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Stephen A. Roosa, Ph.D., CEM, REP, CSDPStephen A. Roosa, Ph.D., CEM, REP, CSDPTrondeim, Norway Trondeim, Norway

15 June 201315 June 2013

International Student Energy SummitInternational Student Energy SummitPolicies, Programs and

Technologies

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What is BeingWhat is Being Presented ? Presented ?

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentTypes of Energy Types of Energy Mega-SolutionsMega-SolutionsRenewable TechnologiesRenewable TechnologiesNet Zero BuildingsNet Zero BuildingsInformation ApplicationsInformation ApplicationsInvestments in RenewablesInvestments in Renewables

Time for your questions!Time for your questions!

Sustainable Policies and ProgramsPolices and programs are local, regional,

national and international.• Policies – strategies and goals

developed by governmental or management structures.

• Programs – activities and incentives developed to achieve the goals of the policies.

• Technologies – means of implementing the programs (e.g., equipment,

hardware, software, material, resources, etc.).Most solutions are local or regional.

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Origins traced to the 1987 –Brundtland Report from the

World Commission on Environment and Development

Development as “development that meets needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs” (Holland et al., 2000:10).

Overarching Policy of the Future: Overarching Policy of the Future: Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

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“ Energy is at the heart of some of the principle environmental problems we face. The unprecedented economic growth that has occurred mainly in industrialized countries in this century has depended to a very great extent on availability of low-cost energy, principally in the form of fossil fuels.” [5]

[5] United Nations (1993). Global partnerships for

environment and development: a guide to Agenda 21. Geneva: United Nations.

What is Relationship of Energy to What is Relationship of Energy to Sustainable Development?Sustainable Development?

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Categories of EnergyCategories of Energy

Fossil Fuels: Forms of energy formed from deposits of compressed and heated organic matter that consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen bonds.

• Coal, petroleum, natural gas, uraniumRenewable Energy: Forms of energy that are

derived from and replaced rapidly by natural processes.

• Solar thermal and photovoltaic, wind power, hydropower, tidal power, biomass, geothermal energy, etc.

Alternative Energy: Substituting one form of energy for another.

• Using natural gas rather than coal.• Using solar generated electricity rather

electricity generated from nuclear power or coal.

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Worldwide Energy Usage by Fuel Type

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Energy - A Primary Sustainability Issue• Projected demand for energy to increase

globally to 2030.• Access to energy provides the means of

improving national economies.• Human-based carbon emissions are

contributing to significant climate changes due mainly to growth in the energy supply and transportation sectors.

Key Problem: How do we cost-effectively reduce energy-related emissions of greenhouse gases to stabilize the climate while meeting the world’s increasing demand for energy.

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Linkages Between Renewable Energy and Reducing Carbon Emissions

Energy, how it is extracted, concentrated, transported and converted is directly linked to atmospheric carbon and other greenhouse emissions.

• Fossil Fuels: Generate comparatively high levels of greenhouse gases, especially carbon in their processing, transportation and combustion. Use of these fuels increases carbon emissions.

• Alternative Fuels: When high carbon fuels are substituted for lower carbon fuels or renewables, carbon emissions decline.

• Renewable Fuels: Generate little if any greenhouse gases. Use of renewable fuels can reduce carbon emissions.

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Environmental Impact of Environmental Impact of Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases

In 2013, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will hit 400 ppm, the highest concentration in 3 million years.

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Energy Conservation –incremental improvements to reduce or eliminate consumption of targeted fuels by using less energy while satisfying needs and criterion.

Energy Efficiency – refers to the concept of replacing less efficient energy consuming equipment with equipment of greater efficiency.

Fuel Substitution – selecting different types of energy with greater differential benefits.

Renewable Energy – energy from rapidly regenerating sources (e.g., solar, wind).

Technologies That Reduce CO2 Emissions

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Economics of Technological Solutions

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Mega-Solutions• Sustainable Development as a

adopted policy• New efficiency and renewable

Technologies• New energy production and

delivery technologies• Buildings: Net Zero Energy, Zero-

Carbon • Information Technologies –

Digital communications, web based monitoring and measurement systems

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WorldWorld’’s Largest Hydro s Largest Hydro Power Plant Power Plant Three Gorges Three Gorges DamDam

It contains 38 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW. The total electric generating capacity of the dam will eventually reach 22,500 MW.

Other types of hydropower:•Micro-turbines•Low-head hydro applications•Tidal Power•Seawater air conditioning (SWAC) •Wave power

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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

Large Scale Utility Systems

World’s Largest Land Based Wind Farm Based on Rated Output - Tehachapi Pass, CAWind development in the Tehachapi Pass began in the early 1980s. The area hosts a multitude of wind farms, with over a dozen participating companies.

The area has multiple generations of wind turbine technology installed including modern three blade horizontal axis design. There are 5,600 installed Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs). Some of the newer turbines generate up to 3 megawatts. Total site production is 800 Million kWh/yr.

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Solar Energy SystemsThermal and Photovoltaic

The 30 MW Alamosa Solar Generating Plant is the world’s largest silicon solar concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) power plant, surpassing the 5 MW Hatch CPV project in New Mexico and the 7.8 MW Parques Solares plant in Spain. Uses Amonix dual-axis tracking silicon CPV technology.

• Alamosa, Colorado

• Completed in 2012

• Carbon Offset: 43,000 tons/Yr

• Cost: $140 to $150 million

• Generate 88 GWH/Yr.

