ISO IEC 14563 6 2 Home Elec Sys Archit

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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 1 N 1230Date: 2006-06-15

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC25INTERCONNECTION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENT

Secretariat: Germany (DIN)

DOC TYPE: CD

TITLE: ISO/IEC CD 14543-6-1, Information Technology Interconnection of information technologyequipment Home Electronic System (HES)architecture Medium-specific physical anddata-link layers of powerline, based onANSI/CEA-709.2-A

SOURCE: United States

PROJECT:

STATUS: New Committee Draft

ACTION ID: ACT

DUE DATE:

REQUESTED ACTIONNational body members of SC 25 are asked to

review and comment on this draft CD

No. of Pages: 21 (excluding cover) Size in KB: 488(excluding cover)

DISTRIBUTION: ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 25


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ISO/IEC CD 14543-6-2 IEC:2006 1 14543-6-2 ISO/IEC:2006

ISO/IEC JTC1 SC25/WG 1 N 1230

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC N1230.doc

COMMITTEE ISO/IEC

DRAFT 14543-6-2

Information technology

Home electronic system (HES) architecture

Part 6-2: Medium-specific physical and data-linklayers of powerline, based on ANSI/CEA-709.2-A


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ISO/IEC CD 14543-6-2 IEC:2006 2 14543-6-2 ISO/IEC:2006

ISO/IEC JTC1 SC25/WG 1 N 1230

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC N1230.doc


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CEA-709.2-A

i

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1SAFETY PREAMBLE ........................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2SCOPE............................................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.3DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 2

1.4RELATION OF SPECIFICATION TO THE EIA-709MODEL .................................................................................................. 2

2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................................. 3

2.1FUNCTIONAL PARTITIONING OF PLSPECIFICATION........................................................................................................ 3

2.2FREQUENCY ALLOCATION.............................................................................................................................................. 3

3 PL NETWORK TOPOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1POWERLINENETWORKDESCRIPTION AND COMPONENTS ............................................................................................. 4

3.2THREE-PHASE WYE (Y)SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION ..................................................................................................... 5

3.3ALLOWED TOPOLOGIES .................................................................................................................................................. 6

4 POWER LINE MEDIUM SPECIFICATIONS................................................................................................................ 6

4.1FREQUENCY ALLOCATION.............................................................................................................................................. 6

4.1.1POWER........................................................................................................................................................................ 6

4.1.2DATA CHANNEL .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

4.2PHYSICAL AND ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................ 7

4.3CONNECTORS ................................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.4INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES .......................................................................................................... 7

4.4.1SIGNAL COUPLING BETWEEN L1 AND L2..................................................................................................................... 7

4.4.2SURGE PROTECTION AND RELATED DEVICES .............................................................................................................. 7

5 PL NODE SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 7

5.1INTERFACE TO MAC LAYER........................................................................................................................................... 8

5.2WORD ENCODING........................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.3PLPACKET TIMING ........................................................................................................................................................ 8

5.4TRANSMITTERCHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................................................. 8

5.4.1CARRIERMODULATION............................................................................................................................................... 9

5.4.2WAVEFORM AMPLITUDE ............................................................................................................................................. 9

5.4.3DEVICE COUPLING....................................................................................................................................................... 9

5.4.3.1SINGLE PHASE COUPLING....................................................................................................................................... 10

5.4.3.2MULTIPLE PHASE COUPLING .................................................................................................................................. 105.5RECEIVERCHARACTERISTICS....................................................................................................................................... 10

5.5.1RECEIVE MODE EFFECTIVE INPUT IMPEDANCE ......................................................................................................... 10

5.5.2RECEIVERPERFORMANCE ......................................................................................................................................... 11

5.5.2.1RECEIVING ON A QUIET LINE.................................................................................................................................. 12

5.5.2.2RECEIVING WITH INTERFERENCE............................................................................................................................ 12

5.5.2.3RECEIVING THROUGH A DISTORTED CHANNEL ...................................................................................................... 14

5.5.2.4RECEIVING WITH IMPULSIVENOISE........................................................................................................................ 15

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................................... 16

ANNEX A (NORMATIVE)................................................................................................................................................. 17

A.1NODE OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION............................................................................................................................. 17

A.2TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY.................................................................................................................................... 17

A.3RADIATED RFI/EMI.................................................................................................................................................... 17

ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE)............................................................................................................................................. 18B.1TYPICAL POWERLINE PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................................... 18

B.2TYPICAL POWERLINE ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS................................................................................................... 18

B.2.1IMPEDANCE............................................................................................................................................................... 18

B.2.2TRANSMISSION LOSS ................................................................................................................................................ 18

B.2.3NOISE LEVEL ............................................................................................................................................................ 19

B.3L1 AND L2SIGNAL COUPLING..................................................................................................................................... 19


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CEA-709.2-A

CONTROL NETWORK POWER LINE (PL) CHANNEL SPECIFICATION

1 Introduction

This document specifies the EIA-709 Control Network Power Line (PL) Channel and serves as a companion docu-

ment to EIA-709.1-A [1]. Its purpose is to present the information necessary for the development of a PL physical

network and nodes to communicate and share information over that network. This is one of a series of documents

covering the various media that comprise the EIA-709 standard.

