Iraq's Biological Weapons Program: Saddam's Ace in the Holec00072255 declassified under authority of...

C00072255

DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PANEL EO 13526 SECTION 53(b)(3)

ISCAP APPEAL NO 2014-011 document no 1 DECLASSIFICATION DATE November 21 2017

Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Iutelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 USC section 3507)

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lnlelliacncc Sour~ or Methods Jnbullohmiddotcd (WSINTELJ

Ullanal Srcurflf Unauthorircd DiMlosurc SutUict 10 Criminal Sanciiani lnformalloa

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Withheld nuder statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 USC section 3507)

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Iraqs Biological Warfare Program Saddams Ace in the Hol

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Thia Jamppcr w115 prcparcd byOffice Scientific and Wea iu Raearch vtilh otcontribu1ion1 by

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I I ul CommcnlS and queries an welcome and m1y be directed 101hc Chief Science and TcchncloaY Division OSWR on 874middot034 or selturc 70416 M

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Withheld under statutory authority of the Central lnt~lligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 USC section 3507)

JrQqs Blolo11ical Warfangt ~sram Saddams Alaquo In Ille Hole

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JraQbulls advanced and aa1rC$Sivc bioloaical wurforc (BW) proaram is the most extensive in the Arab world The BW prosram-is an intcaral part of Iraqs hlshmiddotpriori1y drive 10 become self-slllllcienl In the production of unnvcntianal weapons and ballistic missilC3

25Xl E013526 we bcJicvc that lraQ has been producins large quantities of the aampcnts anthrall ancl batuliaum toxin since 1989 By the end of1990 the Iraqis probably will have deplored sianificant numbers of biologically filled aerial bombs and artillery rockets Iraq wiU Clcntually use BW ascnts to fill warheads for its indlacnously produced Scuds The Iraqis very likely arc devclopin1 addidonafBW agents-probably viruses and 11ddition1l toxiDS-bui wellaYe been unable to determine which ones

lraqi officials have stated that lhe use of any wCapan is justified in defending middottbdr territory Iraq the lirsl nation to use nerve aacrits on the baitlcfteld middot prcbably would not hesita1c to me BW aacnts in catrcmc situa1ion1 Given the potentially srcatcr than thelusandfold increase in lethal area contaminashytion for rtain BW aacnu as compared witb CW iampcnts lrBQ presumably would use BW aecnts in ~tremc stitua1ions such as strategic retaliation for nuclear or chemical attacks aaai~st Iraqi popuJation Centers

Althouah EampYPlian scientists seem to have prolidcd the early technical guidance for Iraqs BW J)TOJram Western companies have supplied the middotmajority of dualmiddotusc cqUipmcnt and trainina However the Iraqi proaram is now so far advanced that little can be done to impede it Much the ciQulpment Involved is dualmiddotusc biome~ical equipment

At least four facilities arc associated with the Ira i BW ro ram 25Xl E013526

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This facilil)l 1 located at sralm_a_n_Pakdegr-co-ntain_bull_a-spccl-07lirzc-dra_e_a-rdegcbbuildina for work on extremeshyly daqcrollS oraanitms We believe that RampD1 pilotbullscalc production and stomac of BW aaents take place at this site In addition new construction at this site may be for consoJidatcd larsc-Jcalc production bull ____

middotIraqs BW proeram is now independent or its chemical warfare (CW) provam althoush initial procurements far the BW prosram were handled by CW ltOYer oraanization1 Both the BW and CW praara~ arc directly

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Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 USC section 3507)

C00072255

Withheld -under statutory authority of the Centrll Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 USC section 3507)

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su~rdinzuc lo Prcsid~nt Saddam Huseyn Thi Ministry o(Tradcs Technical and Scicntifi~ Materials Importation Division(TSMID) is the JCID company re I in deg5

the BW proaram 25Xl E013526

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Contenls

Ker Judamcnls Iii I~_~-~~-------------------~---shyn1 roduc1io_n_________________________~1____

Tho c AaalMI Iraq I

----------Bio~loaioalo= Warfa_n~ Proara111 Tra~~ ~_l_C~~ Latccl~970s-----middot----shyCons1ruetlon or HiabmiddotCo~toinmcnl Buildina Sussesis BloloaicaJ Warfllrc Front Companies Order Equipricnt and M_lerials fOr_ B~W~~p~deg==m~~2____ BW AacnLs Under Ocvclopmcn~ Include Botulinum Toxin and 4 Anthru Baetcrle

Botullnum ToJln 4

Anthrax

5

25Xl E013526 6

Forciampn AMisumcc Has Been Critical S

Current Status of BW Proaram 6

---------~Pr=-==ad~bull=ltll~middot=on=---~ 7 Salm11n Pak-RamptD Production and Storaac 7 Abu Cihraib-BotvUnum Toxin Prcducdon 7

=--~~~~ At Tait-Pilot Prod11edon 7 Consolidated Producllon Facility 9

-------------

WeaJ10nizaiion 9

Potcatial lraqi Usaac IO Rcaional lmp1icalian1 1I

Outlook 11

A Ix

Cbaractcrblics or Botulinum Toxin and Anthrax Bacteria 13

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Withheld under stat11tory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 USC section 3507)

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C00072255

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ls That a Vaeine PJant or a Bioloiital Warf1n Plane 2 High-Containment Laboratorica 4

Ptcduclion of Ctnrlldlum Vaccln 5

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Withheld under statutory authority of the Central InteJligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 USC section 3507)

Withheld tinder statntory anthority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (SO USC section 3S07jmiddot middot

Iraqs Blologlcal Warrare Program Saddams Ace la rhe Hol

lntroducrlon

Jriqsdegiampgrcssivc pursuil of llJKOlYCntiona Wcapan1shychcmical bioJoaical and n11cl~r-and the means to deliver them (surface-tobullsurfacc missiles (SS Ms]) unshyderscore offieia1 Jrai 1ta1cmcnts that justify the use of any weapon

or to dcrcnd iu tcrri1cry1 Morco-cr

lraQbulls use chemical wcapans in its war wib lnm shows that lraQ ls prepared lO back rhetoric wilh aclion-lraq was lhc lirst country ever to use ncnc ascnis on the battlefield cJ

