First SemesterQUARTER 1The Byzantine EmpireDescribe the impact of Constantine the Great’s establishment of “New Rome” (Constantinople) and his recognition of Christianity as a legal religion.a.D. 284 Emperor Diocletian restores order; divides empire in 2; 1 emperor in Greek-speaking

East, 1 in Latin-speaking West; in a.D. 305 Diocletian retires, rivals compete for power.Constantine becomes emperor of Western Empire a.D. 312; has vision of Christian cross,

places it on soldiers' shields; believes Christian God helped him win; legalizes Christianity & ends their persecution.

Seizes Eastern Empire in a.D. 324; moves Roman capital to Byzantium; Byzantium eventually renamed Constantinople - city of Constantine.

a.D. 380 Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity official religion of Roman Empire. Roman Empire officially divides into East & West in 395; Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes

known as Byzantium; Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527; his armies re-conquer much of former Roman territory; Byzantine emperors head state & church; use of brutal politics.

Justinian seeks to revise & update laws for governing empire. Justinian Code - body of Roman law collected & organized by Justinian around A.D.534; code

regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts 900 years. Theodora - wife of Emperor Justinian. Theodora is perhaps the most influential and powerful

woman in the Roman Empire's history. Belisarius - a general of the Byzantine Empire. He was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's

ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously. His name is frequently given as one of the so-called "Last of the Romans".

Anna Comnent (Comnena) - daughter of Byzantine Emperor Aleksios I. She wrote the Alexiad, an account of her father’s reign, which is unique in that it was written by a princess about her father.

civil law - deals with the rights of private citizens. Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups; empire survives through bribery,

diplomacy, & military power.Christianity develops differently in Eastern & Western Roman Empires; 2 churches disagree

over many issues, including use of icons (religious images & paintings); leading bishop of Eastern Orthodox Christianity known as patriarch.

Saint John of Damascus - an Eastern Orthodox monk born in Damascus, Syria. He wrote works expounding the Christian faith, and composed hymns which are still used in the Eastern Orthodox Christian church today and is best known for his strong defense of icons.

Saints Cyril & Methodius - Byzantine Greek brothers in the 9th century who became Christian missionaries among the Slavic peoples of Europe. Developed the Cyrillic alphabet so that the Bible could be translated into Slavic languages.

Explain the contributions of the Byzantine Empire.1) A Greek-speaking continuation of the Roman Empire.2) Provided continuous civilization and government for over a thousand years. 3) Was the Shield of the West, actively protecting all of Europe from both invasion and cultural

destruction for a thousand years. Without the Byzantine Empire, Islam would have conquered Europe. During these centuries the kingdoms of the West were given the time and room to rebuild and organize anew.

4) Preserved Classical science, literature, philosophy and critical thought, engineering, architecture, art and medicine. Works that had been lost for centuries in the West were reintroduced by Byzantines fleeing the Muslim attacks on Constantinople. Byzantine scholars and the "lost" knowledge they brought to Italy, France and England were a founding spark of the Renaissance.

5) Greece, Rome, and Byzantium are the foundations of the Western World.

Describe the causes and effects of the Iconoclast controversy of the 8th and 9th centuries and the 11th century Christian schism between the churches of Constantinople and Rome.Iconoclast Schism (Great Schism) – a dispute between the Western Catholic Church and the

Eastern Orthodox Church over the use of religious images and statues. They were much used in the Catholic Church due to the lower literacy rates in Western Europe and illustrated bibles were important for spreading Catholicism there. The Eastern Orthodox Church actively opposed the use of icons (iconoclasm) due to the Old Testament prohibition against images in the Ten Commandments. The supporters of icons insisted on the purely symbolic nature of the icons – that people were not worshipping the icons themselves. This led to the Pope and the Patriarch excommunication each other over the issue – each claiming that the other was wrong.

Analyze causes (Justinian’s Plague, ongoing attacks from the “barbarians,” the Crusades, and internal political turmoil) of the decline of the Byzantine Empire.Plague of Justinian – one of the greatest plagues of history. It affected the Eastern roman

Empire, as well as Africa, Asia and the rest of Europe. It seriously weakened the Empire.

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African CivilizationsGeographical bands of Africa: desert

savanna – most populated areasjungledry woodlandssavannadesertsavanna

VocabularyLineage - a group whose members claim the same ancestry.Matrilineal - a family system in which inheritance is passed through the mother’s side.Patrilineal - a family system in which important kinship ties such as inheritance are passed

through the father’s side.Savanna - a grassy plain .Plateau – a large flat piece of land rising above the surrounding territory.Bantu Migrations – the movement of Bantu language groups from central Africa to

southern Africa. Arrows on the above map show the Bantu migration.Griot - a professional storyteller who recited ancient stories in West Africa.Animism – the worshipping of things in nature: animals, trees, rocks, clouds, etc.Ibn Battuda – Muslim traveler and writer. Visited North Africa, Western Africa, Eastern

Europe, India and China and wrote about what he saw in these places. Dhow – a traditional wooden sailing vessel in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean with lateen sails.

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Nubia – East AfricaExisted when the Egyptians were building the pyramids.Located south of Egypt on the upper Nile River.Under the control of Egyptians for many years.Meroë’s people mastered ironworking and the city became a trade center. Worshipped their own gods and developed their own form of writing.

Axum – East Africa 300 B.C. – a.D. 600Mountains in East Africa to the Red Sea (now modern Ethiopia).Language called Geez.One of its main cities, Adulis, was a port on the Red Sea. Here, goods such as ivory, animal

hides, and gold were brought to market.Axum controlled a triangular trade network between Africa, India, and the MediterraneanAxum converted to Christianity in the 300s.This conversion strengthened the kingdom’s ties with North Africa and the Mediterranean.However, when Islam spread in the 600s, Axum became isolated and declined.King Lalibela came to power in Axum in the early 1200s.He directed the building of Christian churches, carved down into solid rock.Trade linked distant ports in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.Swahili developed as greater numbers of people began to settle in East Africa. Arabic words

were absorbed into the Bantu-based language to create Swahili, an Arabic word meaning “of the coast.”

Ethiopian Christians kept ties with the Holy Land in the Middle East.

Ghana 800-1200 – West AfricaIn the V made by the Niger and Senegal rivers.Became a center of trade. Controlled the salt and gold trade. Very prosperous.Conquered up by Mali.Tunka Manin – last ruler of the Ghana Empire before its conquest by Muslims.

Mali 1235–1400s – Central AfricaFounded by Sundiata.Took control of gold-mining regions and salt supplies.Greatest ruler of Mansa Musa, came to power in 1312. Conquered additional territory and converted to Islam.Made the pilgrimage to Mecca and brought back Muslim scholars and architects to Mali.Gold/salt trade – gold found by West Africans is traded for salt carried by camel caravans

across the Sahara Desert to trading cities such as Timbuktu. Also traded for salt was furs, ivory, and slaves.

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Songhai 1464–1591 – West AfricaSoldier-king Sonni Ali brought trade routes and cities under his control. Emperor Askia Muhammad expanded Songhai territory, holding court at Gao.Formed strong ties to the Muslim world.Invaders from Morocco conquered the empire 1591.

Great Zimbabwe 900-1500 – Central AfricaBantu-speaking people who lived in this region between 900 and 1500 built huge stone

towers in their capital city.The ruins left behind today are called Great Zimbabwe. Archaeologists are working now

to learn more about this civilization.Had artisans and skilled builders. The ruler was probably a god-king with a large court.Declined by 1500, probably due to civil war and slowing trade.

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The Rise of the Islamic EmpireDiscuss significant people and beliefs associated with Islam.Arabian Peninsula - mostly desert with small amount of fertile land. Bedouins, Arab nomads, thrive in the desert; live in clans, which give support to members;

some Arabs settle near oases or market towns. Pilgrims come to Mecca to worship at Ka'aba, ancient shrine; Arabs associate shrine with

Hebrew prophet Abraham & monotheism; some tribes worship many gods & spirits, bring idols to Ka'aba; some Arabs believe in 1 God - Allah.

Around A.D. 570 Muhammad is born into a powerful Meccan clan; becomes a trader, marries wealthy businesswoman, Khadijah.

By age 40, Muhammad spends much time in prayer & meditation; he hears angel Gabriel tell him he is a messenger of Allah; Muhammad founds religion of Islam - "submission to the will of Allah"; any join him & become Muslim - "1 who has submitted".