This document covers the complete physical layer (OSI layer 1) including the interface to the Medium Access Con-

trol (MAC) Layer and the interface to the medium. It includes parameters specific to the EIA-709.2 PL channel

type, even though the parameters may be controlled at an OSI layer other than layer 1. The document also provides

a set of guideline physical and electrical specifications for the power line environment as an aid in developing prod-

ucts for that environment.

1.1 Safety Preamble

This preamble sets forth several recommendations related to safety concerns with respect to EIA-709.2.

This discussion is not complete, nor does it address all possible safety issues. The designer is urged to consult,

among other things, the relevant local and national electrical codes for the country of intended use. Local codes usu-ally supplement national electrical codes and impose additional safety related requirements.

Products conforming to EIA-709.2 are to be designed, constructed, assembled, tested and installed following recog-

nized safety provisions appropriate to products covered by the standard.

EIA-709.2 power line network cables are subject to at least five direct electrical safety hazards during their use:

High-energy transients coupled into the power line network from external environmental sources. Possible differences between safety grounds to which network components are connected. Possible high voltages on neutral or ground wiring. Possible open safety grounds. High short-circuit current levels available at interface.

These electrical safety hazards should be alleviated for the network to perform properly. In addition to provisionsfor properly handling these faults in an operational system, special measures should be taken to maintain the in-

tended safety features during changes of an existing network.

All wire and wiring to which EIA-709.2 nodes connect should conform to wiring standards of the National Electri-

cal Code for U.S. nodes or the appropriate national code for the country of intended use and should have been in-

spected to comply with that code.

All EIA-709.2 nodes should obtain UL listing (or equivalent listing from an appropriate nationally or internationally

recognized testing organization) for the node. Additional testing/listing may be required by local electrical and/or

fire codes and applicable testing for sales in countries other than the U.S. may be required.

1.2 Scope

This specification contains all the information necessary to facilitate the exchange of data and control information

over the power line medium within a home. The document is divided into five sections (1 - 5):

1. An introduction to the specification.

2. A general description of the power line network that is likely to exist in home environments.

3. The specifications of the allowed topology and configuration rules for constructing EIA-709.2 compliant net-

works in homes.

4. A specification of the EIA-709.2 physical medium. This section covers frequency allocation, physical and elec-

trical specification of the medium, connectors, environmental requirements, and installation considerations.

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CEA-709.2-A

5. The physical layer specification of an EIA-709.2 compliant node. This section covers the interface to the higher

ISO layers, control channel signal characteristics, encoding, transmitter and receiver and signal coupling char-

acteristics.

The EIA-709.2 specification establishes a minimal set of rules for compliance. It does not rule out extended services

to be provided, given that the rules are adhered to within the system. It is the intention of the standard to permit ex-

tended services (defined by users) to coexist.

Certain aspects of the standard are defined in other documents. These documents are referenced where relevant. In

the case where a referenced standard conflicts with this document, this document will prevail.

1.3 Definitions and Abbreviations

The following definitions and abbreviations deal specifically with the power line medium and physical layer shown

in figure 1. A more complete set of definitions will be found in EIA-709.1-A.

PL Node A user node attached to the power line medium at a tap that meets the requirements of this specification.

Home Network A single power line bus contained within one home. That part of a power line network defined to

be from the power line service entrance (including a breaker panel) to all local home loads.

Line Cord A cable not part of the power line network that allows an EIA-709.2 node located away from the

power line network to be connected to the network.

Power Line Network A communication network based on power distribution lines (power lines), from the final

distribution transformer to and including all homes served by that transformer, including all wiring in those homes.

Non-Network-Powered Node An EIA-709.2 compatible node that attaches to the power line network but does

not draw any power from the network.

1.4 Relation of Specification to the EIA-709 Model

The EIA-709 specification model is based on the OSI Reference Model. It is a 7-layer model. There are also impor-

tant extensions to the OSI Reference Model.

Figure 1 shows the scope of the EIA-709.2 specification in reference to the entire EIA-709 model. In this document,

only the parts of the model relevant to power line communication are specified. Anything outside this boundary is

covered in other parts of the standard. Similar specifications exist for other EIA-709 media.