Iraqs cxpcrdsc and cicpcricncc with chcn1ical weapshyons almost rwinlr have reinforced ill duire to ctcvclop addilionaI unconvcntlonal weapons We beshylieve Iraq vicw1 ils uc of chemical wcapcns aaaln1t Iran aa a dcciampivc factor in tbc outcome of the war In addition vc bcUcvc the Iraqil werepleased with the minimal intcmatfonal TCSlJQnlC 10 its USe Cf Chemical wcapon

From a base or a wcU-c11ablished chemical warfare (CWJ proaram the dCCloJ1mcni and production or bioJoaical weapons is the next loaical atcp that a pro11fcratins nation usuaJJy takes Countrica around the globe tncludina Iraq have concluded that bioloaimiddot cal weapons offer much artd require little bull Etrc~tivc cUf~cs qainst bioJoaiwil wcaPons arc

noncaistcnt bull Bio1caical oacnts can be produced wirh re~Uvcl)

small cxpcndhurcs of lime and resources bull BioJoaical weapons Provide the braadcs1 11rca eovcrshy

bullac per pound or an) known weapon bull The production or bioJaaical capons is difficult to

dctcc bull Use or blolaaical weapons can be mukcd in many

ways so tha1 the user rruiy not ncc-cssarlly be dcLOlm

See DI lntctll cncc Aucumcn SY CJO-IOOSlJX tTopSccl

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Auaun 1990 tJq~ Chrbull1rol lf11 fair ProVom Aton MllmiddotRJto111 lo~ DNdlgtmiddot n D middotbull -shy

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1bt Cue Aa1lnU Iraq

1n the absence or dcl4ilcd rcportina rrom well-placed iwurccs we havcdcveloptd an undcrstandina ol lrsqs biolqical warfare proaram throuah agtmpllnlion or evidence fram many sources Our Judamcnt llhat Jraqbulls pro-am b larac and advanecd was formed middotby asscs1ina bull larac number of

cJ pieces or cvidincc ~llcc-tmiddot

cd over a dceadc (sec Inset)

Bloloalcal Wmfare Proarnm Truced Baek to Lare 117111 Iraq cvldcn1ly beaan dcvclopina its offerisivc BW capability in the late 1970s d~pltc havine signed tflc 1972 Bioloaical and Toxin Weapons Ccnoention (BWC) that expressly prohibits such activities

I 25Xl E013526 I the Al Hazen lnslitulc was the oriainal front company for the Iraqi CW proaram Fcrmcntcrs key cquipshym~t for the producti011 ofbloloaieal ~cnu arcnot used for the production or CYt G8CfttS - I

Comlrucllon ofHlgb-CQnlalnmtnt Bulldlns S-Blaloal1Wufarc Iraqs construction of a buildina at Salman Pak (sec fiauro J) dciisncd to keep don1crous oraanisms rrom cscapin1 into ihc environment provides kl) evidence of the countrybulls BW effon Salman Pak lS km souamph of Ba hdad alan lheTi r River had bccnmiddotldcntimiddot ficd 1 hi= early 1980s as involved in CW resc1uch and development A hiahshyCltlntainmcnt facilil) ls unncccuary in a CW proaram

25Xl E013526

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Withheld nnder statntory anthoritylaquoif the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (SO USC section 3S07)

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C00072255

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Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Iutelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U SC section 3507)

Is 711111 a llaquotcln~ Pl1a111 G Blolilair11I II srfar1 Plonrr

Jhr produCtfon al BH aacnts r~ul~s tJCactl)middot 1bt srr11w n1uipn1t11t and 111ll1trlals ntttuarJ for n1akinz ~l11rs a11d Other pharm1rt11rlt1Jlt Th~ d11aJusrmiddot nature Qf tbr tqulpnttnl ntuku tht task Qfdtttrn1lnshy1na Its ul1tn1att t11d rut dltlk11l1 Althouah prtrurshysorsfar CW aarnts Junor ltMitlnuu~ u1r1 ctr1oln wnlbtnollotu Qf thrm suurst tht produCtlorr gf CW abulltms lt is tlris loalt that lfil to padn~ Ctrtaln middot Pttllrsor CIUUFlf(llS on tht Au11rala OroU[l sttU cxpOlt-contralltd amphtn1it1Jls ilnllltt tlit nut QfCW azcnt prod11tllon hot1tftU thtrr art no prlaquoursors for 1ht dtvclopn1tn1 Qf8W atnts Evrn thourh 111rroorgalsnu arow on s11b11ro1u 1Ja1 could be collldtr~d son1ehbullha1 analoBOUS lo PTlaquoitrsor chrn11 tafs thr lllbslra1rs arr IJPltallJ 100mnin1D11Pla~10 br t0111rollrd (lhtJ GN 1101 11nlQ11r 10 spttlic lgtprs Qf orronlsnuJc=J

I 25Xl E013526 I

Consuucticn cf the hiaheontalnmcnt bulldina 11t Silnwn Pak began In 1981 )

I 25XlE013526

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25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526

Frao1 Companies Order EquJpmftlt aad Materials for BW Proaram

I25Xl E013526 I

As noted above the cw-rront At Hazen Jmtitute ordered lcrmcntcrs in I 979 it was the fir11 enlib identified as crdcrina malcriab for the BW cJfort The Slate amptablbhmcnl for Pcalicidc Production (SEPP) was created in about 1980 an a covcroraanimiddot zation for lronbulla CW effort- -huina the Al Hazen lnstiampute middot~

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IWe believe lh111SEPP inaddiUon to manaaina the CW proaram abo directed the BW proaram in the mid-19llOs1 I

As the Iraqi BW nro m proarcssed 1~ aamp s P tgtcaan ~dcn~ifyiq itself as lhc

B1oloaY Department of the UruvcnutY of Bqhdad when bull=kinamp standard bioloaial cquipmCnt Frlt1m

2 2Qp 500amp Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Ageucy Act of 1949 (50 shyUSC section 3507)