Muhammad's followers are attacked; together they leave Mecca. Hijrah - Muslim migration from Mecca to Medina; attracts many more followers, becomes

leader: political leader - joins Jews & Arabs of Medina as a single community; religious leader - draws more converts to Islam; military leader - tackles growing hostilities between Mecca & Medina.

In 630, Muhammad & 10,000 followers return to Mecca; Meccan leaders surrender; Muhammad destroys idols in Ka'aba, keeps sacred stone; Meccans convert to Islam; Muhammad unifies Arabian Peninsula under his rule.

Muslims must 5 Pillars of Islam - statement of faith to Allah & to Muhammad as his prophet; pray five times a day, can use a mosque (Islamic place of worship); give alms, or money for the poor; fast between dawn & sunset during holy month of Ramadan; perform the hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca – at least once.

Customs & traditions guide Muslim's lives; scholar class, ulama, & teachers apply religion to life; no priests.

Original source of authority for Muslims is Allah; Quran (Koran) - holy book, contains revelations Muhammad received from Allah.

Muslims follow: Sunna - Muhammad's example for proper living; Shari'a - guidance of Qur'an & Sunna assembled in body of law.

In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be 1st caliph; caliph, title for Muslim leader, means "successor" or "deputy."

"Rightly Guided" Caliphs - 1st 4 caliphs guided by the Qur'an & Muhammad's actions.2 branches of Islam:

Shi'a - believe caliph should be descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Sunni – believes successors of Muhammad should be elected.

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Compare the major beliefs and principles of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Determine the causes, effects, and extent of Islamic military expansion through Central Asia, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula.Jihad, holy war against unbelievers, used to expand Islam; Muslims control all of Arabia,

armies conquer Syria, lower Egypt; by 750, Muslim empire stretches from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River. Muslim armies are well disciplined & expertly commanded;

Byzantine & Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict. Caliphate - an Islamic state led by a supreme religious as well as political leader known as a

caliph (meaning literally a successor to Muhammad) and all the Prophets of Islam. The term caliphate is often applied to successions of Muslim empires that have existed in the Middle East and Southwest Asia.

Christian reaction to this expansion:Crusades - religious conflicts during the Middle Ages conducted under the sanction of the

Roman Catholic Church. Pope Urban II proclaimed the first crusade in 1095 with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem. There followed a further six major Crusades against Muslim territories. After the fall of Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land, in 1291, Catholic Europe mounted no further Crusades. The impact of the Crusades was profound. They reopened the Mediterranean to trade and travel, enabling Genoa and Venice to flourish.

Reconquista - a period of 781 years during which the Christian Spanish and Portugeuse,

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reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims who had invaded in 711. It ended with the reconquest of Granada in 1492.

Safavid EmpireBy the early 1500s, the Safavids united an empire in Persia (modern Iran). They were Shiite

Muslims who fought with Sunni Ottomans to the west and the Mughals in India to the east.

Their greatest king, or shah, was Shah Abbas who ruled from 1588 to 1629. He created a strong military and developed military alliances with Europeans.

Abbas lowered taxes and encouraged industry. He tolerated other religions and built a capital at Isfahan, which became a center for silk trading.

After Abbas’ death, the empire suffered from religious disputes until its end in 1722. In the late 1700s, a new dynasty, the Qajars, won control of Iran, made Tehran the capital, and

ruled until 1925.

Persia (Modern Iran)Esmail (Ismail) converted Persia (Modern Iran) from Sunni to Shia by ruthlessly destroying

Sunni mosques, persecuting Sunnis, and forcing Sunnis to either convert to Shia Islam or be murdered.

Describe the expansion of Islam into India and the relationship between Muslims and Hindus.Mughal EmpireFounded in India by Muslim Babur in 1526 by the defeat of the Hindus. He was tolerant of

other religions. Akbar the Great – Babur’s grandson. Enthusiastic patron of literature, poetry, architecture,

science and painting. Although he was a committed Muslim, Akbar encouraged religious tolerance, and sought wisdom from holy men of all faiths. He became known as "Akbar the Great.”

Shah Jahan – Akbar’s grandson 1627. Builds the Taj Mahal as a tribute to his dead wife.Shah Jahan's third son, Aurangzeb, seized the throne and had all of his brothers executed and

locked up his father.The ruthless Aurangzeb proved to be the last of the "Great Mughals." Throughout his reign, he

expanded the empire in all directions. He also enforced a much more orthodox brand of Islam, even banning music in the empire (which made many Hindu rites impossible to perform).

Sikhism - a religion which was found by Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji in 1469. They believe that God is one, in Karma, and in Reincarnation. Sikhism is not similar nor part of Hinduism.

Abassid CaliphateIt flourished for two centuries. Abbasid rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the

Mongol conqueror, sacked the Abassid capital of Baghdad.8

Ummayad DynastySecond of 4 major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. Founded in

661. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base, and Damascus was their capital.

Describe the rise of the Ottoman Turks, the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, and the subsequent growth of the Ottoman empire under the sultanate.Constantinople falls in 1453 to Ottoman Muslim invaders; brings an end to Byzantine Empire. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire entered a period of expansion. The Empire

prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) attacked Central Europe and laid siege to Vienna,

Austria in 1529, but failed to take the city.In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf.

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Early Middle AgesAnalyze the impact of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire on Europe.Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s; fighting disrupts trade &

government; people abandon cities; marks beginning of Middle Ages (medieval) – period from 500 to 1500.

As cities abandoned, level of learning declines; knowledge of Greek language & culture is almost completely lost.

Introduction of German language changes Latin; dialects develop. dialects - varieties of a language. Between 400 & 600, Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces; continual wars change

borders between kingdoms; The Church provides order & security. Germans held together by family ties & loyalty, not government; small communities are

governed by unwritten rules & traditions; Germanic warriors pledge loyalty to their chief; live in lord's hall.

Describe the orders of medieval social hierarchy.850 to 950 feudalism emerges - political system based on land control; a lord (landowner) gives

fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services; vassals – people who receive fiefs - become powerful landholders.

Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, king at top; kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom; knights – horsemen - defend their lord's land in exchange for fiefs.

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Describe the rise and achievements of significant rulers in medieval Europe.Germanic people called Franks hold power in Roman province of Gaul (modern France);

Clovis, leader of Franks, converts to Christianity in 496; leads warriors against other Germanic armies; unites Franks into 1 kingdom with Church's help by 511.

Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to Christianity; missionaries travel to convert Germanic & Celtic (Irish) groups.

Carolingian Dynasty reaches its peak with Charlemagne.Charlemagne's armies reunite western Europe, spread Christianity; in 800, Charlemagne

travels to Rome to protect Pope Leo III from mobs; Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; gives him Title "Holy Roman Emperor"; this outrages Eastern Roman Emperor.

Kiev Rus – Kingdom established in Russia by Vikings.

Recognize the importance of Christian monasteries and convents as centers of education, charitable and missionary activity, economic productivity, and political power.Monasteries and convents preserve Greek and Roman knowledge during the Middle Ages.

Explain how Western civilization arose from a synthesis of classical Greco-Roman civilization, Judeo-Christian influence, and the cultures of northern European peoples promoting and cultural unity in Europe.Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined together.

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The Later Middle Ages- Wars and Growth of NationsDescribe the causes and effects of the:Great Famine (1315-1317) – bad weather caused crop failures throughout Europe leading

to millions of deaths. The first of a series of calamities in Europe in the 1300s.Black Death – possibly the most devastating pandemic in human history. Caused between 75

and 200 million deaths from bubonic plague. Between 1348 and 1350, over one-third of Europe’s population died of the plague.

Avignon Papacy – When a French Pope is elected in 1309, he refused to leave France and move to Rome. The next 6 Popes (also French) also refused to go to Rome. When an Italian was elected Pope in 1378, the residence of Popes at Avignon, France ended.

Great Schism (1378-1418) – also known as the Western Schism. Three men were elected Pope at the same time. This confusion was ended by the Council of Constance, which threw out the claims of all three Popes and elected another man Pope instead.

Hundred Years War (1337-1453) – War between England and France over English land claims in France. England lost most of the land it held in France.

Determine the factors that contributed to the growth of a modern economy.charter – a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town.capital – money for investment.partnership – a group of merchants who pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture.middle class – new social class of business people who ranked between nobles and peasants.guild – an association of merchants or artisans.

