Islamic and Conventional Banking Comparative Analysis, Pakistan's Perspective

7/23/2019 Islamic and Conventional Banking Comparative Analysis, Pakistan's Perspective

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He{sy dh l`` E }d~ì èan yd yglfa ju L``lg L`jemgyu, ]gd mlxn jn ygn cd~{lmn, gnl`yg, lfi

nfn{mu yd lccdjrèsg ju ygnses ef i~n yejn lfi }eygd~y ]gdsn gn`r yges sy~iu }gecg

{n|~e{ni ~fye{efm nhhd{ys }d~ì glxn fdy knnf rdssek`n yd cdjr`nyn }eygef ygn yejn èjeys&

Srncel` yglfas md yd ju h{enfi Fl}n` Jnaal}e }gd gn`rni jn }eyg cdjreèfm ilyl h{dj ygn

xl{ed~s klfas‗ heflfcel` sylynjnfys&

E lrr{ncelyn ygn jlfu gn`rh~` {nxen} cdjjnfys h{dj ju ygnses S~rn{xesd{ J{& Ke`l` Sl{}l{

ef ejr{dxefm ju iessn{ylyedf&

@lsy k~y fdy `nlsy, E nwynfi ju yglfas yd ju nfye{n hljeù hd{ jd{l` s~rrd{y lfi r{lun{s hd{

ju gnl`yg lfi nfcd~{lmnjnfy i~{efm ju }d{a df yges iessn{ylyedf&



YLK@N DH CDFYNFYS

S{& Fd& Insc{eryedf Rlmn Fd&

@esy dh e``~sy{lyedfs lfi ylk`ns <

R{nhlcn ;

Nwnc~yexn S~jjl{u 3

Cglryn{ < Efy{di~cyedf lfi dxn{xen} 9

<&< Inhefeyedf dh klfaefm1 cdfxnfyedfl` ( Es`ljec 9

<&; K{enh gesyd{u dh klfaefm 'cdfxnfyedfl` lfi Es`ljec% 8

<&3 Yurns dh klfas 5

<&9 Efsy{~jnfys dh cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm <2

<&> Efsy{~jnfys d{ jdins dh Es`ljec heflfcn <3

<&8 Es`ljec klfaefm ef Rlaesylf <>

<&= Cdfxnfyedfl` xs& Es`ljec klfas – ygnd{nyecl` rn{srncyexn <8

<&7 Sy{~cy~{n dh heflfcel` sncyd{ dh Rlaesylf <5<&5 Heflfcel` Sylynjnfys dh l Cdfxnfyedfl` ( Es`ljec

Klfas – L Iessncyedf

;3

Cglryn{ ; @eyn{ly~{n {nxen} ;=

Cglryn{ 3 [nsnl{cg lfi jnygdid`dmu 39

3&< Lflùses yncgfe|~ns 39

3&; Heflfcel` {lyed lflùses 3>

3&;&< @e|~eieyu {lyeds 3>

3&;&; R{dheylkeèyu {lyeds 3=

3&;&3 [esa lfi sd`xnfcu {lyeds 373&;&9 Nhhecenfcu {lyeds 9;

3&3 ^fin{ùefm lss~jryedfs dh ygn cdjrl{lyexn lflùses 9>

3&9 @ejeylyedf dh heflfcel` lflùses 98

3&> Njre{ecl` {ns~`ys 9=

3&>&< @e|~eieyu {lyeds lflùses 9=

3&>&; R{dheylkeèyu {lyeds lflùses >2

3&>&3 [esa lfi sd`xnfcu {lyeds lflùses >9

3&>&9 Nhhecenfcu {lyeds lflùses >5

Cglryn{ 9 Cdfc`~iefm [njl{as 83

9&< S~jjl{u dh Hefiefms 839&; Cdfc`~sedf 8>

9&3 [ncdjjnfilyedfs 88

Kekèdm{lrgu 8=

Lrrnfiecns =;

Lrrnfiew L Ylk`ns dh {lyed lflùses =;

Lrrnfiew K Cdjrl{lyexn lflùses dh Es`ljec heflfcefm r{di~cys 72

Lrrnfiew C M`dssl{u dh yn{js 7;

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@ESY DH YGN E@@^SY[LYEDFS LFI YLK@NS

Ylk`n <&< Sy{~cy~{n dh ygn heflfcel` susynj dh Rlaesylf – ;227……………………&&…&;2Hem~{n <&< L recyd{el` inrecyedf dh ygn heflfcel` susynj dh Rlaesylf – ;227…………&&&&&;;

Ylk`n <&; Kl`lfcn sgnny dh l cdfxnfyedfl` klfa – klsni df h~fcyedflèyu……………&&&;3

Ylk`n <&3 Kl`lfcn sgnny dh lf Es`ljec klfa – klsni df h~fcyedflèyu……&…………&…;9

Hem~{n 3&< @dlf yd Inrdsey [lyed '@I[%…………………………………&…………&…&9=

Ylk`n 3&< @dlf yd Inrdsey [lyed '@I[%…………………………………&……………&&9=

Hem~{n 3&; Clsg ( Rd{yh dèd Efxnsyjnfy yd Inrdsey [lyed 'CREI[%……………………&97

Ylk`n 3&; Clsg ( Rd{yhdèd Efxnsyjnfy yd Inrdsey [lyed 'CREI[%……………………&97

Hem~{n 3&3 @dlf yd Lssny [lyed…………………………………………………………&&95

Ylk`n 3&3 @dlf yd Lssny [lyed…………………………………………………………&&95

Hem~{n 3&9 [ny~{f df Lssnys [lyed………………………………………………………&>2

Ylk`n 3&9 [ny~{f df Lssnys [lyed………………………………………………………&>2

Hem~{n 3&> [ny~{f df N|~eyu [lyed………………………………………………………&><

Ylk`n 3&> [ny~{f df N|~eyu [lyed………………………………………………………&><

Hem~{n 3&8 Nl{fefm rn{ sgl{n [lyed………………………………………………………>;

Ylk`n 3&8 Nl{fefm rn{ sgl{n [lyed………………………………………………………>;

Hem~{n 3&= R{dhey yd Nwrnfsn [lyed……………………………………………………&…>3

Ylk`n 3&= R{dhey yd Nwrnfsn [lyed……………………………………………………&…>3

Hem~{n 3&7 Inky yd N|~eyu [lyed………………………………………………………&…>9

Ylk`n 3&7 Inky yd N|~eyu [lyed………………………………………………………&…>>

Hem~{n 3&5 Inky yd Ydyl` Lssnys [lyed……………………………………………………>>

Ylk`n 3&5 Inky yd Ydyl` Lssnys [lyed……………………………………………………>8Hem~{n 3&<2 N|~eyu J~`yerèn{ [lyed………………………………………………………>8

Ylk`n 3&<2 N|~eyu J~`yerèn{ [lyed……………………………&&&&………………………>8

Hem~{n 3&<< Clreyl` Lin|~lcu [lyed………………………………………………………>=

Ylk`n 3&<< Clreyl` Lin|~lcu [lyed………………………………………………………>=

Hem~{n 3&<; Fdf Rn{hd{jefm @dlfs yd Fny @dlfs [lyed…………………………………&&>7

Ylk`n 3&<; Fdf Rn{hd{jefm @dlfs yd Fny @dlfs [lyed…………………………………&&>7

Hem~{n 3&<3 Lssny ^yeèzlyedf [lyed…………………………………&…………&&………&&>5

Ylk`n 3&<3 Lssny ^yeèzlyedf [lyed……………………………………&&……&…………&&>5

Hem~{n 3&<9 Efcdjn yd Nwrnfsn [lyed……………………………………………………&&82

Ylk`n 3&<9 Efcdjn yd Nwrnfsn [lyed……………………………………………………&&82

Hem~{n 3&<> Drn{lyefm nhhecenfcu [lyed…………………………………………………&&&8<Ylk`n 3&<> Drn{lyefm nhhecenfcu [lyed…………………………………………………&&&8<

Ylk`n 3&<8 Cdjrl{esdf dh Es`ljec Klfas- lfi Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas- Heflfcel` [lyeds&&&8;



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R[NHLCN

Es`ljec klfas glxn jlflmni yd rdseyedf ygnjsn`xns ls lf liieyedfl` lfi l`yn{flyn heflfcel`

efsyey~yedf }gecg dhhn{s klfaefm hlceèyens seje`l{ yd cdfxnfyedfl` klfas ef l`jdsy jdsy dh ygn

cd~fy{ens dh ygn }d{ì, ygd~mg syl{yni hn} inclins lmd&

Ef Rlaesylf, Es`ljec klfaefm lfi heflfcn syl{yni ef nemgyens }eyg ygn nèjeflyedf dh efyn{nsy ef

cdjrèlfcn }eyg ygn R{efcer`ns dh Es`ljec Sgl{e‗lg& K~y ygn efeyelyexn yd efy{di~cn Es`ljec

Klfaefm }ls `l~fcgni klca ef ;22< lhyn{ ygn S~r{njn Cd~{y xn{iecy df nèjeflyedf dh

efyn{nsy h{dj ygn heflfcel` susynj dh ygn cd~fy{u, ygn mdxn{fjnfy inceini yd r{djdyn Es`ljec

klfaefm ef l m{li~l` jlffn{ lfi ls l rl{l``n` lfi cdjrlyek`n susynj ygly es ef èfn }eyg knsy

efyn{flyedfl` r{lcyecns&

Ygn rn{hd{jlfcn nxl`~lyedf dh Es`ljec Klfas es nsrncel`ù ejrd{ylfy kncl~sn dh m`dklèzlyedf

nhhncy, ls m`dklèzlyedf gls r~y Es`ljec Klfas ef yd~mg cdjrnyeyedf }eyg cdfxnfyedfl` klfas

ef l`jdsy l`` jl{anys dh ygn }d{ì& Sdjn cd~fy{ens dh ygn }d{ì glxn l``d}ni Es`ljec klfaefm

efi~sy{u ls rl{l``n` heflfcel` susynj }ge`n sdjn glxn o~sy syl{yni }eyg nwrn{ejnfyl` jdin`s,

}ge`n sdjn l{n sye`` sy~iuefm ey ls l xelk`n heflfcel` susynj& Ygn nwesyefm {nsnl{cg ef Es`ljec

Klfaefm lfi heflfcn gls hdc~sni r{ejl{eù df ygn cdfcnry~l` ess~ns ~fin{ùefm efyn{nsy h{nn

klfaefm&

Yges rlrn{ es d{mlfezni ef hd~{ cglryn{s1 cglryn{ <, Efy{di~cyedf lfi dxn{xen} insc{ekn ygn

ygnd{nyecl` h{ljn}d{a dh klfaefm, Es`ljec klfaefm, xl{ed~s jdins dh heflfcn ef cdfxnfyedfl`

lfi Es`ljec Klfaefm, heflfcel` sy{~cy~{n dh Rlaesylf lfi l iessncyedf dh ygn heflfcel`

sylynjnfys dh kdyg yurns dh klfas& Cglryn{ ; insc{ekns ygn èyn{ly~{n {nxen} df Es`ljec

klfaefm rn{hd{jlfcn xes*â*xes cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm ef xl{ed~s cd~fy{ens dh ygn }d{ì&

Cglryn{ 3, mexns ygn {nsnl{cg jnygdid`dmu lfi xl{ed~s heflfcel` {lyed lflùses ~sni hd{ ygn

rn{hd{jlfcn {nxen} dh kdyg yurns dh klfaefm susynjs df sljr`n klses dxn{ ygn rn{edi dh >

unl{s ;229*;227 lfi l`sd ygn njre{ecl` hefiefms& ]ge`n Cglryn{ 9, cdfsesys dh Cdfc`~iefm

{njl{as, }gecg s~jjl{ezns ygn hefiefms, cdfc`~sedf df ygn rn{hd{jlfcn {nxen} dh kdyg yurns

dh klfas ef Rlaesylf lfi mexns hn} {ncdjjnfilyedfs&



3

NWNC^YEXN S^JJL[U

Yges iessn{ylyedf lflùsns ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec xes*l*xes cdfxnfyedfl` klfas ef

Rlaesylf dxn{ ygn rn{edi dh ;229*;227& Rlaesylf gls knnf cgdsnf ls l hdcl` rdefy hd{ ygn

sy~iu sefcn kdyg yurns dh klfas l{n rn{hd{jefm ef ygn jl{any lfi ygn{n gls knnf fd s~cg

sy~iu r{nxed~sù ef ygn cd~fy{u& Ygn sy~iu efxnsyemlyns }gnygn{ Es`ljec klfas l{n rn{hd{jefm

}n`` ef Rlaesylf cdjrl{ni yd ygn cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& Heflfcel` {lyed lflùses hd{ è|~eieyu,

r{dheylkeèyu, {esa, sd`xnfcu lfi nhhecenfcu lflùses dh ygn sljr`n dh klfas h{dj kdyg

clynmd{ens }ls rn{hd{jni yd ynsy ygn dxn{l`` rn{hd{jlfcn& Ygn {ns~`ys efieclyn ygly Es`ljec

klfas ef Rlaesylf glxn knyyn{ lssny |~lèyu, jd{n è|~ei, r{dheylk`n cdjrl{ni yd ygne{

cd~fyn{rl{y Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas& Hefl`ù, ydyl` nwrnfsns ef cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm l{n gemg

}gecg lhhncys r{dheylkeèyu lfi semfeheclfy ljd~fy dh fdf rn{hd{jefm `dlfs lhhncy ygne{

sd`xnfcu lfi efc{nlsns c{niey {esa&



9

CGLRYN[ < EFY[DI^CYEDF ( DXN[XEN] DH YGN YDREC

<&< KLFAEFM – INHEFNI

H{dj ygn Eylèlf klfcl jnlfefm -knfcg-, ygn ylk`n ly }gecg l inl`n{ ef jdfnu }d{ani& L klfa

es fd} l heflfcel` efsyey~yedf }gecg dhhn{s slxefms lfi cgn|~n lccd~fys, m{lfy `dlfs lfi

r{dxeins dygn{ heflfcel` sn{xecns, jlaefm r{dheys jlefù h{dj ygn iehhn{nfcn kny}nnf efyn{nsy

rlei df inrdseys lfi cgl{mni hd{ `dlfs, r`~s hnns hd{ lccnryefm ke``s lfi dygn{ sn{xecns

'Cl{n}, <558%&

L klfa es inhefni ku Jn{{elj*]nksyn{‗s dfèfn iecyedfl{u 'Jn{{elj ]nksyn{ Iecyedfl{u% ls

””lf nsylkèsgjnfy hd{ ygn c~sydiu, `dlf, nwcglfmn, d{ ess~n dh jdfnu, hd{ ygn nwynfsedf dh

c{niey, lfi hd{ hlceèylyefm ygn y{lfsjessedf dh h~fis&‗‗

Lccd{iefm yd Dwhd{i Nfmèsg Iecyedfl{u 'Dwhd{i Nfmèsg Iecyedfl{u%, Klfa es lf

d{mlfezlyedf dhhn{efm heflfcel` sn{xecns, nsrncel`ù ygn slhnannrefm dh c~sydjn{s‗ jdfnu ~fye`

{n|~e{ni lfi jlaefm `dlfs ly efyn{nsy& ; 'ygn klfa% ygn syd{n dh jdfnu d{ ydanfs gnì ku ygn

klfan{ ef sdjn mljkèfm d{ kdl{i mljns&

Lccd{iefm yd Klfaefm Cdjrlfens D{ieflfcn '<58;%, „klfaefm jnlfs ygn lccnryefm, hd{ ygn

r~{rdsn dh `nfiefm d{ efxnsyjnfy, dh inrdseys dh jdfnu h{dj ygn r~kèc, {nrlulk`n df injlfi

d{ dygn{}esn, lfi }eygi{l}l` ku cgn|~n, i{lhy, d{in{ d{ dygn{}esn&‘

Es`ljec klfaefm gls knnf inhefni ls klfaefm ef cdfsdflfcn }eyg ygn nygds lfi xl`~n susynj

dh Es`lj lfi mdxn{fni, ef liieyedf yd ygn cdfxnfyedfl` mddi mdxn{flfcn lfi {esa jlflmnjnfy

{~`ns, ku ygn r{efcer`ns `lei id}f ku Es`ljec Sgl{e‗lg& Efyn{nsy h{nn klfaefm es l fl{{d}

cdfcnry infdyefm l f~jkn{ dh klfaefm efsy{~jnfys d{ drn{lyedfs, }gecg lxdei efyn{nsy&

Es`ljec klfaefm, ygn jd{n mnfn{l` yn{j es nwrncyni fdy dfù yd lxdei efyn{nsy*klsni

y{lfslcyedfs, r{dgekeyni ef ygn Es`ljec Sgl{e‗lg, k~y l`sd yd lxdei ~fnygecl` r{lcyecns lfi

rl{yecerlyn lcyexnù ef lcgenxefm ygn mdl`s lfi dkoncyexns dh lf Es`ljec ncdfdju 'Es`ljec

Klfaefm Inrl{yjnfy, ;227% &

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>

Klfaefm lcyexeyens cdfi~cyni ef lccd{ilfcn }eyg ygn Es`ljec Sgl{e‗lg r{efcer`n es slei yd kn

Es`ljec klfaefm& Ygn jlef sd~{cns dh Sgl{e‗lg l{n \~{lf lfi Glinnyg }gecg gls srncehecl`ù

hd{keiinf ~s~{u 'efyn{nsy ef ygn jdin{f hd{j% h{dj l`` y{lfslcyedfs, ls nfodefni ef ygn

hd``d}efm xn{sns h{dj ygn Gdù \~{lf&

<& He{sy [nxn`lyedf 'S~{lg l`*[~j, xn{sn 35%

+Ygly }gecg ud~ mexn ls efyn{nsy yd efc{nlsn ygn rndr`ns- }nl`yg efc{nlsns fdy }eyg Mdi1 k~y

ygly }gecg ud~ mexn ef cgl{eyu, snnaefm ygn mddi}e`` dh Mdi, j~`yerèns jlfehdì&+ '32? 35%

;& Sncdfi [nxn`lyedf 'S~{lg l`*Fesl-, xn{sn <8<%

+Lfi hd{ ygne{ ylaefm efyn{nsy nxnf ygd~mg ey }ls hd{keiinf hd{ ygnj, lfi ygne{ }{dfmh~`

lrr{dr{elyedf dh dygn{ rndr`ns- r{drn{yu& ]n glxn r{nrl{ni hd{ ygdsn ljdfm ygnj }gd {noncy

hleyg l m{enxd~s r~fesgjnfy '9? <8<%+

3& Yge{i [nxn`lyedf 'S~{lg L` -Ej{lf, xn{sns <32*;%

+D knènxn{s, ylan fdy id~k`ni lfi {nid~k`ni efyn{nsy, lfi hnl{ Mdi sd ygly ud~ jlu r{dsrn{&

Hnl{ ygn he{n }gecg gls knnf r{nrl{ni hd{ ygdsn }gd {noncy hleyg, lfi dknu Mdi lfi ygn

R{drgny sd ygly ud~ jlu {ncnexn jn{cu&+

9& Hd~{yg [nxn`lyedf 'S~{lg l`*Kl|l{lg, xn{sns ;=>*7<%

+Ygdsn }gd knfnhey h{dj efyn{nsy sgl`` kn {lesni èan ygdsn }gd glxn knnf i{exnf yd jlifnss

ku ygn yd~cg dh ygn Inxe`1 yges es kncl~sn ygnu slu? +Y{lin es èan efyn{nsy+ }ge`n Mdi gls

rn{jeyyni y{lin lfi hd{keiinf efyn{nsy& Gnfcn ygdsn }gd glxn {ncnexni ygn lijdfeyedf h{dj

ygne{ @d{i lfi insesy jlu annr ygne{ r{nxed~s mlefs, ygne{ clsn knefm nfy{~syni yd Mdi1 k~y

ygdsn }gd {nxn{y sgl`` kn ygn efglkeylfys dh ygn he{n lfi lkein ygn{nef hd{nxn{&+ ';=>%

+Mdi inr{exns efyn{nsy dh l`` k`nssefm k~y k`nssns cgl{eyu1 Gn `dxns fdy ygn ~fm{lynh~` seffn{&+

';=8%

+Ygdsn }gd knènxn, rn{hd{j mddi innis, nsylkèsg r{lun{ lfi rlu ygn zlaly, ygne{ {n}l{i es

}eyg ygne{ @d{i1 fneygn{ sgd~ì ygnu glxn lfu hnl{, fd{ sgl`` ygnu m{enxn&+ ';==%



8

+2, knènxn{s, hnl{ L``lg, lfi mexn ~r }gly es sye`` i~n yd ud~ h{dj ygn efyn{nsy '~s~{u%, eh ud~

l{n y{~n knènxn{s&+ ';=7%

+Eh ud~ id fdy id sd, ygnf ylan fdyecn dh }l{ h{dj L``lg lfi Ges Jnssnfmn{& K~y, eh ud~

{nrnfy, ud~ clf glxn ud~{ r{efcerl`& Fneygn{ sgd~ì ud~ cdjjey efo~syecn fd{ sgd~ì ud~ kn

s~koncyni yd ey&+ ';=5%

+Eh ygn inkyd{ es ef iehhec~`yu, `ny gej glxn {nsreyn ~fye` ey es nlsen{, k~y eh ud~ hd{nmd d~y dh

cgl{eyu, ey es knyyn{ hd{ ud~ eh ud~ {nlèzn&+ ';72%

+Lfi hnl{ ygn Ilu }gnf ud~ sgl`` kn {ny~{fni yd ygn @d{i lfi nxn{u sd~` sgl`` kn rlei ef h~``

}gly ey gls nl{fni lfi fd dfn sgl`` kn }{dfmni& „ ';7<%

<&; K[ENH GESYD[U DH KLFAEFM 'CDFXNFYEDFL@ ( ES@LJEC%

Njn{mnfcn dh cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm

Klfaefm gls knnf ef nwesynfcn ef dfn hd{j d{ dygn{ hd{j yg{d~mgd~y gesyd{u dh jlfaefi h{dj

r{ngesyd{ec yejns yd ygn jdin{f yejns }eyg jd{n sdrgesyeclyedf&

Jlod{ nxnfys ef klfaefm gesyd{u1

* H`d{nfyefn Klfaefm * Ygn Jnieces lfi Reyyes ljdfm dygn{s

* Afemgys Ynjr`l{* nl{ènsy N~{d }ein $Jeinlsy klfaefm

* <<22*<322&Klfafdyns * Efy{di~cyedf dh rlrn{ jdfnu

* <82; * He{sy odefy*sydca cdjrlfu, ygn I~ycg Nlsy Efiel Cdjrlfu hd~fini

* <=;2 * Ygn Sd~yg Snl K~kk`n lfi Odgf @l}-s Jessesserre Scgnjn, }gecg cl~sni l

N~{drnlf heflfcel` c{eses lfi hd{cni jlfu klfan{s d~y dh k~sefnss

* <=7< * Ygn Klfa dh Fd{yg Ljn{ecl }ls hd~fi ku ygn Cdfyefnfyl` Cdfm{nss

* <722 * [dygscgeì hljeù hd~fis N~{d }ein klfaefm&

* <723 * Ygn @d~eselfl R~{cglsn }ls ygn `l{mnsy `lfi inl` ef gesyd{u

* <5;5 * Sydca jl{any c{lsg

* <575 * o~fa kdfi sclfil` lfi cgl{mns lmlefsy Jecgln` Jeànf {ns~`yni ef fn} `nmes`lyedf

hd{ efxnsyjnfy klfas

* ;22< * Nf{df klfa{~rycu, cl~sefm fn} `nmes`lyedf hd{ lff~l` {nrd{yefm&



=

Dìnsy R{exlyn Klfas

* Kl{c`lus }gecg }ls hd~fini ku Odgf H{nljn lfi Ygdjls Md~ì ef <852& Ygn klfa }ls

{nfljni yd Kl{c`lus ku H{nljn-s sdf*ef*`l}, Oljns Kl{c`lu, ef <=38&

* Gdrn ( Cd&, hd~fini ef <=8;&

* Kl{efms Klfa hd~fini ef <728&

* [dygscgeì hljeù <=22 * r{nsnfy&

Dìnsy flyedfl` klfas

* Klfa dh S}ninf * Ygn {esn dh ygn flyedfl` klfas

* Klfa dh Nfm`lfi * Ygn nxd`~yedf dh jdin{f cnfy{l` klfaefm rdècens

* Klfa dh Ljn{ecl * Ygn efxnfyedf dh cnfy{lèzni cgnca lfi rlujnfy r{dcnssefm yncgfd`dmu

* S}ess klfaefm

* ^feyni Sylyns Klfaefm

* Ygn Rnffsu`xlfel @lfi Klfa, hd~fini ef <=;3 lfi {ncnexefm ygn s~rrd{y dh Knfoljef

H{lfaèf }gd }{dyn +Jdinsy Nf|~e{u efyd ygn Fly~{n lfi Fncnsseyu dh l Rlrn{ C~{{nfcu+ ef

<=;5 Ejrn{el` Klfa dh Rn{sel 'E{lf% '@dfujecs, ;225%&

H{dj Kl{yn{ yd Rlujnfy Susynjs

Jdfnu es ygn klses dh klfaefm& Lfi ygn klses dh jdfnu es ygn fnni hd{ l s~ksyey~yn hd{ ie{ncyù

kl{yn{efm hd{ nxn{uygefm }n fnni& ””Kl{yn{‗‗ es inhefni ls y{liefm }eygd~y ygn ~sn dh jdfnu’

lfi ey clf kn y{lcni klca yd ygn xn{u d{emef dh cexeèzlyedf& Clf ud~ ejlmefn gd} d~{

ncdfdju }d~ì drn{lyn eh }n ieif‗y ~sn jdfnu4 Ud~ }d~ì neygn{ glxn yd kn cdjr`nynù

sn`h*s~hhecenfy d{ glxn yd r{di~cn l mddi d{ sn{xecn ygly ud~ cd~ì y{lin hd{ }glynxn{ ud~

cd~ì fdy r{di~cn ud~{sn`h& Jdsy dh ~s }d~ì srnfi d~{ yejn jlaefm l`jdsy nxn{uygefm }n

fnnini 'efc`~iefm m{d}efm hddi, k~eìefm sgn`yn{, lfi jlaefm c`dygns% d{ }d{aefm ly l

srncel`yu ygly dygn{s fnnini sd }n cd~ì y{lin hd{ jlfu dh ygn fncnsseyens dh èhn& Ygn

srncel`yens }d~ì kn hn}& D~{ yncgfd`dmecl` lixlfcns }d~ì kn {nsy{ecyni ku lf efc{niekù

efnhhecenfy susynj dh nwcglfmefm mddis lfi sn{xecns&

Ygn inxn`drjnfy dh jdfnu }ls l semfeheclfy lixlfcn dxn{ kl{yn{ ls l rlujnfy susynj& K~y

ydilu }n glxn nwynfini ygn cdfcnry dh rlujnfy susynjs }lu knudfi ygn d{emefl` cdfcnry dh

jdfnu& Dfn dh ygn he{sy synrs efyd jd{n sdrgesyeclyni rlujnfy susynjs }ls ygn inxn`drjnfy

dh cgncas lfi cgncaefm lccd~fys lfi jd{n {ncnfyù ygn inxn`drjnfy dh r`lsyec jdfnu&



7

Klfaefm l`sd h~`he``s l xl`~lk`n {d`n ef sdcenyu ku?

