ISEM 3015 Telecommunications and Networking in BusinessGroup 5 Presentation12012971 Pang Yick Lai12201219 Lee Wing Yee12212865 Lee Yuen Tung13208020 Wong Tan Ping11008822 Wong Lok Yung12205044 Tse Joel12013757 Fu Man Tsit

1G Mobile Network•Brief History: • -Mobile wireless technology came early in 1970s• -1G introduced in year 1980s , completed in 1990s• -Location of first commercialization is USA• -1G was old analog system and supported the first

generation of analog cell phones speed up to 2.4kbps• -In 1980s, there are many example of 1G in that time

▫ (NMT, TACS, AMPS etc.)

1G Mobile NetworkTelephone Network(Cellular systems)

System Type TACS AMPS NMT

Full Name Total Access Communication System

Advanced Mobile Phone System

Nordic Mobile Telephony

Location United Kingdom

United States Nordic countries

Mobile Transmit/Receive frequency

For ETACS 916 to 949 (Rx) and 871 to 904 (Tx), For NTACS 860 to 870 (Rx) and 915 to 925 (Tx)

824 to 849(Tx) and 869 to 894 (Rx)

463 to 468 (Rx) and 453 to 458 (Tx) in NMT-450 standard, 935 to 960 (Rx) and 890 to 915 (Tx) in NMT-900 standard

No. of channels

832 in AMPS and 2496 in NAMPS

1240 in ETACS and 400 in NTACS

200 in NMT-450 and 1999 in NMT-900

Spacing between RF channels

30KHz in AMPS and 10KHz in NAMPS

25 KHz in ETACS and 12.5 KHz in NTACS

25 KHz in NMT-450 standard and 12.5 KHz in NMT-900

1G Mobile Network

•Other Technology Used:• -Switching type: Circuit switching• -Access system: FDMA

▫Frequency Division Multiple Access• -Band type: Narrow-Band

▫300–3400 Hz

-Graphical demonstration of Circuit switching

1G Mobile Network

Graphical demonstration of Frequency Division Multiple Access

1G Mobile Network

•Features of 1G mobile: • -Low speed 2.4 Kbps to 14.4 kbps•-Voice only and Voice call only•-Huge size•-First wireless communication•-Allows people make a phone call within a

country

1G Mobile Network

Advantages Disadvantages

Simpler (less complex) network elements

Poor voice quality

Mobility Poor battery life

Network Standardization Large phone size

Makes wireless communication become popular

No security

Limited capacity

Poor handoff reliability

1G Mobile Network

•Second-generation wireless telephone technology

•Launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991

2G Mobile Network

2G Mobile Network

Technologies ▫Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) – two types▫Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – three types

•CDMA▫GSM, over 80% subscribers used

CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).

▫IS-95 aka CDMAOne , about 17% of subscribers used.•TDMA

▫includes the PDC, the iDEN and IS-136.

2G Mobile Network2G Data Transmission Capacity

•Two types of transmission capacity ▫GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

theoretical transfer speed of max. 50 kbit/s▫EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

theoretical transfer speed of max. 1 Mbit/s

Advantages of 2G network1. Signal = digital encrypted *only intended receiver

can receive and read –Digital voice data can be compressed and

multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings–Emit less radio power from the handsets

2. Transmission capacity (theoretical transfer speed )– 40->500 kbits/s – (GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) - > EDGE

(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

2G Mobile Network

Advantages of 2G network

3. Efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels

4. Introduced the data services for mobile 5. Enable services like text messages, picture messages

and MMS (multi media messages).

2G Mobile Network

Disadvantages of 2G network1. Weak digital signal transmitted by a cellular phone

may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower2. Digital - jagged steppy one.

2G Mobile Network

Disadvantages of 2G network 3. 2G Shut Down–Australia - will shut down their GSM network by

the end of 2016–Canada - would be shutting down its

CDMA networks in 2015 or early 2016–United States - various carriers shutting down in

progress, complete by the end of 2016.

2G Mobile Network

2.5G Mobile Network•Definition and positioning:•2.5G (second and a half generation• -> 2G system with packet-switched domain•Served as a “bridging generation” between 2G and

3G.•Faded out after a short period of time.

2.5G Mobile Network•Technology employed:• - Packet-switched domain• ->Specific example of Packet-switched domain:• General Packet Radio Service (aka “GPRS”)• - Packet-switched domain implemented in addition

to the circuit-switched domain.