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CEA-709.2-A

Application & Presentation Layers

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Authentication Server

Transaction Control Sub-Layer

Network Layer

Data Link Layer

MAC Sub-Layer

EIA 709.2 Power Line Channel

Physical Layer

EIA 709.3 Free Topology Twisted Pair Channel

RF Channel

Coax Cable Channel

IR Channel

Fiber Optic Cable Channel

Scope of This

Specification

Figure 1 Relationship of EIA-709.2 Specification to the EIA-709 Specification Model

2 General Description

This section provides a general description of the power line physical layer and medium requirements. To simplify

the specification, the physical and medium layers are logically divided into several physical parts described in thefollowing subsections. This section also overviews the frequency allocation of the medium.

2.1 Functional Partitioning o f PL Specification

This specification divides the complete EIA-709.2 power line environment into three basic parts: the network topol-

ogy, the medium, and the node physical access specification.

The network topology specification deals with the anticipated configurations of power line wiring likely to be found

in most installations.

The medium specification concerns the capabilities and properties of the physical medium. This encompasses such

items as its bandwidth, frequency allocation, electrical and physical specifications, connectors, etc.

The node physical access specification deals with the physical properties of that part of the node that makes contact

with the medium. Also described is the interface between the physical layer and the symbol-encoding sub-layer.

2.2 Frequency Allocation

The EIA-709.2 specification allows for a control channel frequency allocation.

A control channel frequency space is reserved on each medium for the exchange of control information and user

data concerning the state of the EIA-709 system and its applications. The control channel does not have to allocate

its frequency space on the medium since this space is permanently reserved as part of this specification.

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CEA-709.2-A

Use of the control channel must be in conformance with the established EIA-709 protocol on all implemented lay-

ers. This channel may not be used in any other fashion. Only those portions of the control channel that are specific

to power line communications are discussed in this document.

3 PL Network Topology

The following section deals with the physical topology of the power line network. Described are the anticipatedconfigurations of power line wiring and EIA-709.2 node connection.

3.1 Power Line Network Description and Components

Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a general power line network. A power line network consists of wiring

from the distribution transformer throughout all homes attached to that wiring. A home power line consists of wir-

ing from the service entrance throughout the home. In the U.S., the power line wiring is normally a 240 V AC cen-

ter-tapped service forming two 120 V AC circuits of opposite phase. In Europe, single-phase or 3-phase service is

more common. Routers and/or bridges may exist if other EIA-709 media exist in the network.

N N

N N

N

N

N

N

House n

House n-1

House 1

Distribution

Transformer

L1L2

N PL Node PL Load

Figure 2 Typical Power Line Network Topology

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CEA-709.2-A

The word "home network" describes a single dwelling (see definitions). This network contains many resistive and

reactive loads randomly connected and disconnected. The power line network is typically isolated by a distribution

transformer appearing as an high impedance to signaling frequencies used by EIA-709.2 nodes.

Figure 2 is intentionally drawn to physically represent a typical North American power line network to make clear

several unique topological conditions found in these networks. In particular, any power line node in any home may

communicate (and interfere) with any power line node in any other home on the network. Likewise, sources of net-

work noise and load are not isolated to a home on the network. The number of homes on a power line network may

vary from one upward. The upper limit is usually eight, but larger numbers are not uncommon. This same inter-

home coupling phenomenon applies to countries outside of the U.S. where single phase 230 V AC is typical.

Figure 3 depicts a more general representation of the power line network. The figure shows that electrically, the

home is only a logical concept, and all power line nodes appear on either a pair of 120 V AC lines (L1-N, L2-N), or

240 V AC lines (L1-L2) originating at a distribution transformer.

N1N2 N4

N6

N5N3

N

L2

L1

240V AC

* *

Nx Nx*

PL Load 120 V AC PL Node 240 V AC PL Node

Figure 3 General Power Line Network Topology Example

As Figures 2 and 3 show, the power line network outside the home consists of two separate l20V (nominal) AC

lines sharing a common return line comprising the 240 V AC service to the home. These lines are designated as Ll

and L2 and terminate on separate branches of the home electrical service breaker panel. Two classes of electrical

appliances and EIA-709.2 nodes exist in the home: those using 120 V AC service, and those using 240 V AC ser-

vice. l20 V AC EIA-709.2 nodes and 120 V AC appliances (TVs, lights, motors, etc.) connect between either L1 or

L2 and neutral. 240 V AC EIA-709.2 nodes and 240 V AC appliances baseboard heaters, water heaters, motors, etc.

connect between L1 and L2. Note that in countries outside of the U.S., other distribution and phasing techniques

may be used.

3.2 Three-Phase Wye (Y) Secondary Distr ibution

Some residential environments are wired with three-phase electrical distribution systems as shown in Figure 4.

These systems consist of three separate 120 V AC (in North America) lines sharing a common return line. These

lines are designated as L1, L2 and L3. The AC voltage from any L line to the grounded neutral conductor is 120 VAC while the voltage between any L to any other L will be 208 V AC. Note that in other parts of the world the volt-

ages may be different values.