! R`luefm l anu {d`n ef heflfcel` efyn{jnielyedf,

! C{nlyefm heflfcel` r{di~cys lfi sn{xecns ygly knfnhey k~sefnssns lfi cdfs~jn{s,

! I{exefm l yg{exefm heflfcel` susynj {nm~`lyni ku sylyn lfi hnin{l` mdxn{fjnfys,

! Hlceèylyefm ygn c{nlyedf dh jdfnu,

! Knefm efxd`xni ef ygn y{lfshn{ dh h~fis,

! [nefxnfyefm ygn heflfcel` h~y~{n * ygn h~y~{n dh klfaefm 'Ie``nu, ;227%&

K{enh gesyd{u dh Es`ljec klfaefm

Es`ljec klfaefm es fn} dfù }eyg {nsrncy yd ygn njn{mnfcn dh ]nsyn{f* syu`n klfaefm

efsyey~yedfs c`lejefm yd lign{n yd Es`ljec {~`ns df ygn r{dgekeyedf dh efyn{nsy& Ygn{n glxn, dh

cd~{sn, l`}lus knnf xl{ed~s Es`ljec y{~sys lfi j~y~l` sdcenyens cdfcn{fni }eyg gn`refm

rndr`n yg{d~mg clsg h`d} r{dk`njs d{ }eyg heflfcefm `l{mn{ r{doncys& Ygn he{sy jdin{f

nwrn{ejnfy }eyg Es`ljec klfaefm }ls ~fin{ylanf ef Nmury ~fin{ cdxn{ }eygd~y r{doncyefm lf

Es`ljec ejlmn ’ hd{ hnl{ dh knefm snnf ls l jlfehnsylyedf dh Es`ljec h~filjnfylèsj ygly }ls

lflygnjl yd ygn rdèyecl` {nmejn& Ygn redfnn{efm nhhd{y, `ni ku Lgjli N` Flool{, ydda ygn

hd{j dh l slxefms klfa klsni df r{dhey*sgl{efm ef ygn Nmuryelf yd}f dh Jey Mglj{ ef <583&Yges nwrn{ejnfy `lsyni ~fye` <58=, ku }gecg yejn ygn{n }n{n fefn s~cg klfas ef ygn cd~fy{u,

lfi dxn{ ygn fnwy yg{nn inclins l iexn{sn f~jkn{ dh Es`ljec Klfas, Es`ljec Efxnsyjnfy

Klfas, lfi Es`ljec Inxn`drjnfy Klfas njn{mni, lfi nxnfy~l`ù {ncnexni mdxn{fjnfy

klcaefm ef sdjn J~sèj cd~fy{ens, n&m& Rlaesylf, Jl`lusel, ygn M~`h Sylyns lfi lc{dss ygn

}d{ì& Ygnu glxn `l{mnù hdc~sni df y{uefm yd kncdjn jlod{ r`lun{s ef efyn{flyedfl` klfaefm

lfi inxn`drefm efsy{~jnfys laef yd ygdsn ~sni ku dygn{ klfas }ge`sy hefiefm yncgfecl` `nml`

nwr`lflyedfs yd lccdjjdilyn ygdsn inxn`drjnfys }eyg ygn syer~`lyedfs dh Es`ljec @l}& Yg~s

ygnu clf dhynf kn snnf ls lf lyynjry yd jlan klfaefm r{lcyecns jd{n lccnrylk`n yd J~sèjs

lfi yd r{dxein cdjrnyeyedf hd{ fdf*J~sèj klfas 'Es`ljec Rl{yu dh K{eylef, ;223%&

<&3 YURNS DH KLFAS



5

Klfas cdjn }eyg l xl{enyu dh fljns, lfi dfn klfa clf h~fcyedf ls snxn{l` iehhn{nfy yurns dh

klfas& Hd``d}efm l{n ygn jdsy cdjjdf yurns dh klfas?

l& [nyle` klfas

L {nyle` klfa es l klfa ygly }d{as }eyg cdfs~jn{s, afd}f ls -{nyle` c~sydjn{s-

r{dxeiefm ygn jdsy cdjjdf klfaefm sn{xecns èan cgncaefm lfi slxefm lccd~fys,

c~sydjn{ inrdseys, l~yd d{ jd{ymlmn `dlfs lfi {~ffefm d{ sgd{y yn{j heflfcns&

k& Cdjjn{cel` klfas

L cdjjn{cel` klfa es l klfa ygly }d{as }eyg k~sefnssns lfi efiexei~l`s glfièfm ygn

klfaefm fnnis dh `l{mn lfi sjl`` k~sefnssns ef liieyedf yd ygn lkdxn jnfyedfni {nyle`klfaefm lcyexeyens h~fini lfi ~fh~fini hlceèyens, kdyg sgd{y lfi `dfm yn{j, `dcan{

sn{xecns, {njeyylfcns, inlèfm ef hd{nw lfi sd df&

c& Efxnsyjnfy klfas

Efxnsyjnfy klfas gn`r cdjrlfens ~sn efxnsyjnfy jl{anys e&n& n|~eyu lfi inky jl{anys

ku gn`refm ess~efm sydcas d{ kdfis, cdfs~`ylyedfs df jn{mn{s lfi lc|~eseyedfs, ljdfm

dygn{ ygefms&

Sdjn `l{mn efxnsyjnfy klfas l`sd sn{xn ls cdjjn{cel` klfas d{ {nyle` klfas&

i& Cnfy{l` klfas

L cnfy{l` klfa es lf d{mlfezlyedf {nsrdfsek`n hd{ jlflmefm lfi s~rn{xesefm klfaefm

lcyexeyu ef l cd~fy{u& Ef Rlaesylf, cnfy{l` klfa es ygn Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf& Ygn

cnfy{l` klfa gls yg{nn r{ejl{u mdl`s?

Cdfi~cy jdfnyl{u rdècu

S~rn{xesn lfi {nm~`lyn heflfcel` he{js

R{dxein heflfcel` sn{xecns efc`~iefm efyn{klfa c`nl{lfcn,

Jdsy cdfs~jn{s id fdy efyn{lcy }eyg ygn cnfy{l` klfa& Efsynli, `l{mn heflfcel`

efsyey~yedfs mnfn{l`ù }d{a }eyg ygn cnfy{l` klfa ef ygn klcam{d~fi& Ygn cnfy{l` klfa



<2

es l`sd nwrncyni yd r{dyncy ygn ncdfdju h{dj s~hhn{efm ygn nhhncys dh lfu heflfcel`

c{eses&

<&9 EFSY[^JNFYS DH CDFXNFYEDFL@ KLFAEFM

Cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm lfi sdjn cdfcnrys

Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas l{n klsni df ygn clreylèsyec jdin` dh ncdfdjecs cgl{mefm efyn{nsy hd{ ygn

jlf jlin hlcyd{ dh r{di~cyedf e&n& clreyl`, yg{d~mg inlèfm ef jdfnu 'ylaefm inrdseys lfi

m{lfyefm `dlfs% i~{efm eys fd{jl` drn{lyefm lcyexeyens&

Efyn{nsy * inhefni

Ygn sylfil{i iecyedfl{u inhefeyedf hd{ efyn{nsy es ls hd``d}s?

”L cgl{mn jlin hd{ l `dlf d{ c{niey hlceèyu‗& 'Esjle`, ;225%

Lccd{iefm yd ]eaerniel nfcuc`drniel

Efyn{nsy es l hnn rlei df kd{{d}ni lssnys& Ey es ygn r{ecn rlei hd{ ygn ~sn dh kd{{d}ni

jdfnu, d{, jdfnu nl{fni ku inrdseyni h~fis& Lssnys ygly l{n sdjnyejns `nfy }eyg efyn{nsy

efc`~in jdfnu, sgl{ns, cdfs~jn{ mddis yg{d~mg ge{n r~{cglsn, jlod{ lssnys s~cg ls

le{c{lhy, lfi nxnf nfye{n hlcyd{ens ef heflfcn `nlsn l{{lfmnjnfys& Ygn efyn{nsy es cl`c~`lyni~rdf ygn xl`~n dh ygn lssnys ef ygn sljn jlffn{ ls ~rdf jdfnu& Efyn{nsy clf kn ygd~mgy dh

ls +{nfy dh jdfnu+ ']eaerniel%&

Klfas ~s~l`ù njr`du xl{ed~s r{di~cys d{ efsy{~jnfys ef d{in{ yd rn{hd{j eys klsec

klfaefm h~fcyedf d{ ygn jdin{f nwrlfini lcyexeyens&

Y{lieyedfl` klfaefm drn{lyefm lcyexeyens l{n1

Nwcglfmn dh c~{{nfcu,

Cdjjn{cel` fdyns lfi ̀ dlfs,

Dhhn{efm slxefm inrdseys,

Slhnannrefm dh xl`~lk`ns,

S~rrd{yefm mdxn{fjnfy lcyexeyens }eyg c{niey,

H~fi y{lfshn{ sn{xecns,



<<

Y{~sy sn{xecns&

Jdin{f klfas lcyexeyens1

Cdfs~jn{ @dlfs,

Heflfcel` lixecns,

Clsg jlflmnjnfy,

N|~erjnfy ̀ nlsefm,

Xnfy~{n clreyl` ̀ dlfs,

Sn`èfm efs~{lfcn r{di~cys, 'klfclss~{lfcn%,

Snc~{eyens ~fin{}{eyefm lfi k{dan{lmn sn{xecns,

Jn{cglfy klfa sn{xecns& 'Ie``nu, ;227%

Sdjn klsec lfi }einù ~sni klfaefm r{di~cys lfi sn{xecns l{n nwr`lefni kn`d}?

Inrdseys

Y{lieyedfl` klfaefm inrdsey r{di~cys clf kn iexeini efyd hd~{ clynmd{ens?

<& Y{lfslcyedf 'c~{{nfy% lccd~fys

;& Slxefms lccd~fys

3& Hewni inrdsey lccd~fys

9& Dygn{

Ygn hnly~{ns dh ygnsn lccd~fys xl{u cdfsein{lkù inrnfiefm df ygn yurn dh lccd~fy, eys

{nsy{ecyedfs, lfi ygn srncehec rdècens dh ygn klfa }gn{n ygnu l{n dhhn{ni&

@dlfs lfi Dygn{ C{niey Sn{xecns

@dlfs lfi dygn{ c{niey sn{xecns l{n lf ejrd{ylfy lfi semfeheclfy sd~{cn dh efcdjn hd{ klfas

lfi `dlfs nwynfini ku klfas jdsyù l{n snc~{ni& L snc~{ni `dlf es dfn ef }gecg lf lssny,

s~cg ls efxnfyd{u d{ r{drn{yu d{ clsg, es r`nimni lmlefsy {nrlujnfy dh ygn `dlf& Ygn{n l{n y}d

jlod{ clynmd{ens dh c{niey hlceèyens? h~fi klsni `dlf hlceèyens lfi fdf*h~fini hlceèyens&

H^FINI C[NIEYS FDF*H^FINI C[NIEYS

l% C~{{nfy d{ {~ffefm heflfcn l% @nyyn{s dh C{niey

k%

Yn{j Heflfcn k% M~l{lfynns



<;

c% Sufieclyedf $ Cdfsd{ye~j Heflfcefm

i% Fnmdyelyedfs dh Nwrd{y ke``s ~fin{ @$C * Sgerrefm M~l{lfynns

n% R{nsgerjnfy Heflfcn 'Rlcaefm C{niey% * Kei Kdfis

h% Ejrd{y Heflfcefm * Lixlfcn Rlujnfy M~l{lfynns

* Rn{hd{jlfcn Kdfis

<% Heflfcn lmlefsy Y{~sy [ncnery 'HY[% * Dygn{s

;% Heflfcn lmlefsy Ejrd{yni Jn{cglfiesn 'HEJ%

m% Cdfy{lcy Heflfcefm

Sdjn dh ygn jdin{f nwrlfini klfaefm r{di~cys l{n nwr`lefni kn`d}1

Klfaefm l`sd efc`~ins l m{nly xl{enyu dh liieyedfl` r{di~cys lfi sn{xecns ygly jnny c~sydjn{s‗

heflfcel` fnnis& L hn} dh ygnsn r{di~cys lfi sn{xecns l{n clsg jlflmnjnfy lfi slhn inrdsey

kdwns&

Clsg Jlflmnjnfy

Klfaefm efc`~ins jlfu sn{xecns r{dxeini r{ejl{eù yd k~sefnssns ~fin{ ygn ~jk{n``l yn{j dh

clsg jlflmnjnfy& Clsg jlflmnjnfy es l rlcalmn dh klfaefm sn{xecns ygly gn`r annr h~fis

}d{aefm, srnni ~r ygn rlujnfy {ncnery r{dcnss, lfi ejr{dxn r{dheylkeèyu&

L cdjrlfu clf ~sn clsg jlflmnjnfy sn{xecns ef ygnsn }lus ls }n`` ls dygn{s?

* Kl`lfcns ef y{lfslcyedf lccd~fys l{n anry `d} lfi dygn{ ei`n h~fis l{n jlefylefni ef

efyn{nsy*nl{fefm lccd~fys&

* Efyn{nsy*nl{fefm h~fis l{n y{lfshn{{ni efyd y{lfslcyedf lccd~fys dfù }gnf fnnini yd

jnny cgncas r{nsnfyni hd{ rlujnfy&

* @dcakdw sn{xecns l{n ~sni sd ygly rlujnfys h{dj c~sydjn{s l{n inrdseyni jd{n

|~ecaù yd ygn k~sefnss‗s inrdsey lccd~fys&

L `dcakdw es l cd``ncyedf susynj }gn{n c~sydjn{s ’ ~s~l`ù dh l k~sefnss ’ snfi rlujnfys yd

l cnfy{l` `dclyedf hd{ ygn hlceèylyedf dh {lrei cd``ncyedf&

Yurecl`ù l klfa r{dxeins ygn sn{xecn df kngl`h dh eys c~sydjn{s&

Ygn klfa cdjjdfù {ncnexns rlujnfy lfi hlceèylyns srnniu inrdsey efyd ygn c~sydjn{‗s

inrdsey lccd~fys&

Slhn Inrdsey Kdwns '@dcan{s%



<3

Lfdygn{ klfaefm sn{xecn ygly jlu kn lxle`lk`n yd c~sydjn{s es l slhn inrdsey kdw& C~sydjn{s

{nfy jnyl` kdwns 'xl{ed~s sezns l{n lxle`lk`n% ygly l{n syd{ni ef l xl~`y ef ygn klfa& Ef ygnsn

kdwns, c~sydjn{s yurecl`ù syd{n xl`~lk`n rlrn{s lfi sjl`` dkoncys, s~cg ls hljeù gne{`ddjs&

Ygn kdwns glxn y}d `dcas sd ygly ~fl~ygd{ezni lccnss es r{nxnfyni1 ygn c~sydjn{ gls dfn anu

lfi ygn klfa gls ygn dygn{ 'Ie``nu, ;227%&

<&> EFSY[^JNFYS D[ JDINS DH ES@LJEC HEFLFCN

R{efcer`ns dh Es`ljec klfaefm

Hd``d}efm l{n ygn sew klsec r{efcer`ns }gecg l{n ylanf efyd cdfsein{lyedf }ge`n nwnc~yefm lfu

Es`ljec klfaefm y{lfslcyedf& Ygnsn r{efcer`ns iehhn{nfyelyn l heflfcel` y{lfslcyedf h{dj l

[ekl$efyn{nsy klsni y{lfslcyedf yd lf Es`ljec klfaefm y{lfslcyedf&

<& Slfcyeyu dh cdfy{lcy? Knhd{n nwnc~yefm lfu Es`ljec klfaefm y{lfslcyedf, ygn cd~fyn{ rl{yens

glxn yd slyeshu }gnygn{ ygn y{lfslcyedf es gl`l` 'xlèi% ef ygn nuns dh Es`ljec Sgl{e‗lg& Yges

jnlfs ygly Es`ljec klfa‗s y{lfslcyedf j~sy fdy kn efxlèi d{ xdeilk`n& Lf efxlèi cdfy{lcy es l

cdfy{lcy, }gecg ku xe{y~n dh eys fly~{n es efxlèi lccd{iefm yd Sgl{e‗lg {~èfms& ]gn{nls l

xdeilk`n cdfy{lcy es l cdfy{lcy, }gecg ku fly~{n es xlèi, k~y sdjn efxlèi cdjrdfnfys l{n

efsn{yni ef ygn xlèi cdfy{lcy& ^f`nss ygnsn efxlèi cdjrdfnfys l{n nèjeflyni h{dj ygn xlèi

cdfy{lcy, ygn cdfy{lcy }e`` {njlef xdeilk`n&

;& [esa sgl{efm? Es`ljec o~{esys glxn i{l}f y}d r{efcer`ns h{dj ygn sluefm dh r{drgny

J~gljjli 'SL]%& Ygnsn l{n „Làge{lo Keiiljllf‘ lfi „L`mg~f~j Ke`mg~{~j‘&

Kdyg ygn r{efcer`ns glxn seje`l{ jnlfefms ygly fd r{dhey clf kn nl{fni h{dj lf lssny d{ l

clreyl` ~f`nss d}fn{sger {esas glxn knnf ylanf ku ygn nl{fn{ dh ygly r{dhey& Yg~s ef nxn{u

Es`ljec klfaefm y{lfslcyedf, ygn Es`ljec heflfcel` efsyey~yedf lfi$d{ eys inrdsey gdìn{ ylan's%

ygn {esa dh d}fn{sger dh ygn ylfmek`n lssny, {nl` sn{xecns d{ clreyl` knhd{n nl{fefm lfu r{dhey

ygn{n h{dj&

3& Fd [ekl$efyn{nsy? Es`ljec klfas clffdy efxd`xn ef [ekl$ efyn{nsy {n`lyni y{lfslcyedfs& Ygnu

clffdy `nfi jdfnu yd nl{f liieyedfl` ljd~fy df ey& Gd}nxn{ ls sylyni ef rdefy Fd& ; lkdxn, ey

nl{fs r{dhey ku ylaefm {esa dh ylfmek`n lssnys, {nl` sn{xecns d{ clreyl` lfi rlssns df yges

r{dhey$`dss yd eys inrdsey gdìn{s }gd l`sd ylan ygn {esa dh ygne{ clreyl`&



<9

9& Ncdfdjec r~{rdsn$lcyexeyu? Nxn{u Es`ljec klfaefm y{lfslcyedf gls cn{ylef ncdfdjec

r~{rdsn$lcyexeyu& H~{ygn{, Es`ljec klfaefm y{lfslcyedfs l{n klcani ku ylfmek`n lssny d{ {nl`

sn{xecn&

>& Hle{fnss? Es`ljec klfaefm efc~`clyns hle{fnss yg{d~mg eys drn{lyedfs& Y{lfslcyedfs klsni df

i~ked~s yn{js lfi cdfieyedfs clffdy kncdjn rl{y dh Es`ljec klfaefm& L`` ygn yn{js lfi

cdfieyedfs njkniini ef ygn y{lfslcyedfs l{n r{drn{ù iesc`dsni ef ygn cdfy{lcy$lm{nnjnfy&

8& Fd efxlèi s~koncy jlyyn{? ]ge`n nwnc~yefm lf Es`ljec klfaefm y{lfslcyedf, ey es nfs~{ni

ygly fd efxlèi s~koncy jlyyn{ d{ lcyexeyu es heflfcni ku ygn Es`ljec heflfcel` y{lfslcyedf&

Sdjn s~koncy jlyyn{ d{ lcyexeyens jlu kn l``d}ni ku ygn `l} dh ygn `lfi k~y eh ygn sljn l{n

fdy l``d}ni ku Sgl{e‗lg, ygnsn clffdy kn heflfcni ku lf Es`ljec klfa&

Hd``d}efm l{n ygn jdins dh heflfcn }gecg l{n dh yg{nn clynmd{ens?

<% Rl{yecerlyd{u jdins dh Heflfcn

l% J~il{lkl

k% J~sgl{lal

;% Fdf Rl{yecerlyd{u jdins dh Heflfcn

l% J~{lklgl

k% J~sl}ljlg

c% Sl`lj

i% Esyesfl

n% Eol{lg

h% Eol{lg }l E|yefl 'Eol{lg J~fylgeuulg Keyylj`nna%

3% S~k cdfy{lcys

l% ]lal`lg

k% Alhl`lg

c% [lgf

<&8 ES@LJEC KLFAEFM EF RLAESYLF



<>

<572

Cd~fce` dh Es`ljec Eind`dmu r{nsnfys {nrd{y df ygn nèjeflyedf dh Efyn{nsy mnf~efnù

cdfsein{ni yd kn ygn he{sy jlod{ cdjr{ngnfsexn }d{a ef ygn }d{ì ~fin{ylanf df Es`ljec

klfaefm lfi heflfcn&

<57>

Cdjjn{cel` klfas y{lfshd{jni ygne{ fdjnfc`ly~{n sylyefm l`` [~rnn Slxefm Lccd~fys ls

efyn{nsy*h{nn& Gd}nxn{, hd{nemf c~{{nfcu inrdseys ef Rlaesylf lfi hd{nemf `dlfs cdfyef~ni ls

knhd{n&

<55<

R{dcni~{n lidryni ku klfas ef <57> }ls inc`l{ni ~f*Es`ljec ku ygn Hnin{l` Sgl{e ly Cd~{y

'HSC%& Ygn Mdxn{fjnfy lfi sdjn klfas$IHEs jlin lrrnl`s yd ygn Sgl{e ly Lrrn``lyn Knfcg

'SLK% dh ygn S~r{njn Cd~{y dh Rlaesylf&

<55=

L`*Jnnzlf Efxnsyjnfy Klfa es nsylkèsgni }eyg l jlfilyn yd r~{s~n Es`ljec Klfaefm&

<555

Ygn Sgl{e ly Lrrn``lyn Knfcg dh ygn S~r{njn Cd~{y dh Rlaesylf {noncys ygn lrrnl`s lfi

ie{ncys l`` `l}s df efyn{nsy klfaefm yd cnlsn& Ygn mdxn{fjnfy snys ~r l gemg `nxn`

cdjjessedf, ylsa hd{cns lfi cdjjeyynns yd efsyey~yn lfi r{djdyn Es`ljec klfaefm df rl{l``n`

klses }eyg cdfxnfyedfl` susynj&

;22<

Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf snys c{eyn{el hd{ nsylkèsgjnfy dh Es`ljec cdjjn{cel` klfas ef r{exlyn

sncyd{ lfi s~kseiel{ens lfi sylfi*l`dfn k{lfcgns ku nwesyefm cdjjn{cel` klfas yd cdfi~cy

Es`ljec klfaefm ef ygn cd~fy{u&

;22;

Jnnzlf Klfa lc|~e{ns ygn Rlaesylf drn{lyedfs dh Sdcenyn Mnfn{l`n lfi cdfc~{{nfyù L`

Jnnzlf Efxnsyjnfy Klfa cdfxn{ys eysn`h efyd l h~`` h`nimni Es`ljec cdjjn{cel` klfa& Ygn

he{sy Es`ljec klfaefm ècnfsn es ess~ni yd ygn Klfa lfi ey es {nfljni Jnnzlf Klfa&

;229

Ygn Sylyn Klfa nsylkèsgns l inieclyni Es`ljec Klfaefm Inrl{yjnfy 'EKI% ku jn{mefm ygn



<8

Es`ljec Ncdfdjecs Iexesedf dh ygn [nsnl{cg Inrl{yjnfy }eyg ygn Es`ljec Klfaefm Iexesedf

dh ygn Klfaefm Rdècu Inrl{yjnfy& L Sgl{e‗lg Kdl{i gls knnf lrrdefyni yd {nm~`lyn lfi

lrr{dxn m~einèfns hd{ ygn njn{mefm Es`ljec Klfaefm efi~sy{u& Ygn Mdxn{fjnfy dh Rlaesylf

l}l{is ygn jlfilyn hd{ ink~y dh efyn{flyedfl` S~a~a 'Kdfi% dhhn{efm hd{ ^SI >22 je`èdf&

Ygn dhhn{efm es l s~ccnss lfi nsylkèsgns l knfcgjl{a hd{ Rlaesylf&

;228

L f~jkn{s dh fn} inieclyni Es`ljec Klfas, fljnù Klfa Es`lje lfi I~kle Es`ljec Klfa,

cdjjnfcn drn{lyedfs ef Rlaesylf&

;22=

Y}d fn} inieclyni Es`ljec Klfas syl{y drn{lyedfs ef Rlaesylf, fljnù Nje{lyns M`dkl`

Es`ljec Klfa lfi Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa& 'Jnnzlf Klfa ]nkseyn, ;225%

<&= CDFXNFYEDFL@ XS& ES@LJEC KLFAS – YGND[NYECL@ RN[SRNCYEXN

Ygn{n es l`}lus lf ~fin{ùefm ygnd{nyecl` h{ljn}d{a df ygn klsn dh }gecg ygn hd~filyedf dh l

heflfcel` susynj es k~e`y& Kdyg cdfxnfyedfl` lfi Es`ljec klfaefm gls eys d}f& Es`ljec klfaefm

es klsni df ygn r{efcer`ns dh ygn fd{jlyexn scenfyehec ygnd{u dh ncdfdjecs }ge`n jdin{f

klfas l{n klsni df ygn r{efcer`ns dh ygn rdseyexn ygnd{u dh ncdfdjecs&

@ean cdfxnfyedfl` klfa, Es`ljec klfa es lf efyn{jniel{u lfi y{~synn dh jdfnu dh dygn{ rndr`n

k~y ygn iehhn{nfcn es ygly ey sgl{ns r{dhey lfi `dss }eyg eys inrdseyd{s& Yges iehhn{nfcn ygly

efy{di~cns ygn n`njnfy dh j~y~lèyu ef Es`ljec klfaefm jlans eys inrdseyd{s ls c~sydjn{s

}eyg sdjn d}fn{sger dh {emgy ef ey 'R{ns`nu ( Il{, ;222$;22<%&

Es`ljec klfaefm lfi cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm iehhn{s ef ygly }ge`n ygn cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm

hd``d}s cdfxnfyedfl` efyn{nsy*klsni r{efcer`n, ygn Es`ljec klfaefm es klsni df efyn{nsy*h{nn

r{efcer`n lfi r{efcer`n dh R{dhey*lfi*@dss 'R@S% sgl{efm ef rn{hd{jefm ygne{ k~sefnssns lsefyn{jniel{ens 'Jdgljni L{ehh, <577%&

]ge`n Es`ljec klfas rn{hd{j jdsyù ygn sljn h~fcyedfs ls cdfxnfyedfl` klfas, ygnu id yges

ef iesyefcyù iehhn{nfy }lus& Sdjn dh ygn iesyefm~esgefm hnly~{ns dh Es`ljec klfaefm l{n mexnf

kn`d}&

[esa*sgl{efm



<=

Ygn jdsy ejrd{ylfy hnly~{n dh Es`ljec klfaefm es ygly ey r{djdyns {esa sgl{efm kny}nnf ygn

r{dxein{ dh h~fis 'efxnsyd{% lfi ygn ~sn{ dh h~fis 'nfy{nr{nfn~{%& Ku cdfy{lsy, ~fin{

cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm, ygn efxnsyd{ es lss~{ni dh l r{ninyn{jefni {lyn dh efyn{nsy& Sefcn ygn

fly~{n dh yges }d{ì es ~fcn{ylef, ygn {ns~`ys dh lfu r{doncy l{n fdy afd}f }eyg cn{ylefyu nw

lfyn, lfi sd ygn{n es l`}lus sdjn {esa efxd`xni& Ef cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm, l`` yges {esa es kd{fn

ku ygn nfy{nr{nfn~{& ]gnygn{ ygn r{doncy s~ccnnis lfi r{di~cns l r{dhey d{ hle`s lfi r{di~cns

l `dss, ygn d}fn{ dh clreyl` mnys l}lu }eyg l r{ninyn{jefni {ny~{f& Ef Es`lj, yges aefi dh

