dh ,slh dof;=h gSa] tksvKkr fiz;re dh [kkst esa yhu gSaA fojg osnuk ,oa nq%[k us egknsoh th dks O;xz cukdj mUgsa viuh rqyuk ^uhjHkjh cnyh^ ls djus dks foo”k dj fn;k gSA egknsoh th dh osnuk esa izse dk vkosx gS] d:.kk dh iz/kkurk gSAmudh osnuk esa vk/;kfRedrk] ikourk] lkfRodrk ,oa mnkRrrk gSA ;g osnuk] ekSu] uhjo rFkk ,dkdh gS]blfy, og vlhe rFkk vfojy gSA mudk dzUnu Hkh ewd gSA vKkr fiz;re ds izfr osnuk Hkko dh vfHkO;fDrbuds dkO; esa izeq[krk ls gqbZ gSA egknsoh th dh osnuk esa u }s’k gS] u ?k`.kk gS] u dVqrk gS] u izfrdkj ;fn gS rksdsoy osnuk ftlesa mudk viuk ugha] cfYd leLr fo”o dk vlhe “kksd lek;k gqvk gSA mudh d:.k iqdkjesa ukjh ân; dh osnuk dk Li’V vadu fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA

egknsoh th dh osnuk mudh Lo;a dh ugha gS dsoy L=h tkfr dh ugha gS oju~ lEiw.kZ fo”o dh osnuk gSAegknsoh th ds dkO; esa osnuk dk lkxj ygjk jgk gS] ftlesa vusd jRu( nq%[k] ihM+k] d:.kk] osnuk] fojg Hkjsgq, gSaA egknsoh th ds vuqlkj thou dk lPpk lkFkh nq%[k gksrk gS u fd lq[kA lq[k rks {kf.kd gksrk gS vkrk gSvkSj pyk tkrk gS] tcfd nq%[k gj iy] gj le;] gj oDr] gj ?kM+h vkids lkFk gksrk gS vkSj vkidk lkFkfuHkkrk gSA egknsoh th ds mTtoy izdk”k dh T;ksfr lEiw.kZ fo”o esa izdk”keku gSA mUgksaus d:.kk] nq%[k] ihM+k]fojg] osnuk dh T;ksfr ls lEiw.kZ fo”o dks vkyksfdr djds izdk”k dk nku fn;k gSA fgUnh txr~ dks fn;kmudk ;g izdk”k&nku lnSo vej jgsxkkA fojg&osnuk dk ,slk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k vrqyuh;] vf}rh;]vfoLej.kh; ,oa dYiukrhr gSA

egknsoh dh dkO; osnuk

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egknsoh oekZ Nk;kokn ds vk/kkj LrEHkksa esa ls ,d gSaA vk/kqfud xhr dkO; esa egknsoh th dk LFkku loksZifj gSA mudhdfork esa izse dh ihj vkSj Hkkoksa dh rhozrk fo|eku gksus ds dkj.k Hkko] Hkk’kk vkSj laxhr dh f=os.kh tSls muds xhrksa esa izokfgrgksrh gS oSlh vU;= nqyZHk gSA vKkr fiz;re ds izfr osnuk Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr buds dkO; esa izeq[krk ls gqbZ gSA osnuk vkSjd:.kk dh iz/kkurk ds dkj.k gh egknsoh th dks vk/kqfud ehjk dgk tkrk gSA vKkr fiz;re ds izfr fojg osnuk dh Hkkouk dsdkj.k gh muds dkO; esa jgL;okn dh izeq[krk gSA mudh d`fr;k¡ &uhgkj] jf”e] uhjtk] lka/;xhr ,oa nhif”k[kk esa loZ=osnuk O;kIr gS

fojg izse dk mnkRr Lo:i gS rFkk izse dh dlkSVh gSA dchj dh fojfg.kh vkRek blh dk lEcy fy, gq, fiz;re ls feyusdks v/khj gS rks ;gh fojg ehjk dk loZLo cudj mUgsa d`’.k ds izse esa nhokuk cuk jgk gSA ?kukuUn ds dkO; esa ;gh izse lqtkuds izfr fojg Hkko ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rks ;gh fojg *vk¡lw* cudj izlkn dh vk¡[kksa ls cjl jgk gSA blh fojg osnuk usegknsoh th dks O;xz cukdj mUgsa viuh rqyuk *uhj Hkjh cnyh* ls djus dks foo”k dj fn;k gS %