As people sought money, banking grew.Merchants formed partnerships and developed insurance. Serfs became tenant farmers, who

paid rent.Merchants, traders, and artisans formed a new middle class and operated in guilds for each trade

(clock maker, armorer, butcher, etc.).Guild members cooperated with each other and prevented non-members from operating in the

trade. To become part of a guild, a child would first be an apprentice, or trainee. Most people worked

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for guild members as journeymen (skilled, but not good enough yet to be a master).Women worked in many crafts and had their own guilds, especially in silk and wool making.

Sometimes, a woman had the same trade as her father or husband and inherited his workshop.

Trace the growth and development of national identity in England, France, Spain, and Germany.England:William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) - Duke of Normandy. Raised an army and

conquered the English throne in 1066 by defeating English King Herald at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Domesday Book – a census of England by William the Conqueror for tax purposes.Henry II - inherited the English throne in 1154 and sent out royal justices to enforce common

law and the jury system. Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts. Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, opposed him. Becket is murdered by Henry’s knights.

France:Hugh Capetian - elected Hugh Capet king 987. The Capetian dynasty lasted 300 years.Phillip II Augustus - became king 179 and, rather than appointing nobles, paid middle-class

people to fill government positions. He gained control of Normandy and began to take over southern France before he died in 1223.

Philip IV - ruthlessly extended royal power and clashed with the pope. To gain support from the French, he set up the Estates General, a body of representatives from all three classes of society, in 1302. This body never fully balanced royal power, however.

The Three Estates: 1st Estate – Catholic Church clergy2nd Estate – the King and lords3rd Estate – everybody else

Louis IX - became king of France in 1226. Very religious, he persecuted non-Christians and led two Crusades. Greatly improved royal government, expanding the courts and outlawing private wars.

Joan of Arc – during the Hundred Years War, peasant girl Joan of Arc tells King Charles VII that God sent her to save France. He authorizes her to lead an army in 1429, and she led France to several victories. Though betrayed by the French and burned at the stake as a witch by the English, Joan inspired the French to win the war.

Spain:Ferdinand and Isabella – King of Aragon and Queen of Castile who marry and become the basis

of the unification of Spain under their grandson Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. They are know for completing the Reconquista (expelling the Muslims from Spain) and financing the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus.

Germany:Otto the Great - became king of Germany and worked with the Church. The grateful pope

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crowned him emperor. His successors used the title Holy Roman Emperor. They saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome.

Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa (Redbeard)) - Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa fought for many years to bring Italy (and the Pope) under his control. The Italian campaign was a failure. Though Frederick did arrange a marriage that tied German emperors to southern Italy, he did not conquer the region. Meanwhile, German nobles became more independent. Ultimately, the Holy Roman Empire remained a patchwork of feudal states.

Frederick II – son of Frederick Barbarossa. Also tried to get Italy under his control, but also fails.

Identify key figures, artistic, and intellectual achievements of the medieval period in Western Europe. Universities:By the 1100s, the European food supply had grown more reliable, and trade had increased.Royals needed literate, educated men to run their growing bureaucracies.To supply them, schools appeared, and some became universities.The earliest universities were founded at Salerno and Bologna in Italy, in Paris, and at Oxford,

England.A typical program of study included arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar,

rhetoric, and logic.

Science/Mathematics:Europeans adopted Hindu-Arabic numerals to replace Roman numerals.Science made little progress, however, because people believed knowledge had to fit with

Christian teachings.

Scholasticism:The ancient texts of Aristotle and other Greeks challenged Christian scholars, because they

championed reason.To resolve the conflict between reason and faith, Christian scholars developed a method called

scholasticism, which used logic and reason to support Christian beliefs.Thomas Aquinas – most famous scholastic who wrote the Summa theologica and concluded

that faith and reason exist in harmony.

Architecture:Gothic style – a style of architecture developed in the 1100s that used flying buttresses to

support higher, thinner walls and left space for stained-glass windows

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Literature:Illumination - Gothic style applied to the decoration of books.New writings began to appear in the vernacular (local) language (not Latin) of everyday people.Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales describes a group of pilgrims traveling to St. Thomas’s

tomb.Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy takes readers on a journey through hell, purgatory, and

heaven.

Art:Artists also created woven wall hangings called tapestries to keep the cold out of castles.Gothic religious paintings in churches and in wealthy homes were not realistic but symbolized

religious ideas.

Describe developments in medieval English legal and constitutional history and their importance to the rise of modern democratic institutions and procedures.Common Law - a legal system based on custom and court rulingsJohn I - king of England who lost struggles with the king of France, the pope, and English

nobles. Battled with Pope Innocent III, who placed all of England under the interdict. Barons, angry about taxes, forced King John to sign the Magna Carta.

Magna Carta (Great Charter) – 1215. The king could not raise taxes without the permission of the Great Council of Lords. Limited the power of the king to arrest and try people. Provisions formed the basis for both due process of law and the right of habeus corpus.The Great Council evolved into Parliament in the 1200s.

Edward I – first king to be forced to ask Parliament for money to fight a war – 1295.All of these changes meant that the power of English kings was slowly being limited.

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QUARTER 2The RenaissanceItaly’s central location helped make it a center for the trade of goods and ideas.

The Southern RenaissanceHeart of Italian Renaissance was humanism.Humanists: Focused on worldly issues, not religion.Believed education should stimulate creativity.Emphasized humanities, such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, & history. Studied works of Greece and Rome to learn about their own culture.Petrarch – assembled library of Greek & Roman manuscripts to encourage learning.

Renaissance Vocabulary:Renaissance - rebirth, revival of art and learning. Started in Italy, and lasted

approximately from 1300 to 1600. Explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought.

Secular - worldly, rather than spiritual. Concerned with the here and now.Vernacular - to write in, and to use, one’s native language, not Latin.Patron – financial supporters of the arts during the Renaissance. Church leaders,

wealthy merchants and wealthy families of the time.Urban - cities. During the Renaissance, Northern Italy had developed large city-states,

due to the trade caused by the Crusades. Cities (urban areas) are where people exchange ideas and (in those times) were an ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution.

Renaissance Man - the “ideal” man. One who strove to master almost every area of study. Someone who excelled in many fields. The “universal man.”

Identify the economic and political causes for the rise of the Italian city-states (Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, and Venice).Northern Italian city-states grew due to enhanced economic activity as a result of the

trade generated by the Crusades. Each city was dominated by a wealthy and powerful merchant family. They believed that

their individual merit entitled them to their wealth and power. They believed in individual achievement.

These families brought trade and wealth, and provided leadership.They were interested in art and emphasized personal achievement.They were patrons of arts and supported artists, writers, and scholars.Patron – person who provides financial support for the arts.The Medici family controlled Florence.Lorenzo d’Medici invited poets, philosophers, and artists to the city.Florence became a leader, with numerous gifted artists, poets, architects, and scientists. Ordinary people began to appreciate art outside of the Church.

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Recognize major artistic, literary, and technological contributions of individuals during the Renaissance.Renaissance scholars wanted a return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans. The

classical tradition heavily influenced them.

Artists:Renaissance artists used new techniques, leading to greater realism.Returned to realism of classic Greece and Rome.One new technique was perspective, credited to Filippo Brunelleschi: Distant objects

appeared smaller = more realistic art.Objects were portrayed in a three-dimensional fashion.Michelangelo - sculptor, poet, architect, and painter. Examples: Statue of David. Painted

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.Leonardo da Vinci - painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. The Mona Lisa, The Last

Supper, drawings that predicted mechanical flight.Raphael - advanced realism, used perspective. Example: School of Athens.Donatello – life-sized sculpture of soldier on horse.Giotto – first of the great Italian Renaissance artists. Depicted the life of Christ and the life of

the Virgin Mary in frescos.El Greco (The Greek) – painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish renaissance.Artemesia Gentiloschi – Italian female painter. Painted pictures of strong women of the Bible.

Writers:Castiglione - Book of the Courtier described manners and behavior of ideal aristocratic

man & woman. Men played music, knew literature, history, not arrogant. Women kind, graceful, lively, possessed outward beauty.

Boccaccio – The Decameron, a series of realistic stories.Machiavelli - the political guidebook, The Prince. “The end justifies the means.” Not

concerned with what was morally right, but what was politically effective. “Machiavellian” refers to use of deceit in politics. Said he was simply providing a

realistic look at politics.Christine de Pizan - woman writer who questioned different treatment of boys and girls.