~fo~sy iesy{ek~yedf es fdy l``d}ni&

Ef Es`ljec klfaefm kdyg ygn efxnsyd{ lfi ygn nfy{nr{nfn~{ sgl{n ygn {ns~`ys dh ygn r{doncy ef lf

n|~eylk`n }lu& Ef ygn clsn dh r{dhey, kdyg sgl{n yges ef r{n*lm{nni r{drd{yedfs& Ef ygn clsn dh

`dss, l`` heflfcel` `dss es kd{fn ku ygn clreylèsy lfi ygn nfy{nr{nfn~{ `dsns ges `lkd~{&

Njrglses df r{di~cyexeyu ls cdjrl{ni yd c{niey*}d{ygefnss

^fin{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm, l`jdsy l`` ygly jlyyn{s yd l klfa es ygly eys `dlf lfi ygn efyn{nsy

ygn{ndf l{n rlei df yejn& Ygn{nhd{n, ef m{lfyefm `dlfs, ygn idjeflfy cdfsein{lyedf es ygn

c{niey*}d{ygefnss dh ygn kd{{d}n{&

^fin{ r{dhey*lfi*`dss sgl{efm 'R@S% klfaefm, ygn klfa }e`` {ncnexn l {ny~{f dfù eh ygn r{doncy

s~ccnnis lfi r{di~cns l r{dhey& Ygn{nhd{n, lf Es`ljec klfa }e`` kn jd{n cdfcn{fni }eyg ygn

sd~fifnss dh ygn r{doncy lfi ygn k~sefnss lc~jnf lfi jlflmn{el` cdjrnynfcn dh ygn

nfy{nr{nfn~{& Yges hnly~{n gls ejrd{ylfy ejrèclyedfs hd{ ygn iesy{ek~yedf dh c{niey ls }n`` ls

ygn sylkeèyu dh ygn susynj&

Jd{l` iejnfsedf

Cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm es snc~`l{ ef eys d{enfylyedf& Ef cdfy{lsy, ef ygn Es`ljec susynj l``

ncdfdjec lmnfys glxn yd }d{a }eygef ygn jd{l` xl`~n susynj dh Es`lj& Es`ljec klfas l{n fd

nwcnryedf& Ls s~cg, ygnu clffdy heflfcn lfu r{doncy }gecg cdfhècys }eyg ygn jd{l` xl`~n

susynj dh Es`lj& Hd{ nwljr`n, ygnu }e`` fdy heflfcn l }efn hlcyd{u, l clsefd, l femgy c`~k d{

lfu dygn{ lcyexeyu }gecg es r{dgekeyni ku Es`lj d{ es afd}f yd kn gl{jh~` yd sdcenyu& Ef yges



<7

{nsrncy Es`ljec klfas l{n sdjn}gly seje`l{ yd ygn ”nygecl` h~fis‗ fd} kncdjefm rd r~`l{ ef

ygn ]nsyn{f }d{ì&

]ein{ sny dh r{di~cys

Lf ejrd{ylfy rdefy yd kn fdyni ef ygn }lu Es`ljec klfaefm }d{as es ygly ey dhhn{s l }ein{

cgdecn dh r{di~cys& Ef liieyedf yd sdjn hewni*{ny~{f jdins ygly clf sn{xn fncnssl{eù ygn

sljn h~fcyedfs ygly efyn{nsy sn{xns ef cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm, Es`ljec klfas clf ~sn l xl{enyu

dh effdxlyexn r{dhey*sgl{efm heflfcefm yncgfe|~ns&

C`dsn{ èfas kny}nnf ygn jdfnyl{u lfi {nl` sncyd{s

Lfdygn{ ejrd{ylfy hnly~{n dh Es`ljec klfaefm es ygly nxnf ef ygn clsn dh hewni {ny~{f jdins

ygly c{nlyn inky, s~cg ls efyn{nsy*klsni heflfcefm, ygn{n es l c{~cel` iehhn{nfcn& Inky c{nlyedf

ef Es`ljec heflfcn es mnfn{l`ù fdy rdssek`n }eygd~y ygn klcaefm dh mddis lfi sn{xecns, lfi ygn

{ns~`ylfy inky efsy{~jnfys l{n fdy y{lilk`n nwcnry lmlefsy mddis lfi sn{xecns& Jdfnyl{u h`d}s

yg{d~mg Es`ljec heflfcel` jdins l{n yeni ie{ncyù yd ygn h`d} dh mddis lfi sn{xecns, sd ygn{n es

èyy`n {ddj hd{ l s~iinf lfi jlss jdxnjnfy dh s~cg h~fis ls cdjrl{ni yd ygn h`d} dh

efyn{nsy*klsni sgd{y*yn{j h~fis& Gnfcn insylkeèzefm srnc~`lyedf es nwrncyni yd kn

semfeheclfyù c~{yle`ni& 'Jdùfn~w, ;22>%

[nxen} ( L~iey

Es`ljec Klfa es {n|~e{ni yd kn xen}ni ku Sgl{e‗lg l~iey ef liieyedf yd ygn fd{jl` l~iey, }ge`n

ygn cdfxnfyedfl` klfa es slyesheni }eyg syly~yd{u l~iey dfù& Ey es ejrd{ylfy yd jnfyedf ygly ygn

Sgl{e‗lg idns fdy r{dgekey l`` mlefs df clreyl`& Ey es dfù ygn efc{nlsn syer~`lyni d{ sd~mgy dxn{

ygn r{efcerl` dh l `dlf d{ inky ygly es r{dgekeyni&



<5

<&7 SY[^CY^[N DH HEFLFCEL@ SNCYD[ DH RLAESYLF

Rlaesylf gls l }n``*inxn`drni klfaefm susynj, }gecg cdfsesys dh l }ein xl{enyu dh

efsyey~yedfs {lfmefm h{dj l cnfy{l` klfa yd cdjjn{cel` klfas lfi yd srncelèzni lmnfcens yd

clyn{ hd{ srncel` {n|~e{njnfys dh srncehec sncyd{s& Ygn cd~fy{u syl{yni }eygd~y lfu }d{yg}ge`n

klfaefm fny}d{a ef <59= k~y }eyfnssni rgnfdjnfl` m{d}yg ef ygn he{sy y}d inclins& Ku

<5=2, ey gli lc|~e{ni l h`d~{esgefm klfaefm sncyd{ }eyg flyedflèzlyedf lfi r{exlyezlyedf dh

ygn klfaefm sncyd{ mdefm df sej~`ylfnd~sù ef ygn hd``d}efm inclins 'Aglf, ;229%&



;2

Ylk`n <&< Sy{~cy~{n dh ygn heflfcel` susynj dh Rlaesylf – ;227

**** ef je`èdf [~rnns ****

Fd dh

efsyey~yedfs

F~jkn{ dh

k{lfcgns

Ydyl` Lssnys Ydyl` Heflfcel`

Lssnys

Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf * klfaefm lssnys < <8 <,<3>,7;2 <,<<<,39;

Dygn{ heflfcel` efsyey~yedfs

R~kèc sncyd{ cdjjn{cel` klfas 9 <,289,237 557,3<9

@dcl` r{exlyn klfas ;2 =,=82 9,;;5,;95 3,5>9,7;<

Hd{nemf Klfas 8 87 ;3<,=32 ;<5,>2<

Srncelèzni klfas/ 9 377 <;=,892 <<5,2;2

Es`ljec Klfas 8 ><9 ;=8,222 ;>5,9<7

S~k *Ydyl` 92 7,=32 >,5;7,8>= >,>><,2=9

Inxn`drefm heflfcel` efsyey~yedfs = 58,9>2 5<,9;7

Jec{dheflfcn klfas = <>,228 <9,335

Fdf klfaefm heflfcel` cdjrlfens// ///



;<

Efxnsyjnfy klfas <; >7,2<= >8,232

`nlsefm cdjrlfens <8 8>,5;2 83,>;9

Gd~sefm heflfcn sn{xecns > <95 <99

Jdil{lkls ;= ;5,=23 ;5,=23

J~y~l` h~fis <25 335,=<7 335,=<7

Xnfy~{n clreyl` h~fis 9 3,=82 3,8;3S~k *Ydyl` <=3 * 95=,;8= 95;,=9;

Efs~{lfcn Cdjrlfens

R{exlyn

@ehn ( fdf * efs~{lfcn cdjrlfens 3< 338 5<,7=3 52,8>9

R~k`ec

@ehn efs~{lfcn cdjrlfens < 98< <53,<<7 <52,>>=

Fdf * `ehn efs~{lfcn cdjrlfens <

S~k *Ydyl` 33 =5= ;79,552 ;7<,;<<

M{lfi Ydyl` ;8< 5,>93 =,5>7,<5< =,>9;,<38



;;

/ Srncel`ezni klfas efc`~in _l{le Yl{|elye klfa, Efi~sy{el` Inxn`drjnfy Klfa, R~folk

R{dxefcel` Cddrn{lyexn klfa ( SJN Klfa&

// Ilyl es klsni df ygne{ lff~l` heflfcel` sylynjnfys ls dh O~fn 32, ;227

/// Nsyejlyni ilyl ef yges cd`~jf&

Sd~{cn dh ilyl?

'Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf, ;225%

'Efs~{lfcn Lssdcelyedf dh Rlaesylf, ;225%

'Snc~{eyens ( Nwcglfmn Cdjjessedf dh Rlaesylf, ;225%

L recyd{el` inrecyedf dh ygn heflfcel` susynj dh Rlaesylf * ;227

Hem~{n *<&<



;3

<&5 HEFLFCEL@ SYLYNJNFYS DH L CDFXNFYEDFL@ ( ES@LJEC KLFAS – L

IESSNCYEDF

L yurecl` kl`lfcn sgnny sy{~cy~{n dh ygn y}d yurns dh klfas es ls hd``d}s1

Ygn hd``d}efm ylk`n sgd}s syuèzni kl`lfcn sgnny dh l cdfxnfyedfl` cdjjn{cel` klfa& Df ygn

èlkeèyu sein, ey lccnrys injlfi lfi slxefm inrdseys, ess~ns yn{j cn{yeheclyns s~cg ls

cn{yeheclyn dh inrdseys lfi gls clreyl`&

Ylk`n <&; Kl`lfcn sgnny dh l cdfxnfyedfl` klfa – klsni df h~fcyedflèyu

Lssnys @elkeèyens

Clsg lfi clsg kl`lfcns }eyg dygn{ klfas C~sydjn{s‗ inrdseys

Clsg lfi clsg kl`lfcns }eyg ygn cnfy{l` klfa I~n yd klfas lfi dygn{ heflfcel` efsyey~yedfs

@dlfs lfi lixlfcns yd c~sydjn{s Dygn{ èlkeèyens

Heflfcel` lssnys gnì hd{ y{liefm S~fi{u c{nieyd{s

Efxnsyjnfys ef lssdcelyns, s~kseiel{ens lfi

odefy xnfy~{nsN|~eyu lfi {nsn{xns

Df ygn lssny sein, ygn{n es j~cg jd{n iexn{seyu lfi dryedfs ef ygn hd{j dh jl{anylk`n

snc~{eyens, y{liefm lccd~fys, ̀ nfiefm yd cd{rd{lyedfs lfi yd cdfs~jn{s&

H{dj ygn {esa rdefy dh xen}, y}d dksn{xlyedfs clf kn jlin& He{sy, ygn inrdseys c{nlyn

efsylfylfnd~s r{n*inyn{jefni èlkeèyens e{{nsrncyexn dh ygn d~ycdjn dh ygn ~slmn dh ygn h~fis

df ygn lssny sein, yg~s c{nlyefm lf lssny*èlkeèyu jesjlycg& Sncdfi, jnie~j* yd `dfm*yn{j

lssnys l{n heflfcni ku ygn sy{nlj dh sgd{y*yn{j èlkeèyens, nwrdsefm ygn klfa yd l jly~{eyu

jesjlycg {esa lfi iescd~{lmefm ygn klfa h{dj efxnsyefm ef `dfm*yn{j fdf*è|~ei r{doncys& Lf

efc{nlsn ef ygn `nxn` dh fdf*{nyle` inrdseys d{ h~fiefm cd~ì nwrdsn l cdfxnfyedfl` klfa yd

m{nlyn{ xd`lyeèyu ef slyeshuefm eys h~fiefm {n|~e{njnfys, {n|~e{efm efc{nlsefmù sdrgesyeclyni

è|~eieyu {esa jlflmnjnfy& Cn{ylef h~fiefm efsy{~jnfys l`sd nwrdsn l klfa yd jl{any {esa&



;9

Hd{ Es`ljec heflfcel` efsyey~yedfs, ygn fly~{n dh heflfcel` efyn{jnielyedf, efc`~iefm ygn

h~fcyedf dh klfaefm, es iehhn{nfy h{dj ygly dh cdfxnfyedfl` heflfcel` efsyey~yedfs& Yges es ygn

anu yd ~fin{sylfiefm ygn iehhn{nfcn ef ygn fly~{n dh {esas ef cdfxnfyedfl` lfi Es`ljec

klfaefm& Hd{ Es`ljec klfas, ygn J~il{lkl cdfy{lcy es ygn cd{fn{sydfn dh heflfcel`

efyn{jnielyedf lfi yg~s dh klfaefm& Ygn klsec cdfcnry es ygly kdyg ygn jdkeèzlyedf lfi 'ef

ygnd{u% ygn ~sn dh h~fis l{n klsni df sdjn hd{j dh r{dhey sgl{efm ljdfm ygn inrdseyd{s, ygn

klfa, lfi ygn nfy{nr{nfn~{s '~sn{s dh h~fis%& Ygn heflfcel` efyn{jnielyedf es jn{nù l ”rlss*

yg{d~mg‗ l{{lfmnjnfy seje`l{ yd h~fis jlflmnjnfy, }eyg ygn iehhn{nfcn ygly ygn{n l{n

j~`yer`n rd{yhdèds df ygn lssny sein&

Hd``d}efm ylk`n r{nsnfys l syuèzni kl`lfcn sgnny dh lf Es`ljec klfa, iesr`luefm iehhn{nfy

lcyexeyens lfi heflfcel` efsy{~jnfys& Yges kl`lfcn sgnny c`lssehens ygn h~fcyedflèyu lfi

r~{rdsn dh iehhn{nfy efsy{~jnfys – l cdjjdf r{lcyecn ljdfm Es`ljec klfas&

Ylk`n <&3 Kl`lfcn sgnny dh lf Es`ljec klfa – klsni df h~fcyedflèyu

Lrrèclyedf dh h~fiefm Sd~{cns dh h~fiefm

Clsg kl`lfcns Injlfi inrdseys 'ljlflg%

Heflfcefm lssnys 'J~{lklgl, sl`lj, Eol{l,Esyesfl%

Efxnsyjnfy lccd~fys 'J~il{lkl%

Efxnsyjnfy lssnys 'J~il{lkl, J~sgl{lal%Srncel` efxnsyjnfy lccd~fys 'J~il{lkl,

J~sgl{lal%

Hnn* klsni sn{xecns 'o~‗l`l, alhl`l, lfi sd hd{yg% [nsn{xns

Fdf*klfaefm lssnys 'r{drn{yu% N|~eyu clreyl`

Ygn sy{~cy~{n dh l yurecl` kl`lfcn sgnny gls injlfi inrdseys lfi efxnsyjnfy lccd~fys h{dj

c~sydjn{s df ygn èlkeèyu sein lfi Es`ljec heflfcefm lfi efxnsyefm lccd~fys 'ygn n|~exl`nfy dh

cdfxnfyedfl` klfas‗ `dlfs yd c~sydjn{s% df ygn lssny sein& Yges rlyyn{f {nh`ncys ygn fly~{n dh

klfas ls efyn{jniel{ens, }eyg {lyeds dh clreyl` yd èlkeèyens ly s~cg l `d} `nxn` ygly ygne{

`nxn{lmn }d~ì kn ~flccnrylk`n yd lfu k~sefnss d~ysein ygn heflfcel` sn{xecns efi~sy{u& Ygn



;>

lflùsy sgd~ì kn lk`n yd lssnss ygn {esa r{dhe`n dh ygn klfa sejrù ku lflùzefm ygn {n`lyexn

sgl{n dh xl{ed~s lssny eynjs lfi cglfmns ef ygne{ r{drd{yedflyn sgl{n dxn{ yejn&

]ge`n ygn yurns dh èlkeèyens r{nsnfy ef lf Es`ljec klfa‗s kl`lfcn sgnny l{n fnl{ù ~fexn{sl`,

ygne{ nwlcy cdjrdseyedf xl{ens m{nlyù inrnfiefm df l rl{yec~`l{ klfa‗s k~sefnss lfi jl{any

d{enfylyedf, ls }n`` ls ygn r{ecns lfi s~rrù cgl{lcyn{esyecs dh iehhn{nfy yurns dh èlkeèyens ly

lfu mexnf rdefy ef yejn& Ygn h~fiefm sy{~cy~{n dh l klfa ie{ncyù lhhncys eys cdsy dh drn{lyedf

lfi ygn{nhd{n inyn{jefns l klfa‗s rdynfyel` r{dhey lfi `nxn` dh {esa& Ygn sy{~cy~{n dh l klfa‗s

èlkeèyens l`sd {nh`ncys eys srncehec lssny*èlkeèyu lfi {esa jlflmnjnfy rdècens&

]gnf cdjrl{ni }eyg cdfxnfyedfl` klfas, kl`lfcn sgnny {esa r{dhe`n dh Es`ljec klfas es

iehhn{nfy& He{sy, ygn hd{njdsy hnly~{n dh lf Es`ljec klfa es ygn ”rlss*yg{d~mg‗ fly~{n dh ygn

kl`lfcn sgnny& Yges hnly~{n {njdxns ygn yurecl` lssny*èlkeèyu jesjlycg nwrds~{n dh l

cdfxnfyedfl` klfa, ls ygn Es`ljec klfa‗s inrdseyd{s‗ {ny~{f es èfani yd ygn {ny~{f df ygn

lssnys dh ygn klfa& Gd}nxn{, yges hnly~{n l`sd efy{di~cns sdjn drn{lyedfl` ess~ns, s~cg ls

nsyejlyedf lfi lcc{~l` dh nw*rdsy {ny~{fs lfi ygn y{nlyjnfy dh efy{l*rn{edi }eygi{l}l` dh

inrdseys&

Sncdfi, ygn fly~{n dh lssnys dh y}d efsyey~yedfs es iehhn{nfy& ]gn{nls l cdfxnfyedfl` klfa

ynfis yd sylu }eyg hewni efcdjn xn{u `d} c{niey {esa inky snc~{eyens, lf Es`ljec klfa‗s lssnysl{n cdfcnfy{lyni df ygn lssny*klsni efxnsyjnfys }gecg gls c{niey {esa k~y l{n l`sd klcani ku l

{nl` lssny& Ls l {ns~`y, ygn `nfiefm clrlceyu dh ygn Es`ljec klfaefm sncyd{ 'ly `nlsy hd{

cdjjn{cel` klfas% es kd~fi ku ygn lxle`lkeèyu dh {nl` lssnys ef ygn ncdfdju& Yg~s, ygn{n es

fd `nxn{lmni c{niey c{nlyedf&

Yge{i, ygn lssnys dh Es`ljec klfas cdfylef heflfcefm lssnys }gn{n ylfmek`n mddis lfi

cdjjdieyens l{n r~{cglsni lfi sdì yd ygn c~sydjn{s& Yges r{lcyecn c{nlyns iesyefcy

nwrds~{ns& Hd{ nwljr`n, ef clsn dh cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm, ygn lssny es heflfcni ku l `dlf h{dj

ygn klfa yd ygn c~sydjn{ }gn{nls ef clsn dh lf Es`ljec klfa, ygn lssny lfi ygn heflfcefm l{n

cd~r`ni ydmnygn{& Ygn klfa es fdy èjeyni yd ygn nwrds~{n ls l heflfcen{ k~y clf inxn`dr

liieyedfl` nwrds~{ns {ns~`yefm h{dj inlèfm }eyg rgusecl` lssnys& Lfdygn{ hnly~{n }gecg

iesyefm~esgns ygn {esas dh lf Es`ljec klfa h{dj l cdfxnfyedfl` klfa es ygn mnfn{l` `lca dh

è|~ei snc~{eyens df ygn lssny sein& Yges hnly~{n es fdy l insemf ess~n k~y es l ynjrd{l`

rgnfdjnfdf ~fye` l }n``*h~fcyedfefm snc~{eyens jl{any hd{ Sgl{e‗lg*cdjrèlfy efsy{~jnfys es



;8

inxn`drni&

Hefl`ù, i~n yd r{dgekeyedf dh efyn{nsy, Es`ljec klfas clffdy ess~n inky yd heflfcn ygn lssnys

}gecg cdfsn|~nfyù iescd~{lmns c{nlyedf dh `nxn{lmn& I~n yd ygn `lca dh `nxn{lmn, Es`ljec

klfas clf kn cdfsein{ni `nss {esau i~{efm l yejn dh heflfcel` c{eses& Hd{ Es`ljec klfas, ygn

heflfcel` efyn{jniel{u es c`dsnù lssdcelyni }eyg ygn lssny lfi es lk`n yd rn{hd{j knyyn{

jdfeyd{efm dh ygn lssny ls }n`` ls ygn dkèmd{& Ygnsn hnly~{ns clf nfglfcn ygn sylkeèyu dh ygn

klfaefm susynj& 'E|kl` ( M{n~fefm, ;225%



;=

CGLRYN[ ; @EYN[LY^[N [NXEN]

]ge`n ygn{n gls knnf nwynfsexn èyn{ly~{n nwljefefm ygn nhhecenfcu hnly~{ns dh ygn ^&S& lfiN~{drnlf klfaefm jl{anys dxn{ {ncnfy unl{s, ygn }d{a df Es`ljec klfaefm es sye`` ef eys

efhlfcu& Yurecl`ù, sy~iens df Es`ljec klfas‗ nhhecenfcu glxn hdc~sni df ygnd{nyecl` ess~ns

lfi ygn njre{ecl` }d{as glxn jlefù {nèni df ygn lflùses dh insc{eryexn sylyesyecs {lygn{ yglf

{emd{d~s sylyesyecl` nsyejlyedf 'N`*Mljl`, ;22>%&

'Jny}l`ù, <55=% ynsyni ygn r{ejl{u iehhn{nfcns ljdfm ygn heflfcel` cgl{lcyn{esyecs dh Es`ljec

lfi Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas ef yn{js dh è|~eieyu, `nxn{lmn, c{niey {esa, r{dheylkeèyu lfi nhhecenfcu

~sefm sylyesyecl` yncgfe|~ns hd{ 32 klfas dxn{ ygn rn{edi <55;*<559& Gn hd~fi ygly ygn{n l{n

fd jlod{ iehhn{nfcns ljdfmsy r{dheylkeèyu lfi nhhecenfcu kny}nnf ygn klfas&

'Sljli, ;229% nwljefni ygn cdjrl{lyexn rn{hd{jlfcn dh Klg{lef‗s efyn{nsy*h{nn Es`ljec

klfas lfi ygn efyn{nsy*klsni cdfxnfyedfl` cdjjn{cel` klfas i~{efm ygn rdsy M~`h ]l{ rn{edi

}eyg {nsrncy yd 'l% r{dheylkeèyu, 'k% è|~eieyu {esa, lfi 'c% c{niey {esa& Fefn heflfcel` {lyeds l{n

~sni ef jnls~{efm ygnsn rn{hd{jlfcns& Ygn heflfcel` {lyeds hd{ Es`ljec lfi cdfxnfyedfl`

cdjjn{cel` klfas ef Klg{lef hd{ ygn rn{edi <55<*;22<, ygn rlrn{ cdfc`~ini ygly ygn{n es fd

jlod{ iehhn{nfcn ef ygn rn{hd{jlfcn kny}nnf Es`ljec lfi cdfxnfyedfl` klfas }eyg {nsrncy yd

r{dheylkeèyu lfi è|~eieyu& Gd}nxn{, ygn sy~iu hefis ygly ygn{n nwesys l semfeheclfy iehhn{nfcn

ef c{niey rn{hd{jlfcn&

'[ds`nu ( Lk~ Kla{, ;223% nxl`~lyni ygn {n`lyexn rn{hd{jlfcn dh ygn Es`ljec Klfaefm

Scgnjn 'jlefsy{nlj klfas dhhn{efm Es`ljec sn{xecns% yd jlefsy{nlj klfas 'cdfxnfyedfl`% ef

Jl`lusel hd{ ygn rn{edi <558*<555& Ygn sy~iu hd~fi ygly Es`ljec Klfaefm Scgnjn 'EKS%

klfas glxn {ncd{ini gemgn{ {ny~{f df lssnys '[DL% ls ygnu l{n lk`n yd ~yeèzn nwesyefm

dxn{gnlis cl{{eni ku jlefsy{nlj klfas& Ls yges `d}n{s ygne{ dxn{gnli nwrnfsns, ey es hd~fi

ygly ygn gemgn{ [DL {lyed hd{ EKS klfas idns fdy ejrù nhhecenfcu& Ey es l`sd efcdfsesynfy }eyg

ygne{ {n`lyexnù `d} lssny ~yeèzlyedf lfi efxnsyjnfy jl{mef {lyeds&

'Sljli ( Glsslf, <555% nxl`~lyni efyn{*ynjrd{l` lfi efyn{klfa rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec klfa

'Klfa Es`lj Jl`lusel Kn{gli 'KEJK% ef r{dheylkeèyu, è|~eieyu, {esa lfi sd`xnfcu1 lfi

cdjj~feyu efxd`xnjnfy hd{ ygn rn{edi <579*<55=& Heflfcel` {lyeds l{n lrrèni ef jnls~{efm

ygnsn rn{hd{jlfcns& Ygn sy~iu hd~fi ygly KEJK es {n`lyexnù jd{n è|~ei lfi `nss {esau



;7

cdjrl{ni yd l m{d~r dh 7 cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& Ygn lflùses dh ygn r{ejl{u ilyl einfyeheni

{nlsdfs }gu ygn s~rrù dh `dlfs ~fin{ r{dhey sgl{efm lfi odefy xnfy~{n r{dhey sgl{efm es fdy

rdr~`l{ ef Jl`lusel& 92. yd =2. klfan{s s~{xnuni efieclyni ygly `lca dh afd}`nimnlk`n

klfan{s ef sn`ncyefm, nxl`~lyefm lfi jlflmefm r{dheylk`n r{doncy es l semfeheclfy cl~sn&

