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Definingthe`Indefinable

SomeMajorDefini.onsDiplomatic-StrategicRelations

Focusonwarandpeace,conflictandcooperation

Cross-BorderTransactionsofAllKinds

Focusonstateandnon-stateactivities

Globalization

Focusonworldcommunication,trade,global

corporationsandglobalgovernance

Likeothersocialscienceconcepts,IS/IRnotpreciseorself-definingunlike

thoseinnaturalsciences.(ChrisBrown)

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NoSingleMeaning IR/ISwithnosingle,settledmeaning

Meaning(s)dependentonusageandviewsofuser

IRworkingdefinitioninter-staterelationswhichincludethenon-statefactorsandelementswhichinfluence(TrevorSalmon)orsimplyoperateoutsidethem

ValueofIR/IS

LikeMountEverest,ISaretheresotheyarestudiedJobs,income,health,securityofmanypeoplesinmanycountriesareinterconnected,interdependent

Intellectuallychallenging---190statesandcounting,dynamicshiftsinglobalpolitics,trade,environmentandsecurityissues,anarchyintheabsenceofworldgovernment,etc.

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TouroftheLastDecadeConstantshiftsandchangesinglobalcommunity

WarvsTerror;AfghanistanandIraq;GeorgeBushandOsamaBinLaden;MillenniumDevtGoals

DeathofJohnPaulII;EnronandWorld.com$5Tscandals;Euroascurrencyof12EUnations;HurricaneKatrina;Oilat$100/barrel

WallStreetmeltdownandFinancialCrisisintheUSandEurope;AlGoreandBarrackObama;SARS

Tourof2001-2011DeathofMJ;Oilat$70/barrel;NKoreasshutdownofitsnuclearfacilities;USwithdrawalofcombattroopsinIraq;CopenhagenClimateChangeConference

Haiti,NewZealandandJapanearthquakes;ElectionsinIraqandAfghanistan;BPOilSpillH1N1Flu

ArabSpringOffensive(Democratization);

DeathofBinLaden;NKoreasunkSKoreanvessels

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MakingADifferenceIholdtheworldtobeastagewhere

everyman(woman)mustplaya

part(Shakespeare)IgnoranceofISnever

abliss

Theworldisastage,buttheplayisbadlycast

(OscarWilde)ThestorylineinIScanalways

berevisedandalteredforthebetter

Daun.ngButNotFu.le

StudyofISisdauntinganddifficult

---VoluminousData;Rapidchange

Globaleventsseemunrelated.Untilthey

combinetoaffectsregionsandnations

---DemocratizationinMiddleEastand

NorthAfrica(Globalization,IT,OWs)

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Pa.enceandTheoriesStudyNotFutiledueto:

---Patience,perseverance(chroniclers,

clerks,historians)

---Toolsofclassificationandtheories

DevelopmentofIS/IRDiplomaticHistory(late19thearly20thcenturies)

Whodidwhattowhom(statesasmainactors,

majordiplomats;detailedaccounts;no

causalconnectionsnorcomprehensiveanalysis

StrategicandGeopoliticalAnalyses(early20thC)

Worldoceansarehighways;whoevercontrols

thehighwayscontrolsthecourseofIR

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SeaPowerorLandPower?SeaPowerconceptdevelopedbyUSAdmiralAlfredMahanbasedonhisanalysisoftheBritishRoyalNavy

Landpowerconcept(whoevercontrolscenterof

Eurasianlandorheartlandcontrolsworldpolitics)

LandpowerdevelopedbySirHalfordMackinder

basedonhisanalysisofseveralEuropeanwarsover

heartland

RootCausesofISProblemsSocioeconomicTheoriesLooksatwhattheyperceivedtobetherootcausesofproblemsofIS:warandpeace

Needofcapitalistsystemfornewmarkets,cheaplaborandresourcescausedimperialistwarsandconquest.Intraandinterimperialistwars.

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Fron.erThesisandImperialismExcesspopulationandunemploymentcaused

BritishandUSexpansion.Britishoverseas

coloniesandUSexpansiontothewest(FrederickTurner)

Profit-seekingnatureofcapitalismledtoimperialism

(VladimirLeninsImperialism--theHighestStageof

Imperialism)Imperialism=exploitationand

expansion

PostwarMethodsWWIyieldstoconcernsonhowbestto

1)preventanotherworldwar(idealism)

and,2)toassertandsetupnationalpower

(nationalsocialismorfascism)

Idealismbelievesmanwasbasicallygoodbut

corruptedbybadstructuresandinstitutions

LeagueofNationstopromoteunderstanding

andpeaceamongnations

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IdealismversusFascismFascismbelievesthatmightmakesright;mostpowerfulstatesrightfullydictatetoweakerstates

Advocatesthedetermined,disciplinedandrapidgrowthandenhancementofnational

power

NazisminGermanydeifieditsleaderforstrongunity

andglorifiedthemilitarytopromotediscipline/subservience

Realpoli.kandRealismWWIIledtomorepolicyorientedapproachesinIR

IdealismbelievedLeagueofNationsfailedbecause

itsidealswerenotuniversalizedandshortexistence

Realismpointstothenaivety/wrongpremisesof

idealism.Manisbothgoodandevilwithaninstinct

todominatethuswarisalwaysapossibility

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BalanceofPower=SecurityRealpolitikortheinstincttopromotenationalpowerleadstocollectivesecuritythroughbalanceofpower.

Howdoesbalanceofpoweroccur?Self-interestsofnationscompelthemtoalignagainstanystatethey

perceivedtoopowerful

Foreignpolicy,militarypowerandnationalismare

pivotalforeverynation-state.

SummaryMEANING

IRdefinitionvariesdependingononesperspectiveandtoolofanalysis

IRworkingdefinition:inter-staterelationswhichincludethenon-statefactorsandelementswhichinfluencethemoroperateoutsidethestatesystem

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ValueofIR

Ignoranceisneverablessingespeciallyintodays

interconnectedandinterdependentworld.

One

sjob,health,securityandenvironmentisaffectedbychoices,actionsanddecisionsinand

outsidehiscommunity/country

VariedActors/Theories

Intellectuallychallengingifonlyformultiplicityof

actors,interestsandoutcomesofvariedinteractions

StudyofIRisdauntingbutnotfutileduetohuman

resolve,patienceanddevelopmentofdifferenttools

ofanalysisandtheoriestodescribeandexplainIR

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IRDevelopment

PrewarApproaches

Diplomatichistory,strategicgeopoliticalanalyses

PostwarApproaches

Socioeconomictheories,liberalismandrealism