ISA5428: 普及計算Pervasive Computing:An Overview金仲達教授清華大學資訊系統與應用研究所九十三學年度第一學期

(Some slides are taken from the presentation byProf. Friedemann Mattern of ETH Zurich)

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Outline The Vision -- According to Mark Weiser The Enablers Example Projects Summary

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Pervasive Computing According to Mark Weiser

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Transparencies Are Taken from Mark Weiser's slides for the keynote speech "Building Invisible Interfaces" given at the User Interface, Systems, and Technologies (UIST) Conference, November, 1994. Mark Weiser’s slides from the invited talk: "Does Ubiquitous Computing Need Interface Agents? No." given at the MIT Media Lab Symposium on User Interface Agents, October 1992. M. Weiser’s paper “The Computer for the 21s

t Century,” Scientific American, Sept. 1991.

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Your Personal Experience Remember the last time you spent several

productive hours? It had some characteristics:

Time passed unnoticed You were unaware of your surroundings Consciously you focused on a goal Unconsciously you drew on tacit skills and

knowledge The situation was very rich with details and

nuances that you unconsciously took into account The things you did not think about – the tacit,

the context, the world – made you smart!

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A Basic Characteristic of Human People are most effective and authentic

when they are fully engaged, mind and body, in the world

Examples: Flow of the athlete in the groove Effortless use of pencil, paper and language

when writing Effortless 65 MPH driving of the experienced

driver (while talking, reading road signs, …) Technologies should enhance this ability to

engage, to “flow” with life and work

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Invisible Technologies The most powerful technologies are

invisible: they get out of the way to let human be effective

Electricity Electric motors hidden everywhere (20-30 per

car) Electric sockets in every wall and portably

available through batteries Integrated, invisible infrastructure

Literary technology Continuously surrounding us at many scales:

books, newspapers, street signs, candy wrappers Used trivially and profoundly Literally visible, effectively invisible

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Good Technology Is Invisible “Invisible” stays out of the way of task

Like a good pencil stays out of the way of the writing

Like a good car stays out of the way of the driving Bad technology draws attention to itself, not

task Like a broken, or skipping, or dull pencil Like a car that needs a tune-up

Computers are mostly not invisible They dominate interaction with them

Ubiquitous computing is about “invisible computers”

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How to Do Invisible Computing? Integrated computer systems approach

Invisible, everywhere, computing named “ubiquitous computing” in April 1989

Invisible: tiny, embedded, attachable, … Everywhere: wireless, dynamically

configurable, remote access, adapting, …

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Goals of Ubiquitous Computing Ultimate goal:

Invisible technology Integration of virtual and physical worlds Throughout desks, rooms, buildings, and life Take the data out of information, leaving

behind just an enhanced ability to act

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Ubicomp Phase I Phase I

Smart, ubiquitous I/O devices: tabs, pads, and boards

Hundreds of computers per person, but casual, low-intensity use

Many, many “displays”: audio, visual, environmental

Wireless networks Location-based, context-aware services Interesting scenarios

Using a computer should be as refreshing as a walk in the woods

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Smart Objects Real world objects are

enriched with information processing capabilities

Embedded processors in everyday objects small, cheap, lightweight

Communication capability wired or wireless spontaneous networking

and interaction Sensors and actuators

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Smart Objects (cont.) Can remember pertinent events

They have a memory Show context-sensitive behavior

They may have sensors Location/situation/context

awareness Are responsive/proactive

Communicate with environment Networked with other smart objects

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Smart Objects (cont.)

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Ubiquitous Computing Vision

“In the 21st century the technology revolution will move into the everyday, the small and the invisible…”“The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabrics of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.”Mark Weiser (1952 –1999), XEROX PARC

Small, cheap, mobile processors and sensorsin almost all everyday objectson your body (“wearable computing”)embedded in environment (“ambient intelligence”)

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Outline The Vision -- According to Mark Weiser The Enablers Example Projects Summary

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First Enabler: Moore‘s Law Processing speed and storage capacity

double every 18 months “cheaper, smaller, faster”

Exponential increase will probably go on for the next 10 years at

same rate

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Generalized Moore’s Law Most important

technology parameters double every 1–3 years: computation cycles memory, magnetic disks bandwidth

Consequence: scaling down

Problems:

• increasing cost

• energy

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2nd Enabler: Communication Bandwidth of single fibers ~10 Gb/s

2002: ~20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex (often at no cost for laying new cable!) Powerline

coffee maker “automatically” connected to the Internet Wireless

mobile phone: GSM, GPRS, 3G wireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s) Bluetooth

Room networks, body area networks Internet-on-a-chip

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Ubiquitous Information

PAN: Personal area network

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Body Area Networks Very low current (some nA), some kb/s through the human body Possible applications:

Car recognize driver Pay when touchingthe door of a bus Phone configures itselfwhen it is touched

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Spontaneous Networking Objects in an open, distributed, dynamic

world find each other and form a transitory community Devices recognize that they

“belong together”

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3rd Enabler: New Materials Important: whole eras named after materials

e.g., “Stone Age”, “1st generation computers” More recently: semiconductors, fibers

information and communication technologies Organic semiconductors

change the external appearance of computers “Plastic” laser

Opto-electronics, flexible displays,… ...

