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So far so good: the international

system as we know of it

 Anarchic system of states: Emerged in the 15th Century Italy, consolidated in Western Europe by the Treaty of 

 Westphalia, 1648.

 with few exceptions, only sovereign states are thesubjects of international law,

sovereign states are equal in their standing ininternational law,

sovereign states are institutionally self-contained andinternational law can not interfere with domesticjurisdiction of their governments.

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Nation-States and Sovereignty

No superior authority upon a group of legally 

and functionally equal units (sovereign nation-

states)

Homo Homini Lupus

International Anarchy 

 Three modes of relationship between units: War, Commerce, Diplomacy 

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“INTERNATIONAL” System 

Nation-States

‘Entities’ 

International Organizations

(IO)

Non-Governmental

Organizations

(NGO)

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?Why was there a need to

transnationalize economy?  The developed world:

Keynesian economics and welfare state

Expensive labour force

Higher taxes

Growing environmental sensitivity => Tougher environment protection laws

 The Third World:

Increasingly qualified but relatively cheap labour force, abundantraw material, low taxes, lax environmental standards, desperateneed for investment

Low production costs

„Business-friendly‟ governments

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 Transnational Economy: Production

 The Toyota example:

 Toyota has manufacturing or assembly plants in Japan, Australia, India,Canada, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey , the United Kingdom,the United States, France, Brazil, and more recently Pakistan, Argentina,Czech Republic, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Venezuela,the Philippines, and Russia.

In 2002, Toyota initiated the "Innovative International Multi-purpose vehicle" project (IMV) to optimize global manufacturing and supply systems for pickup trucks and multipurpose vehicles, and to satisfy market demand in more than 140 countries worldwide. IMV called fordiesel engines to be made in Thailand, gasoline engines in Indonesia and

manual transmissions in the Philippines, for supply to the countriescharged with vehicle production. For vehicle assembly, Toyota woulduse plants in Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina and South Africa. Thesefour main IMV production and export bases supply Asia, Europe,

 Africa, Oceania, Latin America and the Middle East with three IMV  vehicles: The Toyota Hilux (Vigo), the Toyota Fortuner, and the Toyota

Innova.[21] The Toyota Hilux, and Toyota Tacoma, are compacticku trucks built and marketed b the To ota Motor Cor oration. ...

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 Transnational Economy: Marketing

Global Brands: Microsoft, McDonalds, Levi‟s,

Kalashnikov, Coca Cola, Facebook...

Global consumption patterns: trend-setters

Global advertising and media networks: CNN,

MSNBC, Time...

Global „events‟: Victoria‟s Secret fashion show,Formula 1, Champion‟s League...

=> Global Consumer Culture

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Results of Globalization for the

International System

Emergence of new, non-state actors: MNC,

NGO...

 Transcendence of national boundaries by 

economic, social, political, cultural, demographic

movements

 The nation-state as a unit: too big to adapt, too

small to resist? 

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Questions About Globalization

How should it be conceptualized?

How distinctive is contemporary globalization inrelation to previous eras? 

 What is the impact of globalization on individualpolitical communities and, in particular, on thesovereignty and autonomy of the modern

nation-states? Does globalization create new patterns of 

inequality and stratification?

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 Three Approaches to Globalization

Globalists: “Wow, super!” 

Inter-nationalists: “What‟s the fuss about?” 

 Transformationalists: “It‟s happening.”