ISESUOS JAXA's Debris Removal Program … ISESUOS_JAXA's...Importance of Discussion in IADC...

International Symposium on Ensuring Stable Use of Outer SpaceInternational Symposium on Ensuring Stable Use of Outer Space

JAXA's Debris Removal Program

Mitsuru OhnishiHead, Research Team for Space Debris Comprehensive Measures,

Research and Development Directorate, JAXA


Contents• 1. Background

– 1.1 Recent Population of Space Objects– 1.2 Scheme for the Promotion of Space Debris Measures since 2016– 1.3 Framework for the Promotion of Space Debris Measures– 1.4 LEO Environment Projection

• 2. JAXA’s R & D Plan on Space Debris Removal– 2.1 Concept of the R & D– 2.2 Plan for Demonstrations

• 3. Possibility of Space Debris Removal– 3.1 Targets of Space Debris Removal– 3.2 Heritage of Technologies– 3.3 Technology Readiness

• 4. International Standards and Guidelines– 4.1 Measures to the Standards and Guidelines– 4.2 Introduction of IADC

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Monthly Number of Objects in Earth Orbit by Object Type

Total Objects

Fragmentation Debris

Spacecraft

Mission-related Debris

Rocket Bodies

Orbital Debris Quarterly News, NASA, No.1, 22, 2.2018.

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1. Background1.1 Recent Population of Space Objects


1.2 Scheme for the Promotion of Space Debris Measures since 2016

• JAXA’s R&D activities for space debris measures– Proposing the technical guidelines for debris mitigation through

the activities on IADC( Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee ).

– Taking advantage of Japan's strengths and promoting the research and development on the space debris mitigation technologies such as observation, protection and safety removal.

• Framework for the promotion of space debris measures– Board for the promotion of space debris measures– Research team for space debris comprehensive measures

• The team consists of 4 sub-teams.

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1.3 Framework for the Promotion of Space Debris Measures

The Administrator

Bodies inside of JAXA

Research Team for Space Debris Comprehensive Measures

Heads: M. Ohnishi, S. Kawamoto

Board for the Promotion of Space Debris Measures

Cooperation

- Sub team for International Standards and Guidelines

- Sub team for Mitigation

- Sub team for Active Debris Removal (ADR)

- Sub team for Situational Awareness and Protection

Organizations

outside of JAXACooperation

On Research Activities

On Management

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• Debris evolutionary models showed the debris population will not stabilize even without any future launches.

• Debris evolutionary models showed that Active Debris Removal (ADR) of currently existing 100-150 debris objects or 5-10 debris objects/year is necessary for stabilizing LEO environment

Liou, J.-C., An active debris removal parametric study for LEO environment remediation. Adv. Space Res. 47, 3.2011.

1.4 LEO Environment Projection

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International Symposium on Ensuring Stable Use of Outer Space

Aim： ① To maintain or improve the orbital environment for sustainable development of space activities② To found an enterprise for the above aim and give large share on the enterprise to the industries

Targets and JAXA’s contribution Target A【Private Sector】： Mitigation or Removal of New Debris ⇒ Support Private Sectors Target B【Public Sector 】： Removal of Existing and Dangerous Debris ⇒ Main Contribution

2. R & D Plan2.1 Concept of the R & D

Stability of SpaceEnvironment

Mitigation/Removal of New Debris

Removal of Existing Debris

International Rules

Private Sector

Public Sector Private SectorGoal

A

B

Rules and Standards

System Demonstration

ComponentDemonstration

Observation

Implementation to JAXA standards ～ Standardized (ISO) ～ Collaboration Framework on IADC ～ International Rules (COPUOS)

Baseline System Demonstration

Removal Existing Debris as a Public Enterprise (1/year)ESA’s System Demo.