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Smart Paper, Electronic Ink Electronic ink

micro capsules, white on one side and black on the other

oriented by electrical field substrate could be an array

of plastic transistors Potentially high contrast,

low energy, flexible Interactive: writable with

magnetic pen

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Interactive Map Foldable and rollable

You are here!

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Smart Clothing Conductive textiles and inks

print electrically active patterns directly onto fabrics Sensors based on fabric

e.g., monitor pulse, blood pressure, body temperature Invisible collar microphones Kidswear

game console on the sleeve? integrated GPS-driven locators? integrated small cameras (to keep the parents calm)?

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Smart Glasses By 2009, computers will disappear. Visual information will be written directly onto ourretinas by devices inour eyeglasses andcontact lenses-- Raymond Kurzweil

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Today’s Wearable Computer

ready to ware

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Wearable Concept (Motorola)

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4th Enabler: Sensors/Actuators Miniaturized cameras, microphones,... Fingerprint sensor Radio sensors RFID Infrared Location sensors

e.g., GPS ...

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Example: Radio Sensors No external power supply

energy from theactuation process piezoelectric andpyroelectric materialstransform changes inpressure or temperatureinto energy

RF signal is transmitted via an antenna (20 m distance) Applications: temperature surveillance, remote control (e.g., wireless light switch),...

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RFIDs (“Smart Labels”) Identify objects from distance

small IC with RF-transponder

Wireless energy supply ~1m magnetic field (induction)

ROM or EEPROM (writeable) ~100 Byte

Cost ~$0.1 ... $1 consumable and disposable

Flexible tags laminated with paper

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PDAs, mobile phones, and wireless Internet appliances become request devices for information find information order products ...

Bar Code Reader

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LegoMaking Lego Smart:Robot command Explorer (Hitachi H8 CPU, 32KB RAM, IR)

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Lego Mindstorms

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Putting Them Altogether Progress in

computing speed communication

bandwidth material sciences sensor techniques computer science

concepts miniaturization energy and battery display technologies ...

Enables new applications

“Post-PC era” business opportunities

Challenges for computer scientists, e.g., infrastructure

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Outline The Vision The Enablers Example Projects Summary

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Idea: Making Objects SmartThe Smart Its Project Vision: make everyday objectsas smart, interconnectedinformation artifacts

by attaching “Smart-Its” Smart labels

Atmel microcontroller:(ETH Zurich)4 MIPS, 128 kB flash

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“Smart-Its Friends” How do we establish that two objects

“belong together”? Hold them together and shake!

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“Smart-Its Friends”! After the shared context has been

established, the two devices can open a direct communication link to exchange application-specific data

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Idea: Virtual Counterparts

Real World

Virtual World(Internet, cyberspace)

Pure virtualobjects

(e.g., every object has a web server)

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Ex.: As Artifact Memories Updates triggered

by events Queries from the

real world return memory content

Sensors generate events

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Magnifying Glass An object as a web link

e.g., by displaying a dynamically generated homepage Contents may dependon circumstances, e.g.,context and privileges possibly mediated bydifferent name resolvers HP Cooltown project

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CueCat & Its Business Models Bar code scanner

LED based Attached to computervia keyboard port

Scanners distributed free $5-$10 per CueCat

Sends the Web browserdirectly to “right” locationwhen scanning the bar codeof an ad in a magazine

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Other Applications Physical browsing (physical entity as an icon or

URL link to web pages) Physical objects as content repositories (by

associating objects with content) Copy-and-paste in the real world Objects as communication points (by

communicating content between two persons) Objects as physical representation of virtual

state, mixed reality, smart environment

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Smart Environment, Dumb Object A context-sensitive cookbook with RFID

RFID

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Can be Context-Aware Properties of the ingredients

Check whether there is enough of an ingredient

Prefer ingredients with earlier best-before date Properties of the kitchen

Check whether required tools and spices are available

Preferences and abilities of the cook Prefers Asian dishes Expert in vegetarian dishes

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AT&T Sentient SystemTimeline-based context storage

Location tracking

Position monitoring

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MIT Oxygen Project

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Berkeley’s Wireless Sensor Network MICA Motes, sensors, and TinyOS:

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Other Opportunities New digitally enhanced products

e.g., cooperating toys, air conditioner, ... New services (“e-utilities”)

e.g., management of smart devices at home, management of personal privacy,...

Detailed and timely knowledge of product location and life cycles, individual and dynamic prices for goods,... e.g., milk bottle reduces its price with its age e.g., higher taxes if product transported by

plane

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Outline The Vision The Enablers Example Projects Summary

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New Science from Exploring Ubicomp Theoretical computer science: network security, caching over slow networks, … Operating systems: scalable to wristwatches, user-extensible O.S.’s, reliable without redundancy, low power O.S. User interfaces, hardware and software gestures, two-handed input, pie-menus, unistroke alphabets Networking, hardware and software: radio, infrared, mobile protocols, in-building wireless LANs, over varying bandwidth Computer architecture, hardware and software: post-it-note computers, low power O.S., multimedia pad computers

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Summary Ubiquitous computing emphasizes

metaphors of life, interaction with other people, invisibility, and is leading to new discoveries in computer science

“Using a computer should be as refreshing as taking a walk in the woods.”