“eSa uhj Hkjh nq%[k dh cnyhifjp; bruk bfrgkl ;ghmeM+h dy Fkh feV vkt pyhAA”egknsoh oekZ dh fojgkuqHkwfr vR;Ur mUur ,oa mRd`’V gS] ftlesa izse dk vkosx gS] osnuk dh rhozrk gS vkSj O;fFkr fpRr

dh euksn”kkvksa dk fu:i.k gSA egknsoh th dh ekU;rk gS& nq%[k esjs fudV thou dk ,slk dkO; gS tks lkjs lalkj dks ,d“

lw= esa cka/kdj j[kus dh {kerk j[krk gSA-------euq’; lq[k dks vdsys Hkksxuk pkgrk gS] fdUrq nq%[k lcdks ckaVdj fo”o thou esavius thou dks] fo”o osnuk esa viuh osnuk dks bl izdkj feyk nsuk pkgrk gS] ftl izdkj ty fcUnq leqnz esa fey tkrk gSA”

egknsoh oekZ ds dkO; esa izse osnuk dh xgurk loZ= fo|eku gSA osnuk mUgsa bruh fiz; gS fd os mldk lkFk ugha NksM+ukpkgrh gS] D;ksafd blh osnuk ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus loZ”kfDreku psruke; bZ”oj dk n”kZu fd;k gSA Ekgknsoh th fojg dks ml

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Hkkouk vxzoky

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egknsoh dh dkO; osnuk

vFkkg leqæ dh Hkk¡fr Bgjkrh gSa] ftldh dksbZ lhek ugha gSA egknsoh th dk fiz;re llhe u gksdj vlhe gSA vki fiz; dsfojg esa gj le; nq%[kh jgrh gSaA fiz; dks izkIr djus dh izsj.kk vkidks fojg&osnuk ls izkIr gksrh gSA vki osnuk dks fdlh HkhewY; ij NksM+us ds fy, m|r ugha gSA ;fn vius fiz; dh izkfIr gks Hkh tk;s rks Hkh vki osnuk dks fujUrj [kkstrh jgsaxhA ;Fkk%

“esjs fc[kjs izk.kksa esa lkjh d:.kk <qydk nks]esjh NksVh lhek esa viuk vfLrRo feVk nksAij “ks'k ugha gksxh ;g esjs izk.kks dh dzhM+k]rqedks ihM+k esa <wa<k rqeesa <wa<waxh ihM+kA”^rqedks ihM+k esa <wa<k rqeesa <wa<waxh ihM+k^&esa egknsoh th dh osnuk dk mnkRrhdj.k gks tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g ihM+k dsoy

egknsohth dh ihM+k ugha jg tkrh] dsoy lEiw.kZ L=h tkfr dh ihM+k ugha jg tkrh] cfYd lEiw.kZ fo”o dh ihM+k cu tkrh gSAEkgknsoh ds xhrksa esa O;fDrxr nq%[k ds LFkku ij lef’Vxr nq%[k dk fun”kZu gqvk gS] ftlls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd os

Hkxoku cq) ds lCca&nqD[ka okys fl)kar dks Lohdkj djrh gSA ;Fkk%“esjs g¡lrs v/kj ugha]Tkx dh vk¡lw yfM+;k¡ ns[kksA”

fojg dh rhoz vuqHkwfr ds dkj.k egknsoh th ds ân; esa vikj d:.kk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA egknsoh th ds le; dkfujk”kkokn Hkh bl d:.kk dks mRiUu djus esa lgk;d fl) gqvkA d:.kk dk Hkko dof;=h ds vuqlkj vR;Ur ifo= gS]mldk Li”kZ Nk;k ls nq%[k Hkh fu[kj mBrk gSA ;Fkk%

““kwU; eafnj esa cuwaxh vkt eSa izfrek rqEgkjhAvpZuk gks “kwy Hkksys] {kkj –x ty v?;Z gks ysavkt d:.kk Lukr mtyk nq%[k gh esjk iqtkjhA”

egknsoh th ds ân; esa osnuk dh dksey Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk ukjh ân; dh LokHkkfod lkfRodrk Hkh lekfgrgSA muds xhrksa dh izse osnuk esa u }s’k gS] u ?k`.kk gS] u dVqrk gS] u izfrdkjA ;fn gS rks dsoy osnuk] ftlesa mudk viuk ugha]cfYd leLr ekuo tkfr dk vlhe “kksd lek;k gqvk gSA mudh d:.k iqdkj esa ukjh ân; dh osnuk dk Li’V vadu fn[kkbZiM+rk gSs ;Fkk%

