COMPARISION COMPARISION B/W Extension B/W Extension

System System

of of

India & IsraelIndia & Israel

HISTORYHISTORY Dry farming on a subsistence level was practiced in Dry farming on a subsistence level was practiced in

the Land of Israel for over 2000 years. the Land of Israel for over 2000 years. The forerunners of agricultural research in Palestine The forerunners of agricultural research in Palestine

were the teachers and instructors of the Mikveh were the teachers and instructors of the Mikveh Israel agricultural school, established in 1870. Israel agricultural school, established in 1870.

After the Balfour declaration by Great Britain in 1917 After the Balfour declaration by Great Britain in 1917 and the award of the mandate to Palestine by the and the award of the mandate to Palestine by the League of Nations to Britain, the Jewis Agency League of Nations to Britain, the Jewis Agency established in 1921 the Agricultural Experiment established in 1921 the Agricultural Experiment Station. Their mission was to conduct research Station. Their mission was to conduct research leading to small farms with intensive agriculture, leading to small farms with intensive agriculture, specializing in mixed farming of fruit trees, cattle, specializing in mixed farming of fruit trees, cattle, chicken, vegetables and cereals. chicken, vegetables and cereals.

The station had an extension department and results The station had an extension department and results of its research were quickly passed on to the of its research were quickly passed on to the farmers.farmers.

In 1942 the Hebrew University in Jerusalem decided In 1942 the Hebrew University in Jerusalem decided to establish the Institute for Agricultural Studies.to establish the Institute for Agricultural Studies.

Cntd...Cntd... The British government also established a small The British government also established a small

agricultural research department with several stations agricultural research department with several stations in both Arab and Jewish areas. in both Arab and Jewish areas.

After 1948, with the establishment of the State of After 1948, with the establishment of the State of Israel, the two research stations were merged into the Israel, the two research stations were merged into the Agricultural Research Station within the Ministry of Agricultural Research Station within the Ministry of Agriculture. However, the extension and advisory Agriculture. However, the extension and advisory service, previously part of the research station, now service, previously part of the research station, now became an independent branch within the Ministry.became an independent branch within the Ministry.

In 1960 an attempt was made to merge the Agricultural In 1960 an attempt was made to merge the Agricultural Research Station with the Faculty of Agriculture of the Research Station with the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University, to form the Hebrew University, to form the National and University Institute of Agriculture, but was estb. with the name with the name UNIFIED EXTENSION AUTHORITY" (UEA)UNIFIED EXTENSION AUTHORITY" (UEA),, with 12 with 12 regional centres.regional centres.

The idea was based on the US model of the Land Grant The idea was based on the US model of the Land Grant Colleges, but this attempt failedColleges, but this attempt failed..

Cntd…Cntd… In 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture adopted the Agency In 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture adopted the Agency

Subject Matter Specialists and formed one national service Subject Matter Specialists and formed one national service -- "The Extension and Professional Service" the IES of -- "The Extension and Professional Service" the IES of todaytoday

Nevertheless, a close cooperation exists between the two Nevertheless, a close cooperation exists between the two institutions. ARO was established in 1971, incorporating all institutions. ARO was established in 1971, incorporating all agricultural research within the Ministry of Agriculture.agricultural research within the Ministry of Agriculture.

The senior researchers of the ARO serve the teaching staff The senior researchers of the ARO serve the teaching staff & Students do research for M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses at the & Students do research for M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses at the Research Station.Research Station.

Now the structure comprise of :-Now the structure comprise of :-1.1. Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)2.2. Public-funded researchPublic-funded research3.3. UniversitiesUniversities4.4. Regional research centersRegional research centers5.5. Government and Private OrganizationsGovernment and Private Organizations

AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE IN ISRAEL: IN ISRAEL:

Challenges And Challenges And ChallengesChallenges

1.1. With a total surface area of about 20 000 With a total surface area of about 20 000 square kilometers, half of which is desert, the square kilometers, half of which is desert, the State of Israel is small. Only 20 per cent of its State of Israel is small. Only 20 per cent of its land can be cultivated. Precipitation varies land can be cultivated. Precipitation varies from 50 millimeters a year in the south to from 50 millimeters a year in the south to 1000 millimeters a year in the north. 1000 millimeters a year in the north.