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25Xl E013526

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1middot11 drsi1no1lons P-JBL-1 1bou1b P-4BL- ltt ro IPJTIJltttlon o fBJoc-ont4nn1rnt (LJrrrl with lr1middot~14 bbulli11g thr hf1hes1 leibull Qfpro1rct1011 or conrai11111cnt Hasicall)middot chrsf Irr~ drsiana1fons rrprsr-nt thr nun1brr qph)JICa barrrTS thGI PTfent an oraanillll Jron1 e~middotCQflnB IO the oulsldrJronr tht labon1tor)middot BJ ~na1ionol agttnirnt P-4BL-1 is TrQuiNfur flbullork on danzrTDMS Dien1s thaJ poJf a high Tlsk Q ltt-threatrnlnM dsast HlzhCOn1afnn1ent abora10 rlrs (P-4BL) are cost)bull and diQicu1 to n1ainralnbull 1irTr arr onlJmiddot a ha11d1ll Qf lhcn1 around the od tth thr n10JailJ colllluctl Ir lrfmatt ltsearth on hghbmiddot conlaglous dlsrastS

25Xl E013526

ConversrlJ- it ts nol nrCtSSOTJbull ~1ohaw--ah71Kh--lt0=ntcalnmenl farllitJfOlltDk on JJW 18ttlls For rCamplr pToductlon Qfbotulnuni toxin and 4nihTax rrqulre~ onlJmiddot P2BL-2 ltles Qfconta1te mr

I carfy J 986 1brgugb mjdmiddot 1987 I

SEPPUniversit)bull r Baahdad continmiddot ucd to seek and purchase bioloaicid research end )lroduc1ion equipment such as fermcnten incubatol3 and ultrabullccntrifuae

in 1988 followine middotdespread publieit~middot about SEPPs activitier lraq dropped the use ofSEPP (or CW- and BW-telatcd fllOCurcmenl SEPPa CW aiid BV procurcmenl functions were then taken over by the Stale Omanizamiddot tion fer Chemical Indu1tries (SOCil

In mldmiddotJ988 la new oreanization involved io pmcurina BW-reloled matemiddot rials-The Technical and Scicnlific Matcrlal1 Imper ution Division (TSMID or the Minilllry of Trade__

I TS~tlD hes cmctaed as the (ront organization ror the JrtJQi BV clfort TSMID however is nol responsible fut 8V rirocurcmcnl 11loncI I

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IWe bCHcvc ihal 11bull wasL1hbullbullbullbullbullwhdeghiucw=proaram 1hc Iraqi State Securily OrManlzallan (SSOJ has ovcrsi1ht for (raqiBV raroaram It is 1bcrcforc rtUOnablc that un intclliacnrc-affiliatcd cncily such i1S TSMID would shy

be involved in BW pracurcmcnt1 O

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When c Hrst blaquoamc aware of TSMJD we bclicv~ 1hB1 it was nctinamp on bchatr or SEPP or SEPPs

shysucasor SOCl1 1 we now believe 1ha1 TSM (Os cTorts have bceomc independent of Jraqa chcmJcal WCilpons dcvclopnRQl ctroru and that TSMIO administers the BW D~ ararn Alihouabl I both the CW and BW cffons arc directly subordinate to Prcsidcn1 Saddam Husayn the two also Seem 10 be treated as separate weapons dcvclapnicnt mis5iom And unlike many other lraqi w=POm development cndcavora we believe that Maj Gen Husayn XAmiJ almiddotMajid Saddams sonmiddotinmiddotlaw and 1hc head of the Ministry cf Industry and Military Industrialization (MIMI) has linJc direct role in 111e BW prosram 1~Jmiddot~---middot=L bull BW Agents Vader Dtlelapmmt lnclwdeBotullawn Toxin and Aatbriuc BaetcrlA A variety of information leads us to believe thal Iraq

middot

bas dcnlopcd boluJinum IQlJn nnd anthrax bacteria aa BW aacnt1 (Kc appendix A) Batulinum toxin b nonpcrsb1cnt dcarodinamiddot rapidly in the envircnmen1 Anlhrax spores arc very slable in the envlronmcnl llnd

I I

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can be considcrcd pcrsiucnt BW aaenu r=J~

Bo11llln111n Toxin the Iraqi ovcrnmcnt had devclo d bc1ulishy

vcr t c past two )can TSMID h3 been ordcrme spare pans for a Clos1ndlu111 vaccine pt~nt

that Iraq had acquired in 1984 Botulinum toxin iii produced by Clos1fdlun1 bo1uln11n1 an craani1m thol arows anaerobically that ia without the presencecf~tn I

25Xl E013526

4

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amiddot-middot Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 USC section 3507)

indicitc 1h11t SEP~htaWaIUIJWWgtkilllWaJOtt In 1987 ond 1988

A phtnt dcsiancd to proJucc Closrrlillum vaccines vmiddotould firSl have tO produce Jarac QUDnlide1 of toxin for caamph bolulinum toxin (sec Inset)

C00072255

A111k1m lSMIDbulls initial search far n inlhc1 rin Dfl988

1~---1 _~_t us to believe that Iraq planned to pur1uc production ofanthrax In additiOn to botulinum toxin TSMIDs Jcamprch

25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526

Thrbacr1rlllm Ctouridium botu1inum 11he cau1shya11~ q1n1 ofba1ullsm IJflt GIfood PolsanJllJl Tht ClostridiumfandJbull Qfb also prodlllaquoS lllllnus and aaJ jQl1flitnro

ThtJir11 SltP In lht production QfClostridium vocshyclnts 1uelr os 111an111 Is to produce lora1t ouom111 Qf tlrt ltlt1n1U toxin To acromplish thU larat (11anshyllli11 QfCIOltridiwn tclani an 2lOwn lnf1rm111ltrs As c1lfs die and barst tht 11tarrllS toxin ls rclrottd lnlo tht n1a11rlal In Which 1h1y agrawlna Thi n1x1 11111 11 pur tht growth mrdluni--comalnJng th1 toxin-Into anothtr can1oln1r 10 whichormald1ubulldt Is addtd Tiit formaldtlryendt naaYatts lht toxin makini ii nantocic bMJ still cQPOble Qfproduciq an lmmun1 ltSponse (A toxin thot f1 inoctlYt but that an still product an lmmUM nrponsc Is ealltd a toxold or an aniztoxnJ Thcfottnalthhyde--ioxln mixshyt11n U stlrr~d and at vorlous lnt1n1als samp1s an 1ak111 out and inJttttd Into mia When no toxic df1c11 arc abstncd In the nli the toxin Is considshy1TWI 10 be IMctlYc and r1111)middot fM ust In produclna w1ltrlntO

25Xl E013526

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25Xl E013526 I

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Forclan AulUaaR Has Beta Cddcal

