Iran Nayin4 The lost treasure of Water

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Nayin, the capital of Nayin County, Esfahan Province, is located on the southern rim of the Iranian central desert at an altitude of 1545 meters above sea level. It has a desert climate, where temperatures can reach 50 °C in summer and a minimum of -9 degrees in winter. Nayin has been a settlement where caravans stayed to rest and obtain provisions for their journey. Day and night temperatures during a year can differ up to 70 °C. (Rain usually falls in winter).  

Nayin, capitala unei diviziuni administrative din provincia Ispahan, este situat la marginea sudică a deşertului central iranian, la o altitudine de 1545 metri. Vara temperatura poate ajunge la 50ºC, cu un minim de -9ºC iarna. Aşezat pe drumul care leagă două centre importante, Ispahan şi Yazd, era odinioară un loc de popas şi aprovizionare pentru caravane.

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Apart from coastal area of the Caspian Sea the Iran suffers from a shortage of water. Water has always been a treasure. Depending on the locality water is drawn either from rivers, springs and wells or from the typically Iranian irrigation system Ghanaf (Qanat). Ghanat was and is to this day a masterpiece of engineering for the daily water supply in Iran.  According to the report of Iranian Statistics Office in the first decade of the 20th century about 50,000 systems were in operation at this time.

În afară de zona de litoral a Mării Caspice, Iranul suferă din cauza lipsei apei. Întotdeauna apa a fost aici o comoară. Qanaturile, sistemul tipic de irigaţii Iranian, este astfel făcut încât apa să nu se piardă, iar acolo unde se poate, pământul să fie lucrat. Ele sunt canale subterane de aducţiune a apei în rezervoare. Unele qanaturi au mai mult de 15 km lungime

An underground water supply

Lipsa apei înseamnă pustiu, excesul, catastrofă

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Ab-Anbar, an underground water supply

Castelele şi rezervoarele de apă se numesc Ab-Anbar, adica un fel de hambare pentru apă.

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Only a few and highly respected experts could and can set up such a system. In this system the underground water, which collects after rain or snow is channeled in slightly sloping, long underground ducts to the villages and towns.At a short distance from the town the water is brought to the surfaces where it is stored in reservoirs for convenient distribution. At distances of 50 - 100 m vertical shafts leading to these underground ducts are drilled which serve as air vents for the laborers and for bringing up the excavated soil. Without technical aids and without consumption of energy and raw materials, by the power of thought, physical work and the utilization of natural conditions significant achievements were attained.

Dezvoltarea societăţii umane este strâns legată de asigurarea resurselor de apă. Cele mai vechi lucrări hidrotehnice s-au realizat pentru asigurarea apei pentru irigaţii şi pentru alimentarea cu apă potabilă. Printre primele lucrări cunoscute de acest tip, realizate în antichitate, sunt sistemul de irigare început cu 3000 î.Hr. în Persia şi care furnizează şi în prezent aprox. 80% din necesarul de apă pentru irigaţii din regiunea numit Qanat.

underground water supply

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Sistemul de canale şi galerii săpate în piatră sau în lut s-a numit iniţial kariz, însă odată cu invazia arabilor şi preluarea de către ei a tehnicilor de forare, numele a fost arabizat devenind qanat.

Water comes to town and is conserved in water reservoirs or Ab Anbars, which are found both outside and inside the town. Usually each neighborhood has one or more water reservoirs. These reservoirs are housed in Dome shaped buildings which have one or more ventilation towers, making them a recognizable feature in the fabric of the town. For ease of public use, the entrances of the Ab Anbars are usually located on the main passages and intersections of the town. Apa adusă în oraş este păstrată în rezervoarele numite Ab Anbar, situate în fiecare cartier. Ela au forma unui dom şi dispun de unul sau mai multe turnuri de ventilaţie (turnurile vântului) Pentru uşurinţa accesului intrările sunt dispuse în pasajele şi intersecţiile importante.

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The construction material used for ab anbars were very tough and extensively used a special mortar called sarooj made of sand, clay, egg whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, depending on location and climate of the city. This mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable.

În vechime, karizurile si qanaturile alimentau rezervoarele de apă ale oraşului de la care îşi lua apa fiecare locuitor, băile publice, havuzurile din moschei, şcoli şi bazaruri sau cele din grădinile publice. Ele erau căptuşite cu sarooj, un fel pastă obţinută prin amestecul de nisip, humă, albuş de ou, cenuşă, păr de capră şi var, cu care se căptuşeau pereţii canalelor. Amestecul asigura atât impermeabilitatea cât şi igiena apei transportate, pentru că nu lăsa să se dezvolte alge şi bacterii pe pereţii umezi. Sedimentele şi nămolurile care se depuneau de-a lungul canalelor orizontale, a celor uşor înclinate şi în rezervoarele de apă, erau periodic curăţate. Acest proces se numeste layeh-rubi, adică îndepartarea straturilor.

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Nayin Mossalla water reservoir stairway

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Ab Anbar or water reservoir has a cubic or cylindrical underground tank, which is accessible through a staircase attached to the internal wall for cleaning purposes. The tank is always built underground for three reasons. One is because the construction process is much easier than building it on the surface and the surrounding excavated earth helps to reinforce the walls. The second reason is that the water inside remains cool and the outside temperature has less affect. The third reason is that transferring water from the ghanat is simple. Ventilation towers or Bahdgeers are another important part of the construction because they provide air circulation inside and ease of access.For using the water of the water reservoir, there is a stairway attached to it with an entrance on main passageways or intersections. Ease of access to the water is ensured by the convenient sitting of the entrance of the water reservoir along main passageways or intersections.

