Island evolution. Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Geospiza magnirostris strenua Geospiza fortis...
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Transcript of Island evolution. Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Geospiza magnirostris strenua Geospiza fortis...
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islands
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Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris
Geospiza magnirostris strenua
Geospiza fortis
Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa
Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus
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land surface of the world
islands: 3%
mainland: 97%
islands: 13.5% (35 500 spp)
mainland: 86.5%
higher plant species(263 000 spp)
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Higher plant species
total nr endemic nr %species species endemic
New Zealand 2371 2480 81.9Madagascar 8000-10000 5000-8000 68.4
Hawaii 1180 906 89.9
Cook Islands 284 3 1.1
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Land snail species
total nr endemic nr %species species endemic
Madagascar 380 361 95
Hawaii ca. 1000 ca. 1000 99.9
Canary Islands 181 141 77.9
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Insect species
Drosophila species: 511 + 300
Hawaii
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Insect species
Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp.Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp.
Hawaii
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Insect species
Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp.Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp.Sarona plant bug: 40 spp.
Hawaii
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Insect species
5700 spp., 2200 spp. endemic
Canary islands
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Insect species
285 spp.
Tropical Pacific Lepidoptera
100 spp. one island endemics 28 spp. regional endemics
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Lizard species
23 genera, 100 spp.
Tropical Pacific Scincidae
66 spp. one island endemics 13 spp. regional endemics
9 endemics
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Lizard species
1 endemic genus: 7 extant spp.
Canary Islands Lacertids
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Lizard species
400 spp. of Anolis
Caribbean Anolis
150 spp. on Caribbean islands
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Bird species
10300 spp. of birds
1750 spp. confined to islands (17%)
402 threatened (23%)
1132 threatened (11%)
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Mammal species
84 genera, 170 spp.
Philippines (7000 islands)
24 endemics (29%)
111 endemics (64%)
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Comparisons among taxaPacific Ocean Islands (26-30 islands)
regional endemics local endemics
butterflies 10% 35%birds 10% 65%skinks 13% 66%mammals 6% 54%
large, high, remote islands
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation
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allopatricspeciation
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allopatricspeciation
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"sympatric"speciation
allopatricspeciation
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism
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Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008
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Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008
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bipinnate clade
tripinnate clade
gymnosphaera
Miocene-Pleistocene
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bipinnate clade
gymnosphaera
tripinnate clade
Pleistocene
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bipinnate clade
tripinnate clade
gymnosphaera
Pleistocene
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Laurel forest, Teneriffe, Canary Islands
Laurel, Seub franco
Barbusano, Appollonias barbujana Isoplexis canarienis
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Azores
Madeira
Canaries
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Azores
Madeira
Canaries
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Azores
Madeira
Canaries
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Azores
Madeira
Canaries
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy
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colonisation ofisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)
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colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,adaptive changes,drift
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colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift
memberscolonizeisland 2
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colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift
membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2
drift and adaptive changes to different environment
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colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift
membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2
drift and adaptive drift and adaptive changes to different changes to different environmentenvironment
members of aderived populationarrive at occupied island
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colonisation ofcolonisation ofisland 1 in oneisland 1 in oneevent (>30ind)event (>30ind)
rapid expansion,rapid expansion,adaptive changes,adaptive changes,driftdrift
membersmemberscolonizecolonizeisland 2island 2
drift and adaptive drift and adaptive changes to different changes to different environmentenvironment
members of amembers of aderived populationderived populationarrive at occupied arrive at occupied islandisland
competition,character displacement,reinforcement
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Blue chaffinch, Fringilla teydea, Canary Islands
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy
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disruptive sexual selection
disruptive natural selection
discrete habitat models
continuous resource models
bekhoogte
frequentie
vruchtgrootte
frequentie
frequentie
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy
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Polyploid plants
Juan Fernandez Islands 0%Canary Islands endemics 25.5%Canary Islands non-endemicsCanary Islands non-endemics 36.4%36.4%New Zealand gymnosperms 0%New Zealand angiosperms 63%
~ latitude island ~ age island~ taxon
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsEvolutionary trends on islandsSpeciation on islandsDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationDistribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciationLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismLocation: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemismMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidyMechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidyPhylogeny: anagenesis, anacladogenesis, cladogenesis
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anagenesis
progenitor speciesbecomes extinct
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anacladogenesis
progenitor surviveswith little change alongside the derivedspecies
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cladogenesis
progenitor speciesis partitioned in twolines and becomes extinct in its originalform
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Hawaiian honeycreepers, Drepanidinae, Hawaii
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Anolis radiation, Caribbean Islands
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Juan Fernandez Islands
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148 endemic species
anagenesis71%
progenitor speciesbecomes extinct
cladogenesis5%
progenitor speciesis partitioned in twolines and becomes extinct in its originalform
anacladogenesis24%
progenitor surviveswith little change alongside the derivedspecies