“tks rqe vk tkrs ,d ckj!fdruh d:.kk fdrus lans”k iFk esa fcN tkrs cu ijkx]xkrk izk.kksa dk rkj&rkj vuqjkx Hkjk mUekn jkx]vk¡lw ysrs os in i[kkj!tks rqe vk tkrs ,d ckj!”egknsoh dh fojgkuqHkwfr v/;kRe iz/kku gS] fdUrq og ijEijkxr /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ls u tqM+dj euq’; ds thou ls

vf/kd tqM+h gSA vykSfdd ds lkFk mudh ykSfdd iz.k;kuqHkwfr dk lkeatL; mudh Hkkouk dh lQy vfHkO;fDr djrk gSAviuh blh vk/;kfRed vuqHkwfr ds dkj.k os vius vKkr fiz;re dks ykSfdd oLrqvksa esa [kkstrh gSA ;Fkk%

“dqeqn ny ls osnuk ds nkx dks iksaNrh tc vkalqvksa ls jf”e;ka]pkSad mBrh vfuy ds fu”okl Nw] rkfjdk,a pfdr lh vutku lhrc cqyk tkrk eq>s ml ikj tks] nwj ds laxhr lk og dkSu gS\”

iar th us mudh fojg osnuk ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, fy[kk gS& og rks osnuk ds lkezkT; dh ,dN= lkezkKh gSa vkSj“dksbZ lq[k mUgsa vkRefoLe`r ;k vkRerUe; gksus dks ugha pkfg,A lq[k rks {k.kthoh gS] osnuk gh fpjLFkk;h] fpjO;kih ,oafpjLi`g.kh; gSA”

fgUnh lkfgR; txr esa ;fn fdlh us vius dko; esa d:.kk] fojg ,oa osnuk dks fpf=r fd;k gS rks bl :i esa dsoyegknsoh dk uke –f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA egknsoh ds dkO; esa ihM+k] osnuk] dld] Vhl vkfn dh iz/kkurk gSA vkius vius ,d xhresa thou dks fojg dk tytkr dgk gSA

egknsoh th ^uhjtk^ vFkkZr defyuh ls iwNrh gSa fd dkSu mldh dld esa fur e/kqjrk Hkjrk gSA nsf[k,&“,d d:.k vHkko esa fpj&r`fIr dk lapkj lafpr],d y?kq {k.k ns jgk]fuokZ.k ds ojnku “kr&”krAosnuk ds e/kqj dze esa \

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dkSu rqe esjs ân; esa \”

os ,d O;fFkr] eqj>k;s iq’i ls dgrh gSa&“er O;fFkr gks Qwy]fdldks lq[k fn;k lalkj us \LokFkZe; lcdks cuk;k gS];gk¡ djrkj usA”“kuS%&”kuS% egknsoh dk O;Fkk ls xBca/ku&lk gks x;kA fctyh ds izdk”k ls mUgsa vius fiz; dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA

fctyh papy gksrh gS] blh dkj.k egknsoh dh feyu dh bPNk tc /kwfey gks tkrh gS rks egknsoh ds ân; esa osnuk dkTokj&lk tkxzr dks tkrk gSA egknsoh th osnuk ds bl cks> dks thou i;Zur <ksrh jgrh gSaA egknsoh dk fo”okl gS fdlk/kuk dk iFk lk/kkj.k u gksdj “kwyksa dk iFk gSA lk/kuk ekuo dks ljyrk ls izkIr gksus okyh ugha gSA lk/kuk “kjhj dks eksedh rjg fi?kykuk iM+rk gS vkSj eu dks nhid ds l–“k izTofyr djuk iM+rk gSA

“,d bafxr ds fy,] ”kr ckj izk.k epy pqdk gSAEkkse lk ru ?kqy pqdk] vc nhi&lk eu ty pqdk gSA”vkidh d:.k osnuk lEiw.kZ lkfgR; esa eq[kfjr gks mBh gSA izkjEHk esa rks mudh ;g osnuk muds Lo;a ds O;fDrRo rd

lhfer Fkh] ijUrq /khjs&/khjs volj ikdj mldk :i O;kid gks x;kA os vius fiz;re ls feyus ds lkFk&lkFk osnuk ls fujUrjxBca/ku cuk;s j[kuk pkgrh gSaA ;fn fiz;re esa Hkh osnuk dk dksbZ d.k feysxk rks os lg kZ mls vaxhdkj djus esa rfud Hkh’foyEc ugha yxk;saxhA

ftl izdkj ikuh <qydkus ls ik= [kkyh gks tkrk gS] mlh izdkj egknsoh ds p{kqdks'k fiz;re ds fojg esa vJqo kkZ’djrs&djrs fjDr gks x;s gSaA ;Fkk&