Yd jnls~{n nhhecenfcu dh Es`ljec klfas ef Klfm`linsg, 'Sl{an{, <555% ~yeèzns Klfaefm

nhhecenfcu jdin` lfi c`lejs ygly Es`ljec klfas clf sylu lèxn nxnf }eygef l y{lieyedfl`

klfaefm l{cgeyncy~{n ef }gecg R{dhey*lfi*@dss Sgl{efm 'R@S% jdins dh heflfcefm l{n `nss

idjeflyni& Sl{al{ '<555% h~{ygn{ c`lejs ygly Es`ljec heflfcel` r{di~cys glxn iehhn{nfy {esa

cgl{lcyn{esyecs lfi cdfsn|~nfyù iehhn{nfy r{~infyel` {nm~`lyedfs sgd~ì kn ef r`lcn&

'Lgjli ( Glsslf, ;22=% nwr`lefni ygn jlef drn{lyedfl` iehhn{nfcns kny}nnf Es`ljec lfi

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas ef Klfm`linsg lrrùefm heflfcel` {lyed jnls~{ns hd{ ygn rn{edi <559*

;22<& Ygnu hd~fi ygly ef d{in{ yd nsylkèsg l hle{ cdjrl{esdf kny}nnf Es`ljec lfi

Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas, Es`ljec Klfas sgd~ì glxn ygne{ d}f efyn{*klfa jdfnu jl{any r`~s l

inxn`drni sncdfil{u heflfcel` jl{any& Sefcn Es`ljec Klfas drn{lyn }eygef ygn y{lieyedfl`

klfaefm `l}, ygn hefiefms l`sd s~mmnsyni ygly Es`ljec Klfas sgd~ì glxn lf efinrnfinfy

l~ygd{eyu hd{ {nm~`lyd{u r~{rdsns knseins ygn Es`ljec `l}&

'Fesgly, ;225% ef ygne{ sy~iu dh ygn Es`ljec klfas ef Klfm`linsg cdfsein{ni <; ejrd{ylfy

heflfcel` {lyeds lfi cdjjdf sezn efcdjn sylynjnfy lfi kl`lfcn sgnny efhd{jlyedf dh Es`ljecklfas hd{ ;22< yd ;228& Ygn {lyeds }n{n cdjrl{ni }eyg sejr`n efi~sy{u lxn{lmn lfi dygn{

klfas lhyn{ iesy{ek~yefm ygnsn efyd yg{nn mnfn{lyedfs, fljnù1 mnfn{lyedf dfn, y}d lfi yg{nn&

[ns~`ys sgd}ni rdd{ rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec klfaefm sncyd{ ef l`jdsy nxn{u lsrncy,

nsrncel`ù ef ygn l{nls dh r{dhey jlwejezlyedf, efxnsyd{ jlflmnjnfy lfi drn{lyefm

efnhhecenfcu& Ygn {nrd{y einfyeheni ~fe|~n klfaefm susynj, `lca dh nhhecenfy g~jlf {nsd~{cns,

`lca dh jl{anyefm lfi l}l{nfnss c{nlyefm lcyexeyens, lksnfcn dh Es`ljec clreyl` lfi efyn{*klfa

jl{anys lfi `lca dh ie{ncy mdxn{fjnfy cdfy{d` ls r{ncninfy r{dk`njs& Ygn sy~iu {nrd{yni yd

k{efm lkd~y ejjnielyn cglfmn ef G[ jlflmnjnfy lfi rdècu, cglfmns ef drn{lyefm rdècu,

efc{nlsn ef jl{anyefm lfi l}l{nfnss c{nlyefm lcyexeyu, m~einèfns lfi s~rn{xesedf dh ygn

mdxn{fjnfy yg{d~mg ie{ncy Es`ljec Klfaefm @l}&

'Alin{ ( Lsl{rdyl, ;22=% ~yeèzn klfa `nxn` ilyl yd nxl`~lyn ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh ygn ^LN

Es`ljec klfas& Kl`lfcn sgnnys lfi efcdjn sylynjnfys dh 3 Es`ljec klfas lfi > cdfxnfyedfl`

klfas ef ygn yejn rn{edi ;222 yd ;229 l{n ~sni yd cdjre`n ilyl hd{ ygn sy~iu& Heflfcel` {lyeds



;5

l{n lrrèni yd nwljefn ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh ygn Es`ljec klfas ef r{dheylkeèyu, è|~eieyu, {esa

lfi sd`xnfcu, lfi nhhecenfcu& Ygn {ns~`ys dh ygn sy~iu sgd} ygly ef cdjrl{esdf }eyg ^LN

cdfxnfyedfl` klfas, Es`ljec klfas dh ^LN l{n {n`lyexnù jd{n r{dheylk`n, `nss è|~ei, `nss

{esau, lfi jd{n nhhecenfy& Ygnu cdfc`~in ygly ygn{n l{n y}d ejrd{ylfy ejrèclyedfs lssdcelyni

}eyg yges hefiefm? He{sy, lyy{ek~yns dh ygn Es`ljec r{dhey*lfi*`dss sgl{efm klfaefm rl{liemj l{n

èanù yd kn lssdcelyni ls l anu {nlsdf hd{ ygn {lrei m{d}yg ef Es`ljec klfaefm ef ^LN&

Sncdfi, ^LN Es`ljec klfas sgd~ì kn {nm~`lyni lfi s~rn{xesni ef l iehhn{nfy }lu ls ygn

^LN Es`ljec klfas ef r{lcyecn l{n iehhn{nfy h{dj ^LN cdfxnfyedfl` klfas&

'Làlssej, ;22>% ef ges iessn{ylyedf lflùzni ygn r{dheylkeèyu dh Es`ljec lfi cdfxnfyedfl`

klfaefm ef ygn M~`h Cddrn{lyedf Cd~fce` dxn{ ygn rn{edi <55=*;229& Ygn sy~iu efxnsyemlyni

}gnygn{ efyn{fl` klfa cgl{lcyn{esyecs jlu nwr`lef ygn iehhn{nfcn ef r{dheylkeèyu kny}nnf ygn

y}d yurns dh klfaefm& Ef liieyedf, l {nm{nssedf lflùses es lrrèni df l sljr`n dh klfas yd ynsy

ygn efh`~nfcn dh ygnsn xl{elk`ns df klfa rn{hd{jlfcn& H~{ygn{jd{n, {ns~`ys efieclyni ygly

cdfxnfyedfl` klfas ef ygn MCC glxn knyyn{ lssny |~lèyu cdjrl{ni yd Es`ljec klfas&

Gd}nxn{, Es`ljec klfas l{n knyyn{ clreylèzni& Njre{ecl` {ns~`ys l`sd s~mmnsy ygly efyn{nsy*h{nn

`nfiefm ef Es`ljec klfaefm lixdclyn r{dheylkeèyu&

'Sl`ng lfi [lje, ;228% nwljefni lfi lflùzni ygn Od{ilfelf nwrn{enfcn }eyg Es`ljec

klfaefm lfi ef rl{yec~`l{ ygn nwrn{enfcn hd{ ygn he{sy lfi sncdfi Es`ljec klfa ef ygn cd~fy{u,Od{ilf Es`ljec Klfa hd{ Heflfcn lfi Efxnsyjnfy 'OEKHE%, lfi Es`ljec Efyn{flyedfl` L{lk

Klfa 'EELK% ef d{in{ yd nxl`~lyn ygn Es`ljec klfas‗ rn{hd{jlfcn ef ygn cd~fyu& Ygnu ~sni ygn

rn{hd{jlfcn nxl`~lyedf jnygdid`dmu ku cdfi~cyefm ygn r{dhey jlwejezlyedf, clreyl`

sy{~cy~{n, lfi è|~eieyu ynsys lfi hd~fi ygly ygn nhhecenfcu lfi lkeèyu dh kdyg klfas gls

efc{nlsni lfi kdyg glxn nwrlfini ygne{ efxnsyjnfy lfi lcyexeyens lfi gli r`luni lf

ejrd{ylfy {d`n ef heflfcefm r{doncys ef Od{ilf& Lfdygn{ efyn{nsyefm hefiefm dh ygn rlrn{ ygly

ygnsn klfas glxn hdc~sni df ygn sgd{y*yn{j efxnsyjnfy, rn{glrs yges snnjs yd kn ygn clsn ef

jdsy Es`ljec klfaefm r{lcyecns& Lfdygn{ hefiefm es ygly ygn Klfa hd{ Heflfcn lfi Efxnsyjnfy

'OEKHE% gls l gemg r{dheylkeèyu ygly nfcd~{lmns dygn{ klfas yd r{lcyecn ygn Es`ljec heflfcel`

susynj& Ygn rlrn{ l`sd hd~fi ygly Es`ljec klfas glxn l gemg m{d}yg ef ygn c{niey hlceèyens

lfi ef r{dheylkeèyu&

'Kli{nìef L& J&, ;225% nxl`~lyni `lca dh rn{hd{jlfcn jnls~{ns hd{ Es`ljec Klfas& Ey ygnf

lilryni l c~{{nfyù lrrèni [DN Lflùses Ydd` ~sni ef cdfxnfyedfl` klfas, yd ygn c~{{nfyù

nsylkèsgni jdin` dh Es`ljec Klfas lfi ynsys eys lrrèclkeèyu lfi nxl`~lyns eys ~snh~`fnss&



32

Ygn hefiefms s~mmnsy ygly s~cg lf lilryni jdin` }d~ì kn |~eyn s~ccnssh~` hd{ ~sn ef Es`ljec

klfas lfi }d~ì dhhn{ j~cg knyyn{ lflùses lfi klses dh cdjrl{esdf }eygef ygn Es`ljec

heflfcel` susynj& Ey l`sd s~mmnsys ygly j~cg dh ygn r{nxed~sù jnls~{ni rn{hd{jlfcn dh

Es`ljec Klfas es ~fsd~fi lfi sgd~ì kn {nxesni hd{ lcc~{lcu lfi {nèlkeèyu kncl~sn dh ygn

h`l}ni jnygdis ~sni hd{ jnls~{njnfy ef ygn he{sy r`lcn&

'Ilfnsg, ;22=% njr`duni ygn fdf*rl{ljny{ec INL lrr{dlcg }ge`n efxnsyemlyefm ygn {n`lyexn

nhhecenfcu dh Es`ljec Klfas yd ygne{ Cdfxnfyedfl` cd~fyn{rl{ys ef ygn M~`h Cddrn{lyedf

Cd~fce` 'MCC%, dxn{ ygn rn{edi ;222*;228 Lfi l`sd nwljefni ygn inyn{jeflfys dh Es`ljec

Klfaefm nhhecenfcu ~sefm l sncdfi*synr {nm{nssedf jdin` lrr{dlcg& Ef mnfn{l`, ygn INL

nhhecenfcu scd{ns s~mmnsyni ygly Es`ljec Cdjjn{cel` Klfas ”nhhecenfcu es efiehhn{nfy yd ygly

dh Cdfxnfyedfl` Cdjjn{cel` Klfas& Ef èfn }eyg yges hefiefm, ygn {nm{nssedf lflùses ejrèns

ygly Es`ljec klfaefm nhhecenfcu ef ygn MCC jl{anys es efiehhn{nfy& Gd}nxn{, Es`ljec Klfas

}n{n hd~fi yd kn {n`lyexnù nhhecenfy ef ;228& Ef liieyedf, ]gd`nsl`n klfas, }gnygn{ Es`ljec

d{ Cdfxnfyedfl`, l{n nhhecenfy& Hefl`ù, ygn jdin` s~mmnsys ygly sezn lfi heflfcel` clreyl` l{n

gemgù cdfy{ek~yd{u yd klfaefm nhhecenfcu }gn{n ygn {nmedfl` nhhncy dh Sl~ie L{lkel es

fnmlyexnù {n`lyni yd nhhecenfcu&

'J&S~ulfyd, ;225% ef ges sy~iu nxl`~lyni efyn{klfa rn{hd{jlfcn dh Klfa J~ljl`ly

Efidfnsel ef r{dheylkeèyu, è|~eieyu, {esa lfi sd`xnfcu1 lfi cdjj~feyu efxd`xnjnfy hd{ ygn

rn{edi ;222 – ;229& Heflfcel` {lyeds l{n lrrèni ef jnls~{efm ygnsn rn{hd{jlfcns& Ygn sy~iu

hd~fi ygly KJE es {n`lyexnù jd{n r{dhey lfi cdjjeyjnfy yd cdjj~feyu inxn`drjnfy, k~y

`nss è|~ei cdjrl{ni yd ygn cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& KJE idns fdy sgd} 'sylyesyecl`ù% lfu

iehhn{nfcn ef {esa rn{hd{jlfcn }eyg ygn cdfxnfyedfl` klfas&

'Jdgljjli, Glsslf, ( Klin{, ;22=% ef ygne{ rlrn{ jnls~{ni lfi cdjrl{ni ygn cdsy lfi

r{dhey nhhecenfcu dh 72 klfas ef ;< dh D{mlfezlyedf dh Es`ljec Cdfhn{nfcn 'DEC% cd~fy{ens?

cdjr{esefm dh 3= cdfxnfyedfl` klfas lfi 93 Es`ljec klfas, ~sefm ygn Sydcglsyec H{dfyen{

Lrr{dlcg 'SHL%& Ef liieyedf, ey l`sd lssnssni ygn nhhecenfcu dh ygdsn klfas klsni df ygne{

sezn, lmn, lfi {nmedf& Ygn hefiefms s~mmnsyni ygly ygn{n l{n fd semfeheclfy iehhn{nfcns kny}nnf

ygn dxn{l`` nhhecenfcu {ns~`ys dh cdfxnfyedfl` xn{s~s Es`ljec klfas& Gd}nxn{, ygn{n es

s~ksylfyel` {ddj hd{ ejr{dxnjnfy ef cdsy jefejezlyedf lfi r{dhey jlwejezlyedf ef kdyg

klfaefm susynjs& H~{ygn{jd{n, ygn hefiefms sgd} fd semfeheclfcn iehhn{nfcn ef lxn{lmn

nhhecenfcu scd{ns kny}nnf kem xn{s~s sjl`` lfi fn} xn{s~s dì klfas ef kdyg klfaefm



3<

sy{nljs& Yges ejrèns ygly sezn lfi lmn iei fdy lhhncy ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh klfas ef kdyg

sy{nljs& Dxn{l``, ygn {ns~`ys l{n ef hlxd{ dh ygn jd{n {ncnfy Es`ljec klfaefm susynj&

'Jdef, ;227% ef ges sy~iu nwljefni lfi nxl`~lyni ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh ygn he{sy Es`ljec klfa

ef Rlaesylf, e&n& Jnnzlf Klfa @ejeyni 'JK@% ef cdjrl{esdf }eyg ygly dh l m{d~r dh >

Rlaesylfe cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& Ygn sy~iu nxl`~lyni rn{hd{jlfcn dh ygn Es`ljec klfa 'JK@% ef

r{dheylkeèyu, è|~eieyu, {esa, lfi nhhecenfcu hd{ ygn rn{edi dh ;223*;22=& Ygn sy~iu hd~fi ygly

JK@ es `nss r{dheylk`n, jd{n sd`xnfy '`nss {esau%, lfi l`sd `nss nhhecenfy cdjrl{efm yd ygn

lxn{lmn dh ygn > cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& Gd}nxn{, ygn{n }ls fd semfeheclfy iehhn{nfcn ef è|~eieyu

kny}nnf ygn y}d snys dh klfas&

'Fls{ ( Sglgei, ;22=% ef ygne{ rlrn{ r{drdsni lf l`yn{flyexn Klfaefm r{dcni~{n ygly clf kn

~sni yd inyn{jefn ygn Es`ljec lfi cdfxnfyedfl` inrdsey {ny~{fs èfalmns& Ef yges cdfynwy, Ilyl

dh Yn{j Inrdseys {lyns dh {ny~{fs h{dj ygn `l{mnsy Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas fljnù ygn J~sèj

Cdjjn{cel`, Lsal{e Cdjjn{cel` klfa, Glkek Klfa @yi lfi Es`ljec Klfas, L` Hlusl` lfi

L`*Jnnzlf Klfa glxn knnf cd``ncyni& Ygn sy~iu l`sd nxl`~lyni efyn{*klfa rn{hd{jlfcn dh

Es`ljec Klfas 'L`*Hlusl` Klfa lfi Jnnzlf Klfa% }eyg ygn cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas 'J~sèj

Cdjjn{cel` Klfa, Lsal{e cdjjn{cel` Klfa, Glkek Klfa @ejeyni%&

Ygn iehhn{nfcn kny}nnf rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec lfi cdfxnfyedfl` klfas es nsyejlyni ef yn{j

dh heflfcel` {lyeds lfi sylyesyecl`ù xn{eheni ku ~sefm lf L[EJL sylyesyecl` jdin`& Ygn jlef

r~{rdsn dh ygn sy~iu es yd inyn{jefn ygn ejrlcy dh h`~cy~lyedfs ef dfn yurn dh inrdsey {ny~{fs

df dygn{& Yges gn`rs ~s yd lssnss ygn {d`n dh Es`ljec klfaefm ef ygn dxn{l`` Jdfnyl{u

iesy{ek~yedf cglffn`s lfi l`sd inyn{jefn ie{ncyedf dh Jdfnyl{u Rdècu ef l cd~fy{u&

'Klsge{, ;222% nwljefns ygn inyn{jeflfys dh Es`ljec klfas ”rn{hd{jlfcn lc{dss nemgy Jeii`n

Nlsyn{f cd~fy{ens kny}nnf <553 lfi <557& ^sefm c{dss*cd~fy{u klfa*`nxn` ilyl df efcdjn

sylynjnfys lfi kl`lfcn sgnnys dh <9 Es`ljec klfas ef nemgy Jeii`n Nlsyn{f cd~fy{ens hd{ nlcg

unl{ ef ygn <553*<557, ygn sy~iu c`dsnù nwljefns ygn {n`lyedfsgers kny}nnf r{dheylkeèyu lfi

ygn klfaefm cgl{lcyn{esyecs& Lhyn{ cdfy{d`èfm hd{ ncdfdjec lfi heflfcel` sy{~cy~{n efieclyd{s

s~cg ls – jlc{dncdfdjec nfxe{dfjnfy, heflfcel` jl{any sy{~cy~{n, lfi ylwlyedf – ygn sy~iu

sgd}s sdjn xn{u ejrd{ylfy lfi efyn{nsyefm {ns~`ys&

He{sy, ygn r{dheylkeèyu jnls~{ns dh ygn Es`ljec klfas {nlcy rdseyexnù yd ygn efc{nlsns ef

clreyl` lfi `dlf {lyeds, }gecg es efy~eyexn lfi cdfsesynfy }eyg r{nxed~s sy~iens& Sncdfi, ygn

sy~iu gemgèmgys ygn njre{ecl` {d`n ygly lin|~lyn clreyl` {lyeds lfi `dlf rd{yhdèds r`lu ef

nwr`lefefm ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec klfas& Yge{i, ygn {ns~`ys efieclyn ygly c~sydjn{ lfi



3;

sgd{y*yn{j h~fiefm, fdf*efyn{nsy nl{fefm lssnys, lfi dxn{gnli l{n l`sd ejrd{ylfy hd{

r{djdyefm klfas‗ r{dheys& Hd~{yg, ygn {ns~`ys {nxnl` ygly hd{nemf*d}fni klfas l{n jd{n

r{dheylk`n yglf ygne{ idjnsyec cd~fyn{rl{ys& Hehyg, annrefm dygn{ ygefms cdfsylfy, ygn{n es

nxeinfcn ygly ejrècey lfi nwrècey ylwns lhhncy ygn klfa rn{hd{jlfcn jnls~{ns fnmlyexnù&

Sewyg, hlxd{lk`n jlc{dncdfdjec cdfieyedfs glxn rdseyexn nhhncy df rn{hd{jlfcn jnls~{ns dh

ygn klfa& Hefl`ù, ygn {ns~`ys dh ygn sy~iu sgd} ygly sydca jl{anys l{n cdjr`njnfyl{u yd klfa

heflfcefm&

L seje`l{ sy~iu rn{hd{jni ku 'Glsslf ( Klsge{, ;223% lflùzns gd} ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh ygn

Es`ljec klfas es lhhncyni ku klfa cgl{lcyn{esyecs lfi ygn dxn{l`` heflfcel` nfxe{dfjnfy& Ygnu

~yeèzn c{dss*cd~fy{u klfa `nxn` ilyl df Es`ljec klfas ef ;< cd~fy{ens hd{ nlcg unl{ ef <559*

;22< yd c`dsnù nwljefn ygn rn{hd{jlfcn efieclyd{s dh Es`ljec klfas& Ef mnfn{l`, ygnu hefi

ygne{ lflùses dh inyn{jeflfys dh Es`ljec klfas r{dheylkeèyu cdfsesynfy }eyg r{nxed~s hefiefms&

Ygn sy~iu efieclyn ygly cdfy{d`èfm hd{ jlc{dncdfdjec nfxe{dfjnfy, heflfcel` jl{any

sy{~cy~{n, lfi ylwlyedf, ygn gemg clreyl` lfi `dlf*yd*lssny {lyeds `nli yd gemgn{ r{dheylkeèyu&

Nxn{uygefm {njlefefm n|~l`, ygn {nm{nssedf {ns~`y dh ygn sy~iu {nxnl`s ygly ygn{n es fnmlyexn

nhhncy dh ejrècey lfi nwrècey ylwns df ygn klfa rn{hd{jlfcn jnls~{ns, }ge`n ygn{n es rdseyexn

ejrlcy dh hlxd{lk`n jlc{dncdfdjec cdfieyedfs df klfa rn{hd{jlfcn jnls~{ns& Ygly es,

hlxd{lk`n jlc{dncdfdjec nfxe{dfjnfy lrrnl{s yd aefi`n gemgn{ r{dhey jl{mefs& [ns~`ys l`sdsgd} s~{r{esefmù l sy{dfm rdseyexn cd{{n`lyedf kny}nnf r{dheylkeèyu lfi dxn{gnli& Ygly es ef

ygn Es`ljec klfaefm jl{any nwrnfsn r{nhn{nfcn knglxed{ lrrnl{s yd gdì& Ygnu l`sd hefi ef

ygne{ sy~iu ygly sezn dh ygn klfaefm susynj gls fnmlyexn ejrlcy df ygn r{dheylkeèyu nwcnry fny

df efyn{nsy jl{mef&

'U~iesye{l, ;229% ef ges sy~iu jlans lf njre{ecl` lflùses df nhhecenfcu lfi r{dxeins fn}

nxeinfcns df ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh <7 Es`ljec klfas dxn{ ygn rn{edi <55=*;222& Rlfn` ilyl sny

hd{ yges yejn rn{edi es nwy{lcyni h{dj fdf*cdfsdèilyni kl`lfcn sgnnys lfi efcdjn sylynjnfys

dh ygnsn Es`ljec klfas }eyg srncehec r~{rdsn dh snnefm ygn ejrlcy dh {ncnfy heflfcel` c{esns df

nhhecenfcu dh Es`ljec klfas& Yges sy~iu es iehhn{nfy h{dj r{nxed~s sy~iens ef ygly ey ~yeèzns

fdf*rl{ljny{ec lrr{dlcg, Ilyl Nfxn`drjnfy Lflùses 'ILN% yd lflùzn ygn yncgfecl`

nhhecenfcu, r~{n yncgfecl` nhhecenfcu, lfi scl`n nhhecenfcu dh Es`ljec klfas& Knefm ef èfn }eyg

ygn r{efcer`n dh Es`ljec heflfcel` susynj, ygn efyn{jnielyedf lrr{dlcg es ~sni yd srncehu efr~y*

d~yr~y xl{elk`ns dh Es`ljec klfas& Ygn sy~iu hefis snxn{l` {ns~`ys& He{sy, ygn dxn{l`` nhhecenfcu



33

{ns~`ys efieclyn ygly ygn{n es l sjl`` 'ly o~sy dxn{ <2.% efnhhecenfcu lc{dss <7 Es`ljec klfas,

}gecg es cdfsein{lk`n ls cdjrl{ni yd jlfu cdfxnfyedfl` cd~fyn{rl{ys& Seje`l{ù, m`dkl`

c{eses ef <557*<555 kliù lhhncyni ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec klfas1 gd}nxn{, ygnu

rn{hd{jni knyyn{ lhyn{}l{is& Sncdfi, ygn {ns~`ys sgd} ygly sjl`` lfi jnie~j sezni Es`ljec

klfas hlcni iesncdfdjens dh scl`n }gecg s~mmnsys ygly J(L sgd~ì kn nfcd~{lmni&

Jd{ndxn{, ls cdjrl{ni yd ygne{ fdf èsyni cd~fyn{rl{ys, r~kècù èsyni Es`ljec klfas l{n

hd~fi yd kn `nss nhhecenfy& @lsyù, Cd~fy{u srncehec hlcyd{s jlefù inyn{jefni ygn nhhecenfcu

iehhn{nfcns lc{dss sljr`n ilyl&

H~{ygn{jd{n, 'S~helf, ;228% rn{hd{js l seje`l{ sy~iu yd r{dxein fn} nxeinfcn df ygn {n`lyexn

nhhecenfcu kny}nnf ygn idjnsyec lfi hd{nemf klfas Es`ljec klfaefm drn{lyedf ef Jl`lusel

i~{efm ygn rn{edi dh ;22<*;229& Fdf*rl{ljny{ec Ilyl Nfxn`drjnfy Lflùses 'INL%

jnygdid`dmu gls knnf ~yeèzni yd iesyefm~esg kny}nnf yg{nn iehhn{nfy yurns dh nhhecenfcu?

yncgfecl`, r~{n yncgfecl` lfi scl`n nhhecenfcens&



39

CGLRYN[ 3 [NSNL[CG LFI JNYGDID@DMU

Yges sy~iu es lejni ly cdjrl{lyexn lflùses dh Es`ljec klfaefm xes*â*xes cdfxnfyedfl`

klfaefm ef Rlaesylf ku ylaefm sljr`ns dh klfas h{dj kdyg yurns dh klfas hd{ ygn rn{edi dh

hexn unl{s h{dj ;229*;227& Ilyl hd{ nlcg unl{ glxn knnf cdjre`ni h{dj ygn heflfcel`

sylynjnfys dh ygn y}d snys dh klfas& Kncl~sn ygn{n l{n sd jlfu ydd`s hd{ idefm rn{hd{jlfcn

lssnssjnfy, }n j~sy {njnjkn{ ygly iehhn{nfy yncgfe|~ns lii{nss jnls~{njnfy ef xn{u

srncehec lfi dhynf fl{{d}ù inhefni }lus& Uny fd{jl`ù, dfù l hn} sn`ncyni {n`lyedfsgers

}e`` uenì efhd{jlyedf ygn lflùsy {nl`ù fnnis hd{ ~snh~` efsemgys lfi incesedf s~rrd{y& Lfu

rl{yec~`l{ {lyed d{ jnls~{n es ~snh~` dfù ef {n`lyedf yd ygn xen}rdefy ylanf lfi ygn srncehec

dkoncyexns dh ygn lflùses& ]gnf ygn{n es s~cg l jlycg, ygn jnls~{n clf kncdjn l sylfil{i

hd{ cdjrl{esdf& Jd{ndxn{, {lyeds l{n fdy lksd`~yn c{eyn{el? Ygnu sn{xn knsy }gnf ~sni ef

sn`ncyni cdjkeflyedfs yd rdefy d~y cglfmns ef heflfcel` cdfieyedfs d{ drn{lyefm rn{hd{jlfcn

dxn{ snxn{l` rn{edis lfi ls cdjrl{ni yd seje`l{ k~sefnssns& [lyeds gn`r e``~sy{lyn ygn y{nfis

lfi rlyyn{fs dh s~cg cglfmns, }gecg, ef y~{f, jemgy efieclyn yd ygn lflùsy ygn {esas lfi

drrd{y~feyens hd{ ygn k~sefnss ~fin{ {nxen}& Ef ydilu‗s cdjrnyeyexn heflfcel` jl{any, dfn clf

knyyn{ ~fin{sylfi ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh l klfa ku lf lflùses dh efyn{*klfa cdjrl{esdf& 'N{ecg,

;22<%

3&< LFL@USES YNCGFE\^NS

Ygn heflfcel` lflùsy ~sns cn{ylef yncgfe|~ns yd lssnss l cdjrlfu‗s heflfcel` lfi ncdfdjec

cdfieyedf&

Xn{yecl` lflùses ’ Cdfxn{ys heflfcel` sylynjnfy ljd~fys dh l rn{edi efyd

rn{cnfylmns hd{ cdjrl{esdf dh dfn lccd~fyefm rn{edi yd lfdygn{&

Gd{ezdfyl` lflùses ’ Y{lcas efiexei~l` lccd~fy m{d}yg {lyns h{dj dfn rn{edi yd

lfdygn{, lcyefm ls lf ejrècey efinwlyedf }gecg es ~snh~` ef cd~fy{ens }eyg gemg

efh`lyedfl{u nfxe{dfjnfys&

Heflfcel` {lyed lflùses ’ ^fexn{sl`ù lccnryni yncgfe|~ns ygly hdc~s df ygn

{n`lyedfsgers kny}nnf lccd~fys ef ygn heflfcel` sylynjnfys1 ygnsn yncgfe|~ns cdfsyey~yn

ygn klses hd{ jdsy heflfcel` lflùses idfn ku klfas&



3>

Drn{lyefm $ fdf*drn{lyefm h~fis mnfn{lyedf lflùses ’ K{nlas id}f h~fis h`d}s

h{dj dfn rn{edi yd lfdygn{ efyd drn{lyefm lfi fdf*drn{lyefm sd~{cns lfi ~sns dh h~fis

yd inyncy h~fis jdxnjnfys&

3&; HEFLFCEL@ [LYED LFL@USES

Ef d{in{ yd snn gd} Es`ljec klfa gls rn{hd{jni ef cdjrl{esdf }eyg ygn cdfxnfyedfl` klfas

dxn{ > unl{s, ygn cdjjdf yncgfe|~n dh heflfcel` {lyed lflùses yd lssnss ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh

ygn y}d yurns dh klfas dxn{ ygn yejn gd{ezdf dh > unl{s& Heflfcel` jnls~{ns nwr{nssni ef

yn{js dh xl{ed~s {lyeds glxn m{nlyn{ lixlfylmn yglf xd`~jn jnls~{ns& Ygn m{nlynsy lixlfylmn

es ygly {lyed lflùses cdjrnfslyns ygn iesrl{eyens c{nlyni ku iehhn{nfcns ef klfa sezn }eyg

{nml{is yd lssnys, inrdseys lfi `dlfs& Ygnsn {lyeds l{n k{dliù clynmd{ezni efyd hd~{ m{d~rs?

