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AVEZ QURESHIAVEZ QURESHIAWAIS ANSARI AWAIS ANSARI KHAN SHADABKHAN SHADABABDUL MUTALLIBABDUL MUTALLIBMEHRAJ SHAIKHMEHRAJ SHAIKHHARDICK KHANDHARHARDICK KHANDHARSAYYED WASIMSAYYED WASIMANSARI SIDDIQUEANSARI SIDDIQUEASIF SHAIKHASIF SHAIKH

ISLAMISLAM

ORIGIN OF ISLAMORIGIN OF ISLAMTHE ARAB SOCIETY WAS THE ARAB SOCIETY WAS

SUNK IN DARKNESS BEFORE SUNK IN DARKNESS BEFORE BIRTH OF PROPHET BIRTH OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH).MUHAMMAD (PBUH).

MESSAGE OF ALLAH MESSAGE OF ALLAH THROUGH ANGEL GABRIEL.THROUGH ANGEL GABRIEL.

MIGRATION IN YR. 622 A.D. FROM MECCA TO MADINAH.

TREATY OF HUDAIBIYAH IN 628 A.D.

BATTLE OF MECCA.DEATH OF PROPHET

MUHAMMAD (PBUH).

RELEVATIONS FROM GOD IN RELEVATIONS FROM GOD IN HOLY QURAN.HOLY QURAN.

ISLAMIC CULTURE ISLAMIC CULTURE INFLUENCING ON QURAN AND INFLUENCING ON QURAN AND SUNNAH’S OF PROPHET SUNNAH’S OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH).MUHAMMAD (PBUH).

•RELIGIOUS PRACTICE AND BELIEFRELIGIOUS PRACTICE AND BELIEF ISLAMIC CULTURE IS ITSELF A CONTENTIOUS TERM.ISLAMIC CULTURE IS ITSELF A CONTENTIOUS TERM. IT INCLUDES PRACTICES FROM ALL OVER RELIGION IN THE IT INCLUDES PRACTICES FROM ALL OVER RELIGION IN THE

WORLD.WORLD. ITS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IS OF THAT MENTIONED IN ITS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IS OF THAT MENTIONED IN

QURAN.QURAN. MUSLIM PEOPLE ALSO BELIEVE IN THE TEACHINGS OF MUSLIM PEOPLE ALSO BELIEVE IN THE TEACHINGS OF

QURAN WHICH IS RELEVATIONS FROM GOD.QURAN WHICH IS RELEVATIONS FROM GOD. THE WAY OF LIFE OF MUSLIM SHOULD BE LIKE THE WAY THE WAY OF LIFE OF MUSLIM SHOULD BE LIKE THE WAY

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) LIVED I.E. KNOWN TO BE AS PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) LIVED I.E. KNOWN TO BE AS ‘SUNNAH’S’.‘SUNNAH’S’.

SUNNAH’S CAME FROM VARIOUS HADITHS WRITTEN AT THE SUNNAH’S CAME FROM VARIOUS HADITHS WRITTEN AT THE TIME OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH). TIME OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH).

LANGUAGE & LITERATURELANGUAGE & LITERATURE

ARABIC WAS THE MUSLIM LANGUAGE OF ARABIC WAS THE MUSLIM LANGUAGE OF COMMUNITIES IN MECCA & MADINAH.COMMUNITIES IN MECCA & MADINAH.

HOWEVER, DUE TO SPREAD OF ISLAM ITS HOWEVER, DUE TO SPREAD OF ISLAM ITS LANGUAGE IS INFLUENCED BY THE REGION IN LANGUAGE IS INFLUENCED BY THE REGION IN WHICH ISLAM IS FOLLOWED.WHICH ISLAM IS FOLLOWED.

ITS LITERATURE WORK IS FOCUSED IN ITS LITERATURE WORK IS FOCUSED IN ARABIC, LIKE HADITHS AND SIRAH.ARABIC, LIKE HADITHS AND SIRAH.

LATER ON PERSIAN LANGUAGE WAS ALSO LATER ON PERSIAN LANGUAGE WAS ALSO ADDED IN LITERATURE WORK AFTER SPREAD ADDED IN LITERATURE WORK AFTER SPREAD OF ISLAM IN MIDDLE EAST.OF ISLAM IN MIDDLE EAST.