2.2. Thus, the fact that a large part of the Israeli Thus, the fact that a large part of the Israeli land area is a desert, the uneven distribution land area is a desert, the uneven distribution of natural water supplies between regions of natural water supplies between regions and the relatively unfavorable climatic and the relatively unfavorable climatic conditions constitute the three main limiting conditions constitute the three main limiting factors with regard to agricultural production factors with regard to agricultural production in Israel. in Israel.

Israel agriculture sector’s high level of development is due Israel agriculture sector’s high level of development is due to the close cooperation and interaction between scientists, to the close cooperation and interaction between scientists, extension advisers, farmers, and agriculture-related extension advisers, farmers, and agriculture-related industries. industries.

These four elements have joined together to promote These four elements have joined together to promote advanced technologies in all agricultural branches. advanced technologies in all agricultural branches.

The result is modern agriculture in a country, half of which The result is modern agriculture in a country, half of which is defined as desert.is defined as desert.

Nodal agency- Ministry of Agriculture.Nodal agency- Ministry of Agriculture. To facilitate the administration of the extension To facilitate the administration of the extension

service, the country has been divided into 11 districts service, the country has been divided into 11 districts or regional bureaus.or regional bureaus.

The participation of farmers in district level extension The participation of farmers in district level extension service planning is ensured by farmers’ service planning is ensured by farmers’ representatives on advisory boards.representatives on advisory boards.

The main sections of the centre are:-The main sections of the centre are:-

1.1. Training & Guidance SettlementTraining & Guidance Settlement

2.2. Publication DivisionPublication Division

3.3. Audio-Visual Aids Audio-Visual Aids

4.4. Home EconomicsHome Economics

5.5. Auxiliary Farms Auxiliary Farms

Agricultural Extension

System

Training Farmers

Professional Training

Producing Applied

Knowledge

Professional Counseling

Diversifying Species

Promoting Agril. Subjects

Decreasing Pesticide use

Improving Quality of

Agril. Produce

Integrating tech.&

Mechanizing

Water

Core areas of Interest

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

(R& D)

Central Specialist Departments

Central Specialist Departments

Field crops

MechanisationMechanisation

Home economics

Home economics

Foreign trainingForeign training

Agriculture economics

Field irrigation

Field irrigation

Plant ProtectionPlant Protection

orchardsorchardsLivestockLivestock

At National Level

DirectorDirector

20-60Extension

agents

20-60Extension

agents

In communication with

Specialists of Central Specialist

Department

Specialists of Central Specialist

Department

Coordinating work of

•Continuous, application-oriented research and development (R&D) has been carried out in the country since the beginning of the century.

•The agricultural sector, based almost entirely on science-linked technology, with government agencies, academic institutions, industry and cooperative bodies working together to seek solutions to problems and meet new challenges.

•Dealing with subjects ranging from plant genetics and blight control to arid-zone cultivation, Israel's agricultural R&D has developed science-based technologies which have dramatically enhanced the quantity and quality of the country's produce.

The key to this success lies in the two-way flow of The key to this success lies in the two-way flow of information between research personnel and information between research personnel and farmers. farmers.

Through a network of extension services (and Through a network of extension services (and active farmers' involvement in all R&D stages), active farmers' involvement in all R&D stages), problems in the field are brought directly to the problems in the field are brought directly to the researcher for solutions, and scientific results are researcher for solutions, and scientific results are quickly transmitted to the field for trial, adaptation quickly transmitted to the field for trial, adaptation and implementation.and implementation.