The Northern RenaissanceBy the 1400s, cities of N Europe began to enjoy economic growth & wealth needed to

develop own Renaissance.Northern Renaissance began in cities of Flanders, Belgium.1455 Johann Gutenberg prints 1st complete Bible (Gutenberg Bible) using printing press

with movable type. Printed books far easier to produce than hand-copied books.More people had access to broad range of learning.From a few thousand, the number of books in Europe rose to between 15 and 20 million

by 1500.17

Ideas spread to Spain, France, & England.Engraving – a technique in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate using acid; the

plate is then used to make printsUtopian – idealistic or visionary, usually to describe a perfect society

Painters/Sculpters:N Renaissance painters focused on realism. Many focused on common people, scenes of everyday life.New oil paints were made, more realistic colors reflected light, adding depth and glow.Reubens - classical history/mythology themes.Albrecht Dürer – German woodcutter and engraver engravings/paintings of religious upheaval. Hans Holbein the Younger - German realistic portrait painter.Jan van Eyck - Flemish oil painter; filled with rich and realistic detail.Peter Bruegel - Flemish master of real life in the peasant world.

Writers:Focused on common people, writing in vernacular.Stressed education & classical learning. Hoped to bring about religious & moral reform.Appealed to new middle class arising in N towns and cities.William Shakespeare – English; towering figure of northern Renaissance literature; 1590

to 1613; wrote 37 plays, many still performed today. Explored Renaissance ideals such as complexity of the individual; used common language understood by all, added 1,700 words to English language; greatest playwright of all time.

Desiderius Erasmus – called for translation of Bible into the vernacular; disturbed by corruption in the church and sought religious reforms.

Sir Thomas More - English humanist; in Utopia described an ideal society where all are educated & justice is achieved for all.

Francois Rabelais - French humanist; used comedy; in Gargantua and Pantagruel, 2 giants on a comic adventure offer opinions on religion & education.

Erasmus - Dutch Humanist writer. Wrote In Praise of Folly. Christianity of the heart, not of ceremonies or rules.

Identify characteristics of Renaissance humanism in works of art.Humanism-an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.

Humanists studied classical texts to understand ancient Greek values. They influenced artists and architects to carry on classical traditions. They popularized the study of history, literature, and philosophy. These subjects are called the humanities.

Renaissance Art - Heavily influenced by Humanism. Painting, architecture, sculpture and drawing expressed important ideas and attitudes of the age. Greek and Roman subjects were popular. The use of perspective enhanced realism. Artists emphasized the unique features and personality of their subjects (Example: da Vinci’s Mona Lisa).

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The Protestant ReformationIdentify criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church by individuals such as Wycliffe, Hus, and Erasmus and their impact on later reformers.Criticisms of the Catholic Church/causes of the Reformation:1) Church leaders were corrupt. Popes lived lavish lifestyles, fought wars, fathered

children, had become involved in worldly politics and competed for political power. Many felt they were too busy with worldly affairs to spend time on their spiritual duties.

2) The printing press spread knowledge quickly.3) Humanist ideas for social reform grew in popularity.4) People questioned central force in their lives - the Church.5) Christian humanists called for less worldly church, one based more on Bible study. 6) Some clergy sold indulgences – forgiveness for sins. Only rich could afford them.7) Many Christians, including Erasmus, objected to their sale.8) John Wycliffe of England, and Jan Huss of Bohemia (part of Germany) denied that the

Pope had the right to worldly power. They said the Bible had more authority than church leaders did.

3) Humanists like Desiderius Erasmus, and Thomas More criticized the church. Other critics and those who wanted reform followed the lead of Wycliffe, Huss, Erasmus, and More.

Vocabulary/Personalities:Diet – an assembly or legislatureTheocracy – a government run by religious leadersIndulgences - – in the Roman Catholic Church, pardons for sins committed during a

person’s life pardons for sins after the sinner performed a penalty. It seemed (particularly to Martin Luther), that the indulgences could all be bought, and basically, a sinner could “buy” their way into heaven.

Annul - to “set aside.” The Pope had the authority to “set aside” a marriage, even though the Church forbid divorce.

Reformation - A movement for religious reform that swept through Europe after Martin Luther began organized criticism of the church.

Protestant – Root word: protest. Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.Sect – a subgroup of a major religious group.Canonize – to recognize someone as a saint.Compromise – an acceptable middle ground.Ghetto – a separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live.

Summarize religious reforms associated with Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Henry VIII, and John of Leyden and the effects of the Reformation of Europe.Germany:Martin Luther – Angered by the sale of indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany, monk Martin Luther sparked a revolt (the Reformation) against the Catholic Church in 1517 with his 95

Theses.19

95 Thesis - Martin Luther’s formal statements attacking the concept of selling pardons. He posted them on the door of Wittenberg Cathedral and invited other scholars to debate him.

Argued indulgences had no place in Bible, Christians could only be saved by faith.Salvation by God’s forgiveness, and by faith and good works. All teachings should be based on

the Bible, not the Pope and the Church teachings. All those of faith were equal, and did not need anyone to interpret the Bible for them.

How Luther’s teachings differed from the Roman Catholic Church:Believed all Christians had equal access to God & did not need a priest.Wanted ordinary people to study Bible.Wanted indulgences to be banned.

Luther used sermons to attack corruption in Roman Catholic Church.Many agreed with Luther & became his followers; they took name “Protestants” because

they were in protest against Pope’s authority.The Pope demanded that Luther recant. Rather than recant, Luther rejected the authority of Pope to demand such a thing.Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, declared Luther an outlaw & ordered his books burned.Charles V tried to force German princes to return to Catholic Church.In 1555, after several brief wars, Charles V and the princes signed the Peace of Augsburg:

Each prince chose a religion for his realm—either Catholic or Lutheran.In the north, most chose Lutheranism; In the south, most chose Catholicism.

The Netherlands:John of Leyden - Dutch Anabaptist leader who established a theocracy in Munster, Germany.

Later tortured to death.

Switzerland:Ulrich Zwingli - Swiss priest who attacked abuses in the church, stressed importance of

the Bible, and rejected elaborate Church rituals. He wanted a return to the personal faith of early Christianity, and wanted believers to have more control over the church

City council in Zurich adopted his ideas.John Calvin, a French-born priest and lawyer, was strongly influenced by these Reformation

ideas writes Institutes of the Christian Religion, and created the doctrine of predestination.

Predestination - John Calvin’s doctrine that humans cannot earn salvation. God chooses a very few people to save (the “elect”). God had long ago determined who was, and was not, going to gain eternal salvation. There were two kinds of people, saints and sinners.

Elders govern each church. Bible is sole source of revealed truth. Believers interpret the Bible for themselves.

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Calvinists attempted to live saintly lives to demonstrate that they were among those God had selected.

The people of Geneva, Switzerland, invited Calvin to lead their community.He established a theocracy. Religious leaders felt entrusted by God to build a Christian

society based on hard work, discipline, thrift, and honesty. Calvinism - The teachings of John Calvin who published Institutes of the Christian

Religion, and created the doctrine of predestination.Predestination - John Calvin’s doctrine that humans cannot earn salvation. God chooses a

very few people to save (the “elect”). God has known this since the beginning of time.

England:In 1527 Henry VIII sought an annulment from his wife Catherine, who had only borne a

daughter, Mary Tudor.He wished to marry a young noble-woman, Anne Boleyn. He hoped she would bear him

a male heir to avoid a civil war in England (which he feared would happen if he died without a male heir).

When the pope refused to annul the marriage, called Parliament into session, and it passed a set of laws that ended the pope’s power in England.

Thomas Cranmer is appointed archbishop and annulled the marriage.Henry married Anne Boleyn - had a daughter, Elizabeth. Catholics who opposed Henry were executed. Catholic Church canonized Sir Thomas More, one of those killed. Henry had Catholic property confiscated and distributed to nobles to gain their support.In 1547 Henry was succeeded by his nine-year-old son Edward. Edward favored the

Protestant religion.Parliament passed several laws to make the English or “Anglican” Church more Protestant.Thomas Cranmer drew up The Book of Common Prayer, which became required reading

at all Anglican services.Teenage Edward died, succeeded by half-sister Mary Tudor.Mary tried to restore Catholicism and had many Protestants burned at the stake for heresy

= Bloody Mary.In 1558 25-year-old Elizabeth took the throne. The “Elizabethan era” would unite

England and avoid future religious wars there.She compromised between Catholics and Protestants.She did not allow herself to be put at the head of the Anglican Church. The service was translated from Latin to English.Challenges to the Catholic Church set off religious wars.

Germany: Lutherans/Catholics vs. Calvinists.France: Calvinists vs. Catholics.Scotland, Calvinist preacher John Knox helped overthrow a Catholic queen.