E1ypllan 1cicntists mil) have provided the early techmiddot nical aufdancc tor lrllQs BW JHOampntm1 l

1 1dur1111 thc 10IS lhc Cgyouans aavc lhc Iraqis dcatlcd lnforma11on on dcvclo mcnt or atrcnslvc BW and CW ca abilities

Ejyplian m11tary personncl prov1 c 1ccbn1ca expertise in CW 10 the Jraais in the c11rly 15180s

We11crn aslfsrance in providtna equipment and trainmiddot ina hu been critiial 10 I middotbullbull - ----10 an o(JensiVe BW capabililvI I

r ave IVPPllgi 110101ua1 prod1ampCl1on cquipmcn1 And have trained lraQiJ in the use aflhat QQUipmcnt We do not bcJiac that thctc firms were

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Clltrmt S1amp1111 of tbe BW Prosnim

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25Xl E013526

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Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U SC section 3507)

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Withheld under statutory autliority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (SO USC section 3507)

25Xl E013526

traq probably bcaon h1racbull1C3lc prod11cmiddot lllln of nnthrosx and botulinum toxin i 1989 addilion t 11ntc Untmiddot itcd CDponizution probably has taken Jlacc al1cady

ProduCd~ We bclicrc lhcn arc at lcoisi four locatfons in lnaq involved in the production of BWaacnuSalman Pak Al Taiibullbullobu Cihraib and Al Latifiyah (ICC fiaurc 2)Ve have been able to idcntif onl) Salman Pik

-RampD Prod11ctl011 and Stoae

Wiltrcurrcntl)middot avaltabl~ tcchnoloD pilot-scolc fcrmcntcrs operated an a continuous basis ouJd produce cnoueh toxinbull or livina aacnts each dQ 10 lethally CODtaminUc hundreds Of SQUamplC JdJOmCbull tc

Althouah the storaac bunker area or Salman Pak was conttructcd in the early 1SISOr~ we observed little activily 1hcrc until the middlcor 1989 Sinecthat time-when a rcfriacralian unit was installcdmiddotan the second of folll bunkers-we have obtcrvcd increased Jcvcls of activity such as trucb bacbd up lO thi entrances of bunters The5c recent aciivhics SUPPott our assc11mcal tha1 Iraq was be1i1innin1 to produce larac qubullnlitica of BW aaents in 1989 Appropriate litCtRC facililics--such as nfriacr~tcd bunk~--rc rooyfad to store BW qenjJ

Sinec Fcbraiary 1989 we obscrvcd new connru~iion aclivitics at Salman Pak that may provide additional BW p1odaiction capabililics By July 19901 he new complcit consisted or l l externally COJnJJlotc buildinp It is unclear at this dme what rUncion these bulldinis bullcrvc

Wcjudae that there arc no more CW~rclatcd acaivimiddot lies onaaina at Salman Pak and that it is now cnlirdy dcvoacd lo BW All-sourco infonnatlan indlcates thlll

the CW RampD and Jroduction efforts hen on roa)C plucc al Salm11n Pok currcnlJy take ph1cc at Sunarm

and Hibanniya -1

Au Gltrl2lb-Bor11Ua11m Tozla Pro4uc1lo11 Abu GhrAib bull i1 Jew kilumclcrs WCSI of Baahdad

~the lpga1jon of a BW osenl produceion CacilitYJ

we have been 11blc ta determine additianaI details about it from

open Jiteralurc

Open H1cra1u~ indicucs that Iraqi veterinary aumiddot 1hori1iis siancd a contracl whh an Italian firm in l 982 lo COnitrICt a Clos1rldl11n1 vaccine plant near Baahdad ampbe plant WDI ccmptctcd in 1984 We believe lt wa1 ccna1ructcd fairly rapidly lo aiIC Iraq a crude operational 8W capabiliY during the war Over the paSl year TSMJD hu contacted the l1ali11n firm 5CVcral timcsto ob1aln spare parts for the plant Although this iitrarmation has no1 tpccifted the location of the vaccine l11rll we believe it is the Abu Ohraib lanl

and that it has beer used to producebo~-~li-nu-m~ toxln from CJ0~1rl1111n bo111llnun1

AI TlaquoJl-Pilot Pra411c1laamp We believe At Ttji inmiddottbc nor1hwc11crn 111b11rbs of hdad is a site of I otshyscalc BW production

25Xl E013526

TSMID has been scckinamp

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25Xl E013526 I

middotCo111tJldt11td Pi~MCllOfl Fatlli1y =~~-~--~we llcvc raq 1n1cnds to cstobmiddot Jish a rucililf 10consolida1c production of its BW aacnu althoush we arc unccr111ln whc1hcr Iraqs othr BW-retaacd raciliti-s wll ccusc o ration once

row~~lo~n~t~bc~inbullfirbulljtlloilinninW=====we hamiddotc a crvc ncao111111na wn t c

Smiddotiu firm ChelTtllp for construction of a a1atc-of-tbcmiddot middot art fetmcnlation facility which was to include a

sOoo-Jilcr roduc1icn rcrmcntcr __~~~~--=the plant was to be built

Latiftyah about 70 tm south of Ba hdad sus tc1on is

adegwhoJyowncd1ubsidiacorar==f1ompany) about the potential BW uses of the plant cauKd the

to ostcnsiblY cancel-in ~tobcr 1989-its plans to buil middotn Ira bull

At h leon1rac1 wp1 wjhdrawn however_ _Iraq had 3Jrcad) paid Severa mfJlion dollan-70 percent of the contract-and as in poraquoession of the floor plans and a civil cnginccrinamp m1p of lhe plana We remain uncertain ahcrcforc as to whclhcr Iraq is procccdinpound with coruaruction of the faciliubull Allhoush the ncmiddotcons1ruction at Salntlln Pak bcaan in early 1989 (several monahs before the ideal osacnsibly fell apart) ~ble dwt lbe rquipmcna from the can~led L___J plant will be lnslallcd in one of the new buildinas thcrc I I