3&;&< @e|~eieyu {lyeds1

3&;&; R{dheylkeèyu {lyeds1

3&;&3 [esa lfi sd`xnfcu {lyeds1 lfi

3&;&9 Nhhecenfcu {lyeds&

Sefcn ygn{n l{n hexn cdfxnfyedfl` lfi Es`ljec klfas ef nlcg m{d~r yd cdjrl{n }eyg nlcg

dygn{, sd }n he{sy cl`c~`lyni {lyed dh nlcg klfa ef ygly m{d~r lfi ygnf cl`c~`lyni lxn{lmn dh

ygdsn hexn {lyeds yd cdjrl{n ygdsn lxn{lmn {lyeds }eyg nlcg dygn{ df unl{ù klses&

3&;&< @E\ÊIEYU [LYEDS

@e|~eieyu es ygn èhn dh l cdjjn{cel` klfa& @e|~eieyu jnlfs clsg lxle`lkeèyu? gd} |~ecaù l

klfa clf cdfxn{y eys lssnys efyd clsg ly hlcn xl`~n yd jnny ygn clsg injlfis dh ygn inrdseyd{s

lfi kd{{d}n{s& Ygn gemgn{ ygn ljd~fy dh è|~ei lssny hd{ l klfa, ygn m{nlyn{ es ygn è|~eieyu dh

ygn klfa& 'Sljli, ;229% @e|~eieyu es ejrd{ylfy hd{ ygn he{j yd lxdei inhl~`yefm df eys

heflfcel` dkèmlyedfs lfi, yg~s, yd lxdei nwrn{enfcefm heflfcel` iesy{nss '[dss, ]nsyn{henì, (

Od{ilf, ;22>%& Ef mnfn{l` snfsn, ygn gemgn{ è|~eieyu {lyeds jnlf klfa gls `l{mn{ jl{mef dh

slhnyu lfi lkeèyu yd cdxn{ eys sgd{y yn{j dkèmlyedfs&

Kncl~sn slxefm lccd~fys lfi y{lfslcyedf inrdseys clf kn }eygi{l}f ly lfu yejn, ygn{n es gemg

è|~eieyu {esa hd{ kdyg ygn klfas lfi dygn{ inrdseyd{u efsyey~yedfs& Klfas clf mny efyd è|~eieyu



38

r{dk`nj nsrncel`ù }gnf }eygi{l}l`s nwcnni fn} inrdsey semfeheclfyù dxn{ l sgd{y rn{edi dh

yejn 'Sljli ( Glsslf, <555%& Ljdfm ygn xl{ed~s è|~eieyu jnls~{ns, yges sy~iu ~sns ygn

hd``d}efm?

l& @dlf yd Inrdsey [lyed '@I[%,

k& Clsg ( Rd{yhdèd Efxnsyjnfy yd Inrdsey [lyed 'CREI%, lfi

c& @dlf yd Lssny [lyed '@L[%&

l& @dlf yd Inrdsey [lyed '@I[%

@dlf yd inrdsey {lyed jnls~{ns ygn rn{cnfylmn dh inrdseys ~sni hd{ lixlfcns ku ygn klfa& @dlf yd

inrdsey es ygn jdsy ejrd{ylfy {lyed yd jnls~{n ygn è|~eieyu cdfieyedf dh ygn klfa& Ygn gemgn{

ygn {lyed, ygn `nss è|~ei ygn klfa }e`` kn& Gn{n, `dlf jnlfs ygn lixlfcns hd{ ygn cdfxnfyedfl`

klfas lfi heflfcefms hd{ ygn Es`ljec klfas lfi l{n ylanf ls fny dh r{dxesedfs& Klfa }eyg @d}

@I[ es cdfsein{ni yd glxn nwcnssexn è|~eieyu, rdynfyel`ù `d}n{ r{dheys, lfi gnfcn `nss {esa

ls cdjrl{ni yd ygn klfa }eyg gemg @I[& Gd}nxn{, gemg @I[ efieclyns ygly l klfa gls ylanf

jd{n heflfcel` sy{nss ku jlaefm nwcnssexn `dlfs lfi l`sd sgd}s {esa ygly yd jnny inrdseyd{s‗

c`lejs klfa jlu glxn yd sn`` sdjn `dlfs ly `dss&

@I[ es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

@dlf yd Inrdsey [lyed :@dlfs

Inrdseys

k& Clsg ( Rd{yhdèd Efxnsyjnfy yd Inrdsey [lyed 'CREI[%

Ey efieclyns ygn rn{cnfylmn dh inrdsey lfi sgd{y yn{j h~fis ygly l{n lxle`lk`n yd jnny ygn

s~iinf }eygi{l}l`s& Ygn gemgn{ ygn {lyed ygn knyyn{ es ygn è|~eieyu rdseyedf dh ygn klfa,

ygn{nhd{n, ygn jd{n es ygn cdfheinfcn lfi y{~sy dh ygn inrdseyd{s ef ygn klfa ls cdjrl{ni yd

ygn klfa }eyg `d}n{ CREI[& Yges {lyed kddsys ygn y{~sy lfi cdfheinfcn dh ygn inrdseyd{s ef ygn

klfa ls ygn inrdseyd{s afd} ygly ygn klfa gls neygn{ nfd~mg clsg d{ è|~ei efxnsyjnfys }gecg

es ~sni hd{ nl{fefms ls }n`` ls hd{ è|~eieyu&

CREI[ es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

CREI[ : Clsg ( Rd{yhdèd Efxnsyjnfys



3=

Inrdseys

c& @dlf yd Lssny [lyed '@L[%

@dlf yd Lssny {lyed jnls~{ns ygn rn{cnfylmn dh lssnys ygly l{n yeni ~r ef `dlfs& @dlf yd lssnys {lyed

'@L[% es l`sd lfdygn{ ejrd{ylfy {lyed ygly jnls~{ns ygn è|~eieyu cdfieyedf dh ygn klfa&

]gn{nls @I[ es l {lyed ef }gecg è|~eieyu dh ygn klfa es jnls~{ni ef yn{js dh eys inrdseys,

@L[ jnls~{ns è|~eieyu dh ygn klfa ef yn{js dh eys ydyl` lssnys& Ygly es, ey ml~mns ygn

rn{cnfylmn dh ydyl` lssnys ygn klfa gls efxnsyni ef `dlfs 'd{ heflfcefms%&

Ygn gemgn{ es ygn {lyed ygn `nss ygn è|~eieyu es dh ygn klfa& Seje`l{ yd @I[, ygn klfa }eyg `d}

@L[ es l`sd cdfsein{ni yd kn jd{n è|~ei ls cdjrl{ni yd ygn klfa }eyg gemgn{ @L[&

Gd}nxn{, gemg @L[ es lf efieclyedf dh rdynfyel`ù gemgn{ r{dheylkeèyu lfi gnfcn jd{n {esa&

@L[ es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

@L[ :

Fny @dlfs 'Heflfcefm%

Ydyl` Lssnys

3&;&; R[DHEYLKE@EYU [LYEDS

Ygn r{dheylkeèyu {lyed dh ygn he{j clf kn jnls~{ni ku cl`c~`lyefm xl{ed~s r{dheylkeèyu {lyeds&

Mnfn{l` y}d m{d~rs dh r{dheylkeèyu {lyeds l{n cl`c~`lyni&

• R{dheylkeèyu ef {n`lyedf yd {nxnf~ns&

• R{dheylkeèyu ef {n`lyedf yd efxnsyjnfys&

Ygnsn {lyeds l{n ~sni yd lssnss ygn lkeèyu dh ygn k~sefnss yd mnfn{lyn nl{fefms ef cdjrl{esdf}eyg eys l`` nwrnfsns lfi dygn{ {n`nxlfy cdsys i~{efm l srncehec yejn rn{edi& R{dheylkeèyu {lyeds

l{n mnfn{l`ù cdfsein{ni yd kn ygn klsec klfa heflfcel` {lyed ef d{in{ yd nxl`~lyn gd} }n``

klfa es rn{hd{jefm ef yn{js dh r{dhey& Hd{ ygn jdsy rl{y, eh l r{dheylkeèyu {lyed es {n`lyexnù

gemgn{ ls cdjrl{ni yd ygn cdjrnyeyd{'s%, efi~sy{u lxn{lmns, m~einèfns, d{ r{nxed~s unl{s‗

sljn {lyeds, ygnf ey es ylanf ls efieclyd{ dh knyyn{ rn{hd{jlfcn dh ygn klfa& Hd``d}efm hd~{

r{dheylkeèyu {lyeds l{n ~sni yd lssnss ygn rn{hd{jlfcn dh kdyg sljr`ns dh klfas ? l% [ny~{f df



37

lssnys '[DL% k% [ny~{f df N|~eyu '[DN% c% Nl{fefms rn{ sgl{n 'NRS% lfi i% R{dhey Nwrnfsn

[lyed 'RN[%&

l& [ny~{f df lssnys '[DL%

Ey es l cdjjdf jnls~{n dh jlflmn{el` rn{hd{jlfcn '[dss, ]nsyn{henì, ( Od{ilf, ;22>%&

[DL es l mddi efieclyd{ dh l klfa‗s heflfcel` rn{hd{jlfcn lfi jlflmn{ el` nhhecenfcu& Ey

sgd}s gd} cdjrnynfy ygn jlflmnjnfy es ef l``dclyefm lssny efyd fny r{dhey& Ygn gemgn{ ygn

[DL, ygn gemgn{ es ygn heflfcel` rn{hd{jlfcn d{ r{dheylkeèyu dh ygn klfas 'Sljli, ;229%&

[DL es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

[DL :

Fny r{dhey lhyn{ ylw

Ydyl` Lssnys

k& [ny~{f df N|~eyu '[DN%

Ygn jdsy cdjjdf {lyed ~sni hd{ jnls~{efm ygn {ny~{f df ygn d}fn{s‗ efxnsyjnfy es ygn

{n`lyedfsger dh fny r{dhey yd n|~eyu, d{ ydyl` sgl{ngdìn{s‗ efxnsyjnfy& Ef rn{hd {jefm yges

cl`c~`lyedf, }n idf‗y glxn yd jlan lfu lio~syjnfy hd{ efyn{nsy, kncl~sn ygn fny r{dhey

lxle`lk`n hd{ sgl{ngdìn{s l`{nliu gls knnf r{drn{ù {ni~cni ku efyn{nsy cgl{mns, eh lfu, rlei

yd c{nieyd{s lfi `nfin{s& Gd}nxn{, }n id glxn yd cdfsein{ ygn ejrlcy dh fdf{nc~{{efm lfi

~f~s~l` nxnfys, s~cg ls {nsy{~cy~{efm lfi jlod{ lccd~fyefm cglfmns lfi lio~syjnfys 'N{ecg,

;22<%& Sgl{ngdìn{s‗ n|~eyu es cdjrdsni dh rlei ~r sgl{n clreyl`, sgl{n r{nje~j, lfu clreyl`

d{ {nxnf~n {nsn{xns lfi {nylefni r{dheys& [DN es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

[DN :

Fny r{dhey lhyn{ ylw

Sgl{ngdìn{s‗ n|~eyu

c& Nl{fefms Rn{ Sgl{n 'NRS%

Ey jnls~{ns ygn r{dhey lxle`lk`n yd ygn n|~eyu sgl{ngdìn{s df l rn{ sgl{n klses& Ey es cdjr~yni

ku iexeiefm nl{fefms lxle`lk`n yd ygn n|~eyu sgl{ngdìn{s ku ygn ydyl` f~jkn{ dh n|~eyu sgl{n



35

d~ysylfiefm& Ygn lflùses dh nl{fefms h{dj ygn d}fn{s‗ rdefy dh xen} ~s~l`ù cnfyn{s df

nl{fefms rn{ sgl{n ef ygn clsn dh l cd{rd{lyedf&

Nl{fefms rn{ sgl{n es l jnls~{n yd }gecg kdyg jlflmnjnfy lfi sgl{ngdìn{s rlu l m{nly inl`

dh lyynfyedf& Ey es }einù ~sni ef ygn xl`~lyedf dh cdjjdf sydca, lfi dhynf es ygn klses hd{

snyyefm srncehec cd{rd{lyn dkoncyexns lfi mdl`s ls rl{y dh sy{lynmec r`lffefm& Yges {lyed sejrù

efxd`xns iexeiefm ygn fny r{dhey yd cdjjdf sydca ku ygn lxn{lmn f~jkn{ dh sgl{ns dh cdjjdf

sydca d~ysylfiefm 'N{ecg, ;22<%?

NRS :

Fny R{dhey lxle`lk`n hd{ cdjjdf sgl{ns

Lxn{lmn f~jkn{ dh sgl{ns d~ysylfiefm

i& R{dhey yd Nwrnfsns [lyed 'RN[%

Ey jnls~{ns ygn drn{lyefm r{dheylkeèyu dh ygn klfa }eyg {nml{is yd eys ydyl` drn{lyefm nwrnfsns&

Drn{lyefm r{dhey es cl`c~`lyni ls nl{fefms knhd{n ylwns lfi drn{lyefm nwrnfsns jnlfs ydyl`

fdf*efyn{nsy nwrnfsns& Ey es efinni cdfsein{ni yd kn dfn dh ygn knsy efiecns hd{ jnls~{efm

ncdfdjec nhhecenfcu d{ r{dhey rn{hd{jlfcn&

Ygn {lyed jnls~{ns ygn ljd~fy dh drn{lyefm r{dhey nl{fni hd{ nlcg id``l{ dh drn{lyefm

nwrnfsn& Ygn {lyed efieclyns yd }gly nwynfy klfa es nhhecenfy ef cdfy{d`èfm eys drn{lyefm

nwrnfsns& L gemgn{ RN[ jnlfs klfa es cdsy nhhecenfy lfi es jlaefm gemgn{ r{dheys 'Sljli (

Glsslf, <555%&

RN[ es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

RN[ :

R{dhey knhd{n ylw

Drn{lyefm nwrnfsns



92

3&;&3 [ESA LFI SD@XNFCU [LYEDS

Ygnsn {lyeds l{n l`sd {nhn{{ni yd ls mnl{efm, inky d{ heflfcel` `nxn{lmn {lyeds& Ygn nwynfy yd

}gecg l he{j {nèns df inky heflfcefm {lygn{ n|~eyu es {n`lyni }eyg heflfcel` `nxn{lmn& Ygnsn

{lyeds inyn{jefn ygn r{dklkeèyu ygly ygn he{j inhl~`y df eys inky cdfy{lcys& Ygn jd{n ygn inky l

he{j gls ygn gemgn{ es ygn cglfcn ygly he{j }e`` kncdjn ~flk`n yd h~`he`` eys cdfy{lcy~l`

dkèmlyedfs& Ef dygn{ }d{is, gemgn{ `nxn`s dh inky clf `nli yd gemgn{ r{dklkeèyu dh klfa{~rycu

lfi heflfcel` iesy{nss& L`ygd~mg, inky es lf ejrd{ylfy hd{j dh heflfcefm ygly r{dxeini

semfeheclfy ylw lixlfylmn, ey jlu c{nlyn cdfhècy dh efyn{nsy kny}nnf ygn c{nieyd{s lfi ygn

sgl{ngdìn{s '[dss, ]nsyn{henì, ( Od{ilf, ;22>%& Ygn m{nlyn{ ygn lssny yglf l`` yurns dh

èlkeèyens, ygn jd{n sd`xnfy ygn klfa es& C~sydjn{ inrdseys l{n l semfeheclfy rd{yedf df ygn

èlkeèyu sein dh ygn kl`lfcn sgnny dh lfu yurn dh klfa }gnygn{ Es`ljec d{ cdfxnfyedfl`&

Kd{{d}ni jdfnu ef neygn{ hd{j sylfis sncdfi ljdfm ydyl` èlkeèyens hd{ l`jdsy l`` klfas

nwcnry l`` Es`ljec klfas }gecg l{n r{dgekeyni ku Es`ljec Sgl{e‗lg h{dj ylaefm d{ mexefm lfu

aefi dh efyn{nsy*klsni inkys& Yd lssnss {esa lfi sd`xnfcu dh ygn klfa, hd``d}efm jnls~{ns l{n

~s~l`ù ~sni?

l& Inky yd N|~eyu [lyed 'IN[%,

k& Inky yd Ydyl` Lssnys [lyed 'IYL[%, lfi

c& N|~eyu J~`yerèn{ 'NJ%&

i& Clreyl` Lin|~lcu [lyed 'CL[%

n& Fdf Rn{hd{jefm @dlfs yd Fny @dlfs [lyed 'FR@$F@%

l& Inky yd N|~eyu [lyed 'IN[%

Ey es dfn dh ygn ydd`s yd jnls~{n ygn nwynfy yd }gecg he{j ~sns inky lfi jnls~{ns ygn lkeèyu dh

ygn he{j‗s clreyl` yd lksd{k heflfcel` sgdcas& Ef clsn, inkyd{s inhl~`y ef rluefm klca ygne{

`dlfs '\l{i*n*Glsslf% d{ ygn lssny xl`~ns inc{nlsn klfa clreyl` r{dxeins sgenì lmlefsy ygdsn

`dlf ̀ dssns&

L `d}n{ inky yd n|~eyu {lyed dh ygn klfa es cdfsein{ni knyyn{ ls cdjrl{ni yd ygn klfa }eyg

gemgn{ IN[& IN[ es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?



9<

IN[ :

Ydyl` Inky

Sgl{ngdìn{s‗ n|~eyu

k& Inky yd Ydyl` Lssnys [lyed 'IYL[%

Ey jnls~{ns ygn ljd~fy dh ydyl` inky he{j ~sni yd heflfcn eys ydyl` lssnys lfi es lf efieclyd{ dh

heflfcel` sy{nfmyg dh ygn klfa& Ey r{dxeins efhd{jlyedf lkd~y ygn sd`xnfcu lfi ygn lkeèyu dh

ygn he{j yd dkylef liieyedfl` heflfcefm hd{ rdynfyel`ù lyy{lcyexn efxnsyjnfy drrd{y~feyens&

Gemgn{ IYL[ jnlfs klfa gls heflfcni jdsy dh eys lssnys yg{d~mg inky ls cdjrl{ni yd ygn

n|~eyu heflfcefm& Jd{ndxn{, gemgn{ IYL[ efieclyns ygly klfa es efxd`xni ef jd{n {esau

k~sefnss& Gd}nxn{, gemgn{ C{niey yd Ydyl` Lssny {lyed jemgy efc{nlsn ygn cglfcns df knefm

`ddsn{, dygn{}esn }eyg nhhncyexn mdxn{flfcn lfi cdfy{d`& IYL[ es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

IYL[ :

Ydyl` Inky

Ydyl` Lssnys

c& N|~eyu J~`yerèn{ 'NJ%

Gd} jlfu yejns ygn ydyl` lssnys l{n dh ygn sgl{ngdìn{s‗ n|~eyu es jnls~{ni ku n|~eyu

j~`yerèn{& Ef dygn{ }d{is, ey efieclyns ygn ljd~fy dh lssnys rn{ id``l{ dh sgl{ngdìn{s‗ n|~eyu&

Gemgn{ xl`~n dh NJ jnlfs ygly klfa gls ~sni jd{n inky yd cdfxn{y efyd lssnys }eyg sgl{n

clreyl`& Ygn gemgn{ es ygn NJ ygn m{nlyn{ es ygn {esa hd{ l klfa& NJ es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

NJ :

Ydyl` Lssnys

Ydyl` Sgl{ngdìn{s‗ n|~eyu


L klfa j~sy glxn s~hhecenfy clreyl` yd lksd{k {esa dh `dssns efgn{nfy ef ygn lssnys dh ygn

k~sefnss sd ls yd r{dyncy inrdseyd{s lfi dygn{ c{nieyd{s& Clreyl` Lin|~lcu [lyed 'CL[%

jnls~{ns ygn ljd~fy dh clreyl` {nsn{xn gnì hd{ nxn{u ~fey dh [esa*]nemgyni Lssny '[]L%&



9;

Gemgn{ rn{cnfylmn dh CL[ }d~ì fdy ie{ncyù {ni~cn ygn c{niey {esa k~y }d~ì gn`r yd s~{xexn

d~y dh ynjrd{l{u c{niey iesy~{klfcns sefcn clreyl` }d{as ls l c~sgedf lmlefsy {esa& Clreyl`

lin|~lcu {lyed es ygn {lyed }gecg inyn{jefns ygn clrlceyu dh ygn klfa ef yn{js dh jnnyefm ygn

yejn èlkeèyens lfi dygn{ {esa s~cg ls c{niey {esa, drn{lyedfl` {esa, nyc& Iehhn{nfy {esa

}nemgylmn l{n mexnf yd iehhn{nfy lssnys klsni df ygne{ {esa r{dhe`ns&

CL[ :

[nm~`lyd{u Clreyl` 'Yen{ E lfi Yen{ EE%

[esa ]nemgyni Lssnys '[]L%

n& Fdf Rn{hd{jefm @dlfs yd Fny @dlfs [lyed 'FR@$F@%

Fdf*Rn{hd{jefm @dlfs 'FR@% yd Fny @dlfs {lyed efieclyns ygn `nxn` dh ie{ncy c{niey {esa lfi

ygn |~lèyu dh `dlf rd{yhdèd& Ey sgd}s ygn inm{nn dh `dlfs efhncyedf lhyn{ jlaefm lio~syjnfy

hd{ ygn r{dxesedf gnì& Fdf rn{hd{jefm `dlfs l{n `dlfs lfi lixlfcns }gdsn jl{a*~r$efyn{nsy

d{ r{efcerl` es dxn{i~n ku 52 ilus d{ jd{n h{dj ygn i~n ilyn& @d}n{ {lyed efieclyns ygly ygn

jlflmnjnfy dh ygn klfa nhhecenfyù jlflmefm ygn c{niey rd{yhdèd dh ygn klfa& Ygn gemgn{

xl`~n dh FR@$F@ efieclyns m{nlyn{ {esa hd{ l klfa&

FR@$F@ :

Fdf rn{hd{jefm @dlfs 'Kli @dlfs%

Fny @dlfs

3&;&9 NHHECENFCU [LYEDS

Nhhecenfcu {lyeds jnls~{n gd} nhhncyexnù lfi nhhecenfyù ygn he{j es jlflmefm lfi

cdfy{d`èfm eys lssnys& Ygnsn {lyeds efieclyn ygn dxn{l`` nhhncyexnfnss dh ygn he{j ef ~yeèzefm eys

lssnys yd mnfn{lyn {nxnf~ns, |~lèyu dh lssnys lfi gd} s~ccnssh~` ygn he{j es ef eys è|~eieyu,

ygn r{djryfnss dh rlujnfy yd s~rrèn{s dh ygn he{j, nhhncyexnfnss dh ygn efxnfyd{u

jlflmnjnfy r{lcyecns, lfi nhhecenfcu dh he{j ef cdfy{d`èfm eys nwrnfsns& Gemgn{ xl`~n dh

ygnsn {lyeds s ylanf ls mddi efieclyd{ }gecg jnlfs he{j es idefm }n``& [lyeds ~sni yd jnls~{n

nhhecenfcu dh ygn klfa l{n? e% Lssny ^yeèzlyedf 'L^%, ee% Efcdjn yd Nwrnfsn [lyed 'EN[%, lfi

eee% Drn{lyefm nhhecenfcu 'DN%&

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http://www.answers.com/topic/capacity



93

e& Lssny ^yeèzlyedf 'L^%

Gd} nhhncyexnù ygn klfa es ~yeèzefm l`` dh eys lssnys es jnls~{ni ku lssnys ~yeèzlyedf {lyed

lfi sgd}s r{di~cyexeyu dh lssnys& Ygn klfa es r{ns~jlkù slei yd ~sefm eys lssnys nhhncyexnù

ef mnfn{lyefm ydyl` {nxnf~ns eh ygn L^ {lyed es gemg& Eh ygn lssny ~yeèzlyedf {lyed es `d}, ygn

klfa es fdy ~sefm eys lssnys yd ygne{ clrlceyu lfi sgd~ì neygn{ efc{nlsn ydyl` {nxnf~ns d{

iesrdsn dh sdjn dh ygn lssnys '[dss, ]nsyn{henì, ( Od{ilf, ;22>%& Ydyl` {nxnf~n dh ygn klfa

ef yges sy~iu es inhefni ls fny sr{nli knhd{n r{dxesedf r`~s l`` dygn{ efcdjn& L^ es cl`c~`lyni

ls ~fin{?