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CEA-709.2-A

N

L1

L2

L3

N1

N2

N3

N4

3 Phase In

Figure 4 General Three Phase PL Network Topology

3.3 Allowed Topologies

Since the designer or user of an EIA-709.2 node lacks control over the existing power line network, EIA-709.2

nodes are expected to operate in any power line topology found in a power line network (i.e., in a home as well as in

other homes connected to it on the local side of the distribution transformer). Therefore, no specific allowed or dis-

allowed topologies are specified.

In practice, there may be installed topologies that because of existing loads or network wiring will not allow EIA-

709.2 power line nodes that meet specifications to operate. Section 5 outlines specific network limits (impedance,

noise, etc.) that must be met to ensure successful EIA-709.2 node operation.

4 Power Line Medium Specifications

This section specifies properties that the power line medium must possess to support information transfer within the

EIA-709.2 power line environment. Both mechanical and electrical properties are given. The specifications of this

section concern the media sub-layer of the physical layer.

4.1 Frequency Allocation

This section specifies the frequency used for power line communications compliant with the EIA-709.2 specifica-

tion.

4.1.1 Power

EIA-709.2 nodes should not rely on the line frequency for timing or synchronization to perform communications.

AC power may be used to power the interface and application needs of a node.

4.1.2 Data Channel

The EIA-709.2 channel occupies bandwidth from 125 kHz to 140 kHz as a Binary Phase Shift Keyed (BPSK)

modulated carrier. This channel is used to send protocol messages containing control, status, configuration and di-

agnostic information. The rules established in the EIA-709.1-A Medium Access Control (MAC) Layers and above

must be followed. The signaling characteristics of the channel are described in 5.

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CEA-709.2-A

4.2 Physical and Electrical Specifications

Physical and electrical specifications for the PL medium are not formally given in this document since: 1) the PL

medium is assumed to already exist in any environment using EIA-709.2 power line communications and; 2) this

specification lacks control over the installation of the power line medium, its physical properties, topology, or other

devices connected to the medium. An overview of the physical and electrical characteristics that may be found in a

typical power line environment is given in Annex A and B.

4.3 Connectors

If a connector is used to attach an EIA-709.2 node to the power line network (as opposed to a direct connection),

then the connector shall meet the following requirements:

The connector shall impose a negligible signal loss (less than 0.1dB) from the power line network andthe attached node.

The connector shall not impose any signal or voltage loss (less than 0.1dB) to the power line network(with or without a node connected to the connector).

Power line node connectors are assumed to fit standard home electrical outlets appropriate for the country of use. In

North America these include 120 V AC duplex polarized and unpolarized, and keyed 240 V AC connectors. NEMA

120 V AC (15-20A) connectors are assumed to contact only one side (L1 or L2) of the local power line network.

EIA-709.2 nodes may incorporate connectors with or without ground contacts. EIA-709.2 nodes that incorporate aground contact may use the standard L-N coupling or the optional L-G coupling described in 5.5.4. An EIA-709.2

node without ground contact should function normally using only L-N coupling.

4.4 Installation Requirements and Guidelines

This section discusses the installation of the nodes within the EIA-709.2 environment. The installer should follow

the practices described in this section. Failure to comply with these practices may lead to poor reliability, degrada-

tion of system performance (perhaps outside specified operating ranges), and system failure.

4.4.1 Signal Coupling between L1 and L2

Home 120 V AC electrical devices (appliances, lights motors, etc.) normally connect to either L1 or L2. Only 240 V

AC devices that connect to L1 and L2 simultaneously provide a signal path between these two branches other than

the minimal coupling provided by the distribution transformer and the mutual inductance of the wiring. Therefore, a

potential problem can exist on a power line network in that an EIA-709.2 120 V AC node on L1-N may not com-

municate with an EIA-709.2 120 V AC node on L2-N due to inadequate signal coupling between L1 and L2. For

the same reason, communication may not occur between EIA-709.2 240 V AC nodes on L1-L2 and EIA-709.2 120

V AC nodes on either L1-N or L2-N.

To help solve this problem, a signal coupler should be placed between L1, L2 and Neutral to improve signal propa-

gation within the power line network. The coupler is an optional node since its necessity depends on the installation.

See Annex B.3 for specifications of the coupler.

4.4.2 Surge Protection and Related Devices

Certain surge protection and related frequency selective protection devices may be installed in the home. These de-

vices may attenuate the EIA-709.2 channel waveform sufficiently to prevent operation in part or all of the network.

Precautions should be taken such that the device chosen does not substantially attenuate the EIA-709.2 signals in

the 125-140 kHz range.

5 PL Node Specifications

This section covers the Physical Layer specifications of the PL node including:

The Physical Layer interface to the MAC Layer. The physical signaling characteristics used on the PL medium. The specification of the transmitter needed to generate the necessary PL signals.