To escape persecution in England, groups of Calvinists sailed for America in the early 1600s.

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Catholic monarchs and the Catholic Church fought back against the Protestant challenge. They took steps to reform the Church and to restore its spiritual leadership of the Christian world.

As the Protestant Reformation continued, 100s of new Protestant sects appeared. Many followed teachings of Luther, Calvin, or Zwingli, but some were more radical.Anabaptists - rejected the baptism of infants - baptizes only those persons old enough to

decide to be Christian; peaceful, calling for religious toleration and separation of church and state.

Today’s Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish all have Anabaptist origins.

Analyze the Roman Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation in the forms of the Counter and Catholic Reformation.The Roman Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation (known as the

Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Reformation):Ignatius of Loyola: Created the Jesuit Order - Goals were education, conversion, and

stopping the spread of Protestantism. 1545 Pope Leo called the Council of Trent to end corruption and worldliness in the

Church and settle issues of doctrine. Council of Trent:

Approved Jesuit Order.Church’s interpretation of Bible was finalChristians needed both faith and good works for salvation, not by faith alone as

Luther had said. The Bible and the Church were equally powerful to guide Christian life. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. The Inquisition was to use secret testimony, torture, & executions to root out

Protestant heresy. Created Index of Forbidden Books. Offensive books were to be burned, including the

writings of Calvin and Luther.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits.)Ignatius of Loyola founded order as “soldiers of God.”Jesuits followed strict moral and spiritual rules.Rigorous training included complete obedience to the Church.Ran schools, traveled to distant lands as missionaries. Teresa of Avila established an order of nuns.Her order lived in isolation, eating & sleeping little.Dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation.After her death, Teresa was canonized (granted sainthood).

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Identify the Effects of the Reformation on Europe1) Many religious wars and persecutions.2) Protestant churches and new denominations (types of Protestantism)3) Catholic Church became more unified.4) Greater emphasis on education to promote informed belief. 5) Catholic Church’s moral and political authority declined.6) Individual monarchs (Kings, Queens, etc.) and states (countries) gained power.7) Modern nation-states began to develop.8) Rulers would seek more power for themselves and their countries through warfare,

exploration, and expansion.9) The Reformation laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment and it’s questioning of

beliefs and authority.10) Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands were killed as witches, especially in the

German states, Switzerland, and France. Most were women. Belief in witchcraft represented twin beliefs in Christianity and magic. Witches were seen as agents of the devil and thus anti-Christian.

11) Jews faced increasing persecution. Expelled from Spain in 1492. 1516 - Venice ordered Jews to live in a separate part of the city called a ghetto. Many went to the Netherlands or Ottoman Empire.

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The Scientific RevolutionDescribe how ideas from the Middle Ages and Renaissance led to the Scientific Revolution.The Scientific Revolution - Triggered by the Renaissance, and the Age of Exploration. In

the mid-1500s, scholars published works that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church. These scholars replaced old assumptions (“The sun revolves around the earth.”) with new theories. The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world. It was a way based on careful observation, and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

Francis Bacon and René Descartes challenged medieval scholarship that sought only to make the world fit into the teachings of the Church. Argued that truth is not known at the beginning of the inquiry, but rather at the end.

Bacon stressed observation and experimentation; wanted science to be useful in people’s lives. Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding. In his Discourse on Method (1637), he discarded all traditional authorities to search for knowledge that was provable.

“I think, therefore I am.” —DescartesOver time, a step-by-step scientific method was developed. It required the collection of

accurate data and the proposal of a logical hypothesis to be tested.Scientific method – a step-by-step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately

measured data.Hypothesis – a logical or possible explanation to a problem to be tested using the scientific

method.

Describe how scientific theories and methods of the Scientific Revolution challenged those of the early classical and medieval periods.Astronomy: Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted Ptolemy and Aristotle, who believed the Earth

was the center of the universe. This view had become Church doctrine.In 1543 Copernicus proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered model); Earth was just 1 of a

number of planets revolving around the sun. Copernicus’s revolutionary theory was rejected.If the classic scholars were questioned, then all knowledge might be called into question. Observations by Tycho Brahe supported Copernicus.Johannes Kepler used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets. Found that the

planets don’t move in perfect circles as earlier believed – this contradicted Church doctrine that the universe made by God was “Perfect.”.

In Italy Galileo Galilei built a telescope and observed several moons in orbit around Jupiter; said these movements were the same as those of the planets around the sun.

This contradicted Church doctrine that the Earth was the center of the universe.Galileo was forced to recant his theories before the Inquisition or face death penalty.Despite opposition from the Church, a new approach to science emerged during the early

1600s.24

Identify the major contributions of individuals associated with the Scientific Revolution.Physics:Isaac Newton linked science and mathematics. Law of Gravity and other physical laws of

nature.Law of Gravity - Theorized that gravity was the force that controls the movements of the

planets. Believed that all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically.Contributed to the development of calculus, a branch of mathematics, to help explain his

laws.

Mathematics:Scientists rediscovered Greek philosopher Plato, who saw mathematics as the key to

learning about the universe.

Medicine:Dramatic advances in medical knowledge in the 1500s and 1600s.Fahrenheit and Celsius - developers of the thermometer.Andreas Vesalius published On the Structure of the Human Body in 1543, the first

accurate and detailed study of human anatomy.Anton van Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope and became the first person to see

cells and microorganisms.William Harvey described the circulation of blood, showing that the heart was a pump.Ambroise Paré developed new surgical techniques, tools, artificial limbs, and ointments

to prevent infection.

Chemistry:Chemistry was transformed by the Scientific Revolution.Robert Boyle:

Explained that all matter is composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways.Defined the difference between individual elements and compounds.Explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases. (Boyle’s Law)

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Far EastChinatributary state – independent state that has to acknowledge the supremacy of another state and

pay tribute to its rulerland reform – the process by which large agricultural holdings were broken up and redistributed

to peasants gentry – a wealthy landowning classdowry – the payment that a woman brings to a marriagepagoda – a multistoried temple with eaves that curve up at the corners

The Tang and Song dynasties brought unity and cultural achievement to China.

Tang dynasty - empire that unified China in 618. United China for the first time in 400 years. Forcing neighboring lands to become tributary states

Tang Taizong – China’s most admired emperor, brilliant general, government reformer, and master of calligraphy

Empress Wu Zhao and other Tang emperors restored uniform government throughout the empire and set up schools.

Tang rulers instituted land reform to strengthen central government and weaken large landholders. They broke up large land holdings and redistributed tracts to peasants.

Song dynasty –empire in China began in 960 and ruled for 319 years. A time of great wealth and cultural achievement for China.

The economy grew under the Song dynasty: its emperors had an open border policy that encouraged foreign trade and imports. Farming methods improved and farmers produced two crops a year, creating a surplus. Use of the Grand Canal linking the Huang River to the Chang River reached its height during this time.

China was a very ordered society under both the Tang and the Song dynasties.The two main classes were the gentry, or landholders, and the peasants.The gentry studied to pass the civil service exam.The peasants worked the land and produced handicraft items such as baskets.Some merchants became wealthy in the market towns of China. However, they had lower social

status than peasants. This was due to Confucian tradition.Families in China valued boys more than girls, and women had a subordinate position in

society.Women often managed a household’s servants and finances, but they could not keep their

dowry.The painful custom of foot binding was widely practiced and greatly limited a woman’s ability

to leave the home.A rich culture developed under the Tang and Song and was expressed in painting, architecture,

porcelain, and poetry.

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The gentry learned to paint and do calligraphy and sought to express balance and harmony with nature in their works.

In architecture, the Chinese pagoda evolved. Sculptors expressed Buddhist themes. Tang and Song writers produced prose and poetry as well as works on philosophy and history.Poetry was the most respected form of Chinese literature. The greatest Tang poet was Li Bo. He

wrote 2,000 poems about the passage of time and harmony with nature.

