Name Date Class

Succession

The four pictures below show succession in a small area in New York. Think of these pictures as four photographs, with many years in between. Notice that in each picture, the plants have changed and so have the animals. Use the pictures to answer the questions below.

Stage 1 Stage 2 white-tailed deer

white-footed mouse red squirrel short-tailed shrew

Stage 3 Stage 4

red fox

short-tailed shrew red squirrel

lite-tailed deer^J .U-^ •—--^pir^C white-footed/ .....£=AieC..mouse ^

Wi^whi white-footed mouse ....sS^-

short-taiied shrew

1. In which stage is grass mostly found? I

S k c g e 1 i s u ^ h g r e g / b t S < ; is mcs+lj -fvund. 2. The grasshopper sparrow is so named because of what it eats. Why do you think it is mostly

found in Stage 1?

3. What new species appears in Stage 3? What can you hypothesize about this species based on

the four pictures?

4. By Stage 4, what type of vegetation has taken over?

T 11 hxLif^ KtT<; 4 ^ j b ^ ^ U ^ C V' € F

5. How did the trees change the environment, making it less favorable for the grasses to grow?

T K ^ V f AS d-^t^-c L^spaaZ, (Tlful hi (TtijkL c^Lct /̂ WL S^U.^

6. Which animal survived in all stages of this succession? Why?

28 Ecosystems

A. Factors that affect biomes chmate <^ CC^O "2—

1. temperature . tefd p a^t eWMl. § - 73

B, Major h> lOFy\3 —large areas with similar climates and ecosystems

.—cold, dry, treeless region

a. Permanently frozen sod called P'C^F'/Al G 'frVS

— I ~) ^M

b. Average temperature: ' ^ ^—'

c. Average precipitation is /tlS <, 'HlQ/] X^C'^ per year. d. Plants: ^ D S . S P S grasses, small shrubs, lichens

e. Animals: insects, ducks, geese, other birds, mice, arctic / l d^M^A, ^ reindeer

2. / C{ l^j ^ — cold forest of mostly evergreen trees

a. Soil 2haii.'S in the short summer.

b, Prpripitatinn- mostly snow. ^ 3 -̂/<1? f / ' C / V l per year .

forests—region with four seasons, mostly trees that lose their

leaves in autumn

a. Temperatures range from in winter to

in summer.

b. Precipitation: throughout the year, 73 cm-/53' cm per year

4. T ^ > ^ ^ f ^ t 4 ^ liain. forests—taU trees with needlelike leaves

a. Average temperature: /

b. Precipitation: cm- ^OC) cm per year

5. / lADp I I IT/Tl I lAy forests—^the most biologically diverse of all biomes

a. Average temperature: M ^

b. Precipitation: 2Mj cm- (DOCJ cm per year

c. Four ~2^lY\-^S : forest floor, understory, canopy, emergents

d. Human impact: habitats being (d QJ^iFrO^ _ by farmers and loggers

6. D €3erf; - -driest biome, supports htde plant life

a. Temperatures: vary from. 3 f i t - to 6 u ) | d

b. Precipitation: less than 3- 3 cm per year

c. Soil: thin, <^V:^y| A '-^l or gravelly

d. Plant: cactus

e. Animal: kangaroo |MA-"3"

_—^prairies or plains, dominated by grasses

a. Temperatures: temperate or

b. Precipitation cm per year; dry season

£co{o^[j C K a p k r 3 Sec+ion 3

R ^ c k p a Q e S 7 1 - " ^ 3

Section 3 Aquatic Ecosystems

_ ecosystems—include flowing and standing water, low or no salt

1. Rivers and streams— f ((;v^•^^A^' water

a. Most u . f r t ' ^ t A f b washed into water from land.

b. The faster the flow, the greater the (ZACj Cj € X^ content.

2. Lakes and ponds—very Httle C v ' C m e / ^-f^

a. Sunlight warms and lights pond b c T - f j o m ^ _ supporting plant and animal life.