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CEA-709.2-A

The specification of the receiver needed for proper reception of PL signals.

5.1 Interface to MAC layer

The data is passed from the MAC layer to the PL transceiver in an 8 bit byte format containing a L2Hdr byte, the

NPDU and a 16 bit CRC as described in 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 of EIA-709.1-A. The PL transceiver encodes each byte of

data into an 11 bit word and adds a bit sync pattern, a word sync word, and an End-of-Frame consisting of two End-

ofPacket (EOP) words. The entire packet is shown below in figure 5. The bit sync pattern consists of 24 bits of al-ternating "10". The word sync word is "11001111011". The EndofPacket word is "11100110011". The bit sync pat-

tern provides clock timing information. The word sync pattern provides bit polarity and word boundary information.

Bit Sync Word Sync L2HDR+NPDU+CRC EOP EOP

'101010101010101010101010'

'11001111011'

N 11 bit words

'11100110011'

'11100110011'

Figure 5 Power Line Packet Format

5.2 Word EncodingEach 8-bit byte in the L2Hdr, the NPDU and the CRC is encoded into an 11-bit word as follows. The first 8 bits of

the 11-bit word are the 8 bits of data that are transmitted in NRZ format (uncoded). Bit 9 is an even parity bit P for

the first 9 bits. Bits 10 and 11 are the last two bits and are always '01'. A data word is shown in figure 6.

8 bit word from MAC layer P 0 1MSB LSB

Figure 6 11-bit Word Format

5.3 PL Packet Timing

As described in EIA-709.1-A, the EIA-709 protocol uses an interpacket spacing defined as a Beta1 time and ran-

domizing slots defined as Beta2 times. Beta1 is measured from the end of a packet to the beginning of the firstBeta2 slot. The EIA-709.1-A protocol and PL transceiver in combination must produce a Beta1 time of 3.4 ms 0.1

ms and B2 times of 2.0 ms 0.1 ms each. For optimum communication between EIA-709.2 nodes, there should be 8

priority Beta2 slots. In addition, the EIA-709.2 transceiver shall meet the timing parameters defined below and

specified in table 1.

Carrier Detect - The time from when the beginning of the packet is at the receiver's input until the receiver has

detected carrier and caused P_Channel_Active to be set to true.

Transmit Start Delay - The time from when P_Data_request is activated to when the beginning of the packet is

initiated onto the power line.

Parameter Specification

Carrier Detect 1.7 ms max.

Transmit Start Delay 100 us max.

Table 1 Transceiver Timing Specifications

5.4 Transmitter Characteristics

The transmitter shall be a differential driver capable of driving the specified signal on the PL network.

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CEA-709.2-A

5.4.1 Carrier Modulation

Each bit is sent as NRZ data BPSK modulated on to a carrier. The carrier frequency is 131.579 kHz with a tolerance

of +/- 200 PPM. The symbol rate is 5482.45 symbols/sec with a tolerance of +/- 200 PPM. Note that appropriate

shaping must be performed on the modulated waveform to meet the local regulatory requirements for conducted

emissions.

5.4.2 Waveform AmplitudeThe amplitude of the carrier output voltage during packet transmission should be measured at 23 degrees C +/- 3

degrees C using the test circuit shown in figure 7. The V-network is an artificial network of (50 //(50 H+5 ))conforming to subclause 8.2.1 of CISPR Publication 16[3]. The amplitude is measured using the tuned receiver at a

frequency of 131.5 kHz with a peak detector and a 30 kHz resolution bandwidth. The tuned receiver using its peak

detector should read the rms value of a sinusoid. The amplitude limits must be met both with switch closed and with

the switch open. The transmit voltage will be calculated using the following formula Vpp=2.828*Vmeasured and

dBV=20*log10(Vmeasured). The transmit voltage Vmeasuredmust be greater than 0dBV (2.828 Vpp) and less than 11 dBV

(10.0 Vpp) when the switch is open and greater than 12 dBV (0.7 Vpp) when the switch is closed.

V-Network

Measuri ngRecei ver( 50 ohms)

Power l i neTr anscei verunder Test

N'

G'

L'

Filter

Neutral

Ground

Line

>250 uH

50 uH

.25 uF

50

5

5

50 uH

1

1

>250 uH .25 uF

1

switch

Power Line

Filter (>40 dB

@ 130 kHz

Power Line

Filter (>40 dB

@130 kHz)

Figure 7 Test Circuit for Determining Transmit Amplitude

5.4.3 Device Coupling

EIA-709.2 devices will couple the control channel signal to the power line in various ways depending on which

lines are available and what local electrical code restrictions apply.