“ ”vk¡[ksa ds dks'k gq, gSa eksrh cjlk dj jhrsAegknsoh th dks ihM+k ls vR;ar Lusg gS] D;ksafd ;g ihM+k] osnuk lk/kkj.k u gksdj muds fiz; dk fn;k gqvk ojnku gSA

vki O;Fkk dh vfXu dks izfriy izTofyr j[kus ds fy, fpj fojg dh vkdka{kk djrh jgrh gSaAegknsoh ds fiz;re dh u dksbZ tkfr gS] u :i] u xq.kA og bu lcls ijs gSA og lhek ds cU/kuksa ls eqDr gSA egknsoh

ihM+k ds lkxj esa eXu gS] vkSj fdlh Hkh ewY; ij vius fiz; }kjk izkIr ojnkuksa ls oafpr jgus ds fy, m|r ugha gSA ;Fkk%“D;k vegjsa dk yksd feysxk esjh d:.kk dk migkjAjgus nks gs nso vjs! ;g esjk feVus dk vf/kdkj AA”fojfg.kh egknsoh dh vkRek vius lEiw.kZ izse dks eu esa lesVs gq, vius vKkr fiz;re ds feyu gsrq izR;sd le;

O;fFkr gksrh jgrh gSA tc fojfg.kh vkRek lk/kuk ds iFk ij pj.k c<+kdj vius vKkr fiz;re ls feyus ds fy, rRij gkstkrh gS] rks ekxZ ds dkaVs Hkh lqeuksa esa ifj.kr gks tkrh gSaA ftl rjg ls nhid izfriy tydj vius izdk”k ls lEiw.kZ va/kdkjdks /kks M+kyrk gS] mlh rjg egknsoh Hkh nhid dh rjg tyrs jguk pkgrh gSA fiz;re ls feyus esa ;fn dgha nq%[k dk vuqHkoHkh djuk iM+s rks og egknsoh th dks lq[k ds leku fiz; yxrk gSA ;Fkk%

“rqe cu bl iFk ls vkukA“kwyksa esa fur e`nq ikVy lk] f[kyus nsuk esjk thou]D;k gkj cusxk og ftlus lh[kk u ân; dks fo/kokuk]fur tyrk jgus nks fry&fry viuh Tokyk esa mj esjk]bldh foHkwfr eas fQj vkdj vius in fpà cuk tkukAA”dof;=h ds ân; esa osnuk izfriy meM+rh jgrh gSA osnuk us=ksa ls vk¡lwvksa ds :i esa cjlrh jgrh gSA vki osnuk ds

lkFk gj ifjfLFkfr esa lg;ksx djus ds fy, m|r gSaA egknsoh dh O;Fkk&ihM+k dk eq[; dkj.k fojg osnuk gh gSA vki fojgdks viuk fuR; dk lkFkh le>dj vius lk/kuk ekxZ ij vkxs c<+rh gSA vki vius ekxZ esa ml {k.k rd xfre; jguk pkgrhgSa] tc rd mn~ns”; dh izkfIr u gks tk;sA ;Fkk%

“bl iFk dk mn~ns”; ugha gSJkUr Hkou esa fVd jgukAfdUrq pys tkuk bl gn rd]ftlds vkxs jkg ughaAA”;|fi egknsoh d:.kk rFkk fujk”kk ls iwfjr gSa] fQj Hkh vius fiz;re ls feyus dh Hkkouk mUgsa >d>ksjrh jgrh gSA

vkidk y{; vius vf}rh; fiz;re dks izkIr djuk gSA vki cU/kuksa ls ?kcjkrh ughaA tc egknsoh fiz;re dh [kkst

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djrs&djrs Fkdku dk vuqHko djrh gSa] rks foJke gsrq ml fiz;re ls gh uhan dk ojnku ek¡xrh gSaA nq%[k rks egknsoh ls brukizse djrk gS fd og mUgsa fuæk ds le; Hkh NksM+us ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSA ;Fkk%