L^ :

Ydyl` [nxnf~n

Ydyl` Lssnys

ee& Efcdjn yd Nwrnfsn [lyed 'EN[%

Efcdjn yd nwrnfsn es ygn {lyed ygly jnls~{ns ljd~fy dh efcdjn nl{fni rn{ id``l{ dh drn{lyefm

nwrnfsn& Yges es ygn jdsy cdjjdfù lfi }einù ~sni {lyed ef ygn klfaefm sncyd{ yd lssnss ygn

jlflmn{el` nhhecenfcu ef mnfn{lyefm ydyl` efcdjn xes*â*xes cdfy{d`èfm eys drn{lyefm nwrnfsns&

Gemg EN[ es r{nhn{{ni dxn{ `d}n{ dfn ls yges efieclyns ygn lkeèyu lfi nhhecenfcu dh ygn klfa ef

mnfn{lyefm jd{n ydyl` efcdjn ef cdjrl{esdf yd eys ydyl` drn{lyefm nwrnfsns& Ydyl` efcdjn ef

ygn sy~iu es inhefni ls fny sr{nli nl{fni knhd{n r{dxesedfs r`~s l`` dygn{ efcdjn }ge`n ygn

Dygn{ Nwrnfsns ef ygn efcdjn sylynjnfy l{n y{nlyni ls ydyl` drn{lyefm nwrnfsn hd{ ygn sy~iu&

EN[ es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

EN[ :

Ydyl` Efcdjn

Ydyl` Drn{lyefm Nwrnfsn

eee& Drn{lyefm Nhhecenfcu 'DN%



99

^f`ean EN[, }gecg jnls~{ns ygn ljd~fy dh efcdjn nl{fni rn{ id``l{ dh drn{lyefm nwrnfsn,

DN es ygn {lyed ygly jnls~{ns ygn ljd~fy dh drn{lyefm nwrnfsn rn{ id``l{ dh drn{lyefm

{nxnf~n& Ey jnls~{ns jlflmn{el` nhhecenfcu ef mnfn{lyefm drn{lyefm {nxnf~ns lfi cdfy{d``efm

eys drn{lyefm nwrnfsns& Ef dygn{ }d{is, gd} nhhecenfy es ygn klfa ef eys drn{lyedfs& @d}n{ DN

es r{nhn{{ni dxn{ gemgn{ DN ls `d}n{ DN efieclyns ygly drn{lyefm nwrnfsns l{n `d}n{ yglf

drn{lyefm {nxnf~ns& Drn{lyefm {nxnf~n ef yges sy~iu es inhefni ls fny sr{nli nl{fni knhd{n

r{dxesedfs r`~s hnn, k{dan{lmn, cdjjessedf, lfi hd{nw efcdjn& Dygn{ nwrnfsns es inhefni

sljn ls }n inhefni ef ygn r{nxed~s {lyed& DN es cl`c~`lyni ls ~fin{?

DN :

Ydyl` Drn{lyefm Nwrnfsns

Ydyl` Drn{lyefm [nxnf~n



98

3&9 @EJEYLYEDF DH HEFLFCEL@ LFL@USES

Cdjrl{lyexn lflùses dh cdjrlfens lfi k~sefnss ~feys es cgl``nfmni ku ygn h{n|~nfy `lca dh

y{~ù cdjrl{lk`n ilyl, kncl~sn dh iehhn{nfcns ef r{di~cy$sn{xecn jew, lccd~fyefm cgdecns, sezn

lfi lmn dh ygn k~sefnssns, iehhn{nfcns ef ygn rd{yhdèd, lfi mndm{lrgec scdrn& Efi~sy{u

sylyesyecs lxle`lk`n h{dj xl{ed~s sd~{cns dhynf s~hhn{ h{dj cdjrl{lkeèyu ess~ns ls }n``&

'N{ecg, ;22<% Heflfcel` sylynjnfys r{dxein lf lssnssjnfy dh ygn cdsys lfi fdy xl`~n& Hd{

nwljr`n, ygn jl{any xl`~n dh eynjs jlu kn xn{u iehhn{nfy h{dj ygn cdsy hem~{n mexnf ef ygn

kl`lfcn sgnny& [lyeds fnni yd kn efyn{r{nyni cl{nh~`ù& Ygnu clf r{dxein c`~ns yd ygn

cdjrlfu‗s rn{hd{jlfcn d{ heflfcel` sey~lyedf& K~y df ygne{ d}f, ygnu clffdy sgd} }gnygn{

rn{hd{jlfcn es mddi d{ kli& [lyeds {n|~e{n sdjn |~lfyeylyexn efhd{jlyedf hd{ lf efhd{jni

lflùses yd kn jlin& ']lsgefmydf Sylyn ^fexn{seyu , ;229%



97

k& Clsg ( Rd{yhdèd Efxnsyjnfy yd Inrdsey [lyed 'CREI[%

Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas‗ CREI {lyed ef ;229 }ls `d} sgd}efm `d} è|~eieyu rdseyedf ls ygn klfas

glxn efc{nlsni semfeheclfyù ygne{ `dlfs rd{yhdèd ls }ls sgd}f ef @I[ {lyed, gnfcn `nhy hn}n{

ljd~fys hd{ annrefm ef è|~ei hd{j& ]ge`n ygn {lyed gls ejr{dxni semfeheclfyù ef ;22> lfi

sylkeèzni h~{ygn{ h{dj ;228 df}l{is hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas dxn{ 32.& ]ge`n hd{ Es`ljec

klfas, ygn {lyed gls ejr{dxni semfeheclfyù h{dj `d}nsy dh ;9. ef ;22> yd gemgnsy 95. ef

;22= }gn{nls ygn{n es inc{nlsn dh <<. yd 37. ly ygn nfi dh ;227& Ygn{n es fd semfeheclfy

iehhn{nfcn ef ygn jnlf CREI {lyed hd{ Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas lfi Es`ljec klfas&

Hem~{n 3&;

Ylk`n 3&;

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas 3>. 92. 92. 95. <8. 38. 2&<;;;

Es`ljec Klfas 37. 95. 38. ;9. ;5. 3>. 2&25;5

c& @dlf yd Lssny [lyed '@L[%

@dlf yd ydyl` Lssny {lyed gls inc{nlsni hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas h{dj =3. yd >9. lfi h{dj

83. yd ><. hd{ Es`ljec klfas efieclyefm ygly klfas glxn {n`nlsni semfeheclfy rd{yedf dh ygne{

lssnys yd è|~ei efsy{~jnfys neygn{ efxnsyjnfys ef snc~{eyens d{ ef clsg }ge`n fdf*heflfcel`

lssnys l{n ly jefej~j hd{ kdyg yurns dh klfas& Ygn incèfefm y{nfi ef @I[ dh Es`ljec klfa



>2

3&>&; R[DHEYEKE@EYU [LYEDS

l& [ny~{f df lssnys '[DL%

[DL {lyed es h`~cy~lyefm semfeheclfyù hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas h{dj rdseyexn [DL dh <. ef

;229 yd zn{d ef ;22= lfi yd *9. ef ;227& Ygn {nlsdf hd{ yges incèfn ef ygn [DL es ygn

inyn{ed{lyedf ef ygn lssny |~lèyu nsrncel`ù `dlf‗s rd{yhdèd, ls ygn{n gls knnf semfeheclfy

r{dxesedfs lmlefsy FR@ dxn{ ygn unl{s& ]ge`n Es`ljec klfas‗ [DL gls {njlefni rdseyexn ef

ygn dxn{l`` rn{edi nwcnry ef ;228 }gn{n Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`ljec syl{yni drn{lyedfs lfi gli l

inhl~`y df dfn `dlf& Ygn lxn{lmn jnlf dh [DL hd{ Es`ljec klfas es gemgn{ ygly dh

cdjjn{cel` klfas, }gn{n ygn{n es fd iehhn{nfcn ef ygn iesrn{sedf h{dj ygn jnlf ef ygn ilyl dh

ygn kdyg yurns dh klfas lfi sylyesyecl`ù ygn{n es iehhn{nfcn ef ygn jnlfs lfi iesrn{sedf&

Hem~{n 3&9

Ylk`n 3&9

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl̀ Klfas *9. 2. *;. *<. <. *<. 2&2<59

Es`ljec Klfas ;. <. *<. 3. <. <. 2&2<99



><

k& [ny~{f df N|~eyu '[DN%

Ygn{n es semfeheclfy h`~cy~lyedf ef ygn [DN dh cdfxnfyedfl` klfas }gecg mexns ~s lf efsemgy

ygly ygn{n gls knnf inyn{ed{lyefm r{dhey y{nfi hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas i~n yd ygn kli |~lèyu dh

`dlfs }ge`n ly ygn sljn yejn ygn{n es efc{nlsefm y{nfi dh ygn n|~eyens dh ygn klfas h{dj ;228

df}l{is i~n yd ygn jn{mn{ sr{nn ef ygn jl{any, gnfcn efc{nlsefm n|~eyens& ]ge`n ly ygn sljn

yejn, [DN {lyed hd{ Es`ljec klfas {njlefni gemg }eyg gemg dxn{l`` jnlf lfi `d} iesrn{sedf

h{dj ygn jnlf& Ygn jlef hlcyd{s hd{ yges sylkeèyu ef ygn [DN {lyed hd{ Es`ljec klfas gls

knnf, i~n yd knyyn{ |~lèyu lssny jlflmnjnfy lfi jlaefm ef{dlis ef ygn fecgn jl{any lfi ygn

J~{lklgl heflfcefm, knefm l hewni r{ecn sl`n df inhn{{ni rlujnfy yn{js, mlefefm jdjnfy~j&

Hem~{n 3&>

Ylk`n 3&>

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas *;2. 9. *5. 9. 5. *;. 2&<;2<

Es`ljec Klfas =. >. 5. ;5. <2. <;. 2&25=>

c& Nl{fefms Rn{ Sgl{n 'NRS%

Nl{fefm rn{ sgl{n hd{ Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas gls i{drrni semfeheclfyù h{dj ygn gemgnsy =. ef

;229 yd 2 ef ;228 lfi *3. ef ;227 }gecg efieclyns ygly ygn cdfxnfyedfl` klfas‗ njrglses

}ls df cdfsdèilyefm dh ygne{ clreyl` klsn lfi `nlsy cdfcn{fni lkd~y r{dheylkeèyu& Jd{ndxn{,



>;

ygn{n gls knnf klfas cdfsd`eilyedf sr{nn ls }n`` ygn{nku efc{nlsefm ygn sgl{n clreyl` dh klfas

lfi {ni~cefm nl{fefm rn{ sgl{n& I~{efm yges rn{edi, Es`ljec Klfas nl{fefm rn{ sgl{n glxn

h`~cy~lyni ef ygn {lfmn dh *<. yd 9., }eyg gemgnsy 9. ef ;22> lfi `d}nsy *<. ef ;228 lfi

ygn{nlhyn{, ygn {lyed gls {njlefni sylyec, efieclyefm ygly ygn Es`ljec Klfas r{dheys lhyn{ ylwns

{njlefni ef ygn sljn {lfmn }ge`n ygn{n gls knnf efc{nlsefm sgl{n clreyl` y{nfi i~n yd ygn

Sylyn Klfa clreyl` {n|~e{njnfy& Dxn{l``, ygn jnlf NRS dh Es`ljec klfas es gemgn{ ku <. yglf

ygly dh Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas }eyg l`jdsy ygn sljn iesrn{sedf&

Hem~{n 3&8

Ylk`n 3&8

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas *3. <. 2. 3. <. 2. 2&2<55

Es`ljec Klfas <. <. *<. 9. ;. <. 2&2<7=

i& R{dhey yd Nwrnfsns [lyed 'RN[%

RN[ efieclyns ygly Es`ljec klfas glxn c{nlyni jd{n r{dhey rn{ < [~rnn dh drn{lyefm nwrnfsn

yglf cdfxnfyedfl` klfas k~y }eyg inc{nlsefm y{nfi hd{ Es`ljec Klfas& RN[ dh cdfxnfyedfl`

klfas efc{nlsni h{dj 7. ef ;229 yd 37. ef ;228 sgd}efm efc{nlsn dh 3=>. }ge`n lhyn{}l{is

lmlef ygn{n es inc{nlsefm y{nfi ef ygn s~ksn|~nfy unl{s& Ygn heflfcel` sylynjnfys dh ygn

cdfxnfyedfl` klfas {nxnl` ygly ygn{n gls knnf lf efc{nlsn ef ygn drn{lyefm nwrnfsns dh ygn



>3

klfas nsrncel`ù ygn lijef nwrnfsn ef ygn `lsy ; unl{s dh d~{ sy~iu i~n yd jn{mn{ lcyexeyens&

Lhyn{ lflùzefm RN[, drn{lyefm r{dheylkeèyu dh Es`ljec Klfas es knyyn{ cdjrl{ni yd ygne{

cd~fyn{rl{y cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& Jd{ndxn{, ygn jnlf RN[ dh 9;. hd{ Es`ljec klfas es

semfeheclfyù gemgn{ yglf ygly dh =. hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas }eyg l`jdsy sljn iesrn{sedf&

Hem~{n 3&=

Ylk`n 3&=

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas *97. *7. 37. 99. 7. =. 2&3=35

Es`ljec Klfas 3>. 9;. *<3. 53. >9. 9;. 2&37;=



>9

3&>&3 [ESA LFI SD@XNFCU [LYEDS

l& Inky yd N|~eyu [lyed 'IN[%

Inky yd n|~eyu {lyed inc{nlsni h{dj <<&<9 yejns yd 9&9> yejns sefcn ;229 ye`` ;227 }ge`n hd{Es`ljec klfas ygn {lyed es h`~cy~lyefm& Ygn{n gls knnf lf efc{nlsn h{dj 7&35 yejns ef ;229 yd

5&<9 ef ;22>, hd``d}ni ku l semfeheclfy hl`` yd 3&;= yejns ef ;228, efc{nlsefm ef ygn hd``d}efm

unl{s yd >&<9 yejns ef ;227 hd{ Es`ljec Klfas& Ygn{n es fdyecnlk`n inc{nlsn ef ygn inky yd

n|~eyu {lyed hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas }gecg es jlefù i~n yd efc{nlsn ef ygn n|~eyu clreyl` hd{

cdfxnfyedfl` i~n yd ygn jefej~j clreyl` {n|~e{njnfys dh ygn Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf }ge`n

hd{ Es`ljec klfas ygn{n es h`~cy~lyefm jdxnjnfy& C~sydjn{ inrdseys cdfsyey~yn jlod{ èlkeèyu

hd{ lfu yurn dh klfas }gnygn{ Es`ljec d{ cdfxnfyedfl`& Kd{{d}ni jdfnu sylfis sncdfi

ljdfm ydyl` èlkeèyens hd{ l`jdsy l`` cdfxnfyedfl` klfas nwcnry hd{ l`` Es`ljec klfas }gecg

l{n r{dgekeyni ku Es`ljec Sgl{e‗lg h{dj ylaefm d{ mexefm efyn{nsy*klsni inkys& Efc{nlsefm

y{nfi ef IN[ hd{ Es`ljec klfa efieclyns ygly inrdseys klsn dh Es`ljec klfa es efc{nlsefm jd{n

yglf eys n|~eyu klsn& Ygnsn {ns~`ys efieclyn ygly Es`ljec Klfas l{n jd{n {esau cdjrl{ni yd

Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& ]n dksn{xni h{dj d~{ h~{ygn{ lflùses dh ygn heflfcel` sylynjnfys dh ygn

m{d~r dh hexn cdfxnfyedfl` klfas ygly hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas inc{nlsefm y{nfi ef ygn IN[ es

rl{yù i~n yd jd{n {nèlfcn df n|~eyu heflfcefm ls cdjrl{ni yd inky lfi `nss inrdseys klsn&

Hem~{n 3&7

Ylk`n 3&7



>>

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas 99>. 98;. =2=. =82. <<<9. 857. ;&=;;5

Es`ljec Klfas ><9. 353. 3;=. 5<9. 735. >5=. ;&8955

Dxn{l`` jnlf IN[ hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas es = yejns cdjrl{ni yd 8 yejns hd{ Es`ljec Klfas

}eyg l`jdsy ygn sljn iesrn{sedf dh ilyl hd{ kdyg ilyl snys&

k& Inky yd Ydyl` Lssnys [lyed 'IYL[%

Ygn IYL[ hd``d}s ygn sljn rlyyn{f hd{ kdyg yurns dh klfas ls dh ygne{ {nsrncyexn IN[ dxn{

ygn rn{edi dh > unl{s h{dj ;229 yd ;227 }ge`n ygn dxn{l`` jnlf IYL[ hd{ Es`ljec Klfas es

sèmgyù gemgn{ yglf ygly dh Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas& Yges {lyed efieclyns ygn rn{cnfylmn dh lssnys

heflfcni ku inky clreyl`& IYL[ hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas sgd} inc{nlsefm y{nfi lfi gls

sylkeèzni l{d~fi 88., efieclyefm ygly 88. dh lssnys l{n heflfcni ku `dlf }ge`n hd{ Es`ljec

klfas IYL[ syl{yni hl`èfm h{dj 52. lfi sylkeèzefm l{d~fi ==. }gecg es gemgn{ yglf ygly

dh cdfxnfyedfl` klfas, jnlfefm ygly Es`ljec Klfas l{n jd{n {esau lfi `nss sd`xnfy cdjrl{ni

yd ygne{ cd~fyn{rl{y Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas& Ygn dxn{l`` jnlf IYL[ hd{ Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas es

sèmgyù `d}n{ yglf ygly dh Es`ljec klfas, }ge`n Es`ljec klfas sgd}efm sèmgyù gemgn{

iesrn{sedf&

Hem~{n 3&5

Ylk`n 3&5

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas 88. 8=. =3. =2. 5;. =3. 2&<28<



>8

Es`ljec Klfas ==. =2. 97. 52. 75. =>. 2&<=39

c& N|~eyu J~`yerèn{ 'NJ%

Lflùses dh yges jnls~{n dh {esa rn{hd{jlfcn, n|~eyu j~`yerèn{, sgd}s ygly Cdfxnfyedfl`

Klfas l{n jd{n {esau ls cdjrl{ni yd Es`ljec klfas& H~{ygn{ lflùses sgd}s ygly ygn{n es l

cdfyef~d~sù inc{nlsefm y{nfi ef ygn NJ dh cdfxnfyedfl` klfas h{dj ygn gemgnsy dh <;&<9

yejns ef ;229 yd `d}nsy dh >&9> yejns ef ;227, jnlfefm ygly cdfxnfyedfl` klfas jd{n lssnys

l{n heflfcni ku ygne{ n|~eyu ygly yg{d~mg inky clreyl`& ]gn{nls NJ dh Es`ljec Klfas

efc{nlsni efeyel`ù h{dj 5&9 yejns ef ;229 yd <2&<9 yejns ef ;22>, incèfni semfeheclfyù ef

;228 yd 3&9> yejns }ge`n sgd}ni efc{nlsefm y{nfi ef ygn hd``d}efm unl{s lfi c`dsni ly 8&<9

yejns ef ;227& Ygn dxn{l`` jnlf dh ygn NJ hd{ Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas es 7 yejns lfi gemgn{ yglf

ygly dh 8&== yejns dh ygn Es`ljec Klfas efieclyefm ygly Es`ljec Klfas l{n sd`xnfy lfi `nss

{esau yglf Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas&

Hem~{n 3&<2

Ylk`n 3&<2

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas >9>. >8;. 72=. 782. <;<9. =57. ;&=;;5

Es`ljec Klfas 8<9. 9=3. 39>. <2<9. 535. 8==. ;&52==



>=


Sd`xnfcu rdseyedf dh ygn Es`ljec klfas gls sy{nfmygnfni lfi snyy`ni ly l{d~fi ;5. ef ;227,

}gecg }ls ls `d} ls <;. ef ;22>, o~jrni semfeheclfy`u ef ;228 yd 99. i~n yd clreyl`

efoncyedfs lfi `nss {esau lssnys 'knefm inrdseys }eyg ygn Sylyn Klfa lfi dygn{ klfas%,

lhyn{}l{is l``dclyefm eys clreyl` yd jd{n {esau lssnys lfi ygn {lyed gls inc{nlsni yd 3;. ef

;22= lfi ;5. ef ;227 k~y lmlef lkdxn ygn {nm~`lyd{u {n|~e{ni {lyed dh 7.& ]ge`n ly ygn sljn

yejn CL[ hd{ cdfxnfyedfl` klfas es jdxefm lkdxn ;2. nwcnry ef unl{ ;228& Gemgn{ {lyed hd{

Es`ljec klfas efieclyn ygly ygnu l{n jd{n sd`xnfy lfi `nss {esau ygly ygne{ cd~fyn{rl{y

cdfxnfyedfl` klfas ls sgd}f ku ygn dxn{l`` lxn{lmn {lyed dh ;9. hd{ Es`ljec Klfas cdjrl{ni

yd <8. dh Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas&

Hem~{n 3&<<

Ylk`n 3&<<

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas ;<. ;9. <>. ;;. 2. <8. 2&258;

Es`ljec Klfas ;5. 3;. 99. <;. 2. ;9. 2&<=93



>7

n& Fdf Rn{hd{jefm @dlfs yd Fny @dlfs 'FR@$F@%

FR@$F@ {lyed efieclyn ygn |~lèyu dh c{niey rd{yhdèd lfi sgd}s inyn{ed{lyefm c{niey rd{yhdèd

dh Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas cdjrl{ni yd Es`ljec Klfas }gdsn FR@$F@ {lyed es o~sy <. cdjrl{ni

yd <9. dh Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas& FR@$F@ {lyed gls efc{nlsni semfeheclfyù yd ;<. ef ;228,

}eyg inc{nlsn dh =. ef ;22= lfi lmlef efc{nlsni yd <5. ef ;227& FR@$F@ {lyed dh Es`ljec

klfas gls {njlefni xn{u `d} ls ygn semfeheclfy rd{yedf dh eys heflfcefm rd{yhdèd es cdjrdsni

dh J~{lklgl lfi Eol{l }gecg l{n sgd{y yn{js r{di~cys& Lfdygn{ efieclyefm hnly~{n es ygly

Es`ljec Klfas glxn lidryni jd{n r{~infy lfi cdfsn{xlyexn lrr{dlcg ef ygne{ heflfcefm

lcyexeyens }ge`n Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas glxn knnf lmm{nssexn ef ygne{ `nfiefm jlaefm ygnj jd{n

{esau lfi `nss sd`xnfy& Dxn{ jnlf FR@ yd F@ {lyed hd{ Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas es gemgn{ yglf ygly

dh Es`ljec klfas&

Hem~{n 3&<;

Ylk`n 3&<;

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas <5. <9. ;<. <3. 2. <9. 2&27;>

Es`ljec Klfas ;. 2. 2. ;. 2. <. 2&2<25



>5

3&>&9 NHHECENFCU [LYEDS

l& Lssny ^yeèzlyedf 'L^%

Ygn y{nfi lflùses dh L^ {lyed hd{ kdyg yurns dh klfas efieclyn ygly Es`ljec Klfas‗ rn{hd{jni

}n`` ef yn{js dh lssny ~yeèzlyedf dxn{ ygn yejn gd{ezdf dh > unl{s lfi ygn {lyed gls knnf

cdfsesynfyù gemgn{ yglf ygly dh Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas& Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas‗ {nxnf~n gls knnf

3. d{ 9. dh ygne{ ydyl` lssnys dxn{ ygn rn{edi }ge`n ygly dh Es`ljec Klfas‗ gls knnf 3., 9.

lfi >. ef ygn mexnf yejn rn{edi& Efieclyefm ygly Es`ljec Klfas glxn ~yeèzni ygne{ lssnys

nhhecenfyù lfi mnfn{lyni jd{n {nxnf~n rn{ [s dh Lssny efxnsyni ygn{nef cdjrl{ni yd

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas& Ygn dxn{l`` lxn{lmn L^ {lyed dh Es`ljec Klfas es 9. cdjrl{ni yd 3.

dh Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas }eyg iesrn{sedf dh ilyl ef l`jdsy ygn sljn {lfmn&

Hem~{n 3&<3

Ylk`n 3&<3

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas 9. 9. 3. 3. 3. 3. 2&2289

Es`ljec Klfas >. 9. 3. >. 3. 9. 2&227=



82

k& Efcdjn yd Nwrnfsn [lyed 'EN[%

Hem~{n 3&<9 sgd}s ygly EN[ dh cdfxnfyedfl` klfas es }n`` lkdxn ygly dh Es`ljec Klfas nwcnry

ef unl{ ;227, }gn{n ey gls inc{nlsni <<. h{dj ygly dh Es`ljec Klfas& Ygn {lyed hd{

Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas efieclyns ygly ygne{ jlflmnjnfy gls nhhecenfy`u ~sni ygne{ {nsd~{cns lfi

cdfy{d``ni ygne{ xl{elk`n nwrnfsns& Hd{ nxn{u dfn [~rnn dh drn{lyefm nwrnfsn cdfxnfyedfl`

klfas mnfn{lyni {nxnf~n dh [s& <&;8 ef ;229, [s& <&3= ef ;22>, [s& <&<= ef ;228, [s& <&27 ef

;22= lfi [s& 2&79 ef ;227 }ge`n Es`ljec Klfas mnfn{lyni {nxnf~n kn`d} dfn [~rnn hd{ nlcg

[~rnn dh drn{lyefm nwrnfsns nwcnry ef ;22>& Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas glxn knnf jd{n nhhecenfy ef

jlflmefm ygne{ nwrnfsns lfi mnfn{lyefm {nxnf~ns }eyg dxn{l`` jnlf dh <<9. cdjrl{ni yd

7>. dh Es`ljec Klfas&

Hem~{n 3&<9

Ylk`n 3&<9

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& ICdfxnfyedfl` Klfas 79. <27. <<=. <3=. <;8. <<9. 2&;29=

Es`ljec Klfas 5>. 7>. =2. <2=. 85. 7>. 2&<8<9

c& Drn{lyefm Nhhecenfcu 'DN%

Drn{lyefm nhhecenfcu sgd}s ygly ygn nfyeyu efc~{{ni gd} j~cg nwrnfsn yd nl{f dfn ~fey dh

{nxnf~n& Ls sgd}f ku L^ {lyed, Es`ljec Klfas lmlef sgd}ni nhhecenfcu ef {nxnf~n

mnfn{lyedf rn{ [~rnn nwrnfsn& Nwcnry ef ;229, }gn{n nhhecenfcu {lyed }ls gemg cdjrl{ni yd



8<

ygly dh Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas, Es`ljec Klfas glxn rn{hd{jni }n`` dxn{ ygn rn{edi }eyg dxn{l``

jnlf dh <8=. cdjrl{ni yd ;5>. dh ygn Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& Iehhn{nfcn ef nhhecenfcu

rn{hd{jlfcn }ls g~mn ef ;228 kny}nnf kdyg yurns dh klfas, k~y ygn iehhn{nfcn fl{{d}ni

semfeheclfyù ef ;22= lfi }einfni l key ef ;227& Drn{lyefm nhhecenfcu {lyed lflùses efieclyns

ygly Es`ljec Klfas glxn knnf jd{n nhhecenfy ef cdfy{d`èfm ygne{ drn{lyefm nwrnfsns ef

mnfn{lyefm {nxnf~ns&

Hem~{n 3&<>

Ylk`n 3&<>

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229 Jnlf S& I

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas <>=. <<=. <22>. <<7. =5. ;5>. 3&5==>

