Isotopes and Animal Movement · 2014. 10. 9. · Isotopes and Animal Movement Seville, 2014 Keith...
Transcript of Isotopes and Animal Movement · 2014. 10. 9. · Isotopes and Animal Movement Seville, 2014 Keith...
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Isotopes and Animal Movement Seville, 2014
Keith A. Hobson
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Primary Goals of Migration
Research
Evolution and Ecology.
Conservation and Management.
Movement of Contaminants and
Disease.
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>3M banded,
20% recovered.
>0.8M banded ,
.01% recovered
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Problems with extrinsic markers
Organism often needs to be recovered
Expensive
Body size requirements
Biased to original marked population
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Biogeochemical processes result in
isotopic patterns or “isoscapes” …
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Isoscapes?
Latitudinal/altitudinal gradients (dD, d13C)
Terrestrial-marine (d13C, δ15N d34S) Inshore-offshore (d13C , d34S, d15N) C-3 vs. C-4, CAM (d13C, δD) Xeric vs. Mesic (d13C, d15N)
Surficial geology (Sr, Pb, others)
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First isotope applications
Killingley (1980) – δ18O barnacles
“you are what you swim through”
Killingley and Lutcavage (1983)
δ13C and δ18O
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From Schell et al.2002
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Bowhead whales
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Quillfeldt et al. (2010) BES.
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Latest marine
isoscapes ….
McMahon et al (2013)
Limnol. Oceanogr. 58:697-714
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Predicted locations using correlates
between fish scale collagen (δ13C) and
SST
Mackenzie et al. (2011), Nature.
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Mackenzie et al. (2011), Nature
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Two essential components:
1. Transfer function (∆) between isoscape
and tissue.
2. Turnover rate of the tissue.
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The isotopic clock and movement
Biome 2
Biome 1
dX
(per
mil)
Time (days)
t2 t2’ t1 t1’
Tissue 2
Tissue 1
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Heavy isotopes tend not to
fractionate trophically
Stewart et al. MMS 19:806-818
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Promise with
Hg isotopes
Point et al. 2011 Nature Geoscience
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Strontium (bedrock model)
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Rachel Barnett-Johnson
Modeling Sr isotopes in watersheds:
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Other applications do not require
use of discrimination factors
Assignment to “bins”
Assignment to “biomes”
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Forensic tracing of African ivory ….
δ13C, δ15N, δ87Sr, δ204Pb
Vogel et al. (1990); van der Merwe et al (1990)
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Wintering habitat determines arrival time
on breeding grounds
Marra et al. (Science 1998)
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Breakthrough with water isotopes
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Latest growing-season δ2Hp
Wassenaar, IAEA.
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Altitudinal gradients
are recorded in
hummingbird
feathers:
Hobson et al. Oecologia 136:302-308
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The feather isotopes follow large
scale trajectories in precip δD
a
Elevation (m)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
dD
(o/ o
o)
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
b
d1
3C
(o/ o
o)
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
a
Expected (Ecuador)
Expected (global)
δDf = -25.6 + E(-0.014) -25 o/oo
δDf = -22 + E(0.0224) -25 o/oo
Ecuador:
Global:
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More on transfer functions
involving the water isotopes.
Derived from known-origin tissue transects.
Derived experimentally.
Based on various time series (mean annual,
mean growing season).
Can be year-specific or based on long-term
GNIP records.
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Single Top Model:
δ2Hf = Int. + δ2Hp + Migratory Guild +
Foraging Substrate + Guild*Substrate
Explains ~83% of the variance in δ2Hf
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Dragonfly wing isoscape
Hobson et al. 2012 MEE 3:766-772
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Dragonfly fallout on Maldives
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Bats …
Cryan et al. 2004. J. Mammal.
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Creating basemaps through direct
spatial sampling.
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Two populations, one long distance
journey ….
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Previously, tagging was used:
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Monarchs can be “grown”
anywhere!
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80 elementary schools recruited
throughout the range …..
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Transfer function derived
experimentally ….
Hobson et al. 1999 Oecologia 120:397-404
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Hobson et al. 1999 Oecologia 120:397-404
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Transfer function derived from
basemap ….
Hobson et al. 1999 Oecologia 120:397-404
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Docykx et al. Ecol. Applic., in press
Origins: 50% of the population is
produced in the US cornblelt:
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Assignment depictions
“Map lookup” approach.
Deriving probability of origin
Likelihoods
Bayesian models
• Constrained with priors and other information.