Extended System Demonstration

Private Enterprise

Component Demonstration(s)

R & D and building the Infrastructure

Compo. Demo. for Extended SystemCapture and so on

EDT Demonstration called “KITE”

Reinforcement by Public Researches

Collaboration with Astro ScaleRemoval Enterprise

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The 3rd Mid Term Plan ～ Next Mid-Long Term Plan


Component Demonstration(s) ：Key technologies for future competitiveness Rendezvous / Capture

Heritage (ETS-VII, HTV, etc) De-orbit (ElectoroDynamic Tether(EDT), etc)

Lower-Resources, Lower-Cost

Baseline System Demonstration

Aim:

Found the ADR market by proving the possibility of low-cost ADR. Promote industries entry to the market by extending the ADR enterprise.

Removal Target：Existing upper stages of H2A or upper stage of H3 piggybacked

Technology Readiness Public Researches based on the JAXA’s R & D Plan

Aim:

Accelerate JAXA’s R & D on space debris measures.

Enhance the Industry-Academia-JAXA Cooperation from the Beginning.

Make the All-Japan framework for the comprehensive measures on Space Debris.

2.2 Plan for Demonstrations

Non-Cooperative Rendezvous using Optical Camera

Capture

Capture

De-orbit(a candidate)

Approach

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Liou, J.-C., An active debris removal parametric study for LEO environment remediation. Adv. Space Res. 47, 3.2011.

3. Possibility3.1 Targets of Space Debris Removal

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Orbital Debris Quarterly News, NASA, No.2, 18, 4.2014.

• Targets should exist on clouded orbits.• Targets are on a few orbital groups, that is, on

a few useful orbits. • Multiple debris removals per one mission

might be possible. -> Lower cost• ADR satellite might take piggyback launch,

because a main satellite will be usually inserted to such a useful orbit. -> Lower cost


HTV(2009)

Hayabusa(2003- 2010)

3.2 Heritage of Technologies

JAXA has been studying cost-effective ADRBackground: experiences through ETS-VII, HTV, Hayabusa, etc.

– Autonomous Rendezvous/Docking

– Image processing to locate a target object

– Autonomous navigation– Space robotics

ETS-VII(1997-1999)

JEMRMS(2008-)

Target S/CChaser S/C

ETS-VIIArm

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Component Demonstration(s)

3.3 Technology ReadinessOperation Scenario for ADR

Targets are uncontrolled, non-cooperative objects with no reflector, no marker, no a handle to captureTargets are heavy objects in high (700-1000km) altitude requiring large ∆V for de-orbiting

Motion estimation

Proximity operations

Launch

orbit injection

Rendezvous

De-orbit (a candidate)

Debris object in a crowded region

To the next debris object

(in case of multiple removal)

Attachment of a propulsion system

Approach to debris (non-cooperative rendezvous)

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Passive Abort Safety

Non-Cooperative RendezvousVision-based navigation using cameras (visible and IR)

– Far: Angles-Only Navigation (AON)– Middle: Model Matching Navigation (MMN)– Near: PAF-Tracking Navigation (PTN)

Laser sensors are optionsAON AON MM

NPTN

1 km

Visible Camera (AON)

Visible Camera (AON)

Dual Co‐elliptic Orbit

100 km

IR Camera (AON)

V‐bar hopping

30m 1 km100mForced Motion

X

Z

PA trajectory

IR Camera ImagevVisual Navigationmotion simulator

IR Camera Image

Visible Camera Image

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Debris model

Screen Sun-light

Cameras

3DOF rotation stage

Light stage

3DOF linear stage

Proximity Operations (Motion Estimation)• Final approach using

vision sensors– Image processing to

identify relative distance and attitude

– Numerical simulations and on-ground experiments using a model of rocket upper stage and optical simulator

Visual Navigation motion simulator

Debris orbit

Debris

measurement results

13Optical simulator

International Symposium on Ensuring Stable Use of Outer SpaceProximity Operations

(Attachment of Propulsion System)Attachment of the tether end without need for precise position control

– Hook to the payload attachment fitting of the rocket upper stage using an extensible boom mechanism

– Harpoon or puncher– Robot arms, stretching gripper

etc.