“ ek¡x uhan vuar dk oj] dj rqEgkjs LoIu dks fpj]iqyd vkS] lqf/k ds iqfyu ls] ck¡/k nq%[k dk vxe lalkjAizk.k rqels gkjdj izfrokj thrsAnhi ls ?kqy dYi chrsAA”vki fuækoLFkk dks R;kxus ds fy, m|r ugha gSa] D;ksafd mlesa os ihM+k dks Hkwyh jgrh gSaA vki fdlh ds Li”kZ rd ls

?kcjkrh gSa] D;ksafd Li”kZ vkidks nq%[kizn fl) gksrk gSA ;Fkk%“Bgjks cslq/k ihM+k dks] esjh u dgha Nw ysukAtc rd os vku txkosa] cl lksrh jgus nsukA”,slh ifjfLFkfr esa dof;=h dks izd`fr ds jE;:i viuh vksj vkdf kZr ugha dj ikrs gSa] os d:.kk dks gh vf/kd egRo’

iznku djrh gSaA vki ;fn dgha nq%[kh ekuo dks ns[krh gSa rks mlds nq%[k ls æohHkwr gksdj Lo;a Hkh jksus yxrh gSaA bUgha nksuksafo'k; esa vki ftKklk ls iz”u djrh gSa&

“Rkq>esa vEyku g¡lh gSBlesa vtó= vk¡lw tyrsjk oSHko ns[kw¡ ;k thou dk dzUnu ns[kw¡AA”egknsoh oekZ dk dkO;& izse] izd`fr] jgL; vkSj osnuk ij voyfEcr gSA muds izkjfEHkd xhrksa esa vykSfdd izse dk

fp=.k gqvk gSA egknsoh dk fiz;re lxq.k lkdkj ugha] og rks fuxqZ.k fujkdkj gS] vFkkZr vkids fiz;re lk/kj.k iq: k u gksdj’czã gSA vkids czã fujkdkj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk “kwU; ds ek/;e ls fo”o dk fuekZ.k bl izdkj djrs gSa] ftl izdkj edM+hvius tky dk rkuk&ckuk rS;kj djrh gSA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd vykSfdd czã dks ykSfdd fo”ks k.kksa }kjk le>k tk ldrk’gSA lR; ;g gS fd dyk ;FkkFkZ dh gh ugha] dYiuk vkSj Hkkouk dh Hkh ok.kh gSA egknsoh ds dkO; esa dgha Hkh okluk dh x/ka ughagS] oju~ vkRek dk fo”kq) izse lekfgr gSA

egknsoh th ml vKkr lRrk ds lk{kkRdkj ds fy, lrr~ iz;Ru”khy gSa] blfy, jkr&fnu nhid dh rjg tyrhjgrh gSaA nhid ds leku tydj og vius ml vKkr fiz;re dks ikuk pkgrh gSA ;Fkk%

“e/kqj&e/kqj esjs nhid ty;qx&;qx izfrfnu izfr{k.k izfriyfiz;re dk iFk vkyksfdr djA”egknsoh th dh d:.kk tc viuh pjekoLFkk ij igq¡p tkrh gS rc ml le; vkidk “kjhj :ih nhid

tyrs&tyrs {kh.k gksus yxrk gSA nhid {kh.k gksus ij vkids eu esa fujk”kk dk lapkj ugha gksrk gS] vfirq izlUurk dh ygjsamBus yxrh gSaA T;ksa&T;ksa mudk thou :ih nhid {kh.k gksus yxrk gS] R;ksa&R;ksa mUgsa viuk fiz;re ikl vkrk izrhr gksrk gSA;Fkk%

“rw ty ty ftruk gksrk {k;og lehi vkrk Nyuke;e/kqj feyu esa fey tkuk rwmldh mTtoy fLer esa ?kqyfeyA”izd`fr fp=.k egknsoh oekZ dh dkO;&dyk dh dlkSVh gSA mudh izse Hkkouk dk foLrkj Hkh izd`fr fp=.k ds ek/;e

ls gqvk gSA blds fy, mUgksaus iq i] edjUn] vfy] pUæ] jf”e] lfjrk] lkxj] ukSdk] irokj] frfej] izdk”k] lU/;k] jtuh]’tqxuw] “kyHk vkfn dk lVhd iz;ksx fd;k gSA egknsoh ds dkO; esa izd`fr vkyEcu mn~nhid mins”kd iwoZihfBdk vkfn :iksa esaizLrqr gqbZ gSA

egknsoh ds dkO; esa jgL; Hkkouk rFkk osnuk Hkkouk dh izpqjrk gSA vkRek dks ijekRek ls feyus ds fy, ftu fofo/klksikuksa dks ikj djuk iM+rk gS] os lHkh egknsoh ds dkO; esa miyC/k gSaA mudh osnuk esa lk/kuk] ladYi vkSj yksd dY;k.k dhHkkouk gSA mUgksaus izd`fr ds ekuohdj.k dk iw.kZ iz;kl fd;k gSA