Solar PV Power | Projects Alamosa Solar Generating Plant| 30 MW

Silicon Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV)

With a mix of polycrystalline and moncrystalline silicon photovoltaic solar panels and commissioned in 2011, the 105.56 MW Perovo Solar Power Station was, as of mid-2012, the world’s largest utility-scale silicon photovoltaic solar power plant. •The facility will generate 132.5 GWh annually and will have a capacity factor of 15.1%.

• Crimea, Ukraine

• Completed in 2011

• Carbon Offset: 109,918 tons/ year

• $387 million project cost

Solar PV Power | Projects Perovo Solar Power Station | 100 MW

Silicon Photovoltaic

Built in (3) equal 50 MW phases, Solar Millenium’s Andasol Solar Power Station is the world’s largest and first commercial-scale solar Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) power plant to combine parabolic trough solar CSP with molten salt energy storage (MSES) technology. • Able to store 7.5 hours worth of solar thermal energy.• CSP plant capacity: 38.8%.

• Aldeire y La Calahorra, Spain

• Project completion: 2011

• Energy Storage Efficiency: 95%

• $1.235 billion

Energy Storage Energy Storage | Projects Andasol Solar Power Station | 150 MW

Parabolic Trough CSP + Molten Salt Energy Storage (CSP + MSES)

As of completion in 2011, the Zhangbei National Wind and PV Energy Storage and Transmission Demonstration Project is the world’s first utility-scale hybrid renewable energy plant to integrate utility-scale wind and solar PV generation with large scale lithium-ion battery energy storage.• 100 MW wind energy generation.• 40 MW solar PV generation.• 20 MW battery storage (to be expanded to 36 MW).

• Zhangbei County, China

• Project completion: 2011

• $1.88 billion

Energy Storage Energy Storage | Projects Zhangbei National Wind and PV Project | 216

MWHybrid Wind and Solar PV Generation + Lithium-ion Battery

Energy Storage

Remote locations, islands, and off-grid locations are traditional sites for hybrid power generation.  The cost of extending the conventional electrical grid to these locations is typically cost-prohibitive, allowing HRES’s to achieve parity.

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES)

When completed, the consolidated enXco 140 MW Pacific Wind and 130 MW Catalina Solar generating plant will be perhaps the largest integrated wind + solar PV hybrid generation plant in the U.S.•Currently under construction.•Originally conceived separately but are almost immediately adjacent to one another, leading the installations to share a transmission gen-tie and facilities at the point of interconnection.

• Kern County, California, U.S.

• Projected completion: 2013

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems | Projects Pacific Wind and Catalina Solar Project | 270

MWHybrid Wind Power + Solar PV

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Atlantic City, NJ WWTPGrid interconnected powerGrid interconnected powerElectric vehiclesElectric vehicles7.5 MW Wind7.5 MW Wind500 KW Solar PV500 KW Solar PV

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Algae Fuels

Biomass to Bio-Oil

Bio FuelsBio Fuels

Ethanol

Algae Farms

Bio-Fuel Facility

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Hydrogen Gas VehiclesHydrogen Gas Vehicles• Offers promise if derived

in a sustainable manner.• Renewable hydrogen can

be generated by using solar-hydrogen production technologies.

• Combustion process is similar to using gasoline.

• Produce little pollution.

Net Positive Energy Buildings

•Those buildings generate energy that is sold back to the utility. They are normally interconnected with local power grids.

Net Zero Energy

•Those buildings that generate energy equal to what they consume over a period of time (typically per year).

Carbon Neutral Construction

•Buildings that use no energy from the external power grid are carbon neutral.

Zero Energy Applications Zero Energy Applications

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Net Zero Middle SchoolNet Zero Middle SchoolKentucky, USAKentucky, USATurkey Foot Middle Schools•Solar PV•Geothermal HVAC•Natural lighting systems

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Aldo Leopold Legacy CenterAldo Leopold Legacy CenterWisconsin, USA Wisconsin, USA Carbon NeutralCarbon Neutral

The Leopold Center is a net zero energy building, meeting all of its energy needs on site. Despite the contrasts of Wisconsin’s four-season climate, the Leopold Center uses 70 percent less energy than a building built just to code, and the center’s roof-mounted solar array is projected to meet 110 percent of the building’s energy needs on an annual basis.

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• Automated data acquisition • Greater use of wireless control and remote

monitoring systems.• Database management and statistical analysis • Distributed Generation – Producing electrical

energy at the point of use and managing it using digital control systems.

• Web based control, monitoring and measurement systems controlled by handheld communication devices.

• Automated smart meters, even smarter grids, micro-grids

• Interconnecting transportation systems with utility grid.

What is the Future of Information What is the Future of Information Technologies?Technologies?

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Integrated BuildingsIntegrated BuildingsTwenhofel Middle SchoolTwenhofel Middle SchoolKentucky, USAKentucky, USA

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Increasing Investments in Renewable EnergyWorldwide Investments in Renewables in

2010• Total - $211 billion compared to

$219 billion in coal, oil and natural gas• Increase of 32% over 2009• Renewables accounted for 30% of all new

electrical generating capacityInvestment by Leading Countries in 2010• China - $49.8 billion, up 28% • Germany - $41.0 billion, up 100%• U.S. - $29.6 billion, up 56%• Italy - $13.8 billion, up 136%• Brazil - $6.9 billion, down 5%• Canada - $5.2 billion, up 52%• Spain - $4.9 billion, up 53%

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Carbon Reduction – Policies, Strategies and Technologies

Reductions of local, regional, national and international greenhouse gas emissions in homes, businesses, industries and communities has become an international priority. This book describes in clear, concise, and understandable terms the nature and scope of the climate change problem. The authors propose a defined road map which can be implemented to help control and abate the alarming increases in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.