2.5G Mobile Network• Important services offered by the GPRS:• - SMS messaging and broadcasting

- "Always on" internet access- Multimedia messaging service (MMS)- Instant messaging and presence—wireless village- Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP)

2.5G Mobile Network• Important services offered by the GPRS: (cont’)• - Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the

Internet (IP)- Point-to-Multipoint (P2M) services: point-to-multipoint multicast and point-to-multipoint group calls

2.5G Mobile Network•Advantages of packet-switched over circuit-switched:• - Utilization of network• - Reliability• - Resilient

2.5G Mobile Network•Disadvantages of packet-switched over circuit-

switched:• - Delays in receiving message• - Potential network security risks• - Inappropriate for small packet transmission

2.5G Mobile Network•Why it fade out?• - Slow data transmission• - Low data transmission amount• - Compatibility problem

3G Mobile Network● carried out by ITU in the early 1980s● specification and standards were built in 15 years● for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services● IMT-2000:

o ‘IMT’ International Mobile Telecommunications

o ‘2000’ scheduled year for initial trial systems and frequency

range of 2000 MHz● spectrum

o 400MHz to 3GHz

3G Mobile Network - Usages and Speed

● multimedia facilities o watch streaming videoo enjoy video telephonyo surf the interneto upload or download the datao use GPS (Global Positioning System)

● in Fixed Wireless Lanso highest speed (up to 2 Mbps)o lower speed (of 144 kbps)

3G Mobile Network – Technologies involved● More flexible, can support 5 major radio technologies that

operate under:○ Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)○ Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA)○ Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

● 3G mostly uses CDMA and TDMA methods

● FDMA is only used in Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT)

CDMA● Code Division Multiple Access 2000(CDMA 2000)

○ Backward compatible○ Operates on synchronous network > greater efficiency

> attracted GSM Operators○ Used to get highest speed for data transfers with more efficiency

● Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)○ Minimum bandwidth of 5 MHz > data rates of 144 to 384 Kbps○ Total control on uplink and downlink○ Can transmit at a data rate up to 2Mbps.○ Frequency Division Duplex and time division duplex○ More expensive > requires new infrastructure and very complex

3G Mobile Network- Technologies involved

3G Mobile Network- Technologies involvedTDMA● UWC-136 system

○ Compatible with IS-136 standard○ Carrier of 30 KHz, 200 KHz and 1.6 MHz

CDMA + TDMA● Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA)

○ Arrow frequency carrier system ○ More frequencies available for the operator with small spectrum

allocations○ Increases the network operator system capacity○ Uses time division duplex system

3G Mobile Network- 3.5G and 3.75G3.5G● High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA)

○ Mobile telephony protocol○ Evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G networks○ Higher data transfer speeds○ Packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink○ Data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s > over a 5MHz

bandwidth○ Usages e.g :Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast

cell search, and advanced receiver design

3G Technology - 3.5G and 3.75G3.75G● HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)

○ UMTS / WCDMA uplink evolution technology○ related to HSDPA and complementary with each other ○ enhance advanced person-to-person data applications

■ higher and symmetric data rates

3G Pros

● Portable high speed internet access and data transfero run tasks you desire with a very high speedo download quickly because of the increased rate of data

transfer

● Greater bandwidtho access all of the Internet and multimedia applicationso much greater transmission capacityo improved communications

3G Cons

● High costo frequency of 3G transmission is different

cellular service provider must install the proper configuration at each base station

o requires more power to connect 3G need a larger battery to extend usage time

4G Mobile Network•What is 4G:

•Fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology

•Usual voice and other services of 3G

•Provides mobile broadband internet access

•Multi-standard wireless system

•Digital signal

4G Mobile Network•Two 4G candidate systems➔ Mobile WiMAX standard➔ Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard

•TD-LTE (China market)

4G Mobile NetworkMobile WiMAX standard:

•The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard

•First commercial mobile WiMAX service opened by KT in Seoul in June 2006

•Peak data rates: 128Mbps downlink, 56Mbps uplink

•IEEE 802.16m or Wireless MAN-Advanced is under development

• Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard:

•Pre-4G 3GPP LTE technology is often branded “4G-LTE”

•Peak data rates: 100Mbps downlink, 50Mbps uplink

•20 MHz is used, more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) are used

•First available: Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems), Oslo (Huawei system) in 2009

•Samsung manufactured the user terminals

•LTE Advanced

•An improvement on the existing LTE network

•Peak data rates: 1Gbps downlink, 500Mbps uplink

4G Mobile Network

•TD-LTE (China market):

•One of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies

•China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator - China Mobile

•Not yet mature

•Many domestic and international wireless carriers turn to TD-LTE follow the steps

•Still debatable whether this would be widely recognized by the international market

4G Mobile Network

4G Mobile Network

● Video streaming, TV broadcast● Video calls, video clip-news, music, sports● Enhanced gaming, chat, location services

● High speed Tele-working / VPN access● Sales force automation● Video conferencing● Real-time financial information

-Usage

● Advantages of 4G :● The next generations of wireless technology that

promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services.

● Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.● Provide any kind of service at any time as per user

requirements, anywhere.● High security● Low Cost Per-bit

4G Mobile Network

Advantage of 4G (cont’):One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.● Mobile Multimedia● Anytime Anywhere● Global Mobility Support● Integrated Wireless Solution● Customized Personal Services

4G Mobile Network

● Disadvantage of 4G : ● More battery use

● Limited coverage around the world

● Need complicated hardware

4G Mobile Network

Conclusion• All generations have their own advantage and

disadvantages

• Not always true to use the most advanced generation

• Depends on the advancement of technology in a specific country:▫The cost ▫The infrastructure involved to maintain the stability of

the network.

• We should understand each of them

• Not to chase for the most advanced one

Reference

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