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CEA-709.2-A

5.4.3.1 Single Phase Coupling

An EIA-709.2 node that does not have access to the ground contact may couple to the power line network using

Line and Neutral (L-N) conductors. If a ground contact is available, it may couple to the power line network using

Line and Ground (L-G) conductors. The L-G alternative may be subject to electrical code restrictions.

5.4.3.2 Multiple Phase Coupling

If an EIA-709.2 node has access to more than one phase and neutral then either or both phases may be used to cou-ple with respect to neutral, e.g. (L1-N) and/or (L2-N). If the node has access to the ground contact and local codes

allow it, then the phases may be coupled with respect to ground e.g. (L1-G) and/or (L2-G).

5.5 Receiver Characteristics

This section describes the impedance and performance specifications of the PL transceivers receiver, which shall

be measured for conformance purposes at an ambient temperature of 23 +/- 3 degrees C.

5.5.1 Receive Mode Effective Input Impedance

The receive-mode effective input impedance shall be measured using the test circuit shown in figure 8. The V-

network is an artificial network of (50 //(50 H+5 )) conforming to subclause 8.2.1 of CISPR Publication 16[3].The receiver impedance is measured as follows. Set the signal generator to a sine wave of amplitude 5 V peak-to-

peak at a frequency of 131.5 kHz. All measurements are made with a tuned receiver using a peak detector and a 30

kHz resolution bandwidth. The tuned receiver using its peak detector should read the rms value of a sinusoid. With

the transceiver unplugged, measure the voltage (Voc) on the V-network 50 resistor (the signal generator providesthis resistor with its internal termination) with the tuned receiver. The voltage Voc should be 5.5 dBV 1dB (5.3volts peak to peak 10%) where dBV is defined as dBV=20*Log10(Vpp/2.828). Next, with the transceiver pluggedin and powered up in receive mode measure the voltage (Vic) on the V-network 50 resistor. The effective receiveinput impedance is calculated with the following formula where Ze is the effective receiver input impedance, Zn is a

constant value of 29,Voc and Vic are the two voltages measured as described above (they must be corrected for the

1/10 divider). The calculated value for Ze must be greater than or equal to 200.

Z VZ

V Z V Z e ic

n

oc n ic n

+ +

50(50 ) (50 )

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CEA-709.2-A

Power l i neTr anscei verunder Test

V-NetworkN'

Power Li neFi l t er

( >40 dB @130 kHz)

Power Li neFi l t er

( >40 dB @130 kHz) L'

Measuri ngRecei ver( 50 ohms)

G'

Si gnalGener ator( 50 ohms)

Filter

Line

Neutral

Ground

.25 uF

50 uH

5

.25 uF>250 uH

5

50

50 uH

1

>250 uH

450

Figure 8 Test Circuit for Determining Effective Receiver Impedance

5.5.2 Receiver Performance

There are four receiver performance specifications. The performance is measured under various conditions as de-

scribed in the following sections for each of the four tests. The performance metric used is packet error rate (PER%)

which is defined by the equation below where Pr is packets received and Ps is packets sent. The number of packets

sent (Ps) must be more than 1000.

PERP

P

r

s

% =

100 1

The test circuit for all of the receiver performance tests is shown in figure 9. The V-networks shown must conform

to the same standard as described in 5.6.1. The tuned receiver should be using a peak detector, a resolution band-

width of 10 kHz (10 kHz is wide enough to encompass the power line signal and is a commonly available filter

bandwidth in standard measuring equipment) and a video bandwidth of 30 Hz. The tuned receiver using its peak

detector should read the rms value of a sinusoid. Note that the tuned receiver is measuring 1/10 of the actual voltageon the 50 resistor of the V-network. When a test does not use the signal generator's output care must be taken toinsure that the 50 termination is still present. In this case, the signal generator can be either set to 0 amplitude orcan be removed and replaced with a 50 termination.

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L'

G'

N'

Recei verUnder

Test

Di mmerCi r cui t

Measur i ngRecei ver( 50 ohms)

Si gnalGenerat or( 50 ohms)

V-Network

Tr ansmi t t er

N'

G'

L'

NotchCi r cui t

Filter

V-NetworkFilter

Neutral

Ground

Line

SW2

Switch1 uF

450

1 uF

SW1

Switch

50

.1 uF

R150k, 10 turn

Figure 9 Test Circuit for Receiver Performance

5.5.2.1 Receiving on a Quiet Line

The quiet line test is performed using the test set-up shown in figure 9. Switches SW1 and SW2 are open. The

packet error rate is measured when there are no impairments and the received signal level ranges from -60 dBV(2.828 mV peak to peak) to at least 9 dBV (8 V peak to peak). (8 V is chosen as a reasonable compromise between

node design complexity, performance and ease of testing) The received signal level is measured across the V-

network 50 resistor using the measuring receiver while the transmitter is sending packets. Adjusting R1 sets thereceived level. The verification procedure is to check performance at each endpoint i.e. at -60 dBV and 9 dBVwhere the PER% must be < 0.1%.