The drive to achieve maximum yields and crop The drive to achieve maximum yields and crop quality has led to new plant varieties, to breeding quality has led to new plant varieties, to breeding of improved animal species and to a wide range of of improved animal species and to a wide range of innovations in irrigation and fertigation, machinery, innovations in irrigation and fertigation, machinery, automation, chemicals, cultivation and harvesting. automation, chemicals, cultivation and harvesting. Many of these innovations are also exported.Many of these innovations are also exported.

Much of Israel’s agriculture is based on cooperative settlements, Much of Israel’s agriculture is based on cooperative settlements, which were developed in the early 20th century.which were developed in the early 20th century.

The The KIBBUTZKIBBUTZ is a large collective production unit. Kibbutz is a large collective production unit. Kibbutz members jointly own the means of production and share social, members jointly own the means of production and share social, cultural, and economic activities. At present, most of the kibbutz cultural, and economic activities. At present, most of the kibbutz income comes from industrial enterprises owned by the collective income comes from industrial enterprises owned by the collective unit. unit.

Another type of settlement is the Another type of settlement is the MOSHAV OVADIMMOSHAV OVADIM, which is , which is based on individual family farms yet organized as a cooperative based on individual family farms yet organized as a cooperative society.society.

The residents in both types of settlements are provided with a The residents in both types of settlements are provided with a package of municipal services.package of municipal services.

A third type of settlement is the A third type of settlement is the MOSHAV SHITUFIMOSHAV SHITUFI, which is a , which is a village of private farmers. village of private farmers.

In addition to the Jewish agricultural sector, Arab villages are In addition to the Jewish agricultural sector, Arab villages are located in Israel’s rural areas. These villages focus mainly on located in Israel’s rural areas. These villages focus mainly on production of small livestock, vegetables, field crops and olives.production of small livestock, vegetables, field crops and olives.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an apex body at the national level that is an apex body at the national level that supports research and extension activities to supports research and extension activities to evolve effective Transfer of Technology (TOT) evolve effective Transfer of Technology (TOT) models. models.

The State Agricultural Universities(SAUs) also The State Agricultural Universities(SAUs) also contemplates to develop extension models contemplates to develop extension models suitable to take up transfer of technology besides suitable to take up transfer of technology besides implementing the models evolved by ICAR implementing the models evolved by ICAR system.system.

The first programme was National Demonstration The first programme was National Demonstration Scheme (1964) initiated during 1964-65 to Scheme (1964) initiated during 1964-65 to demonstrate the production potentiality of major demonstrate the production potentiality of major crops in the farmers’ field.crops in the farmers’ field.

The Operational Research Projects (ORPs) was The Operational Research Projects (ORPs) was started during 1975 to identify technological as well started during 1975 to identify technological as well as socio-economic constraints and to formulate and as socio-economic constraints and to formulate and implement the problem solving technology modules implement the problem solving technology modules on area/watershed/ target group basis in operational on area/watershed/ target group basis in operational area.area.

Lab-to-Land programme was launched during 1979 Lab-to-Land programme was launched during 1979 to transfer low cost technologies in agriculture and to transfer low cost technologies in agriculture and allied enterprises.allied enterprises.

Institution Village Linkage Programme was launched Institution Village Linkage Programme was launched during 1995 which was funded under National during 1995 which was funded under National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) during 1998-Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) during 1998-2004.2004.

Under innovation technology demonstration component of NATP, the ICAR established Agriculture-Technology Under innovation technology demonstration component of NATP, the ICAR established Agriculture-Technology Information Centre (ATIC) in State Agricultural Universities. Information Centre (ATIC) in State Agricultural Universities.

ATIC work as a single window support system linking the various units of research institution with intermediary ATIC work as a single window support system linking the various units of research institution with intermediary users and farmers in decision making and problem solving exercise through availability of technology inputs, users and farmers in decision making and problem solving exercise through availability of technology inputs, products, information and advisory services under one roof.products, information and advisory services under one roof.