Ab Anbar este un rezervor de apă cubic sau cilindric subteran, accesibil cu ajutorul unei scări, folosită pentru scopuri de curăţare. Rezervorul este întotdeauna construit subteran pentru cel puţin trei motive. Mai întâi datorită faptului că procesul de construcţie este mult mai uşor în subteran decât la suprafaţă, iar pământul excavat foloseşte la consolidarea pereţilor. Al doilea motiv este faptul că apa rămâne rece şi este mai puţin afectată de temperatura de afară. Al treilea motiv este că transferul de apă din qanaturi este simplu. Turnurile de ventilaţie sau Bahdgeers sunt o altă parte importantă a construcţiei, deoarece acestea asigură circulaţia aerului în interiorul rezervorului. Pentru accesul la apă există scări situate în principalele intersecţii.

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Historical bazaar

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Historical bazaar

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Historical bazaar

The Bazaar of Nayin is one of his remarkable attractions,. The bazaar extends 340 meters in a curved line from the Gate of Chehel Dokhtaran to the mosque of Khajeh Khezr.The bazaar is connected by main alleys, as well as tributary passages to centers of neighborhoods. A number of Nayin's important monuments, such as the mosque of Sheikh Maghrebi, the mosque of Khajeh, and the Hosseinieh of Chehel Dokhtaran are embodied in this bazaar.The direction of the crooked streets and passageways of the old town are diagonal, running Northwest-Southeast to offset the prevailing dusty desert winds and the rays of the sun. The inhabitants of the old Naeen brought water to the town through the ghanats. Inside the town water was closer to the surface and transferred to the covered gutters. The routes of the gutter from the way to the Ab Anbars or water reservoirs, distributed water to the houses along the passages. Water entered the houses via an underground channel in the basement; from here it could be easily transferred to the garden or the basin in the courtyard. One of the important advantages of the house's interior water routes was the cool summer rooms as well as the freshness and coolness of water itself.

Cele mai importante pasaje acoperite din vechile oraşe persane sunt bazarele. Ele au un plan liniar cu multe bifurcaţii care servesc şi ca legătură între zonele rezidenţiale numite Mahalleh. Monumente importante sunt înglobate în acest complex: moscheile Sheikh Maghrebi şi Khajeh sau Hosseinieh. Direcţia pasajelor supraterane este diagonală, de la nord-vest la sud-est pentru a micşora impactul vântului din deşert sau a razelor solare

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Historical bazaar

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Historical bazaar

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Tekyeh (covered sacre place for religious ceremonies)

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Hosseinieh (a city courtyard and a place for religious ceremonies)

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With Shiite majority Iranians have developed many rituals related to commemorating Shiite imams.Imam Hussein is the third imam (leader of Shiites) who was killed unfairly and brutally by some Arab tyrants of the time. Every year the Shiites around the world commemorate his sorrowful and unfair mourning for 10 consecutive days. The 10th day is called Ashura which marks the martyrdom of Imam Hussein in Karbala. Nakhl Gardani (carrying the palm tree) is a mourning custom of Ashura. During Muharram the nakhl is draped with black banners and pennons, and carried through the streets on the shoulders of mourners; others chant and flay their own backs with chains in an ecstasy of grief.

Nakhl, această structură reprezentând sicriul Imamului Hussain este folosită în timpul serbărilor de comemorare din luna Muharram, împodobită cu ţesături scumpe de doliu, procesiunea fiind urmată de penitenţi care se autoflagelează cu lanţuri.

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Hosseinieh (a city courtyard and a place for religious ceremonies)

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Nayin has 7 neighborhoods, each with a center, a town courtyard, or Hosseinieh, as the inhabitants of Nayin call it Every Hosseinieh has a drinking water fountain or Sagha Khaneh, a word which has a cultural and traditional history. Hossein is the name of the grandchild of Mohammad, the prophet of Islam, and the third religious leader (Emam) in Shi-eh Islam.

Nayin are 7 cartiere fiecare având în centru o piaţă numită Hosseinieh, unde au loc ceremoniile de comemorare a imamului Hussein, nepotul lui Mahomed. Fiecare piaţă Hosseinieh are o fântână cu apă de băut, numită Sagha Khaneh, cu o foarte importantă semnificaţie culturală şi spirituală

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Hossienieh is the name given to a place for religious ceremonies and usually there is a drinking water fountain or Sagha Khaneh, which means the home of the one who brings water. There is often a small niche inside the Sagha Khaneh where one can light a candle and say a prayer.

Hossienieh este denumit de fapt locul unde au loc ceremoniile religioase de comemorare şi jelire a Imamului Hossein; aici se află şi fântâna cu apă de băut numită Sagha Khaneh, ceea ce înseamnă casa celui care aduce apa. De multe ori există şi o nişă unde se poate pune o lumânare rostind o rugăciune

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Text and slide11: InternetPictures: Sanda Foişoreanu Nicoleta LeuArangement: Sanda Foişoreanuwww.slideshare.net/michaelasandaSound: Shahram Nazeri - Safare Osrat