Es`ljec Klfas <<2. <<<. 3=8. 59. <99. <8=. <&<732



8;

Ylk`n 3&<8 Cdjrl{esdf dh Es`ljec Klfas- lfi Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas-

Heflfcel` [lyeds

Rn{hd{jlfcn Jnls~{n

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Es`ljec Klfas

Jnlf S& I& Jnlf S&I&

@E\^EIEYU

@I[ 7<. 2&;2=8 =7. 2&2579

CREI 38. 2&<;;; 3>. 2&25;5

@L[ >3. 2&<>28 >2. 2&<>28

R[DHEYLKE@EYU

[DL *<. 2&2<59 <. 2&2<99

[DN *;. 2&<;2< <;. 2&25=>

NRS 2. 2&2<55 <. 2&2<7=

RN[ =. 2&3=35 9;. 2&37;=

[ESA LFI SD@XNFCU

IN[ 857. ;&=;;5 >5=. ;&8955

IYL[ =3. 2&<28< =>. 2&<=39

NJ =57. ;&=;;5 8==. ;&52==

CL[ <8. 2&258; ;9. 2&<=93

FR@$F@ <9. 2&27;> <. 2&2<25

NHHECENFCU

L^ 3. 2&2289 9. 2&227=

EN[ <<9. 2&;29= 7>. 2&<8<9DN ;5>. 3&5==> <8=. <&<732



89

3& Glxefm lflùzni ygn dxn{l`` r{dheylkeèyu lfi è|~eieyu {lyeds dh kdyg yurns dh klfas,

Es`ljec Klfas ygd~mg syl{yni ygne{ drn{lyedfs hn} unl{s k~y glxn s~{rlssni ygne{

cd~fyn{rl{y cdfxnfyedfl` klfas ef r{dheylkeèyu lfi è|~eieyu jlefynflfcn& L`sd {esa

lfi sd`xnfcu jnls~{ns dh rn{hd{jlfcn efieclyn ygly Es`ljec Klfas l{n `nss {esau lfi

jd{n sd`xnfy cdjrl{lyexnù yglf ygne{ cdjrnyeyd{s ef cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm efi~sy{u&

Dh ygn hexn {esas lfi sd`xnfcu {lyeds, dfù Inky yd Ydyl` Lssnys [lyed '„IYL[‘%

sgd}s ygly ygn inky cdjrdfnfy gls efc{nlsni hd{ Es`ljec Klfas jd{n yglf ygly dh ygne{

cd~fyn{rl{y Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas& Ls c~sydjn{ inrdseys es ygn semfeheclfy rd{yedf dh

ydyl` èlkeèyens dh klfas, lfi Es`ljec Klfas }n{n lk`n yd lyy{lcy semfeheclfy inrdseys

dxn{ ygn unl{s& Sd`xnfcu rdseyedf dh ygn kdyg yurns dh klfas gls sy{nfmygnfni dxn{ ygn

unl{s ls sgd}f ku Clreyl` Lin|~lcu [lyed '„CL[‘%& Jlod{ s~rrd{y cljn hd{

efc{nlsni CL[ cljn jlefù h{dj clreyl` efoncyedfs yd jnny ygn nfglfcni jefej~j

clreyl` {n|~e{njnfy, ls {n|~e{ni ~fin{ ygn Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf {nm~`lyedfs& H~{ygn{,

ygn r{dcnss dh jn{mn{s ( cdfsdèilyedf ef ygn klfaefm susynj l`sd nwynfini glfi yd

sy{nfmygnf ygn sd`xnfcu dh ygn klfaefm susynj& CL[ dh kdyg yurns dh klfas es }n``

lkdxn ygn {nm~`lyd{u yg{nsgdì dh 7., gnfcn sgd}s ygn sy{dfm sd`xnfcu rdseyedf,

}ge`n ly ygn sljn yejn, Es`ljec Klfas‗ CL[ {lyed es gemgn{ yglf ygly dh Cdfxnfyedfl`

Klfas& Fdf Rn{hd{jefm @dlfs yd Fny @dlfs [lyed '„FR@$F@‘% hd{ Cdfxnfyedfl`

Klfas es df ygn gemgn{ sein, sgd}efm ygly l`jdsy dfn hehyg dh ygne{ `dlfs rd{yhdèd es ef

y{d~k`n, jlaefm ygnj jd{n {esau& Es`ljec Klfas glxn jlflmni yd jlefylef |~lèyu

rd{yhdèd dh lssnys, mexefm sy{dfm {esa jlflmnjnfy efieclyedfs& Ygn iehhn{nfcn ef ygnsn

rn{hd{jlfcn jnls~{ns es fdy sylyesyecl`ù semfeheclfy, }gecg s~mmnsys ygly kdyg yurns dh

klfas l{n hl`èfm }eygef sljn clynmd{u dh {esa lfi sd`xnfcu rdseyedf }ge`n efiexei~l`

unl{ }esn rn{hd{jlfcn efieclyn ygly Es`ljec Klfas l{n `nss {esau lfi sd`xnfy&

9& @ean ef è|~eieyu lfi {esa ( sd`xnfcu rn{hd{jlfcn jnls~{ns, Es`ljec klfas l{n hd~fi

yd kn sylyesyecl`ù iehhn{nfy lfi jd{n nhhecenfy ef yn{js dh ~yeèzlyedf dh ygne{ lssnys, ef

mnfn{lyefm efcdjn, lfi jlflmefm ygne{ nwrnfsns ls cdjrl{ni yd Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas&

Lssny ^yeèyu '„L^‘% lfi Drn{lyefm Nhhecenfcu '„DN‘% s~mmnsy ygly Es`ljec klfas l{n

nhhecenfy }gn{nls Efcdjn dxn{ Nwrnfsn [lyed '„EN[‘% efieclyn ygly Cdfxnfyedfl`

klfas mnfn{lyni {nxnf~n <&<9 yejns dh ygne{ drn{lyefm nwrnfsn cdjrl{ni yd Es`ljec

Klfas& Yges mexns ~s sdjn efsemgy {nml{iefm Es`ljec klfa‗s ejr{dxnjnfy ef



8>

mnfn{lyefm efcdjn, ~yeèzlyedf dh lssnys, lfi nhhncyexn jlflmnjnfy ef cdfy{d`èfm

nwrnfsns&

>& D~{ njre{ecl` hefiefms df ygn rn{hd{jlfcn jnls~{njnfys dh Es`ljec klfas ef

Rlaesylf l{n iehhn{nfy lfi ly yejns jewni ef cdjrl{esdf yd ygn {ns~`ys i{l}f h{dj ygn

seje`l{ sy~iens idfn ef iehhn{nfy rl{ys dh ygn }d{ì& Hd{ nwljr`n, 'Alin{ ( Lsl{rdyl,

;22=% hd~fi ef ygne{ sy~iu ygly ^LN Es`ljec klfas l{n {n`lyexnù jd{n r{dheylk`n, `nss

è|~ei, `nss {esau, lfi jd{n nhhecenfy ls cdjrl{ni yd ygn ^LN cdfxnfyedfl` klfas&

'Sljli ( Glsslf, <555% {nxnl`ni ef ygne{ sy~iu ygly KEJK 'Klfa Es`lj Jl`lusel

Kn{gli% es `nss r{dheylk`n, {n`lyexnù `nss {esau lfi jd{n sd`xnfy ls cdjrl{ni yd

cdfxnfyedfl` klfas dh Jl`lusel&

8& 'S~ulfyd, ;22>% ef ges sy~iu df ygn cdjrl{esdf dh Klfa J~ljl`ly Efidfnsel 'KJE%

}eyg ygn Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas hd~fi ygly KJE lrrnl{s sylyesyecl`ù `nss è|~ei cdjrl{ni

yd ygn cdfxnfyedfl` klfas, {esa lfi efsd`xnfcu jnls~{n kny}nnf KJE lfi ygn

cdjjn{cel` klfas hd~fi ygly KJE idns fdy sgd} 'sylyesyecl`ù% lfu iehhn{nfcn ef

IYL[ lfi FR@ rn{hd{jlfcn }eyg ygn cdjjn{cel` klfas&

9&; CDFC@^SEDF

Ygn iehhn{nfcn ef {ns~`ys ef jdsy dh ygn cd~fy{ens es `l{mnù i~n yd ygn hlcy ygly Es`ljec

klfaefm gls `dfmn{ gesyd{u ef ygdsn cd~fy{ens ls cdjrl{ni yd Rlaesylf }gn{n h~``*h`nimni

Es`ljec klfaefm syl{yni jn{nù hn} unl{s klca& ]ge`n cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm gls l `dfmn{

gesyd{u, }ein{ klsn, xlsy nwrn{enfcn dh `nl{fefm h{dj ygn heflfcel` jl{anys jncglfesjs, lfi

`l{mn{ sgl{n ef ygn Rlaesylf heflfcel` sncyd{& Cdfsein{efm ygnsn hlcyd{s lfi ygn {ns~`ys dh d~{

sy~iu, Es`ljec Klfaefm snnjs yd glxn l r{djesefm h~y~{n lfi }e`` d~yrn{hd{j ygn

cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm ef hn} unl{s yejn insreyn g~jlf {nsd~{cn cdfsy{lefys, y{lefefm lfi

inxn`drjnfy inhecenfcu, }nla `nl{fefm c~{xn dh nwrn{enfcn ef ygn jl{any&



8=

KEK@EDM[LRGU

Lgjli ( Glsslf, H& A& ';22=%& [nm~`lyedf lfi Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec Klfaefm ef

Klfm`linsg& Yg~fin{ke{i Efyn{flyedfl` K~sefnss [nxen}, Xd`& 95';% , ;><*;==&

L`kl{lal Es`ljec Klfa& ';225, Dcydkn{ ;=%& K{enh klcam{d~fi dh LEK1

gyyr?$$}}}&l`kl{lal&cdj&ra$lkd~y$efinw&gyj`#Klcam{d~fi& Al{lcge, Rlaesylf&

Làlssej, H& L& ';22>%& Ygn R{dheylkeèyu dh Es`ljec lfi Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfaefm ef ygn MCC

Cd~fy{ens? L Cdjrl{lyexn Sy~iu& I~kle&

Ljlind, A& ';225%& ^S Ncdfdju?L R{ejn{ df C~{{nfy Hnin{l` [nsn{xn Efyn{nsy [lyns&

[ny{enxni Dcydkn{ ;=, ;225, h{dj Lkd~y&cdj?

gyyr?$$~sncdfdju&lkd~y&cdj$di$c{eyecl`ss~ns$yr$C~{{nfyTHniTEfyn{nsyT[lyns&gyj

L{ehh, J& '<577, Snrynjkn{%& Es`ljec Klfaefm& Lself*Rlcehec Ncdfdjec @eyn{ly~{n Xd`& ;, Fd&

; , rr& rr& 97*89&

Kli{nìef, L& J& ';225%& Jnls~{efm ygn Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec Klfas ku Lilryefm

Cdfxnfyedfl` [lyeds& Cle{d? Mn{jlf ^fexn{seyu ef Cle{d&

Kli{nìef, J& L& ';225%& Jnls~{efm ygn Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec Klfas ku Lilryefm

Cdfxnfyedfl` [lyeds& Fn} Cle{d, Nmury? Hlc~`yu dh Jlflmnjnfy Yncgfd`dmu, Mn{jlf

^fexn{seyu ef Cle{d&

Klfaefm Cdjrlfens D{ieflfcn& '<58;%& Es`ljlkli? Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf&

Klsge{, L&*G& J& ';222%& Lssnssefm ygn Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec Klfas? Sdjn Nxeinfcn h{dj

ygn Jeii`n Nlsy& [ny{enxni Dcydkn{ ;8, ;225, h{dj }}}&jlhgd~f&cdj?

gyyr?$$}}}&jlhgd~j&cdj$r{nss;$8<N<;&gyj

Klsge{, L&*G& J& ';222%& Lssnssefm ygn Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec Klfas? Sdjn Nxeinfcn h{dj

ygn Jeii`n Nlsy& N[H Snxnfyg Lff~l` Cdfhn{nfcn Rlrn{s 'r& ;7%& Ljjlf, Od{ilf? N[H

Cle{d&

Cl{n}, N& '<558%& Ygn `lfm~lmn dh jdfnu& C{d}s Fnsy, Xecyd{el, L~sy{lèl? L``nf ( ^f}ef&

Ilfnsg, E& L& ';22=, Snrynjkn{%& Lf Efxnsyemlyedf dh Es`ljec Klfas Rn{hd{jlfcn? L

Cdjrl{esdf }eyg Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas& Knihd{i, Â? C{lfhenì Scgdd` dh Jlflmnjnfy&

Ie``nu, I& A& ';227%& Nssnfyel`s dh Klfaefm& Gdkdanf, Fn} On{snu? Odgf ]e`nu ( Sdfs, Efc&

N`*Mljl`, J& L& ';22>%& Nhhecenfcens lfi ^fdksn{xni Gnyn{dmnfneyu ef Y~{aesg Klfaefm?

<552*;222& Od~{fl` dh Lrrèni Ncdfdjny{ecs , 9<*89&



87

N{ecg, G& L& ';22<%& Heflfcel` Lflùses? Ydd`s lfi Yncgfe|~ns1 L M~ein hd{ Jlflmn{s& Fn}

Ud{a? JcM{l}*Ge``&

Heflfcel`` Sn{xecns L~ygd{eyu 'HSL%& ';228, Jl{cg ;8%& Es`ljec Klfaefm ef ygn ̂ &A&

KF2<8$28, K{enhefm Fdyn& [ny{enxni Dcydkn{ ;7, ;225, h{dj Heflfcel`` Sn{xecns L~ygd{eyu

'HSL%? gyyr?$$}}}&hsl&mdx&~a$rlmns$Lkd~y$Jniel$fdyns$kf2<8&sgyj`

Glslf, _& ';22>%& Nxl`~lyedf dh Es`ljec Klfaefm Rn{hd{jlfcn?Df ygn C~{{nfy ^sn dh

Ncdfdjny{ec Jdin`s& Sewyg Efyn{flyedfl` Cdfhn{nfcn df Es`ljec Ncdfdjecs lfi Heflfcn ef

ygn ;<sy Cnfy~{u 'rr& ;;3*;9;%& Olal{yl? Cdfhn{nfcn D{mlfezn{s&

Glsslf, J&, ( Klsge{, L& ';223%& Inyn{jeflfys dh Es`ljec Klfaefm R{dheylkeèyu&

Inyn{jeflfys dh Es̀ ljec klfaefm r{dheylkeèyu& Cle{d? Ncdfdjec [nsnl{cg Hd{~j 'N[H%&

Efs~{lfcn Lssdcelyedf dh Rlaesylf& ';225%& Efs~{lfcn Lssdcelyedf dh Rlaesylf * Id}f`dlis&

[ny{enxni Fdxnjkn{ 23, ;225, h{dj Efs~{lfcn Lssdcelyedf dh Rlaesylf * cd{rd{lyn }nkseyn?gyyr?$$}}}&elr&fny&ra$id}f`dlis$Anu*Helflfcel`*Ilyl*;227&zer

E|kl`, _&, ( M{n~fefm, G& x& ';225%& Kl`lfcn sgnny lflùses? Es`ljec xs& cdfxnfyedfl`& Fn}

Gd{ezdf , <8*<=&

Es`ljec Klfaefm Inrl{yjnfy dh Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf& ';225%& Glfikdda dh Es`ljec Klfaefm

R{di~cys lfi Sn{xecns& Al{lcge, Rlaesylf? Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf&

Es`ljec Klfaefm Inrl{yjnfy dh Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf& ';225, Snrynjkn{ <>%& Es`ljec

Klfaefm K~`nyyefm& [ny{enxni Dcydkn{ ;=, ;225, h{dj Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf?

gyyr?$$}}}&skr&d{m&ra$eki$k~``nyef$;225$K~``nyef*Lr{*O~f*;225&rih

Es`ljec Klfaefm Inrl{yjnfy, S& K& ';227%& Glfikdda dh Es`ljec Klfaefm r{di~cys& Al{lcge?

Es`ljec Klfaefm Inrl{yjnfy? Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf&

Es`ljec Rl{yu dh K{eylef& ';223, Hnk 5%& Es`ljec Rl{yu dh K{eylef& [ny{enxni Fdxnjkn{ ;=,

;225, h{dj |~nsyedf * Es`ljec Rl{yu dh K{eylef?

gyyr?$$}}}&es`ljecrl{yu&cdj$|~nsyedf$lfs88&gyj

Esjle`, S& ';225%& <sy nygecl`& [ny{enxni Fdxnjkn{ ;=, ;225, h{dj

gyyr?$$}}}&<synygecl`&cdj$afd}`nimn*klsn$]gu*Es`lj*gls*r{dgekeyni*Efyn{nsy*lfi*Es`ljec*L`yn{flyexns*hd{*Heflfcefm&lsr?

gyyr?$$}}}&<synygecl`&cdj$id}f`dlis$Ygnr{dk`njs}eygEfyn{nsy&rih

Alin{ ( Lsl{rdyl, O& J& ';22=%& Cdjrl{lyexn Heflfcel` Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec xes*â*xes

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas ef ygn ^L N&‚& I~kle? Rlrn{ r{nsnfyni ly ;228*;22= Lff~l` Sy~infy

[nsnl{cg Sujrdse~j ( He{sy Cglfcn``d{‗s ^fin{m{li~lyn [nsnl{cg L}l{i ly ^LN

^fexn{seyu&



85

Aglf, J&*^&*G& ';229, O~ù ;9%& Jniel Jdfeyd{s Fny}d{a& [ny{enxni Dcydkn{ <>, ;225, h{dj

Jniel Jdfeyd{s Fny}d{a }nkseyn? gyyr?$$~sl&jnieljdfeyd{s&fny$Gnlièfns$Klfaefm*Efi~sy{u*

dh*Rlaesylf*Rn{hd{jlfcns*lfi*Cdfsy{lefs

@dfujecs& ';225%& L Gesyd{u dh Klfaefm& [ny{enxni Fdx ;8, ;225, h{dj @dfujrecs * Ygn

}nkrlmn dh ygn @dfujrecs? gyyr?$$}}}&`dfujrecs&cd&~a$klfaefmgesyd{u&gyj

J&S~ulfyd& ';225, O~fn <3%& Ygn Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Klfa J~ljl`ly Efidfnsel i~{efm ;222*

;229 ? Lf nwr`d{lyd{u sy~iu& [ny{enxni Olf~l{u >, ;2<2, h{dj SYJEA LJEADJ

Udmulal{yl? gyyr?$$nfmèsg&ljeadj&lc&ei$;225$28$<3$ygn*rn{hd{jlfcn*dh*klfa*j~ljl`ly*

efidfnsel*i~{efm*;222*;229*lf*nwr`d{lyd{u*sy~iu$

Jnnzlf Klfa ]nkseyn& ';225%& Jnnzlf Klfa ]nkseyn& [ny{enxni Fdxnjkn{ ;7, ;225, h{dj

Gesyd{u dh Es`ljec klfaefm ef Rlaesylf * cd{rd{lyn }nkseyn?

gyyr?$$}}}&jnnzlfklfa&cdj$gesyd{u&lsrw

Jn{{elj ]nksyn{ Iecyedfl{u& 'f&i&%& Jn{{elj ]nksyn{ & [ny{enxni FDx ;>, ;225, h{dj

Jn{{elj ]nksyn{? }}}&jn{{elj}nksyn{&cdj

Jny}l`ù, J& '<55=%& Iehhn{nfcns Kny}nnf ygn Heflfcel` Cgl{lcyn{esyecs dh Efyn{nsy*H{nn

Klfas lfi Cdfxnfyedfl` klfas& N~{drnlf K~sefnss [nxen} , 5;*57&

Jdgljjli, S&, Glsslf, Y&, ( Klin{, J& A& ';22=%& Nhhecenfcu dh Cdfxnfyedfl` xn{s~s

Es`ljec Klfas?Efyn{flyedfl` Nxeinfcn ~sefm ygn Sydcglsyec H{dfyen{ Lrr{dlcg 'SHL%& Od~{fl`

dh Es`ljec Ncdfdjecs, Klfaefm lfi Heflfcn , <2=*<32&

Jdef, J& S& ';227, L~m~sy%& Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec Klfaefm lfi Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfaefm ef

Rlaesylf? L Cdjrl{lyexn Sy~iu& S}ninf, S}ninf? Scgdd` dh Yncgfd`dmu lfi Sdcenyu,

^fexn{seyu dh Sadxin&

Jdùfn~w, J& E& ';22>%& Yge{yu Unl{s dh Es`ljec Klfaefm& Fn} Ud{a? RL@M[LXN

JLCJE@@LF&

Fls{, J&, ( Sglgei, L& ';22=%& Es`ljec XS cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm ef Rlaesylf& Cdfhn{nfcn

R{dcnniefms& Es`ljlkli? Sylyesyecl` Sdcenyu&

Fn}jlf, J& ';225, Lr{e` <%& N^―s A{dns Snnas Jd{n ‗R{~infy― Klfas ^fin{ [nsy{~cy~{efm R`lfs& [ny{enxni Dcydkn{ ;7, ;225, h{dj K`ddjkn{m&cdj? gyyr?

$$}}}&k`ddjkn{m&cdj$lrrs$fn}s4rei:;282<<22lfisei:l]Uo>_woI~g}lfi{nhn{:mn{jlfu

Fesgly, J& [& ';225%& Iesrl{eyu dh Rn{hd{jlfcn Efieclyd{s dh Es`ljec Klfas? Sy~iu df

Klfm`linsg& Efyn{flyedfl` Od~{fl` dh K~sefnss lfi Jlflmnjnfy1 Xd` 9 Fd& 7 , >;*=;&

Dwhd{i Nfmèsg Iecyedfl{u& 'f&i&%& Dwhd{i Iecyedfl{u & [ny{enxni Fdx ;>, ;225, h{dj Lsa

dwhd{i&cdj? gyyr?$$}}}&lsadwhd{i&cdj$cdfcesnTdni$klfaT;4xen}:~a



=2

R{ns`nu ( Il{, G& L& ';222$;22<%& @lca dh R{dhey @dss Sgl{efm ef Es`ljec Klfaefm?

Jlflmnjnfy lfi Cdfy{d` Ejkl`lfcns& Ncdfdjec [nsnl{cg Rlrn{ Fd& 22$;9, @d~mgkd{d~mg

^fexn{seyu , r& ;=&

[lsgei, J&, ( Fesgly, L& ';225 L~m~sy%& Iesrl{eyu dh Rn{hd{jlfcn Efieclyd{s dh Es`ljec

Klfas? Sy~iu df Klfm`linsg& Efyn{flyedfl` Od~{fl` dh K~sefnss lfi Jlflmnjnfy, L~m ;225,

Xd`& 9, Fd&7 , >;*=;&

[ds`nu, S& L&, ( Lk~ Kla{, J& L& ';223%& Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Es`ljec lfi Jlefsy{nlj Klfas ef

Jl`lusel& Efyn{flyedfl` Od~{fl` dh Sdcel` Ncdfdjecs , <;95 * <;8>&

[dss, S& L&, ]nsyn{henì, [& ]&, ( Od{ilf, K& I& ';22>%& H~filjnfyl`s dh Cd{rd{lyn

Heflfcn& Fn} Ud{a? JcM{l}*Ge`` Efc&

Sl`ng lfi [lje, L& S& ';228%& Es`ljec Klfaefm Rn{hd{jlfcn ef ygn Jeii`n Nlsy? L Clsn

Sy~iu dh Od{ilf& Inrl{yjnfy dh Ncdfdjecs, ^fexn{seyu dh ]d``dfmdfm, , ]d{aefm Rlrn{ 28*;<&

Sl`ng, L&, ( [lje, _& ';228, Dcydkn{%& Es`ljec Klfaefm Rn{hd{jlfcn ef ygn Jeii`n Nlsy? L

Clsn Sy~iu dh Od{ilf& ]d{aefm Rlrn{ 28*;< , Sl`ng, L& S& lfi _& [lje ';228%, „Es`ljec

Klfaefm Rn{hd{jlfcn ef ygn Jeii`n Nlsy? L Clsn Sy~iu dh Od{ilf&‘ ]d{aefm Rlrn{ 28*;<,

Inrl{yjnfy dh Ncdfdjecs, ^fexn{seyu dh ]d``dfmdfm& Suifnu, L~sy{lèl? Inrl{yjnfy dh

Ncdfdjecs, ̂ fexn{seyu dh ]d``dfmdfm& Qgyyr?$${d&~d}&ni~&l~$cdjj}arlrn{s$<>=$Z&

Sljli, L& ';229%& Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Efyn{nsy*h{nn Es`ljec klfas xes*â*xes Efyn{nsy*klsni

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas dh Klg{lef& EE^J Od~{fl` dh Ncdfdjecs lfi Jlflmnjnfy , <>&

Sljli, L&, ( Glsslf, A& '<555%& Ygn Rn{hd{jlfcn dh Jl`luself Es`ljec Klfa I~{efm <579*

<55=? Lf Nwr`d{lyd{u Sy~iu& Efyn{flyedfl` Od~{fl` dh Es`ljec Heflfcel` Sn{xecns , <9&

Sl{an{, J& L& '<555%& Es`ljec Klfaefm ef Klfm`linsg? Rn{hd{jlfcn, r{dk`njs ( r{dsrncys&

Efyn{flyedfl` Od~{fl` dh Es`ljec Heflfcel` Sn{xecns Xd`& < Fd&3 , <*;<&

Snc~{eyens ( Nwcglfmn Cdjjessedf dh Rlaesylf& ';225%& Snc~{eyens ( Nwcglfmn Cdjjessedf

dh Rlaesylf * Lff~l` {nrd{ys& [ny{enxni Fdxnjkn{ 3, ;225, h{dj Snc~{eyens ( Nwcglfmn

Cdjjessedf dh Rlaesylf * cd{rd{lyn }nkseyn?

gyyr?$$}}}&sncr&mdx&ra$lff~l`{nrd{y$;228T2=$sncyedfT}esn$sylyesyecl`&rih

Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf & ';225%& R~kèclyedfs * Sylyesyecs df Scgni~`ni Klfas ef Rlaesylf&

[ny{enxni Dcydkn{ ;=, ;225, h{dj Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf * cd{rd{lyn }nkseyn?

gyyr?$$}}}&skr&d{m&ra$r~kèclyedfs$scgni~`nTklfas$O~fnT;227$Lrrnfiecns&rih

Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf& ';227%& Glfikdda dh Es̀ ljec Klfaefm R{di~cys& Al{lcge? Es`ljec

Klfaefm Inrl{yjnfy, Sylyn Klfa dh Rlaesylf&



=;

LRRNFIEW L YLK@NS DH [LYED LFL@USES

L& @E\^EIEYU [LYEDS

@dlf yd Inrdsey [lyed '@I[% : @dlfs $ Inrdseys

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa =;. 8=. 73. 82.

FEK Klfa ==. =2. <2;. 53. <<9.

Ly`ls Klfa <<2. 82. 75. 3=.