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Wnponlullonlraq has available a wide range of weapon systems thal it could potentlalbmiddot u5c ta dcUvcr BW 11iCnts Thewcnpt11b range from simple aerial bombs and artillery rockets to surfoccmiddottOmiddotsurface missiles (SSM) We have some evidence that Iraq pJan1 to use ~cnts In cluster bombJ and possibly in its SSM~~I I

lnpoundorm1Jlian from several 5ourccs when combined indicates 1hait lrcQ plans to put botulinum toxin into c1uslcr bombs in the 1umme ar 8 1 c Chilctn n s n1i uracturcr Cardocn

tcs-thatCa-rd=oc-n~is--odu-cOpen ucraturc 1n 1middot

~bullbull ina 20- and 500middotkilogram (ks) clu11c bombs with Ira Jn about the

bull c frame

J non o 11s a bull s owe cv1dcncc coIC=1=-soadegrbullbull=mcntetionmiddottypc device Although a Cragmcntallon bomb ls not idcntica to a cluster bomb the tc1t observed at Al Hadrc cciuld have been used 10 determine how well the cluster bomb dispersed Its cOn1en1s It is unlikely that the test at Al Hadrc Involved actual usemiddotor toxins A cluster bomb Is IdeaI for either CW or BW aaeru dissemination because it facilitates even dinribution orsuch agents over o larsc area

Limiled information suggests abal Iraq may be planmiddot ning 10 develop a biolosical w11rhcad for Its SSMi IIraqs CW front company lait summer ordeiCd Scud 11~ceonc piece$ Suisesifli that lnq plans 10 develop a chemical warhead for Its indiacnouaty produced Sauls We believe that the next lciical step in this cJrort woufd be to develop e bioloakal warhead The loca don of 1bC propocd 1araeascalcc==Jrcrmcnta1ion plant at Latifiyah--cne afscvcral Iraqi mlssilc project locations-further sus~csls that these p1ans may be movlni ahead Finally_ Ion the

1 1pbnt indicated Uun the Technical Corpi for Special Projccu (TECO) would be involved in its coruaruction Affiliated wilh the MIMI TECO has been hcnvily inlolvcd in expediting the constntctlon of JraQI mWite facllltlcs TECOs role could be simply to expedite construction or the plant or il1 Involvement could be addldanal evidence of Iraqs plans to develop u biological warhead (cir its SSMs

middot 1 25Xl E013526

I

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-~==============~~==-~

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USC section 3507)

Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50

5 ~ OOfayenhiC00072255 shy Blll54bullbull~1lltll tampEntishy

tep Sj Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U SC section 3507)

We bclicvc thot ir Iraq docs pl11n 10 pul BW aacn11 into an SSM the ntml likely choice would aaain be its indiacnOusty produced Scuds which halc claimed runacs or 600 and 900 knt Our current cstlm11cs nhuc the payload or these mfssllei al about 200 ~

25Xl E013526

A system that could be used in the Cullarc Cor BW aacnt deliver) is lhc Condor Jl-11n SSM wilh a 750middot to 1000-km ranac and a payload ofaboul 500 lqj

-

I Ithe Condor has a submunition warhcampd Suib warheadI arc well middot suited for dis1eminalina BW or CW qcnts

Some limited field testing or Iraqi BW aacnlbullblled m11ni1ions mi ht lake lace before the wea s were deployed

j 25Xl E013526

Pot111tlal lraql l11QBe

Past Jraqimiddot use or chemical weapons and sl3lcmMLI by Iraqi officialsjusti(rina the LllC O( any WCampPon IO defend their country 111a1csl that Iraq would comklcr winamp bioJoaical weapons under ccrtoin c11trcn10 cirmiddot cumstanccs In darifyina earlier public st1tcmcn11 about Iraq usina chemical weapons in rcsponac to an lsradi nuclear auack Saddam HllU)n told c dcqa tlon of US scnatorsin April 1990 that Iraq would use chcmicals only in rclallation for an uncon-cntional attack Iraq will treat BW almllarly in our judamcnt and JJrobably would aave ill bioloalcal weapons u a retaliatory option for unconvcnlional attaeks on Iraq Given the potcntlall) more tbampn thousandfold increase in lethal area ccruamination ofsome BW qcnu as ccmparcd-with CW aacnts Iraq in our judsmeat primarily Yicws BW as part of its straieafe arsenal to be used as t terror weapon qairut militnry and civilian taraetscJ

IC Iraq decides to ampSC unconventional weapons to attack stratcaU taraets it ma) be tempted to use bioloaicaJ in1tead of chemical warheadpound bccau1c of the arcatcr irca cuveraac provided by bio[oaica1 warheads We believe howcvcrlhlt Iraq Is more middot likely to hold ils bioloalal wcapon1 in reserve as an csca)atoey option 10 deter addilionalatrikla frors Its opponent or to launch ita own rct1U1tion For cumbull pie an1hrax spora can contamina1e 50Il fer decades iind may serve In Iraqs view as retaliation in kind for the radiation that accompanies a nucJur attack

CJ We cannot rule 0111 that Iraq may have C1Dntinaency plans to use bioJoalcal aacnta covcrtJy although we have no rcporlina on ampbis 1ubjcct Boampufinum toxin and to a lesser dcaree anthrax bactcrla lend 1bemshysclves to eovert diucmination bcQUJC CYCD sma11 amounts placed In waler or rood supplies arc sufti cicntly toslc lO kill lalJlC numbcra of people Iraq allg could covcrtv use spray ampanb or aerosol acacrators pusihascd for ia dtcmlcal war(11rc proaram lo create larae ampaxle clouds or bialoamplcampl aaenu upwind ora

fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526

Rcaloa11l lmpl1cat1ons

Rioloaica1 cupo1Llt1 almwl arlainly will prolifr11c aiio other cgunlricJ in 1hc rcaiun roaniiulurlr lraqa 1niin cn1nicf rocus on snd react 10 Jraqs 8V lhrcat bracl S)Tir und Iran alrcad) hilC CW and BW

middot iiro1rams and Siudt Arabia may OUcn1r1 10 dCmiddotclop th-c -aPilbiliticsCJ

middot Ve believe that 1hc lsricJiJ babullmiddotc an adbullbullonad BW progrosm bcCtUSC ~Wiltiiinlllillll~nolwU~ skills and fuililics

25Xl E013526

S)middotri11bull1 wcllmiddotCstablishcd uncon-cntional ampr(arc erfort arc l(lurrcd primarll b the rccivcd 1hrca1 front lsracl

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compelled 10 lncrcasc ih B cffons to keep pace ilh 1raq the currcn1 s1a1us offls BW-ind CW--dcvclmiddot opmcnt c1Tar1s pr()bably ~middotllJ suffice to dc1cr any nearshytcrn1 thrc-111 or Iraqi auc afbialoaicil aacntsc=J