5.5.2.2 Receiving with Interference

This test is designed to measure PL transceivers immunity to interference at various frequencies. There are four

frequency bands of interference identified. Figure 10 depicts the four bands and the performance specification.

Power line noise is present throughout the entire frequency spectrum and generally increases in amplitude with de-

creasing frequencies.

Commercial broadcast and power line intercom signals can be at very high levels and for the purposes of this speci-fication are defined to be between 150 kHz and 500 kHz. European and North American AM broadcast is present at

high levels because power lines act as a antennas for radio broadcasts. The broadcast region for this test is defined

to be between 500 kHz and 1 MHz. The PL transceiver band is defined to be between 100 kHz and 150 kHz.

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Figure 10 Graph of Tone Interference Specification

The method of measurement is as follows. Referring to figure 9, switches SW1 and SW2 are open. The receive

level is set to -47 dBV on the 50 resistor of the V-network by adjusting R1 when the transmitter is sending pack-ets. The signal generator is set to frequency and amplitudes as shown in table 2. The frequency spacing is every 5

kHz from 10 kHz to 150 kHz and every 50 kHz from 150 kHz to 1 MHz. The interfering tone level (Itone) is then

measured with the tuned receiver. Then for each frequency and amplitude of tone the received packet error rate

(PER%) must be less than 2%.

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Signal Generator Fre-

quency

Interfering Tone

Level (dBV)

10 kHz 5

15 kHz -5

20 kHz -13

25 kHz -1930 kHz -24

35 kHz -28

40 kHz -31

45 kHz -34

50 kHz -37

55 kHz -39

60 kHz -42

65 kHz -44

70 kHz -46

75 kHz -47

80 kHz -49

85 kHz -5190 kHz -52

95 kHz -54

100 kHz-145 kHz -56

150 kHz-500 kHz -12

550 kHz-1 MHz -12

Table 2 Settings for Receive Performance with Interfering Tone Test

5.5.2.3 Receiving Through a Distorted Channel

This test is designed to measure the PL transceivers immunity to frequency notches in the power line. The test cir-

cuit of figure 9 is used with SW1 closed and SW2 open. The notch circuit is a series RLC network with values

R=8.5 ,L=150 H, and C=.01 F. This will generate a 10 dB notch with a Q of 5, centered at approximately 130kHz .The received signal strength is the voltage on the 50 resistor of the V-network and is set by adjusting R1when the transmitter is sending packets. The received PER% must be less than 2% when the received signal is -60

dBV (2.828 mV peak to peak).

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5.5.2.4 Receiving with Impulsive Noise

This test is designed to measure the PL transceivers immunity to impulsive noise such as produced by triac con-

trolled dimmers. The test circuit of figure 9 is used with SW1 open and SW2 closed. The impulse generator wave-

form has a shape defined by

V A ft impulsebt sin( )2 e

where: A=75 V, f=120 kHz, b=2.4*105

occurring once each half cycle of the power line voltage with an arbitrary phase offset from the zero crossing point.

The waveform can be generated with a commercially available triac controlled dimmer set to the appropriate phase

and driving a 100 Watt bulb. Compliance to the waveform requires that the amplitude of the initial three peaks of

the measured time domain signal be within 20% of the defined shape when measured in a 50 system.

The received signal shall be measured with the Vimpulse waveform turned off. The received signal strength is the volt-

age on the 50 resistor of the V-network and is set by adjusting R1 when the transmitter is sending packets. Thereceived PER% shall be less than 2% for a received signal strength of -60 dBV (2.828 mV peak to peak) and the

waveform turned on.

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References

[1] EIA-709.1-A Control Network Protocol Specification.

[2] 47CFR15, Subpart B (Unintentional Radiators), U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, (formerly known as FCC

Part 15, Subpart J.)

[3] Comit international spcial des perterbations radiolectriques (CISPR) 16 Specification for radio interference

measuring apparatus and measurement methods, Commission Electrotechnique International (International Electro-

technical Commission), Second edition, 1987.

[4] IEEE C62.41-1991, IEEERecommended Practice on Surge Voltage in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits.

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ANNEX A (NORMATIVE)

This section specifies the environment in which the PL wiring system is assumed to function. Certain requirements

are outside the scope of this standard; and the requirements of the appropriate agency and regulatory bodies should

be observed.

A.1 Node Overvol tage ProtectionEIA-709.2 nodes should be able to withstand a maximum continuous voltage of 1.1 times the nominal voltage with-

out damage: for example, 132 V AC for 120 V AC nodes and 264 V AC for 240 V AC nodes.

Nodes should provide surge protection sufficient to meet the recommended system exposure levels for the location

of installation without damage as described in IEEE C62.41-1991[4].