Sljkl Klfa 83. 3=. 93. 8;.

ALSK Klfa <22. =5. 87. =;.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf 79. 83. ==. 8>. <<9.

I~kle Es`ljec Klfa =<. =2.

Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& 5;. >7.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa <<<. <;5.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& >;. 92. >9.

Jnnzlf Klfa >=. 83. =7. 7=. 52.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf ==. =;. 88. 7=. 52.

CREI : Clsg ( Rd{yhd`ed Efxnsyjnfys $ Inrdseys

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa 32. 37. 3=. 9;.FEK Klfa 93. 99. 3<. 39. <8.

Ly`ls Klfa ;>. 98. 97. 75.

Sljkl Klfa 9=. 35. >3. 95.

ALSK Klfa 3<. 3<. 33. 33.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf 3>. 92. 92. 95. <8.

I~kle Es`ljec Klfa ;;. 3<.

Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& 39. =;.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa 95. >5.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& >7. >3. 9=.

Jnnzlf Klfa ;5. 32. ;>. ;9. ;5.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf 37. 95. 38. ;9. ;5.

@L[ : Fny @dlfs $ Ydyl` Lssnys

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229



=3

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa 9=. 9=. >3. 9>.

FEK Klfa 9>. 98. 8=. 8<. =3.

Ly`ls Klfa =<. 92. 98. <2.

Sljkl Klfa 3=. ;3. 32. 35.

ALSK Klfa 87. 89. >>. >8.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf >9. 99. >2. 9;. =3.

I~kle Es`ljec Klfa >8. >3.

Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& 82. ;5. <.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa >5. >9.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& 39. ;=. ;9.

Jnnzlf Klfa 9=. ><. >7. 89. 83.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf ><. 93. ;7. 89. 83.

K& R[DHEYLKE@EYU [LYEDS

[DL : Fny R{dhey lhyn{ ylw $ Ydyl` Lssnys

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa <2. <<. 8. 7.

FEK Klfa *7. *<. 2. 2. <.

Ly`ls Klfa *7. *3. *;. 2.

Sljkl Klfa *7. *=. *<9. *7.ALSK Klfa *7. 2. 2. *9.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf *9. 2. *;. *<. <.

I~kle Es`ljec Klfa *<. *;.

Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& *;. *<. *9.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa 5. 8.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& 2. 2.

Jnnzlf Klfa ;. ;. ;. 3. <.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf ;. <. *<. 3. <.

[DN : Fny r{dhey lhyn{ ylw $ Sgl{ngd`in{s- n|~eyu

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa 8<. 83. 92. <29.



=>

RN[ : R{dhey knhd{n ylw $ drn{lyefm nwrnfsns

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa ;25. ;39. 399. 932.

FEK Klfa

*

<3>. *97. ;. 9. 7.

Ly`ls Klfa *=7. *7;. *98. =.

Sljkl Klfa *8=. *<95. *<<8. *<9;.

ALSK Klfa

*

<=<. 8. 8. *7;.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf *97. *7. 37. 99. 7.

I~kle Es`ljec Klfa *<>. *35.

Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& *9<. *;<. *<2>.Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa ;<9. ;<5.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& *;;. *;2. *;;.

Jnnzlf Klfa 3=. =;. 77. 53. >9.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf 3>. 9;. *<3. 53. >9.

C& [ESA LFI SD@XNFCU [LYEDS

IN[ : Ydyl` Inky $ Sgl{ngd`in{s- n|~eyu

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa ><5. 953. ><;. <;;7.

FEK Klfa 3><. 37>. 5=;. 882. <<<9.

Ly`ls Klfa 85;. 393. 987. 9;2.

Sljkl Klfa ;2;. ;33. 935. 975.

ALSK Klfa 983. 7>9. <<9=. <222.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf 99>. 98;. =2=. =82. <<<9.

I~kle Es`ljec Klfa >33. 375.Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& 328. <39. 9.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa <3>. 7=.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& ;87. ;=8. <2<.

Jnnzlf Klfa <3;=. <2==. 7=>. 5<9. 735.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf ><9. 353. 3;=. 5<9. 735.



=8

IYL[ : Ydyl` inky $ Ydyl` Lssnys

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa <8. <=. <8. 7.

FEK Klfa =7. =5. 5<. 7=. 5;.

Ly`ls Klfa 7=. ==. 7;. 7<.Sljkl Klfa 8=. =2. 7<. 73.

ALSK Klfa 7;. 52. 5;. 5<.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf 88. 8=. =3. =2. 5;.

I~kle Es`ljec Klfa 79. 72.

Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& =>. >=. 9.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa >=. 98.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& =3. =3. >2.

Jnnzlf Klfa 53. 5;. 52. 52. 75.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf ==. =2. 97. 52. 75.

NJ : Ydyl` Lssnys $ Ydyl` sgl{ngd`in{s- n|~eyu

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa 8<5. >53. 8<;. <3;7.

FEK Klfa 9><. 97>. <2=;. =82. <;<9.

Ly`ls Klfa =5;. 993. >87. >;2.Sljkl Klfa 32;. 333. >35. >75.

ALSK Klfa >83. 5>9. <;9=. <<22.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf >9>. >8;. 72=. 782. <;<9.


Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& 928. ;39. <29.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa ;3>. <7=. <22.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& 387. 3=8. ;2<.

Jnnzlf Klfa <9;=. <<==. 5=>. <2<9. 535.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf 8<9. 9=3. 39>. <2<9. 535.



=7

L^ : Ydyl` [nxnf~n $ Ydyl` lssnys

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa 5. 5. 8. =.

FEK Klfa 9. <. 3. 3. 3.

Ly`ls Klfa 3. ;. <. ;.Sljkl Klfa >. ;. 2. ;.

ALSK Klfa ;. 9. 9. 3.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf 9. 9. 3. 3. 3.

I~kle Es`ljec Klfa >. >.

Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& 3. 9. <.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa >. 3.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& >. 3. 3.

Jnnzlf Klfa >. >. 9. >. 3.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf >. 9. 3. >. 3.

EN[ : Ydyl` Efcdjn $ Ydyl` drn{lyefm nwrnfsns

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229

Sylfil{i Cgl{yn{ni Klfa <7;. <73. ;=>. 3;=.

FEK Klfa 79. <;<. <;9. <<=. <;8.

Ly`ls Klfa 35. >7. =3. <25.

Sljkl Klfa >9. ><. ;. 38.ALSK Klfa >5. <;9. <<<. 57.

Cdfxnfyedfl` Klfas Jnlf 79. <27. <<=. <3=. <;8.


Nje{lyns M`dkl` Es`& >5. 7<. <<.

Il}ddi Es`ljec Klfa 59. 87.

Klfa Es`lje Rla& 52. 78. =5.

Jnnzlf Klfa <3=. <;2. <;<. <2=. 85.

Es`ljec Klfas Jnlf 5>. 7>. =2. <2=. 85.

DN : Ydyl` drn{lyefm nwrnfsns $ Ydyl` drn{lyefm

{nxnf~n

;227 ;22= ;228 ;22> ;229



72

LRRNFIEW K CDJRL[LYEXN LFL@USES DH ES@LJEC HEFLFCEFM R[DI^CYS

HNLY^[NS J^[LKLGL JÎL[LKLG J^SGL[LALG ESYESFL-L EOL[L

Fly~{n dh Heflfcefm Y{lin HeflfcefmN|~eyu Heflfcefm *Cdjkefefm

Clreyl` lfi Afd}`nimn ]d{a

N|~eyu Heflfcefm *

Rl{yfn{sger Klsni

Cdfsy{~cyedf $

Jlf~hlcy~{efm

R{n*Heflfcefm

@nlsn Heflfcefm

Yurn dh Heflfcefm Inhn{{ni Sl`nY{~synn *R{dhey Sgl{efm

Odefy Xnfy~{n * R{dhey

Sgl{efm

Inhn{{ni Sl`n @nlsefm

Ynf~{n Sgd{y*Yn{j? < jdfyg yd ; unl{s Jei*Yn{j? < yd 3 unl{s

@dfm*Yn{j ? 3 yd <2

unl{s nwcnryIejefesgefm

J~sgl{lal

Sgd{y*Yn{j yd

@dfm yn{j? 8jdfygs yd = unl{s

Jei*Yn{j? ; yd > unl{s

Cd``lyn{l`

Uns, Yges jlu ylan ygn hd{j dh {nl`

r{drn{yu jd{ymlmn, ènfs df inrdsey

lccd~fys, sl`l{u y{lfshn{, lssemfjnfy dh r{drn{yu

efcdjn d{ hl{j efcdjn nyc&&

Efs~{lfcn Fnni Cdjjn{cel` heflfcn {n|~e{ns xl{ed~s jdins dh

efs~{lfcn s~cg ls efs~{lfcn lmlefsy he{n, ygnhy,

iljlmn, lcceinfys, èlkeèyu d{ fly~{l` ieslsyn{&

[d`n dh Klfa ef Jlflmnjnfy Cdfy{d` df ygn ~sn dh Heflfcn Fd jlflmnjnfy ku ygn Klfa Jlflmnjnfy lfi

cdfy{d` }gecg clf kn

in`nmlyni

Cdfy{d` lfi

hd``d}*~r }gecg

clf kn in`nmlyni

Jlflmnjnfy lfi cdfy{d` df

ygn ~sn dh Heflfcn

Sd~{cns dh Rlujnfy

C~sydjn{-s clsg h`d} J~il{lkl clsg h`d}K~sefnss d{ xnfy~{n

clsg h`d}R{doncy-s clsg h`d}

C~sydjn{-s clsg h`d}'`nlsn

{nfyl`s%

;fi }lu d~y es {nrdssnssedf dh sdì mddis ;fi }lu d~y es Fny lssny xl`~n dh J~il{lkl

;fi }lu d~y es Fnylssny xl`~n dh

J~sgl{lal

;fi }lu d~y es

{nrdssnssedf dh cdfy{lcyni

lssnys

;fi }lu d~y es {nrdssnssedfdh `nlsni lssnys

3{i }lu d~y es c~sydjn{-s cd``lyn{l`s3{i }lu d~y es ygn J~il{ek-s

rn{sdfl` lssnys eh lfu efclsn dh

k{nlcg dh cdfy{lcy d{

3{i }lu d~y es

c~sydjn{-s

3{i }lu d~y es c~sydjn{-s

cd``lyn{l`s



7<

jesjlflmnjnfy cd``lyn{l`s

@nml` [ncd~{sn Ef ygn nxnfy dh fdf*rlujnfy lfi k{nlcg dh cdfy{lcy

Ef ygn nxnfy dh k{nlcg dh

J~il{lkl cdfy{lcy,

jesjlflmnjnfy lfi fnmèmnfcn

Ef ygn nxnfy dh k{nlcg

dh J~sgl{lal cdfy{lcy,

jesjlflmnjnfy lfi

fnmèmnfcn

Ef ygn nxnfy dh

k{nlcg dh Esyesfl-l

cdfy{lcy lfi rdd{

|~lèyu

Ef ygn nxnfy dh k{nlcg dh

cdfy{lcy lfi nwcnssexn

iljlmn yd ̀ nlsni lssnys

lfi$d{ fdf* rlujnfy

Heflfcefm C{eyn{el C~sydjn{-s sy{dfm c{niey {lyefm1 Lin|~lyn

cd``lyn{l`s

Xelk`n lfi r{dheylk`n k~sefnss d{

xnfy~{n, C~sydjn{s clrlkeèyens,

|~lèheclyedfs lfi nwrn{enfcn1C~sydjn{-s sy{dfm c{niey {lyefm1

Nwcn``nfy ( nhhncyexn jlflmnjnfy

dh ygn k~sefnss1 Nwcn``nfy

c~sydjn{ y{lca {ncd{i1 Yncgfecl`

afd}*gd}

Xelk`n lfi r{dheylk`n

k~sefnss d{ xnfy~{n1

C~sydjn{s clrlkeèyens,

|~lèheclyedfs lfi

nwrn{enfcn ef ygn{n`lyni k~sefnss1

C~sydjn{-s sy{dfm

c{niey {lyefm1 Nwcn``nfy

( nhhncyexn

jlflmnjnfy dh ygn

k~sefnss1 Nwcn``nfy

c~sydjn{ y{lca {ncd{i1

Yncgfecl` afd}*gd}&

C~sydjn{-s sy{dfm

c{niey {lyefm1

C~sydjn{s

clrlkeèyu lfinwrn{enfcn1

Yncgfecl` afd}*

gd}1 Nwcn``nfy

jlflmnjnfy1

Lin|~lyn

cd``lyn{l`s

C~sydjn{-s sy{dfm c{niey

{lyefm1 C~sydjn{-s clrlkeèyu

lfi nwrn{enfcn1 Yncgfecl`

afd}*gd}1 Nwcn``nfy

jlflmnjnfy1 Lin|~lyn

cd``lyn{l`s

Lssny D}fn{sger D}fn{sger es y{lfshn{{ni yd ygn c~sydjn{ lhyn{ gn

k~us ygn mddis h{dj ygn Klfa

J~y~l` D}fn{sger dh J~il{lkl

H~fi

N|~eyu D}fn{sger dh

ygn J~sgl{lal

^rdf semfefm ygn

cdfy{lcy ygn

c~sydjn{ d}fs ygn

srnceheni lssny

@nlsni Lssnys l{n r{drn{yu

dh ygn klfa i~{efm ygn

heflfcefm rn{edi, ygnf yd ygn

c~sydjn{ ly ygn nfi dh ygn

cdfy{lcy

[lyn dh [ny~{f Lm{nni jl{a~r ls rn{ J~{lklgl cdfy{lcy

Sgl{efm dh R{dhey ls rn{ J~il{lkl

cdfy{lcy }eyg h~`` knl{efm dh

`dssns ku [lk~f Jl̀

R{dhey $ @dss sgl{efm ls

rn{ J~sgl{lal

cdfy{lcy& Yges efc`~in

lff~l` iexeinfi lfi

clreyl` lrr{ncelyedf eh

lfu

Lm{nni jl{a ~r

d{ {nfyl` efcdjn

ls rn{ ygn Esyesfl-l

cdfy{lcy

[nfyl` efcdjn lfi {nsei~l`

xl`~n dh @nlsni Lssnys ls

rn{ Eol{l cdfy{lcy



Es`ljec lfi Cdfxnfyedfl` klfaefm1 cdjrl{lyexn lflùses – Rlaesylf―s rn{srncyexn

73

hlceèyens yd l cènfy, lmlefsy lf lm{nni {nfyl`& Eol{lg*}l`*E|yefl‗

' %? L jdin dh heflfcefm, ku }lu dh Ge{n*

r~{cglsn, lidryni ku Es`ljec klfas& Ey es l cdfy{lcy ~fin{ }gecg

ygn Es`ljec klfa heflfcns n|~erjnfy, k~eìefm d{ dygn{ hlceèyens

hd{ ygn cènfy lmlefsy lf lm{nni {nfyl` ydmnygn{ }eyg l ~fe`lyn{l`

~fin{ylaefm ku ygn klfa d{ ygn cènfy ygly ly ygn nfi dh ygn `nlsn

rn{edi, ygn d}fn{sger ef ygn lssny }d~ì kn y{lfshn{{ni yd ygn

`nssnn& Ygn ~fin{ylaefm d{ ygn r{djesn idns fdy kncdjn lf

efynm{l` rl{y dh ygn `nlsn cdfy{lcy yd jlan ey cdfieyedfl`& Ygn

{nfyl` ls }n`` ls ygn r~{cglsn r{ecn l{n hewni ef s~cg l jlffn{ ygly

ygn klfa mnys klca eys r{efcerl` s~j l`dfm }eyg sdjn r{dhey, }gecg

es ~s~l`ù inyn{jefni ef lixlfcn&

Esyesfl―l ' %? Ey es l cdfy{lcy~l` lm{nnjnfy hd{

jlf~hlcy~{efm mddis lfi cdjjdieyens, l``d}efm clsg rlujnfy

ef lixlfcn lfi h~y~{n inèxn{u d{ l h~y~{n rlujnfy lfi h~y~{n

inèxn{u& L jlf~hlcy~{n{ d{ k~eìn{ lm{nns yd r{di~cn d{ k~eì l

}n`` insc{ekni mddi d{ k~eìefm ly l mexnf r{ecn df l mexnf ilyn ef

ygn h~y~{n& R{ecn clf kn rlei ef efsyl``jnfys, synr ku synr ls lm{nni

kny}nnf ygn rl{yens& Esyesfl‗l clf kn ~sni hd{ r{dxeiefm ygn hlceèyu

dh heflfcefm ygn jlf~hlcy~{n d{ cdfsy{~cyedf dh gd~sns, r`lfys,

r{doncys, lfi k~eìefm dh k{eimns, {dlis lfi gemg}lus&

L`* Alhl`lg 'S~{nyusger% ' %? @eyn{l`ù, Alhl`lg jnlfs

{nsrdfsekeèyu, ljnflkeèyu d{ s~{nyusger, @nml`ù ef Alhl`lg l

yge{i rl{yu kncdjn s~{nyu hd{ ygn rlujnfy dh inky& Ey es l r`nimn

mexnf yd l c{nieyd{ ygly ygn inkyd{ }e`` rlu ygn inky, hefn nyc&

S~{nyusger ef Es`ljec `l} es ygn c{nlyedf dh lf liieyedfl` èlkeèyu

}eyg {nml{i yd ygn c`lej, fdy yd ygn inky d{ ygn lss~jryedf dfù dh l

èlkeèyu lfi fdy dh ygn inky&




79

Ageul{ ' %? Dryedf d{ l rd}n{ yd lff~` d{ clfcn` l

cdfy{lcy&

Jlese{ ' %? Lf lfcenfy L{lkelf mljn dh cglfcn r`luni

}eyg l{{d}s }eygd~y gnlis lfi hnlygn{efm, hd{ sylans dh s`l~mgyn{ni

lfi |~l{yn{ni cljn`s& Ey cljn yd kn einfyeheni }eyg l`` yurns dh

glzl{i lfi mljkèfm&

J~il{lkl ' %? L hd{j dh rl{yfn{sger }gn{n dfn rl{yu

r{dxeins ygn h~fis }ge`n ygn dygn{ r{dxeins nwrn{yesn lfi

jlflmnjnfy& Ygn `lyyn{ es {nhn{{ni yd ls ygn J~il{ek& Lfu r{dheys

lcc{~ni l{n sgl{ni kny}nnf ygn y}d rl{yens df l r{n*lm{nni klses,

}ge`n `dss es kd{fn ku ygn r{dxein{'s% dh ygn clreyl`&

J~{lklgl ' %? @eyn{l`ù ey jnlfs l sl`n df j~y~l`ù lm{nni

r{dhey& Yncgfecl`ù, ey es l cdfy{lcy dh sl`n ef }gecg ygn sn``n{

inc`l{ns ges cdsy lfi ygn r{dhey& Yges gls knnf lidryni ku Es`ljec

klfas ls l jdin dh heflfcefm& Ls l heflfcefm yncgfe|~n, ey clf

efxd`xn l {n|~nsy ku ygn cènfy yd ygn klfa yd r~{cglsn l cn{ylef eynj

hd{ gej& Ygn klfa idns ygly hd{ l inhefeyn r{dhey dxn{ ygn cdsy }gecg

es syer~`lyni ef lixlfcn&

J~sl}ljlg ' %? J~sl}ljlg es l mnfn{l` aefi dh sl`n ef

}gecg r{ecn dh ygn cdjjdieyu yd kn y{lini es kl{mlefni kny}nnf

sn``n{ lfi ygn r~{cglsn{ }eygd~y lfu {nhn{nfcn yd ygn r{ecn rlei

d{ cdsy efc~{{ni ku ygn hd{jn{&

J~sgl{lal ' %? J~sgl{lal jnlfs l {n`lyedfsger

nsylkèsgni ~fin{ l cdfy{lcy ku ygn j~y~l` cdfsnfy dh ygn rl{yens

hd{ sgl{efm dh r{dheys lfi `dssns ef ygn odefy k~sefnss& Ey es lf

lm{nnjnfy ~fin{ }gecg ygn Es`ljec klfa r{dxeins h~fis }gecg

l{n jewni }eyg ygn h~fis dh ygn k~sefnss nfyn{r{esn lfi dygn{s&

L`` r{dxein{s dh clreyl` l{n nfyey`ni yd rl{yecerlyn ef jlflmnjnfy,

k~y fdy fncnssl{eù {n|~e{ni yd id sd& Ygn r{dhey es iesy{ek~yni ljdfm




7>

ygn rl{yfn{s ef r{n*lm{nni {lyeds, }ge`n ygn `dss es kd{fn ku

nxn{u rl{yfn{ sy{ecyù ef r{drd{yedf yd {nsrncyexn clreyl`

cdfy{ek~yedfs&

\l{i '@dlf dh h~fmek`n dkoncys% ' %? Ygn èyn{l` jnlfefm dh

\l{i es ”yd c~y‗& Ey es sd cl``ni kncl~sn ygn r{drn{yu es {nl`ù c~y

dhh }gnf ey es mexnf yd ygn kd{{d}n{& @nml`ù, \l{i jnlfs yd mexn

lfuygefm glxefm xl`~n ef ygn d}fn{sger dh ygn dygn{ ku }lu dh

xe{y~n sd ygly ygn `lyyn{ cd~ì lxle` dh ygn sljn hd{ ges knfnhey }eyg

ygn cdfieyedf ygly sljn d{ seje`l{ ljd~fy dh ygly ygefm }d~ì kn

rlei klca df injlfi d{ ly ygn snyy`ni yejn& Ey es ygly `dlf }gecgl rn{sdf mexns yd lfdygn{ ls l gn`r, cgl{eyu d{ lixlfcn hd{ l

cn{ylef yejn& Ygn {nrlujnfy dh `dlf es dkèmlyd{u& Ygn Gdù

R{drgny es {nrd{yni yd glxn slei „…&&Nxn{u `dlf j~sy kn

rlei……‘& K~y eh l inkyd{ es ef iehhec~`yu, ygn c{nieyd{ es nwrncyni

yd nwynfi yejn d{ nxnf yd xd`~fyl{eù {njey ygn }gd`n d{ l rl{y dh

ygn r{efcerl`& \l{i es, ef hlcy, l rl{yec~`l{ aefi dh Sl`lh& @dlfs

~fin{ Es`ljec `l} clf kn c`lsseheni efyd Sl`lh lfi \l{i, ygn hd{jn{

knefm `dlf hd{ hewni yejn lfi ygn `lyyn{ rlulk`n df injlfi&

'snn Sl`lh%

\ejl{ ' %? \ejl{ jnlfs mljkèfm& Yncgfecl`ù, ey es

lf l{{lfmnjnfy ef }gecg rdssnssedf dh l r{drn{yu es cdfyefmnfy

~rdf ygn glrrnfefm dh lf ~fcn{ylef nxnfy& Ku ejrèclyedf ey

lrrèns yd l sey~lyedf ef }gecg ygn{n es l `dss hd{ dfn rl{yu lfi l

mlef hd{ ygn dygn{ }eygd~y srncehuefm }gecg rl{yu }e`` `dsn lfi}gecg }e`` mlef&

[ekl ' %? Lf nwcnss d{ efc{nlsn& Yncgfecl`ù, ey jnlfs lf

efc{nlsn dxn{ r{efcerl` ef l `dlf y{lfslcyedf d{ ef nwcglfmn hd{ l

cdjjdieyu lcc{~ni yd ygn d}fn{ '`nfin{% }eygd~y mexefm lf

n|~exl`nfy cd~fyn{*xl`~n d{ {ncdjrnfsn '”e}li% ef {ny~{f yd ygn

dygn{ rl{yu1 nxn{u efc{nlsn }gecg es }eygd~y lf ”e}li d{ n|~l`




78

cd~fyn{*xl`~n&

L`* [lgf ' %? R`nimn, Cd``lyn{l`1 `nml`ù, [lgf jnlfs yd

r`nimn d{ `dimn l {nl` d{ cd{rd{nl` r{drn{yu dh jlyn{el` xl`~n, ef

lccd{ilfcn }eyg ygn `l}, ls snc~{eyu, hd{ l inky d{ rnc~fel{u

dkèmlyedf sd ls yd jlan ey rdssek`n hd{ ygn c{nieyd{ yd {ncdxn{ ygn

inky d{ sdjn rd{yedf dh ygn mddis d{ r{drn{yu& Ef ygn r{n*Es`ljec

cdfy{lcys, [lgf ejrèni l yurn dh nl{fnsy jdfnu }gecg }ls

`dimni ls l m~l{lfynn lfi jlyn{el` nxeinfcn d{ r{ddh dh l

cdfy{lcy, nsrncel`ù }gnf ygn{n }ls fd sc{ekn lxle`lk`n yd r~y ey

efyd }{eyefm& Ygn efsyey~yedf dh nl{fnsy jdfnu }ls fdy lccnryni

ef Es`ljec `l} lfi ygn cdjjdf Es`ljec idcy{efn {ncdmfezni

[lgf dfù ls l snc~{eyu hd{ ygn rlujnfy dh l inky&

Sgl{e―lg ' %? Ygn yn{j Sgl{e‗lg {nhn{s yd iexefn m~eilfcn

ls mexnf ku ygn Gdù \~{‗lf lfi ygn S~fflg dh ygn R{drgny

J~gljjli 'RK^G% lfi njkdiens l`` lsrncys dh ygn Es`ljec hleyg,

efc`~iefm knènhs lfi r{lcyecn& Sge{alg ' %? L cdfy{lcy

kny}nnf y}d d{ jd{n rn{sdfs }gd `l~fcg l k~sefnss d{ heflfcel`

nfyn{r{esn yd jlan r{dheys& Ef ygn cdfxnfyedfl` kddas dh He|g, ygn

rl{yfn{sger k~sefnss gls knnf iesc~ssni ~fin{ ygn dryedf dh

Sge{alg ygly, k{dliù, jlu efc`~in kdyg J~sgl{lal lfi J~il{lkl&

S~fflg

]lal`lg ' %? L cdfy{lcy dh lmnfcu ef }gecg dfn rn{sdf

lrrdefys sdjndfn n`sn yd rn{hd{j l cn{ylef ylsa df ges kngl`h,

~s~l`ù lmlefsy l cn{ylef hnn&

/////////////////////////////////

'Sd~{cn? SKR R~kèclyedf, ”Es`ljec Klfaefm lfi Heflfcn?

Ygnd{u lfi R{lcyecn‗ ku J~gljjli Lu~k, S{& O&I& EKI, SKR%




S~kjessedf Hd{j hd{ [nsnl{cg

Sy~infy‗s Fljn

Hlygn{‗s$M~l{ielf‗s Fljn

Sy~infy‗s Lii{nss

Sy~infy‗s N*Jle` Lii{nss

Sy~infy‗s Jdke`n F~jkn{

Sy~infy‗s [nseinfyel` Rgdfn F~jkn{

Sy~infy‗s [nmesy{lyedf F~jkn{

Ilyn dh S~kjessedf

Ygnses Ydrec Sn`ncyni

E inc`l{n ygly ygn lyylcgni r{doncy es l`` ju d}f }d{a& E lm{nn ygly E sgl`` kn kd~fi ku ygn

Islamic and Conventional Banking Comparative Analysis, Pakistan's Perspective

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Transcript of Islamic and Conventional Banking Comparative Analysis, Pakistan's Perspective