“ ”dj fn;k e/kq vkSj lkSjHk nkuk lkjk ,d fnu“ ” ( )fdUrq jksrk dkSu gS rsjs fy, nkuh lqeu uhgkj lsEkgknsoh us dkO; dyk ds ek/;e ls vk”kk&vkdka{kk+] feyu&izfr{kk] “kwU;rk] uSjk”;] vr`fIr] ihM+k vkfn izse dh bu

ekufld fLFkfr;ksa dk lqUnj fp=.k fd;k gSA mudh dkO; dyk esa ekalyrk ,oa ,fUnz;rk dk LFkwy lkSan;Z ugha gSA blfy,

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muds dkO; esa fiz; ds :i esa fp=.k dk rFkk vax izR;ax ds ckº; lkSan;Z fp=.k dk loZFkk vHkko gSA egknsoh dh izse&HkkoukvareqZ[kh gS] blfy, mlesa Hkko lkSan;Z] LoIue;rk ,oa vkUrfjdrk loZ= –f Vxkspj gksrh gSA’

Ekgknsoh dk jpuk lalkj vuwBk gSA mUgksaus fgUnh lkfgR; dks x| ,oa i| nksauks dk foiqy Hk.M+kj fn;k gSA uhgkj]jf”e] uhjtk] lka/;xhr] nhif”k[kk] ;kek] laf/kuh] vk/kqfud dfo vkfn muds izeq[k dkO; laxzg gSA vrhr ds py fp= Le`frdh js[kk,a Ja[kyk dh dM+h;ka vkfn mudh izeq[k x| jpuk,a gSA

fu”p; gh egknsoh th ds dkO; esa osnuk dk lkxj ygjk jgk gS] ftlesa vusd jRu fojg] osnuk] nq%[k] d:.kk] ihM+kHkjs gq, gSaA os nq%[k dks viukrh gSa& ^vkt d:.kk Lukr mtyk]+ nq%[k gks esjk iqtkjh^ egknsoh th ds vuqlkj gekjk lPpk lkFkhnq%[k gS u fd lq[kA lq[k rks {kf.kd gksrk gS] tks vkrk gS vkSj pyk tkrk gS ysfdu nq%[k] nq%[k gekjk oks lPpk lkFkh gksrk gS tksgj iy] gj le;] gj oDr] gj ?kM+h gekjs lkFk gksrk gS vkSj gekjk lkFk fuHkkrk gSA

egknsoh dk lEiw.kZ thou fo'kkn ds vapy ls vko`r gSA fojg&osnuk dk ,slk ;FkkFkZ :i vf}rh; gS] vrqyuh; gSAvkidh d:.kk] ihM+k] nq%[k] fojg] osnuk dh T;ksfr lEiw.kZ fo”o dks vkyksfdr djds izdk”k dk nku ns jgh gSA bu egkulkfgR;dkjk us uoy izHkkr izdk”k cudj lkfgR; txr dks tks izdk”k dk nku fn;k gS] og lnSo vej ,oa vfoLej.kh; jgsxkjgsxkA

lUnHkZ lwph&� Jherh egknsoh oekZ % 2004 % lfU/kuh] yksdHkkjrh izdk”ku] bykgkcknA� Jherh egknsoh oekZ % 2010 % ;kek] yksdHkkjrh izdk”ku] bykgkcknA� Ukkeoj flag % 2007 % vk/kqfud fgUnh lkfgR; dh izo`fRr;k¡] bykgkcknA� MkW0 uxsUæ] MkW0 gjn;ky % 2014 % e;wj isijcSDl] uks,MkA� vkpk;Z jkepUnz “kqDy % 2012 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] t;Hkkjrh izdk”ku] bykgkcknA� jkeLo:i prqosZnh % 2011 % fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl] yksdHkkjrh izdk”ku] bykgkcknA

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‘kks/kdÙkkZ @ ys[kdksa ds fy, fn’kk funsZ’k

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dh QkbZy QkesZZV esa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA

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o dh&oMZ fn, tkus pkfg,A(Key-words)

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