A.2 Temperature and Humidity

The PL network is expected to operate within electrical specifications over a temperature and humidity range ap-

propriate to the application. It is the responsibility of the manufacturers of EIA-709.2 compatible equipment to de-

sign to an adequate temperature and humidity operating range that will insure reliable operation in the intended ar-

eas of use. The manufacturer should inform the user of the range selected for the product.

A.3 Radiated RFI/EMIEIA-709.2 nodes must be designed to meet the radiation limits prescribed by the regulations appropriate to the

country in which it is used. In the U.S., the limits are described in FCC Part 15[2] for unintentional radiators and

applicable sections concerning carrier current systems.

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ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE)

B.1 Typical Power Line Physical Specifications

These physical specifications represent values that can be expected in a typical home and local power line network.

They are a guide to help develop EIA-709.2 compatible PL nodes and represent average values. They are not guar-

anteed to be found in any particular home environment.

Wiring Specifications

Electrical wiring in the home is assumed to meet the residential wiring requirements of the National Electrical Code

(NEC).

Conductors within the home are assumed to be copper meeting the following range of gauge and resistance at 23 +/-

3 degrees C ambient temperature.

AWG /1000 Ft

6 0.49

8 0.78

10 1.2

12 2.0

14 3.1

Table B1 Conductor resistance versus wire gauge at 23 degrees Celsius

Splices and junctions are assumed not to introduce more than 0.05 per occurrence and not more than 0.5 be-tween any two points in the home PL environment.

Wiring from the power line distribution transformer to the home circuit breaker panel is usually AWG #1 (100A

service, 0.16 /1000 ft.), or AWG #000 (200A service, 0.08 /1000 ft.).

B.2 Typical Power Line Electrical Specifications

These electrical specifications represent values that can be expected in a typical home and local power line network.

They are provided as guide to help develop EIA-709.2 compatible nodes and represent average values. They are not

guaranteed to be found in any particular home environment.

B.2.1 Impedance

The localized, lumped impedance of the power line wiring in the home over the frequency range of 125 kHz to 140

kHz will vary considerably from a low of 0.8 to a high of 75 or greater depending on the topology of the elec-tric wiring and the resistive and reactive loads connected in the home at any time. This impedance may vary widely

within short periods of time as loads are added and removed in the home. The impedance of the power line network

outside the home (distribution wiring, distribution transformer) plus all other homes on the network is not assumedto affect the local home impedance to a significant degree due to the impedance isolating effect of the distribution

wiring.

B.2.2 Transmission Loss

The transmission loss in a home at frequencies between 125 kHz and 140 kHz is caused by the inductive reactance

of the power line cable and the capacitive reactance and resistance of devices connected to the cable.

The typical power line cable has a primary inductive reactance of about 10 (at +90 degrees) per 100' at 100 kHz.

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Electrical nodes that plug into the power line generally fall into three load categories: primarily inductive, capaci-

tive, and resistive at 125-140 kHz.

Nodes that are primarily inductive (motors, solenoids, transformers, etc.) present the highest impedances typically

>100 (at +90 degrees).

Nodes that are primarily resistive (toasters, ranges, elec. water heaters, etc.) present loads in the range of 5 to 100

(at 0 degrees).

Nodes that are primarily capacitive (power line filters, computer power supplies etc.) can present loads as low as 5

to 0.8 (at -45 to -90 degrees).

The attenuation between any two points in a PL network is contributed by a combination of the power line induc-

tance and load reactance and will vary over time depending on what nodes and loads are connected to the network.

B.2.3 Noise Level

Because non-EIA-709.2 devices could share the same medium with EIA-709.2 nodes, a level of injected noise can

be expected in any PL network. This noise is usually of an impulse type due to electronic load switching but also

may exist due to other signaling energy using the medium.

B.3 L1 and L2 Signal CouplingTo insure adequate signal coupling for the control channel for l20 V AC nodes connected to L1 or L2 or between

240 V AC and 120 V AC nodes, an optional signal coupling node may be installed on the power line network.

The coupler should be designed to be connected between Ll and L2 in the following way:

The coupler should provide bandpass capability between 125-140 kHz such that a carrier transmitted on one pair of

conductors (L1-N, L2-N) will also appear on the remaining pair with sufficient amplitude to allow reliable network

operation between l20 V AC nodes connected to either L1 or L2, and between 120 V AC and 240 V AC nodes. A

maximum signal attenuation of 10 dB through the coupler is recommended. Also, over the range of frequencies

given in 5.4.2, the input impedance, as seen from L1-N with L2-N unloaded (or at L2-N with L1-N unloaded)

should be greater than 50 .

Necessary fusing and construction should be provided to meet applicable safety testing organization for the country

in which it is to be used. For use in North America, the National Electrical Code requirements must be met.

ISO IEC 14563 6 2 Home Elec Sys Archit

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