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Mongolssteppe – a vast, treeless plain or grasslandThe Mongols came out of Central Asia and conquered a huge empire in around 1200, imposing

their rule on China.The warring tribes of Mongols were united by Genghis Khan in the early 1200s, and went on to

conquer a vast empire in Asia.The Mongols conquered the steppes first with a force of skilled horsemen.To attack walled cities in China, they used cannons.Though Genghis Khan did not finish the conquest of China, his heirs expanded the Mongol

Empire and dominated Asia for 150 years.Once Mongols conquered a territory, they ruled tolerantly and established peace and order.Khan respected scholars and artists and listened to their ideas.During the 1200s and 1300s, Mongols maintained order, a period now called the Pax

Mongolica (Mongolian Peace) by historians.Political stability led to economic growth and flourishing trade. Cultures mixed as tools and

inventions spread.Genghis Khan’s grandson Kublai Khan completed the task of conquering China when he

toppled the Song dynasty in 1279. Ruled all of China, Korea, and TibetHe ruled China, Korea, and Tibet from his capital at Khanbaliq, modern Beijing.He decreed that only Mongols could serve in the military.Kublai Khan adopted the Chinese name Yuan for his dynasty.One of the visitors to China at this time was the Italian merchant Marco Polo. He left Venice in

1271 and spent 17 years in the service of Kublai Kahn. Polo returned to Italy and wrote of his time in China, describing its wealth and efficient mail system. His writing sparked European interest in Asia.

When Kublai Kahn died in 1294, the Yuan dynasty declined. There were frequent uprisings due to heavy taxes and corruption.

Ming – a new Chinese dynasty founded in 1368 by Zhu Yuanzhang, who toppled the MongolsMing rulers worked to restore Chinese greatness. They restored the civil service exam, restored

the primacy of Confucianism, and rooted out corruption. The economy once again grew, thanks to improved farming methods and trade.

Ming China fostered a revival of the arts. Ming blue and white porcelain vases became the most valuable Chinese products exported to the West.

A new form of popular literature, the novel, emerged. One example, The Water Margin, was about ending injustice.

Ming emperors sent fleets of Chinese ships to distant places.Chinese admiral Zheng He traveled as far as East Africa. One notable voyage included 262

vessels and 28,000 sailors. The goals of these expeditions were to promote trade, collect tribute, and show local rulers the

power of the Chinese. In 1435, the Ming emperor banned the building of seagoing ships. Historians think he may have

done so because fleets were expensive or because Confucian scholars wanted to preserve ancient Chinese culture without outside interaction.

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60 years after this decision, Christopher Columbus sailed and made Spain a major power.Koreaceladon – porcelain with an unusual blue-green glazehangul – the Korean phonetic alphabetliteracy rate – the percentage of people who can read and write

Korea maintained a separate, unique cultureKorea is located on a peninsula that juts out from Asia south of ChinaChina has had both cultural and political influence in KoreaKorea flourished and its civilization was very advanced.Buddhism became a powerful force.Korea traded with China and was influenced by its neighbor’s written language and culture.

Local rulers in Korea set up three kingdoms between 100 B.C. and A.D. 676. Koguryo was located in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast.

Though they shared a common language, these kingdoms were often at war.Silla kingdom defeated Paekche and Koguryo in 676.

Silla dynasty – Korean dynasty that lasted from 668 until 935; among the most advanced in the World. Capital at Kyongju - considered the “city of gold” due to its advances in many fields, including medicine, metal casting, and astronomy

Koryo dynasty – a dynasty in Korea that ruled from 918 until 1392; established a new capital at Songak. Both Confucianism and Buddhism flourished during this dynasty. Korean inventors created moveable metal type for printing texts.

Choson (Yi) dynasty – the ruling dynasty in Korea from 1392 to 1910. Both Confucianism and Buddhism flourished during this dynasty. Korean inventors created moveable metal type for printing texts. Government based on Confucian ideals.

King Sejong – Korea’s most celebrated ruler; replaced the complex Chinese system of writing with a Korean phonetic alphabet. Its use spread quickly and led to a high literacy rate in Korea.

Japan invaded China through Korea in the 1590s. They burned and looted the peninsula.To stop them, the Korean Admiral Yi Sun-shin used armored ships called “turtle ships” to sail into the Japanese fleet. Japan withdrew after six years.

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Japanarchipelago – a chain of islands tsunami – a very large, damaging tidal wave launched by an undersea earthquakeShinto – the worship of the forces of nature in JapanSelective borrowing – the process of choosing to accept some aspects of another culture,

while discarding or modifying otherskana – phonetic symbols representing syllables in the Japanese system of writingsamurai – member of the warrior class in Japanese feudal society bushido – a code of values, or the “way of the warrior” shared by samurai, which emphasized

honor, bravery, and loyalty to one’s lordZen – a Buddhist sect widely accepted by samurai; emphasizes self-reliance, meditation, and

devotion to duty

Japan maintained its own distinct identity and culture country is located on an archipelago and consists of four main islands. Most people live in valleys or on the coasts.

Japan’s island location has protected it from being conquered by China.The Inland Sea was a link between the nation’s islands.The ocean provided food as well as trade routes. However, Japan lies in the Ring of Fire, a

chain of volcanoes, and has been subject to terrible tsunamis.Society divided into uji, clans.Yamato clan formed Japan’s first and only dynasty by A.D. 500. They claimed descent from the

sun goddess.The current emperor traces his roots to the Yamato clan.The traditional Japanese religion was Shinto, worship of the forces of nature. There are

hundreds of Shinto shrines in Japan. Dedicated to special sites such as mountains or ancient trees, they are usually located in places of natural beauty.

Japanese language is related to KoreanKorean missionaries introduced Buddhism to Japan in the 500s.Japanese traders visited the Tang court in China. Spread Chinese technology, arts, and ideas

about government.Many Chinese customs, such as the tea ceremony, became popular and influential in Japan.Japanese used selective borrowing, choosing which Chinese ways they wanted to keep. In this

way, Japan preserved its own culture. The Japanese revised the Chinese system of writing, adding kana. They also developed their

own artistic styles.Heian period, women shaped the court, and an elegant culture emerged. Nobles lived in a fairy-

tale setting and dressed in silk. Women produced important works of Japanese literature during this period. The Tale of Genji, was written during the Heian period by Lady Murasaki. Novel tells about the

life of a fictional prince and his son. The main event is a Chinese poetry contest, which Prince Genji wins.

The tone of Heian writing is melancholy, lamenting the passage of all things.

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1400s, rival clans battled for control of the Japanese countryside. A new culture arose—the feudal system.

The emperor became powerless as the shogun, or military commander, took over, setting up a military dynasty.

The shogun gave land to the daimyo, who granted it to lesser warriors called samurai. These fighting aristocrats developed a code of values called bushido, the “way of the warrior.”

Feudal society in Japan was very hierarchical during this age. Noblewomen lost status and inheritance was limited to sons in this period. Peasants, artisans, and merchants were at the bottom of the ladder, under the samurai.

During this period, Japan held off Mongol invaders—twice. Both times the Japanese were aided by typhoons, which destroyed Mongol fleets. The fact that the Mongols failed made the Japanese feel they enjoyed special protection from the gods.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi united most of Japan by 1590. Next, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated rivals and established rule that would last until 1868.

Tokugawa rulers created an orderly societycreated a strong central government.They required that the daimyo live in the capital at Edo every other year.They reinforced the social hierarchy. peace was restored, the Japanese economy boomed.

A Buddhist sect called Zen became popular among the samurai during the feudal age. Zen Buddhists believed that people could seek enlightenment through meditation and through the precise performance of everyday tasks.

Zen influenced Japanese culture. Landscape paintings express its reverence for nature, and the tea ceremony reflects the Zen value of peace.

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Southeast Asiamatrilineal – familial inheritance through the motherstupa – a dome-shaped shrinepaddy – a field for growing rice

Southeast Asia, located between China and India, was strongly influenced by its neighbors,also retained its own unique identity.

Southeast Asia is made up of two regions—the mainland and the islands.They are separated from most of Asia by mountains. The four main river valleys in

Southeast Asia were home to early civilizations.Crossroads of trade for centuries.

Sea traders going between China and India passed through its straits.Monsoons shaped trade patterns, and merchants often harbored their boats in Southeast

Asian ports. Early on, the chief exports of the region were spices.Ancient societies were built around the nuclear family.Women had greater equality here than in other parts of Asia—they could become traders and

even rulers. Matrilineal descent was an accepted custom in Southeast Asia.Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia.Indians also brought Islam to Southeast Asia.

Burma:Pagan arose in 1044 in present-day Myanmar (Burma).King Anawrahta united the region and brought Buddhism to the Burman people.He had beautiful stupas built all over his capital city. Pagan lasted over 200 years and the fell to

the Mongols in 1287.

Cambodia:Khmer empire reached its peak 800 - 1350.Khmer rulers adapted Indian writing and were Hindus.1100s, the Khmer king built the temple at Angkor Wat.