As ith ils CV prosrum Iran probably bcaGO its awn li lfOampl31n to alunlcr lraQa c1Tor1 lrin has surshyrcrcd Iraqi chemical 01tac1cs and probably holds n~ ill11$ions abou the likelihood 1ha1 Iraq middotould use SW

if it provided inY bu ~-fire c rlina indiiu1u1 Jran has been focusina hs milit11ry rebuilding cfToru in lb Jiild or chcmie11 capons and dcliel) srs1cms ai the quickshyest and least cxpcnshmiddotc means 10 deter ruuuc Iraqi a11re1sion and uac o( CW

25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526

By 1hc end of 1990 11-C believe lhat JrJq will hac deployed a militarily sianifiiant nua1bcr or bioJoaiCillmiddot ly filled bombs and artiUir rOCkcubull tn addition middotc believe Ihaamp Iraq will dCclop a BW wirbcid for ill indfacnously produced Scud and may have 1lrcady done so c judac th11t this wctpan caukl be operamiddot donaUy rcouSy itbin the next f11 yeanc=J

middotVealso believe tha1 Iraq has been dcvdopina either BW uacnta that we have ao1 )Cl idcndficd Likcl)bull candidiucs include viruscs and addilionoiI bacteria and toxins Lukina specific infarmation on other uacnas we c-Jndot predict a tfmc frame In which lhiy would be ready for dcpln)middotmcnt Ve -annot nil out th~ middot pos1ibilhraquo that ampahda~ bis ~lready declo~d oddimiddot tional gacnts c=J

In he fuiure Iraq rrusy attcm t to dCYCI cnclictU) en fnccrcd BV a cnts

C00072255

II

MID has been scckina materials lha have applications to acnctlc cnaiPecrina and vmiddotc ~licvc that Iraqi 1cicntists have amphe tcchnicaI erpershytisc--from capcricncc in their BW praaram and from troinina In the Wcsi--ta sulaquocsJulb develop such 15~its vithin a rclmtivcly shon period of time Such re11carch coiald take place at the nuclear rcscarh center u Tuwahha southeast of Ba hdid on the Tigr~ River

bull fkcalsc d 1hc- lu1c- bulltu ol QWCt111c prodded bJmiddot bkiloalcl wcsrionbull imn o (cw regn bullovld be mlU~Ugtmiddot1J1altlwucJmiddot

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TOP SEGRET

Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 _TJSC section 3507)

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25Xl E013526

c lxlietmiddotc lfull lrai wiJI conlinuc lo plCc cn1phasi1 gtn ill B proaranbull Sidcbni in his Qucs110 be 1hc leader of amphe Aral) world JlrObtlbly bcll~vc11 1h111 hiiE 8 riraram p1iccs hin1 in an clilc 11roup of RQlillnti he bai aln-ady stated thll he l11hc 1hird lcodcr 10 dcvcJop binory chcmical wcipons OhmiddotCn that Smddim alr~d)middot has amphe dubious distinction or bcinamp du~ lint to use nerve aacn1s on the b3tUclicld and thoI he JiU~ccufulbbull wcnthcml thc lin1i1cd in1crn11ioa11l remiddot Jpansc 10 this use he nroboibbmiddot has li1dc fear of 1hc PJ1hica1 comiQucnccs or win1 bioloalcal weapons

cJ Jriqs aaarcssivc BW proaram is an intceral part of Si1ddams hithmiddotprioril)middot drive to dcbullclop and producc unconCntional ucapons and baUislic missiles And as is 1hc cssc for lu nuJcoir chcmiciI and missire proarams Un ullima1c ampOil1 for Iraqs BW effort is to bdeg1C indcpcndcnl or f~rcJan usitanec Iraq is already well on the way toAimiddotard this aoalCJ

The Jroiqi BW 11roaram will continuc ta Sroarcss ~ilusc linlc cnn be done by lhc Wc11 10 slop ~lcri~l1 equipment and cspcrtlsc (roni being csmiddot paned 10 Jraq In fu1 0 1hc lrqi proaram is so far odona ihat Bnahdod probabl) requirebull only sf)Olrc pLrU ii hilS alrc1dy oblainid mo11 or 1ho ma1criJI$ h nccds Ahtuiueh it nUl)bull be possible to conmiddotincc nitioru not to wppbmiddot bioogical produc1lon equipment or trainina 10 lrui it woyfd be VCQ diffieult lo convince zsupplicra ncn 10 1cll 1parc par1s for cquipn1cnt lhcy have already provided In addition Wcucrn cfTans 10 stop 1hc sates of dunlmiddotu biomedicoal cquif)mcnl bullnd fMlrc pans 10 lriq ~uld acncmtc Qdvcrsc publicity lr11q cauld cJ11im that th~c cmboiraoes are (llrthcr Cidcnec ofunr11ir Western laalcs 3B4inst Arsb namiddot lion and lhbullt the West wa1 dcprivina il of ils 1ovcrci1n riaht 10 protccl lhc health ttnd wclfilrc of h5 lltOPlbullcJ


12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI

Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 iJSC section 3507)

Appendix

Characlerislics or Bo1ulinum Toxin and Anlhrax Bacteria

Botullnum Toxin

BmuUnum torin i1 praduad by Clos1rdlun1 ho1uUmiddot nutn This bitcrium arows an1eroblcilb that is middotilbJut the presence of oracn Ahhou11h there arc ciaht dilTcrcnt t)pJ of the aoxin the toxin most studied and chsructerizcd 11 bo1ulinum IOJlin A one or