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“Leapfrog” migration revealed ..
Kelly et al. (Oecologia 2002)
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Other isotopic delineations of
population structure …
Rubenstein et al. (Science 2002)
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Bearhop et al. Science 2005
Categorical assignment
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Gen
eti
cd
ista
nc
e:
FS
T/(
1-F
ST)
Geographic distance (km)M
igra
tory
dista
nce (k
m)
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Origins of Woodpigeons killed in
France
Long-range migrant (winter in southern range of Europe)
Medium-range migrant (winter in France)
sedentary
Several distinct populations with
specific migratory traits
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dD precip
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100
Pro
babili
ty D
ensity
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
Probability Density0.00 - 0.100.11 - 0.200.21 - 0.300.31 - 0.400.41 - 0.500.51 - 0.600.61 - 0.700.71 - 0.800.81 - 0.900.91 - 1.00
Probability Density0.00 - 0.100.11 - 0.200.21 - 0.300.31 - 0.400.41 - 0.500.51 - 0.600.61 - 0.700.71 - 0.800.81 - 0.900.91 - 1.00
Probability Density0.00 - 0.100.11 - 0.200.21 - 0.300.31 - 0.400.41 - 0.500.51 - 0.600.61 - 0.700.71 - 0.800.81 - 0.900.91 - 1.00
A)
B)
Conditional Probability
0.000000 - 0.000001
0.000002 - 0.000002
0.000003 - 0.000003
0.000004 - 0.000015
0.000016 - 0.000064
0.000065 - 0.000070
0.000071 - 0.000625
0.000626 - 0.000685
0.000686 - 0.005397
0.005398 - 0.006830
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Conditional Probability
0.000000 - 0.000001
0.000002 - 0.000002
0.000003 - 0.000003
0.000004 - 0.000015
0.000016 - 0.000064
0.000065 - 0.000070
0.000071 - 0.000625
0.000626 - 0.000685
0.000686 - 0.005397
0.005398 - 0.006830
Conditional Probability
0.000000 - 0.000001
0.000002 - 0.000002
0.000003 - 0.000003
0.000004 - 0.000015
0.000016 - 0.000064
0.000065 - 0.000070
0.000071 - 0.000625
0.000626 - 0.000685
0.000686 - 0.005397
0.005398 - 0.006830
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
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Origins of Woodcock taken in
Spain
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Applying prior probabilities
Royle and Rubenstein
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Combining genetics and δD
Boulet et al. (Ornithol Monogr)
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Modeling isoscapes and origins
using multiple isotopes
Assumes a multivariate normal distribution
All isotopes are orthogonal
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Africa has a rich history of stable
isotope applications
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Major overwintering site for
Palearctic-Aftrotopical migrants
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Plant isotope distribution models
Plant isotope map
based on predicted C3
vs. C4 plants
Still and Powell (2010)
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Feather δ13C isoscape
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A feather δ15N isoscape Based on Craine et al. (2009, New Phytologist)
Modeled MAT, MAP with foliar δ15N
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Modeled MAT, MAP with foliar and soil
δ15N
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Feather δ15N isoscape
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Feather δ2H isoscape
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Combining δ13C, δ15N, δ2H feather
isoscapes
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Pied Flycatcher
Collared Flycatcher
Data from Hjernquist
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A multi-isotope (δ2H,δ13C,δ15N)
probability surface
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Some other considerations and
future directions….
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Several controlled studies for δ15N,
δ13C but few for δ2H, δ18O ….
δ15N, δ13C …
δ2H, δ18O …
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Using a wind tunnel and isotopic
dietary shifts to mimic migration
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
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Advances in water isoscapes
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Multiple sources of O and H
Pietsch et al. 2011 PLoS ONE
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Pietsch et al. 2011 PLoS ONE
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Pietsch et al. 2011 PLoS ONE
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Oxygen?
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20-35%
evaporative loss
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Human Hair
Ehleringer et al. (PNAS 2008)
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Meteoric relationship preserved in
Monarch Butterflies
Manitoba
Indiana
Florida
y = 7.951x - 123.948
R2 = 0.936
-140.0
-130.0
-120.0
-110.0
-100.0
-90.0
-80.0
-70.0
-60.0
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
dO18
smow(Pyrolysis)
dD
sm
ow(P
yro
lysis
)
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Feather 18
O (per mil)
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Feath
er
2H
(per
mil)
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Y = -145.7 + 4.8X
r2 = 0.34
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Trace element/heavy isotope
Compound specific
Mass spectrometry