IndonesiaThe empire called Srivijaya flourished in Indonesia from the 600s to the 1200s.Controlled the key trading Strait of Malacca.Although both Buddhism and Hinduism reached this empire, the local people blended Indian

beliefs with their own. Later, Islam spread here, creating a bond with other Muslim trading centers.

Vietnam.The Red River delta, which was full of fertile rice paddies, was invaded by Han armies in 111

B.C. It remained under Chinese control for 1,000 years.The Vietnamese nevertheless maintained a sense of their own identity and in 939 were able to

break free.32

Age of Exploration/ Empires, Colonies, and Peoples of the AmericasSummarize the causes that led to the Age of Exploration, and identify major voyages and sponsors.Causes: Europeans desire to grow rich, and spread Christianity. The Crusades had opened

new trade, riches, and cultures to the Europeans. The Europeans wanted to control trade with Asian nations. “God, Glory, and Gold.”

Major voyages and their sponsors:Dias - Sailed around the tip of Africa. Sponsored by Portugal.Da Gama - Sailed around the tip of Africa to India. Sponsored by Portugal.Columbus - Sailed across the Atlantic. Believed the earth was round.

“Discovered” the Americas. Sponsored by Spain.Magellan - Sailed (circumnavigated) around the globe (at least part of his crew

did! – Magellan was killed by natives in the Philippines). Sponsored by Spain.

Cabot - explored east coast of Americas. Sponsored by England.Jacques Cartier - explored the St. Lawrence River (modern day border between

U.S., and Canada). Sponsored by France.

Evaluate the scope and impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.Columbian Exchange: The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization

of the Americas. Old World to New World: Measles, Smallpox, horses, cattle, pigs, wheat.New World to Old World: Syphilis, potato, corn, tobacco, rubber.

“White man’s” diseases, like smallpox and measles, led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans.

Age of Exploration Vocabulary and NamesZheng He - A Chinese Muslim admiral, who in 1405, began leading voyages that ranged

from Southeast Asia, eastern Africa. Opened Ming China to many new countries and cultures, along with spreading Chinese culture.

Caravel - New type of ship created by Europeans in the 1400s. It was sturdier than earlier ships, and used triangular sails (adopted from the Arabs) that allowed it to sail effectively against the wind.

Bartolomeu Dias - In 1488, Portuguese explorer who navigated down the west coast of Africa, and sailed around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope).

Vasco da Gama - In 1497, Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope), and explored the east coast of Africa. He eventually made his way to India, and opened a profitable sea route to India.

Prince Henry (the “Navigator”) - Portuguese prince who supported exploration. He founded a navigation school, and was determined to spread Christianity, and seek

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the source of the “treasures” of the East.Christopher Columbus - Italian (Genoese) sea captain who sailed for Spain. In 1492, he

successfully crossed the Atlantic, landed on a Caribbean island, and “discovered” the New World. He thought he had landed in India and named the dark skinned natives “Indians.”

Treaty of Tordesillas – established a line of demarcation in 1494 between discoveries made by Spain and Portugal. All lands west of the line would belong to Spain. Those east of the line to Portugal.

John Cabot - In 1497, Italian explorer who sailed for England is credited for being the first European to explore the east coast of North America. The first to search for a “Northwest Passage,” (a route through North America that would lead to the Pacific).

Amerigo Vespucci - In 1501, Italian explorer who sailed for Portugal who traveled along the east coast of South America. He believed it was not Asia, and referred to it as a “new world.” A German mapmaker would later name the new continent “America,” in honor of Amerigo Vespucci.

Hernando Cortes (Cortez) - In 1519, a Spanish conquistador who landed in what is modern day Mexico, and conquered the Aztecs.

Montezuma - Aztec emperor who fought Cortes and the Spaniards, but was conquered and killed.

Ferdinand Magellan - In 1519, Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain, and was given credit for being the first to circumnavigate the globe (sail around the world). Magellan himself was killed in the Philippines, but part of his crew completed the trip.

Francisco Pizarro - Spanish conquistador, who, in 1532, conquered the Incan Empire in South America.

Atahualpa - Incan ruler, captured by Pizarro, and eventually killed.Dutch East India Company - Trading company established by the Dutch to establish and

direct trade throughout Asia. It had the power to mint money, make treaties, and have its own army.

Yucatan Caste Rebellion(1847-1901) – a revolt of Maya Indians against the Mexican Government.

Sitting Bull – Lakota Indian chief who led Indian forces at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.Metis Rebellion – Canadian rebellion in which Metis Indians fought against being incorporated

into Canada.

North American Indian Vocabulary:Clan - group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.Longhouse - bark-covered rectangular structure providing shelter for several related

families. Each longhouse had a clan symbol placed over the doorwayTepee - a conical tent traditionally made of animal skins and wooden poles used by the

nomadic tribes and sedentary tribal dwellers (when hunting) of the Great Plains.Adobe - a natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fiber (sticks,

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straw, and/or manure), which the builders shape into bricks and dry in the sun.Pueblo - communities housed in apartment-like structures built of stone, adobe mud, and other

local material. These structures were usually multi-storied buildings surrounding an open plaza.

Examine the various economic and political systems of Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and England in the Americas.Colonial economic and political systems:Portugal - After establishing control of Brazil (virtually all other South American colonies were

under the control of Spain), the Portuguese realized there was little gold or silver to be found. They began to concentrate on clearing land to create giant sugar plantations which proved to be extremely profitable for Portugal.

Spain - After a number of New World civilizations were conquered by the Spanish, they lived among the native peoples, and oppressed them. The Spanish, wishing to exploit the conquered lands for their resources, established the encomienda system. Encomienda landlords were given the right to use native labor, and were known to abuse them, and work them to death.

Netherlands - The Dutch claimed land in the modern day New York City area (New Netherland), in 1621. The Dutch West India Company was given permission by the Dutch government to explore, colonize, and develop the area economically.

France - The French occupied much of modern day eastern Canada, and the Great Lakes/Mississippi portion of the North American interior. They were really not interested in occupying areas with large numbers of people. Their interest was primarily the fur trade, and converting Native Americans to Catholicism.

England - The English desired that their colonies should exist for the benefit of the “mother country,” England. They set up joint-stock companies for the purpose of raising enough money to make the colonies profitable. The economic philosophy of Mercantilism was designed to use colonial resources to enrich the colonizing country.

Mercantilism - Economic theory, that held that a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth. Wealth allowed nations to build strong navies, and purchase vital goods. A “favorable balance of trade” needed to be established.

Recognize the practice of slavery and other forms of forced labor experienced during the 13th through 17th centuries in East Africa, West Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia, and the Americas.The practice of slavery, and forced labor:

1) It had existed in Africa for centuries.2) The spread of Islam increased slavery, and the slave trade. 3) In African and Muslim societies, slaves had some legal rights, and an opportunity for

social mobility. It was even possible for some slaves to rise above slavery. 4) Natives in the Americas were not effective as slaves. Too many (millions) died as a result of European disease, they were not agriculturally inclined, were more likely to escape. Africans had immunities to European diseases, had experience in farming, were

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less likely to escape (did not know their way around), and were easy to spot with their dark skins. The Atlantic slave trade was to become very profitable in the plantation agriculture economy of the Americas.

Slavery, and the trans-Atlantic slave trade vocabulary:Atlantic slave trade - the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas.Middle Passage - the middle leg of the trans-Atlantic slave trade triangle. It was the sickening,

cruel voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America.

Columbian Exchange - the global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.

Mercantilism - economic theory that held that a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth. Wealth allowed nations to build strong navies, and purchase vital goods. A “favorable balance of trade” needed to be established.

Colonies - areas controlled by other nations.Triangle Trade - a trading network in which Europeans transported manufactured goods to the

west coast of Africa. Traders then exchanged these goods for captured Africans. The Africans were then transported across the Atlantic and sold in the West Indies. Merchants bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco in the West Indies and sailed to Europe with these products.

Plantation - Large “cash crop” farming areas that needed large amounts of manual labor. This labor was usually supplied by African slaves.

Explain the origins, development, and impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade between West Africa and the Americas.The Atlantic slave trade developed because Europeans found it to be a profitable method of

providing labor for the plantation agriculture economy of the Americas. It had a profound impact on both Africa, and the Americas.

African cultures lost generations of their fittest members. Countless African families were torn apart. Devastation in Africa was spread by the introduction of guns into the continent.African slaves contributed greatly to the economic and cultural development of the Americas.