And now a new initiative with the name of PPP has also been incorporated in the system.And now a new initiative with the name of PPP has also been incorporated in the system.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Centre) is an innovative Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Centre) is an innovative institution of ICAR established at district level. The first KVK institution of ICAR established at district level. The first KVK was established during 1974 and has grown as a largest was established during 1974 and has grown as a largest network in the country with 611 KVKs during 2011. network in the country with 611 KVKs during 2011.

Funded by ICAR and administered by ICAR institutes/SAUs Funded by ICAR and administered by ICAR institutes/SAUs /deemed universities/NGOs or state department of agriculture./deemed universities/NGOs or state department of agriculture.

Play a vital role in conducting on farm testing to identify Play a vital role in conducting on farm testing to identify location location specific agricultural technologies and demonstrating the specific agricultural technologies and demonstrating the production potential of crops at farmers’ fields through FLDs. production potential of crops at farmers’ fields through FLDs.

Conduct need based training programmes for the benefit of Conduct need based training programmes for the benefit of farmers and farm women, rural youths and extension personnel farmers and farm women, rural youths and extension personnel to update their knowledge and skills and to orient them in the to update their knowledge and skills and to orient them in the frontier areas of technology development.frontier areas of technology development.

This system aimed at rectifying the defects of T This system aimed at rectifying the defects of T & V system in some of the states. In the BBE : & V system in some of the states. In the BBE :

1.1. The role of subject matter specialists was The role of subject matter specialists was amplified and they were invited to formulate amplified and they were invited to formulate messages suitable to their land based activities messages suitable to their land based activities (agriculture, sericulture, animal husbandry, (agriculture, sericulture, animal husbandry, horticulture, HRD, creating agriculture horticulture, HRD, creating agriculture infrastructure etc.), infrastructure etc.),

2.2. Village extension workers had full time job by Village extension workers had full time job by offering messages during lean season alsooffering messages during lean season also

3.3. The concept of broad based education laid The concept of broad based education laid emphasis on formulating and delivering emphasis on formulating and delivering composite messages to the farmers to meet the composite messages to the farmers to meet the needs of their full agricultural environment.needs of their full agricultural environment.

India has a lot to learn from Israeli expertise in the India has a lot to learn from Israeli expertise in the agriculture sector. Israel not only produces most agriculture sector. Israel not only produces most of its own food, but also exports $1.3 billion worth of its own food, but also exports $1.3 billion worth of agricultural produce annually.of agricultural produce annually.

Although India has made significant achievement Although India has made significant achievement in agriculture by increasing food production by in agriculture by increasing food production by 4-4-foldsfolds during last six decades but the agricultural during last six decades but the agricultural production of production of 16-folds16-folds by Israel, is still a far cry by Israel, is still a far cry for Indiafor India..

Development of greenhouse equipment, seed and Development of greenhouse equipment, seed and livestock propagation, fertilizers and pesticides livestock propagation, fertilizers and pesticides have enabled Israeli agriculture to prosper in have enabled Israeli agriculture to prosper in adversity. adversity.

Cntd…Cntd… In addition, Israeli farmers have learned to In addition, Israeli farmers have learned to

develop high value-added and innovative farm develop high value-added and innovative farm products that enable them to compete in markets products that enable them to compete in markets with lower-cost producers.with lower-cost producers.

Israel came up with most innovative development Israel came up with most innovative development in water utilization has been drip irrigation, in water utilization has been drip irrigation, conceived in Israel some 35 years ago. Today, conceived in Israel some 35 years ago. Today, networks of plastic pipes with small openings for networks of plastic pipes with small openings for each plant or tree are strategically placed across each plant or tree are strategically placed across fields. Via. drippers, controlled amounts of fields. Via. drippers, controlled amounts of fertilizer can be pumped through the irrigation fertilizer can be pumped through the irrigation pipes to the plants, a system known as fertigation.pipes to the plants, a system known as fertigation.