b. Deeper lakes support hfe along S^U:^ / Ip VA shoreline or surface

3. Water p 0 I WriQyi —a problem caused by fertilizer-filled runoff and sewage

4. I'lZ-^-tbrV" —regions wet all or most of year

a. Lie between |3Dcl M 655^5 and water

b. Very b d i M i \ ecosystems

B. Salt water ecosystems—95% of Earth's water contains high concentration of salt, or

high .S4l/)*1|-Kl

1. Open oceans—divided into hghted and dark life Z-pr^ 'CcL.

—upper 200 m and home of plankton

b. 1^6wiC ysjnCrS—below 200 m where animals feed on material that floats down or

prey on each other

2. (-Z TQ. J j^Pip-fS —diverse and fragile ecosystems formed from coral shells of

calcium carbonate

3. Seashores—along C0r2 IH ^ 6

a. /D r i I i 2^)/]tP —covered with water at high tide and exposed to air at

low tide

b. Drastic P l^ClPiCjC^Z in temperature, moisture, salinity, and wave action

4. L-6i WCtto-j •—̂ where a river meets an ocean; called bays, lagoons, harbors, inlets, sounds

a. Rich in n u - { r ic^>vhS

b. Changing M\Ai'V.Y't?S of salt water and freshwater

Name

m Date Class

Directed Reading for

Gontent Mastery

Overview Ecosystems

Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.

cold forest region tundra deserts

include include include

1. taiga

2.

d e s G c t 5

that is a that is a that are

cold, dry,

treeless region

the driest

biomes on

Earth

5 3 5

grassland

include

3.

A.2i5sUH:i

such as the

prairies of

North America

Directions: In the spaces provided, indicate whether each ecosystem is saltwater, freshwater, or both.

5 N i f iNArifM 5. coral reefs

-ff-AAb u.'c?4iP

_ 6. estuaries

_ 7. rivers and streams

_ 8. open oceans

firtbb [^Jcli£ r~ 9. lakes and ponds

_ 10. wetlands

. 7 / 7 / - f a M < 4 c r

Ecosystems 17

Name Date Class

Directed Reading for

Content Mastery

Section 1 • How Ecosystems Change

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. Some terms may be used more than once.

primary secondary succession pioneer climax

1. The gradual change from one community of organisms to another is

ecological 7 a C C £ 5 S i ( 9 n .

2. Succession that takes place in a forest that has heen destroyed hy fire is an

example of . ^ e c f ^ n c i a r x ) succession.

3. The first organisms to move into a disturbed environment are the

j A i O n e £ ^ V ^ species.

4. A community that tends to remain the same and is in the final stage of

succession is a yy\X community.

5. Ecological succession that takes place in a location that does not have

soil is I \ A ' 3 d r ^ succession.

6. A beech-maple forest is an example of a Cf /1 f K i p X - community.

7. When no life exists at all in an area, p>r i /W d r cj succession begins.

8. Physical disturbances are important in maintaining balance in

a A I I KKi dl y. community.

succession can take hundreds or even thousands of

years to develop into a climax community.

10. Number the following sentences describing primary succession so that they are

in the correct order.

2- a. Mosses and ferns grow in soil formed by decaying lichens.

b. Thicker, richer soil supports the growth of shrubs and trees, Insects,

small birds, and mammals move in.

3 c. Eventually, the soil layer thickens and grasses, wildflowers, and other

plants begin to take over.

_ d. Life on a hare rock begins as lichens and the forces of weather and

erosion help break down rocks in to smaller pieces to form soil.

18 Ecosystems

Name Date Class

, Directed Reading for

Content Mastery

Section 2 • Biomes Sections - Aquatic Ecosystems

Directions: Use the following terms to identify the biome in which you would expect to find each animal listed below.

tundra grassland tropical rain forest

taiga temperate deciduous forest desert

1. salamanders 2v^JlMAx£^ TCUy^-^ ^

2. caribou ^kX^T^^ I

3. oak tree ^V>^fXA.PcML.. j LC^c

4. zebra n n^^l'^^^ut^ 3 5. moose T ^ g ^ Ihjpr^n'j

6. kangaroo rat dJAVg

Directions: Match the words and phrases in Column II with the descriptions in Column I. Write the letter of the

correct word or phrase in the blank at the left.

Column I

7. organisms that float near the surface

of freshwater lakes and ponds

8. extremely fertile, productive

environments that serve as

important nurseries for many

ocean fish

9. home to organisms adapted to

dramatic changes in temperature,

moisture, and salinity

Column I I

a. intertidal zones

b. temperate rain forests

c. rivers and streams

d. biomes

e. algae, plants, and plankton

f. estuaries

g. deserts

10. flowing freshwater environments

11. usually covered with a thin sandy, or gravelly

soil that contains little organic matter

12. located in New Zealand, southern Chile, and the Pacific Northwest of the United States

13. large geographic areas that have similar

climates and ecosystems

Ecosystems 19

Name Date Class

Directed Reading for

Content Mastery

Key Terms Ecosystems

Directions: Use the clues to complete the crossword puzzle.

P

3

0

T

P

fx

'7

p

p 0 '1 7 M ^ KJ

3

11

13

T

T

A fd

P3

10

12

P

P U- fp ,A

D A

p

Across

1

3

'>-'

9.