extensible boom puncher Stretching gripper 14


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Electrodynamic Tether (EDT) as One of Candidates for Propulsion

• Fundamentals– Electromotive force (EMF) by

orbital motion• Vemf = (v x B) L

– Lorentz force• F = (J x B) L

• Main features– No need for propellant or

high electrical power– Its thrust is so small and no

thrust vector control required-> Attaching operation will be less challenging

• 5-10 km EDT can de-orbit large debris in crowded region within 1 year

• Demonstration of small EDT on HTV has been studied

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KITE, EDT Demonstration on HTVHTV#6 was launched on 2016 Dec.

– Objectives: on-orbit bare tether deployment and current emission by field emission cathodes

Endmass that stores tether could not be released from HTV and tether was not deployed

– probably because one of four actuators for fixing endmass did not work

FEC was operated without critical troubles and its ability was better than expected by the ground experiment

– FEC is key device to achieve propellant-less propulsion for cost effective ADR

Technology level of EDT was advanced by analysis and ground tests during development phases

– such as manufacturing and winding of bare tether, dynamics for stable operation and control

Next demonstration plan now being re-examined

Electron emission ability was better than expectation.

e‐e‐

e‐

e‐ e‐ e‐

FEC

Space plasmaCurrent loop

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FEC


System StudySystem study

– Small satellite launched as piggyback or cluster

Tethered tug– Chemical/electric

propulsion– Controlled reentry at a

low enough altitude

Tethered tug by chemical/electric propulsion

Small satellite for ADR

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Large thrust should be given to horizontallydebris

Removal satellite

Orbital direction

Electric propulsion or intermittent chemical thrust should be given to vertical tether

Block diagram


Making efficient proposals, in cooperation with other spacefaring agencies, on international standards or guidelines for space debris mitigation, actively adopting the latest technologies and the findings in related researches.

・COPOUS (Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space)

STSC (Scientific and Technical Subcommittee)

LTS (Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities)・ISO (International Organization for Standardization)・IADC (Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee)

Importance of Discussion in IADC Discussion on standards and guidelines seems to be done parallelly. But key players also take part in IADC and

discuss them in advance.

国際

USA

JAPAN

Europe

IADCGuideline（2002）

NASDA Standard（1996）

US government STD（2000）

NASA Standard（1995）

Code of Conducti（2004）

UNGuideline（2007）

ISOISO‐24113

（2010）

European Corp. for Space STDECSS‐U‐AS‐10C（2012）

JAXAJMR‐003/C（2014）

JAXAJMR‐003/A（2004）

JAXAJMR‐003/B

（2011）

95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17

ESAReq. Mitigation

（2007）

NASA STD revised（2007）

4. Int. Standards and Guidelines 4.1 Measures to the Standards and Guidelines

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4.2 Introduction of IADCStructure and Purposes of IADC

IADC is an international forum of national and international space agencies for the worldwide technical/scientific coordination of activities related to space debris in Earth orbit issues and provides technical recommendations.IADC consists of a Steering Group and four specified Working Groups (WGs) covering measurements (WG1), environment and database (WG2), protection (WG3), and mitigation (WG4). The primary purpose of the IADC is to

– exchange information on space debris research activities between member space agencies.– facilitate opportunities for cooperation in space debris research.– review the progress of ongoing cooperative activities.– identify debris mitigation options.

KARI

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Annual Meetings of IADCMore than 100 technical experts from member agencies participate in the annual meetings to share information, address issues, and define and conduct studies on all aspects of space debris.

– UKSA hosted the meeting in Harwell Oxford, UK in 2016– ESA hosted the meeting in Darmstadt, Germany in 2017– JAXA will host the next meeting in Tsukuba, Japan in June

2018

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Summary• JAXA has been promoting the comprehensive approach to space

debris measures.• Now JAXA focuses on the R&D for space debris removal in order to

found the new enterprise.• JAXA will proceed the R & D under the Industry-Academia-JAXA

cooperation.

Thank you for your attention!

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