(Labor, art, music, religion, food, etc.)The Africans added significantly to the population and mixed-race populations of the Americas.

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Meso and South American CivilizationsMaize- Native American name for corn.tribute – payment from a conquered people.Meso-America – Mexico and Central America

Locate major civilizations of Mesoamerica and Andean South America.Southern Mexico: Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Aztec.Peru: Inca

Analyze the legacies of the Olmec, Zapotec, and Chavin on later Meso and South American civilizations.

Mexico:Olmec:The earliest American civilization, that of the Olmecs, developed along the Gulf Coast of

Mexico. That civilization lasted from about 1500 B.C. to 400 B.C. A class of priests and nobles led it. Later Mesoamerican peoples, including the Maya and Aztecs, adopted elements of Olmec culture, such as carved stone, hieroglyphs, and the calendar. Olmecs are best known for the their large stone head carvings.

Zapotec:Flourished in the Valley of Oaxaca of southern Mexico. They left archaeological evidence at the

ancient city of Monte Albán in the form of buildings, ball courts, magnificent tombs and grave goods including finely worked gold jewelry. Monte Albán was one of the first major cities in Mesoamerica.

Describe the roles of people in the Maya, Inca, and Aztec societies.Mayas:Around 300 B.C., the Maya were building large cities in present day Guatemala and the

Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. By the time the Mayan golden age began, about A.D. 250, Mayan civilization included large, independent city-states throughout southern Mexico and Central America. The Maya were not united politically as an empire. Instead, cities maintained contact through trade and, sometimes, warfare. Mayan cities included temples, palaces, and stelae, which were tall stone monuments decorated with carvings. Scribes carved each stela with historical information, such as the names of rulers and dates. They also wrote about astronomy and religion in books made of bark paper. However, around A.D. 900, the Maya abandoned most of their cities, possibly because of frequent warfare or over-farming. A glyph is a carved or inscribed symbol – the symbol for Monday is different from the symbol for Tuesday.

Pacal the Great – Mayan ruler in the 600s. Build many large monuments and buildings.

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Aztecs:Aztec civilization began in the Valley of Mexico. The Aztecs founded Tenochtitlán, their

capital city, in A.D. 1325. Because it was located on an island in a lake (Lake Texcoco), they found ingenious ways to create more farmland. They built chinampas, which were artificial islands made from mud and reeds. Unlike the Maya, the Aztecs built an empire. They also fought wars continuously. War brought wealth and power. As their empire grew, the Aztecs used tribute, or payment from conquered peoples, to make Tenochtitlán magnificent. They also sacrificed war prisoners to the sun god – and ate them. Among the gods they worshipped were powerful gods from an earlier culture centered at the city of Teotihuacán.

Montezuma II (also Moctezuma II) - last emperor of the Aztecs.

South America:Chavin:The first cultures of South America developed in the Andean region. The earliest was the

Chavín culture, named for the ruins at Chavín de Huantar in Peru. Around 900 B.C., the people built a huge temple complex. Chavín’s arts and religion influenced later peoples of Peru.

Incas:The most powerful of the Andean peoples were the Inca. Their civilization began in the 1100s,

but greatly expanded its power after 1438. That is when Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, a skilled warrior and leader, declared himself Sapa Inca, or emperor. Eventually, the Inca empire controlled 2,500 miles along the Andes, from Ecuador to Chile. The Inca built a network of roads of about 14,000 miles, winding through deserts and over mountains. The roads allowed news and armies to travel quickly throughout the empire. All roads led through the capital Cuzco. Various culture groups from all over the empire lived in this city.

The emperor had absolute power and was also the religious leader. Inca rulers ran an efficient government. Nobles ruled provinces, and local officials handled everyday business. Officials kept records on colored, knotted strings called quipu. Everyone had to speak the Inca language and follow the Inca religion. Each village, or ayllu, had a leader who assigned jobs and organized work for the government. Farmers created terraces to farm the steep hillsides.

They spent part of the year farming for their village and part working land for the emperor. The Inca worshipped many gods, but the chief god was Inti, the sun god. Religious festivals occurred each month to celebrate the forces of nature that were important to the Inca.

Machu Pichu – royal city of the Incas, located high in the Andes Mountains in Peru.Huayan Capac – last emperor of the Incas.

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The Enlightenment Identify major causes of the Enlightenment.Medieval View - most knowledge in Middle Ages comes from Bible, Greek/Roman sources;

supports geocentric theory - moon, sun, planets revolve around earth.In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs & make new theories based on

experimentation.Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking (1300-1600); Scientific Revolution - new way of

viewing natural world – based on observation, inquiry; new discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking; scholars make new developments in astronomy, mathematics

Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate; Copernicus develops heliocentric theory - planets revolve around sun; later scientists mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct.

Astronomy - study of the universe beyond the earth.Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances in astronomy - makes discovery about

planet surfaces, supports heliocentric theory.Church attacks Galileo's work, fears it will weaken people's faith ; Pope forces Galileo to

declare that his & other new findings are wrong.Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method - series of steps for forming,

testing scientific theories.Thinkers Roger Bacon & Rene Descartes help to create scientific method; Bacon urges

scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions; Descartes advocates using logic, math to reason out basic truths.

English scientist Isaac Newton develops theory of motion - states same forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, earth; motion in space, earth linked by the law of universal gravitation - holds that every object in universe attracts every other object; Newton views universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock.

Scientists develop microscope, barometer, thermometer; new instruments lead to better observations, new discoveries.

Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of anatomy ; Edward Jenner produces world's 1st vaccination - for smallpox.

Vaccination - introduction of weakened or killed viruses or bacteria into the body to protect against a specific disease.

Robert Boyle argues that matter is made of many different particles; Boyle's law reveals interaction of volume, temperature, gas pressure.

Scientific Revolution spurs reassessment of many prevailing ideas; Europeans seek insights into society during 1600s, 1700s; leads to the Enlightenment - a movement stressing reason & thought.

Summarize the major ideas of Enlightenment philosophers.Thomas Hobbes distrusts humans, favors strong government to keep order; promotes social

contract - getting order by giving power to monarch. A contradiction – monarchs are

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human too, therefore untrustworthy.Philosopher John Locke says government gets power from the people; stresses that people have

a right to overthrow an unjust government. The philosophes are French social critics in the mid-1700s; value reason, nature, happiness,

progress, liberty.Voltaire - influential philosophe, pen name of Francois Marie Arouet ; publishes many works

arguing for tolerance, reason, religious freedom, freedom of speech; makes powerful enemies & is twice imprisoned for his views.

Montesquieu - French writer who admires Britain's government system; favors separation of powers to keep 1 body from dominating government

Jean Jacques Rousseau - philosophe who favors individual freedom, direct democracy (anarchy); views social contract as agreement by free people to form government.

Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria works to reform justice system; calls for speedy trials, greater rights for criminal defendants.

Many Enlightenment thinkers take traditional views of women's role; prominent writer Mary Wollstonecraft urges greater rights for women; argues women need quality education to be virtuous & useful; urges women to go into traditionally male professions like politics; some wealthy women use their status to spread Enlightenment ideas.

Evaluate the impact of Enlightenment ideals on the development of economic, political, and religious structures in the Western world.The philosophes are not activists, but inspire major revolutions; scientific breakthroughs show

human capacity to improve society; new knowledge of the world leads people to question religious ideas; Voltaire & others criticize beliefs & practices of Christianity.

People place more emphasis on individual rights, abilities; reason becomes a central concept for philosophers, rulers.

Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world & profoundly influence the arts & government.

Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during 1700s; city is home to salons - gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas.

Philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751 - set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays; Encyclopedia articles anger French government, Catholic Church; Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe.

Pre-Enlightenment art style is baroque - grand, ornate design; Enlightenment style is neo-classical, based on Greek/Roman themes.

Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style - led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.

Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots & characters; Samuel Richardson's Pamela considered 1st true English novel.

Spirit of the Enlightenment prompts rise of enlightened despots - monarchs who embrace Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule, but who do not give up any power.

Frederick the Great (Frederick II) king of Prussia, reforms education & justice system; grants 40

religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom.Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of religion & the press; abolishes serfdom, but the practice

is reinstated after his death.Catherine the Great - enlightened ruler of Russia, 1762-1796; seeks to abolish capital

punishment & torture, but effort fails; responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs.

In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully expands Russian empire; gains port access for Russia by seizing northern coast of Black Sea; seizes large parts of Poland, increasing empire's size.

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