lhc most to~ic subsaonccs knoMmiddotn On the bbis ofdata Raardiq ahc tGJlicity und dis11mirr11ion ch11rac1crbmiddot tics or the toxin in dried Corm a missile fillcd 1ii1-ith botulinun1 lould lethally contanlinalcan orca al least I 6 times larser than the same missile warhcud tilled with the nerve ogcnt sari a cJ middot Accordina to experimental da111 on labarator) animals and from cases ofhwn1n aposurc bou11i11um IGJln A is about 300000 times mare po1cnt amphan the nerve a1ent VX (VX a pcni1tcnt nerve aaen1 II I 0 limes more poacnt than the nonpcrsistcnt nerve qcnamp sarin) Jn tact humans seem to be mare sensitive 10 batulishynun1 toxin than mosl otbcr spccica gposurc to botulinum toxin usua11) occun vmiddothcn rood contoinina the biClcrium in in11csted Eapcrimcn1al data howevshyer indicate amphat rcspiratorgt linhaJalionJ exposures arc 11 lcas1 10 times more toxic Lhan ror oral (inacsampion) cqgtOSUn By the dmc botulinum coxin symptoms damiddotclo-about 12 houn alter aerosol c1pcsurcshytrcatmcnt has linlc chance of success Rapid field detection mc1hods do not cxis1 for boudinom lCIXin or for other BW aacnuCJ Batulinum toxin affects the nervous srslem When u~ure takes place throu11h i~1tian aastroinlcstimiddot nal symptorils are ohscrvcd before amphe onset of ncuromiddot loaical S)mptOms Once these amp)Items bqln they include wcakncss dizzincu blurred or double vision fixed and dilated pupils Impaired mietion 10 Uaht droopina eyelids faeial muscle weakness and speech difficulties Vhcn cxpasurc ta botullnum llkcs place lhrou11h tile lCSrlitalOl) roule 11utrcintctlnal sympmiddot toms att abscntD

801ulinun1 loin will most likely be used ai on acrmol fur 8W purposs Althouah the toxin is fairly stable for a )car when stored 111 tcmpcrauirc below 27bullC CamplICrimCRllll llUdi~ holC shown lhol il decoys foirl)o rupidly-ecncrilllY within an hour-in bright sunmiddot

13

There arc anthers to bctulinum toxiru b1u the) arc cfi1ivc only lC adminiStmd ~rorc the onset of symptoms Because then arc no detectors for the

middot 1011in it is highly unlikely Uuu cxpmurc to botulinum would bo diasnoscd until clinfca symJUonu appear and treatment al that time Ould be too hue ConshyVCrJly immunization lO botulinum is pouiblc but requires muldplc injlions of inactivated 1011ins over a pufod or scvcral monthL Thus a country that had developed batullnum toxin u bull BV aacnt could protect iu troaPS from CApOsurc to the toxincJ

Anlhra is produced by the baclcrium Baclu 0111h ratls Unlike batulinum toin anthrax symp1oms result when the bacteria mullipb in the body prodUcmiddot ina toxins Allhouah each bacterium produces and releases only a small quanllty of anthrax toxin as it arows as the bacteria muldply more toxin is promiddot duccd Anlhraa is a lirina SW aaent and it muat reproduce fn the body to cau1e an cffcct D

Th~ arc thrCc Corms or ADtbra charactcrizcd by be made of entry into the body throuah cruu In the ikin (cutaneous) thtt1uah inaestiOJT Caastrointcstlnal) er throuab inhalalion (pulmonlU)) Anthra is a nntumiddot nilyen occurrina dlscase or livestock1 and humanbull most

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fcooo722ss bullbullbullbullbull I I ~ gt~9middotmiddotc~rtl~ i~ -~~~middotmiddotf~ ~middot~~1~~~~