•FESTIVALSFESTIVALS

EID-UL-FITREID-UL-FITR EID-UL-ADHAEID-UL-ADHA ASHURAASHURA LAILAT-UL-QADRLAILAT-UL-QADR LAILAT-UL-MEHRAJLAILAT-UL-MEHRAJ SHAB-E-BARATSHAB-E-BARAT BARA RAB-E-IL-AWWALBARA RAB-E-IL-AWWAL

MARRIAGEMARRIAGECONSIDERED TO BE UTMOST IMPORTANT IN CONSIDERED TO BE UTMOST IMPORTANT IN

ISLAM.ISLAM.““MARRIAGE IS HALF OF RELIGION.”MARRIAGE IS HALF OF RELIGION.”IN SHARI’A LEGAL BOND & SOCIAL CONTACT IN SHARI’A LEGAL BOND & SOCIAL CONTACT

BETWEEN A MAN & A WOMAN.BETWEEN A MAN & A WOMAN.MAXIMUM 4 MARRIAGES TO A MAN IS LEGAL MAXIMUM 4 MARRIAGES TO A MAN IS LEGAL

IN ISLAM.IN ISLAM.

•DIVORCEDIVORCE

IN ISLAM, LAW REGARDING DIVORCE IS IN ISLAM, LAW REGARDING DIVORCE IS JUSTIFIED TO BOTH HUSBAND AND JUSTIFIED TO BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE.WIFE.

FOR DIVORCE A MAN HAS TO SAY THE FOR DIVORCE A MAN HAS TO SAY THE WORD ‘DIVORCE’ THRICE IN FRONT OF WORD ‘DIVORCE’ THRICE IN FRONT OF ATLEAST TWO WITNESSES FOR ATLEAST TWO WITNESSES FOR MAKING LEGAL THE PROCEDURE OF MAKING LEGAL THE PROCEDURE OF DIVORCE. DIVORCE.

•DIVORCEDIVORCE

IT ALSO HAS IN LAW REGARDING IT ALSO HAS IN LAW REGARDING ALIMONY TO WIFE FROM HIS ALIMONY TO WIFE FROM HIS HUSBAND.HUSBAND.

HOWEVER, A MAN CAN GIVE DIVORCE HOWEVER, A MAN CAN GIVE DIVORCE AND MARRY THE SAME WOMAN AS AND MARRY THE SAME WOMAN AS MANY TIMES AS POSSIBLE.MANY TIMES AS POSSIBLE.

ARTSARTS• THROUGHOUT HISTORY, ARTS HAD BEEN MAINLY THROUGHOUT HISTORY, ARTS HAD BEEN MAINLY

ABSTRACT AND DECORATIVE, POTRAYING ABSTRACT AND DECORATIVE, POTRAYING GEOMETRIC FIGURES,FLORAL, ARABESQUE, AND GEOMETRIC FIGURES,FLORAL, ARABESQUE, AND CALLIGRAPHIC DESIGN.CALLIGRAPHIC DESIGN.

• ISLAMIC CULTURE DOES NOT ALLOW ISLAMIC CULTURE DOES NOT ALLOW DEPICTIONS OF LIVING THINGS INCLUDING DEPICTIONS OF LIVING THINGS INCLUDING HUMAN FIGURE LIKE THAT IN CHRISTIAN ARTS.HUMAN FIGURE LIKE THAT IN CHRISTIAN ARTS.

• IT LACKS PORTRAITURE DUE TO FACT THAT IT IT LACKS PORTRAITURE DUE TO FACT THAT IT TEMPTS TO ENGAGE IN IDOLATARY.TEMPTS TO ENGAGE IN IDOLATARY.

ARTSARTS• THIS PROHIBITION AGAINST HUMAN BEINGS OR THIS PROHIBITION AGAINST HUMAN BEINGS OR

ICONS IS CALLED ANACONISM.ICONS IS CALLED ANACONISM.• ISLAMIC ART IS USUALLY CENTERED AT ALLAH, ISLAMIC ART IS USUALLY CENTERED AT ALLAH,

THE ALMIGHTY GOD, WHO CANNOT BE PORTRAIT THE ALMIGHTY GOD, WHO CANNOT BE PORTRAIT BY IMAGERY OR GEOMETRIC PATTERNS.BY IMAGERY OR GEOMETRIC PATTERNS.

•CALLIGRAPHYCALLIGRAPHYFORBIDDEN TO PORTRAYAL OF HUMAN FORBIDDEN TO PORTRAYAL OF HUMAN

FIGURES OR LIVING THINGS, ISLAM FIGURES OR LIVING THINGS, ISLAM ARTISTS DEVELOPED ARABIC ARTISTS DEVELOPED ARABIC CALLIGRAPHY INTO AN ART FORM.CALLIGRAPHY INTO AN ART FORM.

CALLIGRAPHERS HAVE LONG DRAWN CALLIGRAPHERS HAVE LONG DRAWN FROM QURAN AND PROVERBS AS AN ART.FROM QURAN AND PROVERBS AS AN ART.

ARTIST USED ARABIC LANGUAGE TO ARTIST USED ARABIC LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS THE BEAUTY THEY PERCEIVE IN EXPRESS THE BEAUTY THEY PERCEIVE IN THE VERSES OF QURAN.THE VERSES OF QURAN.

•ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

Islamic architecture may be identified with the following Islamic architecture may be identified with the following design elements, which were inherited from the first design elements, which were inherited from the first mosque built by Muhammad in Madinah, as well as from mosque built by Muhammad in Madinah, as well as from other pre-Islamic features adapted from churches and other pre-Islamic features adapted from churches and synagogues.synagogues.

Large courtyards often merged with a central prayer hall Large courtyards often merged with a central prayer hall (originally a feature of the Masjid-al-nabavi).(originally a feature of the Masjid-al-nabavi).

Minarets or towers (which were originally used as torch-Minarets or towers (which were originally used as torch-lit watchtowers for example in the Great Mosque of lit watchtowers for example in the Great Mosque of Damascus; hence the derivation of the word from the Damascus; hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic Arabic nurnur, meaning "light")., meaning "light").

•ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

AA mihrab or niche on an inside wall indicating the mihrab or niche on an inside wall indicating the direction to Mecca. This may have been derived direction to Mecca. This may have been derived from previous uses of niches for the setting of the from previous uses of niches for the setting of the torah scrolls in torah scrolls in Jewish synagogues or the haikal of synagogues or the haikal of Coptic churches. churches.

Domes (the earliest Islamic use of Domes (the earliest Islamic use of which was in the eighth century mosque which was in the eighth century mosque of Medina).of Medina).

Use of Use of iwans to intermediate between different to intermediate between different sections. sections.

•ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

Use of geometric shapes and repetitive art (Use of geometric shapes and repetitive art (arabesque).

Use of decorative Use of decorative Arabic calligraphy. Use of symmetry. Use of symmetry. Ablution fountains. Ablution fountains. Use of bright color. Use of bright color. Focus on the interior space of a building rather than Focus on the interior space of a building rather than

the exterior.the exterior.

•INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

Common interpretations of Islamic architecture Common interpretations of Islamic architecture include the following:include the following:

The concept of The concept of Allah's infinite power is evoked by 's infinite power is evoked by designs with repeating themes which suggest infinity. designs with repeating themes which suggest infinity.

Human and animal forms are rarely depicted in Human and animal forms are rarely depicted in decorative art as Allah's work is matchless. Foliage is decorative art as Allah's work is matchless. Foliage is a frequent motif but typically stylized or simplified a frequent motif but typically stylized or simplified for the same reason. for the same reason.

Calligraphy is used to enhance the interior of a Calligraphy is used to enhance the interior of a building by providing quotations from the building by providing quotations from the Qur'an. .

•INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

Islamic architecture has been called the Islamic architecture has been called the "architecture of the veil" because the beauty lies in "architecture of the veil" because the beauty lies in the inner spaces (courtyards and rooms) which are the inner spaces (courtyards and rooms) which are not visible from the outside (street view). not visible from the outside (street view).

Use of impressive forms such as large domes, Use of impressive forms such as large domes, towering minarets, and large courtyards are towering minarets, and large courtyards are intended to convey power.intended to convey power.

•MUSICMUSICMusic in Islamic culture is almost Music in Islamic culture is almost

banned or listening or playing both in banned or listening or playing both in Shari 'a is regarded as hara’am.Shari 'a is regarded as hara’am.

Only playing of ‘duff’, a one side animal Only playing of ‘duff’, a one side animal sheeted instrument is not banned. sheeted instrument is not banned.

Lyrics can be the matter of concern in Lyrics can be the matter of concern in the songs as it possesses the quality the songs as it possesses the quality GOD in which is impossible. GOD in which is impossible.

•MUSICMUSIC But most of the regional culture performs But most of the regional culture performs

music in the name of Islam.music in the name of Islam. Like Sufi music in India & Pakistan. But Like Sufi music in India & Pakistan. But

Quran denies all type of music except ‘duff’.Quran denies all type of music except ‘duff’.

•MUSLIM TRADITIONMUSLIM TRADITION

Islam propagates the five laws that are fundamentalIslam propagates the five laws that are fundamentalduties to unite Muslims in spirit. These are:duties to unite Muslims in spirit. These are: Shahadah or the worship of one God only.Shahadah or the worship of one God only. Salah or prayer, at least five times a day.Salah or prayer, at least five times a day. Zakat or donation of alms.Zakat or donation of alms. Sawm, or fasting during Ramadan.Sawm, or fasting during Ramadan. Hajj, the pilgrimage to the Holy City of Mecca.Hajj, the pilgrimage to the Holy City of Mecca.

The The Shari 'aShari 'a (literally: "the path (literally: "the path leading to the watering place") is leading to the watering place") is Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic law formed by traditional Islamic research, which most Muslim Islamic research, which most Muslim groups adhere to. In Islam, Shari 'a is groups adhere to. In Islam, Shari 'a is the expression of the divine will, and the expression of the divine will, and "constitutes a system of duties that are "constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief".his religious belief".

Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters Islamic law covers all aspects of life, from matters of state, like governance and foreign relations, to of state, like governance and foreign relations, to issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines hudud as issues of daily living. The Qur'an defines hudud as the punishments for five specific crimes: criminal the punishments for five specific crimes: criminal intercourse, false indictment of illegitimate intercourse, false indictment of illegitimate intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and intercourse, consumption of alcohol, theft, and highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also highway robbery. The Qur'an and Sunnah also contain laws of inheritance, marriage, and contain laws of inheritance, marriage, and restitution for injuries and murder, as well as rules restitution for injuries and murder, as well as rules for fasting, charity, and prayer. However, these for fasting, charity, and prayer. However, these prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so prescriptions and prohibitions may be broad, so their application in practice varies. Islamic scholars their application in practice varies. Islamic scholars (known as (known as ulemaulema) have elaborated systems of law on ) have elaborated systems of law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations.the basis of these rules and their interpretations.

FiqhFiqh, or "jurisprudence", is defined as the , or "jurisprudence", is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as is known as usul al- fiqhusul al- fiqh ("legal theory", or ("legal theory", or "principles of jurisprudence"). According to "principles of jurisprudence"). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and roots, the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the agreement of the sayings of Muhammad), the agreement of the Muslim jurists (Muslim jurists (ijmaijma), and analogical reasoning ), and analogical reasoning ((qiyasqiyas).).

For early Islamic jurists, theory was less For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than practical application of the important than practical application of the law. In the 9th century, the jurist ash- law. In the 9th century, the jurist ash- Shafi‘i provided a theoretical basis for Shafi‘i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book fundamental roots) in his book ar-Risālahar-Risālah..

The basic unit of Islamic society is the The basic unit of Islamic society is the family, and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members.

The father is seen as financially responsible The father is seen as financially responsible for his family, and is obliged to cater for their for his family, and is obliged to cater for their well-being.well-being.

The woman's share of inheritance is The woman's share of inheritance is generally half of that of a man with the same generally half of that of a man with the same rights of succession.rights of succession.

Marriage in Islam is a civil is a civil contract which consists which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses.parties in the presence of two witnesses.

The groom is required to pay a bridal gift (The groom is required to pay a bridal gift (mahrmahr) ) to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.

A man may have up to four wives if he believes he A man may have up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may have can treat them equally, while a woman may have only one husband.only one husband.

A man may have up to four wives if he believes he A man may have up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may have can treat them equally, while a woman may have only one husband.only one husband.

In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce In most Muslim countries, the process of divorce in Islam is known as in Islam is known as talaqtalaq, which the husband , which the husband initiates by pronouncing the word "divorce". initiates by pronouncing the word "divorce".

Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts Scholars disagree whether Islamic holy texts justify traditional Islamic practices such as veiling justify traditional Islamic practices such as veiling and seclusion (purdah). and seclusion (purdah).

Starting in the 20th century, Muslim social Starting in the 20th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other reformers argued against these and other practices such as polygamy, with varying practices such as polygamy, with varying success.success.

Certain Islamist groups like the Taliban Certain Islamist groups like the Taliban have sought to continue traditional law as have sought to continue traditional law as applied to women. applied to women.

•CALENDARCALENDARThe formal beginning of the Muslim era was The formal beginning of the Muslim era was

chosen to be the Hijra in 622 CE, which was chosen to be the Hijra in 622 CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes.fortunes.

The assignment of this year as the year 1 AH The assignment of this year as the year 1 AH ((Anno HegiraeAnno Hegirae) in the Islamic calendar was ) in the Islamic calendar was reportedly made by Caliph Omar. reportedly made by Caliph Omar.

It is a lunar calendar, with nineteen ordinary It is a lunar calendar, with nineteen ordinary years of 354 days and eleven leap years of 355 years of 354 days and eleven leap years of 355 days in a thirty-year cycle.days in a thirty-year cycle.

•CALENDARCALENDARIslamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD Islamic dates cannot be converted to CE/AD

dates simply by adding 622 years: allowance dates simply by adding 622 years: allowance must also be made for the fact that each Hijri must also be made for the fact that each Hijri century corresponds to only 97 years in the century corresponds to only 97 years in the Christian calendar.Christian calendar.

The year 1428 AH coincides almost completely The year 1428 AH coincides almost completely with 2007 CE.with 2007 CE.

Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the different seasons in different years in the Gregorian calendar.Gregorian calendar.

•CALENDARCALENDARThe most important Islamic

festivals are Eid al- Fitr (Arabic: الفطر ,on the 1st of Shawwal (عيد

marking the end of the fasting month Ramadan, and Eid al- Adha (Arabic: األضحى on the (عيد10th of Dhu al- Hijjah, coinciding with the pilgrimage to Mecca