11.

12.

13.

The first living things in a disturbed environment, such as lichens

Forests with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth

.egions that are wet for all or most of a year

A community that has reached a stable stage of ecological succession

Climax communities dominated by grasses

A cold, dry, treeless region, some­times called a cold desert

/Water ecosystem formed from the calcium carbonate shells secreted hy a particular animal

Down

f l ^ The portion of the shoreline that is covered with water at high tide and exposed to the air during low tide

4. The normal, gradual changes that occur in the types of species that live in an area

dp 6. Forests dominated by trees with needlelike leaves

7. Large geographic areas that have similar climates and ecosystems

8. A cold forest region dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees.

IOP)The area where a river meets an ocean ' and contains a mixture of freshwater and saltwater

20 Ecosystems

^ p p ^ Chapter Review

Ecosys tems CP 5 / 5 6 8

Part A. Vocabulary Review

Directions: Write the correct term in the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed letters to spell the term that answers question 14.

1. a community that has reached a stable j ^ ^ stage of ecological succession

2. the normal, gradual changes that occur

in the types of species that live in an

area

3 the portion of the shoreline that is covered with water at high tide and exposed to the air during low tide

4. temperate and tropical regions that receive between 25 cm and 75 cm of precipitation a year and and have climax communities of grasses

5. forest with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth

6. forest dominated by climax communities of trees that lose their leaves every autumn

7. large geographic areas that have similar chmates and ecosystems

8. a cold, dry, treeless region, sometimes called a cold desert

9. a cold forest region dominated by

cone-bearing evergreen trees

10. the driest biome, often covered with a

thin, sandy, or gravelly soil, contains

little organic matter

11. the area where a river meets an ocean

contains both freshwater and salt water

12. regions that are wet for all or most of a year

13. ecosystems formed from the calcium 13. carbonate shells secreted by animals

^ ^ i n j z i l u jfL _i_ i . y_

2. s u c c c [ e l s 5 f o n

3. 1 n -f- [ e ] r - h ( d Q

5. -h^o

6. J 5 _ ^ i n [ ^ _ £ ^ j C _ Q _ 2 ± l J L

A c=_ j _ i _LL_ iZ_ u _ S

7. JO 1

8. jtiuEloLii.^ 9. A a

10. _ije^A_[e]_r J L

11. A A i l A . GuH^y^

12. J A Z [ i l j t_L PL J T A A

2 o m a \ j r _ e eAs

14. The first living things to arrive at a primary succession: p i O t T & £ / W ^ p g . C > l € L i S

Ecosystems 35

Name Date

Chapter Review (continued)

Part B. Concept Review

Dirediosis: For each of the following, write either P for pioneer species orCfor climax community in the lines provided.

G _ 1, beech-maple forest

^ 2 . hchens

L- 3 . mosses and ferns

Directions: For each of the following, write either P for primary succession orS for secondary succession in the lines provided.

^ 4 . erupting volcano

__P_ 5. abandoned paved parking lot

6. wilderness after a forest fire

Directions: Match the location and wildlife with the correct biomes. Biomes may be used more than once.

7. Douglas fir; spruce; black bear; cougar

8. eastern United States; Europe

d 9 . kangaroos; wildebeests; cattle

10. just south of the tundra biome; cone-bearing

evergreen trees; elk

- G near the equator, including in South America

h> 1 2 . white-tailed deer; brightly colored leaves in autumn

U- 1 3 . cactus; scorpions; kangaroo rats

14. snowy owls; reindeer; lichens

a. taiga

b. temperate deciduous

forest

c desert

d. grassland

e. tropical rain forest

f. tundra

g. temperate rain forest

- f

G 1 5 . more biological species than anywhere else in the world

D'mcttms: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 16. In water environments, what are the most important factors that determine which species

can survive?

W^-fe^ -kmpgyu-WinC^amoant p-f s<4nli^^4t^ a/\<^ S a l t ieAcmaoA^-..

I

I

^ ^ K i c K S p e C i - C ^ CXLA S u r v i v e . | 1 7 . . Name three standing freshwater ecosystems. 8

LaKtSj por\ds J a n d w e t i a r d j a r € S'^'ACI tftsBiAA-fe.r* 1 8 . Why are wetlands important? ^ dCOSLj S f O D | .

1 9 . What causes tides to rise and fall each day? ^

The. Qra\/\-hcH6r\ci\l n^Xh. Sun 4- H g i r K \ causes -t i A e s 4o r i s - e - a -fa. 11 e ^ L c h d a y . —^

36 Ecosystems /