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I ~ ~I~ v t~ bull bull - _yeni6lt-~ ~~ bullbull1raquo 1~~gtJt- bull

~~~~~_middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddot~t ~ (L~~tiJ~~- ~ ~~ ~~ ~middots~middot~

Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (SO USC section 3S07)

frcqucnlb con1ruc11hc culancoui for1u or the di1ca1c when amphe) con1e inampo conta-l wilh infc1d aninurJ1 The 11s1r1Jin1cs1in1I forn1 of lhi diicuc resulls fron in1C)l1ina con1in1in011cd mc011 0( lhC1c 1hr~c (orn1s 11uln1on11ry anthnu1 is futll nrarlgtmiddot 100 pcr~nl of Lhc tfn1c Oas1rolnte11fruil anthr111middot i1 foual oibou1 1S per tenl of the Sime and cutaneous onthra1 f5 f1111d lcsl 1hen JO percent of the time and onbmiddot lruntrcaicd All fotms of the disease rcspgtnd wcll 10 lCnlclllln if the drua iJ 1imiddotcn dionly uCtcr 1hc onsc of S)mpoms The disease is fairl)middot rare homiddotccr and oflcn lhc diaanosil of cilhcr aas1roi1nes1inaJ

D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia

mbulldc oni)bull alcr cbth Anthru VOUld maampl likcly be used aa an acrmol suslCnsion of spores for BV PUlPOSC~ AClcr an1hrax spores arc iah11lcd there is an incubation period ofone

middot to fiC days before nonspcci6c symp1om1-surh os fad1Uc ind miId fCir--gppcar lt lhb poinl the illn~ is (nquentb diaincscd as a respiratory inf~ tion These initial symptoms usual) improve two 10 four days 13amper followed by he sudScn dCclopmcnl o( respiratory distrCSl Pulse 1cmpcra1urc and rcspimiddot ruory rate become elevated and the middotlclim becomes -Yanotic-buc-blaek co~orcd Death usuall) occurs Dhin 24 hours afirr the CllSct of 1bi second lhasc

Anthrax spores are Cr) heart) in the cnvironntcnl and in a1ora111c h Ibull this apcciuli7cd form of the bacterium 1ha1 infetl bununs Oroina bu1crii vmiddothcn c~scd to ad~sc cunditlons-uch as cx1rcn1c heal or cold-produce 1porcs The 1porc1 which c1n be 1hcuaht of u 1ccds rcmilin Jo gn Ineramp amptalc uinil the) cn1cr 1hc body bullnd cncuunur condi1ion1 suitobl rot them ID bcQin multipl)bulling Cotla rront hun1on cxpo1urc1 indhalc 1ha1 an infectious dose of onthruc i about 1DODO srarn Ahhouah this ml) ltcm like a hltMI quan1iumiddot the spares arc quite a~ll and a lca1poon(11l conuins as many u scbull-crd million infccmiddot tious dosca In addition because the spores remain viable in the environment for Jona periods of time an a11nck whh onlhru~cs could lcthalb con1aminouc an lltCOl rcr )CataL_j

As is the cas~ for bolulinum toxin 1hcrc arc no dctccton for antlirax Jn 11ddilion because 1hc onset cfs1mp1on11 cf pulmonary an1hrax arc so nonspecific diaanOlis in lime for succcssr111 pcnicillio u-ca1mcn1 would be hi1hly uo1ikcly Converse))middot crrce1ivc vacshyines lo anthrua de exist so Ihaamp a ccuntrr shal had cvclolC(i anthrax as a BV aaenl could protect its

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14

C00072255

lnlelliacncc Sour~ or Methods Jnbullohmiddotcd (WSINTELJ

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TOP SeCBET

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12

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C00072255

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Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





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25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526


I25Xl E013526 I


I

ltl ci ri ~





TOP SEGReT

I

C00072255

25Xl E013526

bull

bull



25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

C0007225

ampampbull a

fcp Sc1cl




I






LJ

--J

cJ

cJ

or [=J





C00072255


TnpS1erzt



middot




Pa

----~----~


Contenls


Tho c AaalMI Iraq I


Botullnum ToJln 4

Anthrax

5

25Xl E013526 6





-------------

WeaJ10nizaiion 9


Outlook 11

A Ix


C00072255

___

- ~



bullbullbull

C00072255

rmiddots

middot



Jrnet1



middot

vi


L

hp Seerel




lntroducrlon












Ill

bull O_~ I

ri -----~



C00072255

middot

O

1cJ~

lcJ

1bt Cue Aa1lnU Iraq







25Xl E013526

I l


-

C00072255





I 25Xl E013526 I


I 25XlE013526

I )

I

25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526


I25Xl E013526 I


I

ltl ci ri ~





TOP SEGReT

I

C00072255

25Xl E013526

bull

bull



25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

C00072255


TnpS1erzt



middot




Pa

----~----~


Contenls


Tho c AaalMI Iraq I


Botullnum ToJln 4

Anthrax

5

25Xl E013526 6





-------------

WeaJ10nizaiion 9


Outlook 11

A Ix


C00072255

___

- ~



bullbullbull

C00072255

rmiddots

middot



Jrnet1



middot

vi


L

hp Seerel




lntroducrlon












Ill

bull O_~ I

ri -----~



C00072255

middot

O

1cJ~

lcJ

1bt Cue Aa1lnU Iraq







25Xl E013526

I l


-

C00072255





I 25Xl E013526 I


I 25XlE013526

I )

I

25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526


I25Xl E013526 I


I

ltl ci ri ~





TOP SEGReT

I

C00072255

25Xl E013526

bull

bull



25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

Pa

----~----~


Contenls


Tho c AaalMI Iraq I


Botullnum ToJln 4

Anthrax

5

25Xl E013526 6





-------------

WeaJ10nizaiion 9


Outlook 11

A Ix


C00072255

___

- ~



bullbullbull

C00072255

rmiddots

middot



Jrnet1



middot

vi


L

hp Seerel




lntroducrlon












Ill

bull O_~ I

ri -----~



C00072255

middot

O

1cJ~

lcJ

1bt Cue Aa1lnU Iraq







25Xl E013526

I l


-

C00072255





I 25Xl E013526 I


I 25XlE013526

I )

I

25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526


I25Xl E013526 I


I

ltl ci ri ~





TOP SEGReT

I

C00072255

25Xl E013526

bull

bull



25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

bullbullbull

C00072255

rmiddots

middot



Jrnet1



middot

vi


L

hp Seerel




lntroducrlon












Ill

bull O_~ I

ri -----~



C00072255

middot

O

1cJ~

lcJ

1bt Cue Aa1lnU Iraq







25Xl E013526

I l


-

C00072255





I 25Xl E013526 I


I 25XlE013526

I )

I

25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526


I25Xl E013526 I


I

ltl ci ri ~





TOP SEGReT

I

C00072255

25Xl E013526

bull

bull



25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14



lntroducrlon












Ill

bull O_~ I

ri -----~



C00072255

middot

O

1cJ~

lcJ

1bt Cue Aa1lnU Iraq







25Xl E013526

I l


-

C00072255





I 25Xl E013526 I


I 25XlE013526

I )

I

25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526


I25Xl E013526 I


I

ltl ci ri ~





TOP SEGReT

I

C00072255

25Xl E013526

bull

bull



25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

-

C00072255





I 25Xl E013526 I


I 25XlE013526

I )

I

25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526


I25Xl E013526 I


I

ltl ci ri ~





TOP SEGReT

I

C00072255

25Xl E013526

bull

bull



25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

I

C00072255

25Xl E013526

bull

bull



25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14


25Xl E013526







=-

middot




0 lt shy- u ~ ~ ~ ~ i u r)

Q 213 =] ~S




middot


I I

I

I

r I

J





25Xl E013526

4





C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14




C00072255



25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526



25Xl E013526

Tap Searmiddotbull

TOP SECRET


=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

=

~

C00072255

--imiddot=i~-------~-------------------------------~


~~ = u ~ 5 ~ - ~ t=~ ~ ~1 ~ M~ middot-~ = 0


25Xl E013526 I

I~







d



lt------------bull __________

I I

6

25Xl E013526

Fop Sscrel


iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

iliP Sttrer J


25Xl E013526









and Hibanniya -1




open Jiteralurc




25Xl E013526


Top S-c=bull

C00072255

-------~

I

I

I I

I I t

f middot I

D

7

Tc

hCJbullE-______=--

__________

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

C00072255


691111 Union

Turkey

_ _ _

I ranSyraa

Saudi AralbDai


TOP SEGRET

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

r--

c~ 8



25Xl E013526 I









Q

0-

0







bull c frame





I

e tire 1hcl

-~==============~~==-~

9

7

shy

USC section 3507)





25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14




25Xl E013526


-



j 25Xl E013526





fop Sacl 10


I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

I ]


25Xl E013526





25Xl E013526


C

ampl ltl

0 rJ 1----gt-J~

gtlt ~





25Xl E013526

25Xl E013526




C00072255

II



Le SsabullbullI I

TOP SEGRET


e

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

I

C00072255

~ICI


25Xl E013526





12

-I

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

C00072255

lap ampsicampI


Appendix


Botullnum Toxin




13





lbp Ssltbullc1 I )

LJ )


ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

ubull rt







D or pulmonar~

middot anthrax ia





trccps[J

middot

cd

s


14

Iraq's Biological Weapons Program: Saddam's Ace in the Holec00072255 declassified under authority of...

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Transcript of Iraq's Biological Weapons Program: Saddam's Ace in the Holec00072255 declassified under authority of...