IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ......
Transcript of IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights of way Tues... · IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and ......
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IPM in Aquatics, Natural Areas and Rights‐of‐way
Lyn Gettys, PhD • [email protected] • University of Florida IFAS
Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center
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What is IPM?Integrated Pest ManagementAll the tools in the toolbox– Cultural– Mechanical– Biological– Chemical
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Cultural controlGrowing requirements/cultural conditions
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Cultural control: mulches
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Cultural control: barriers
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Cultural control: drawdown
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Cultural control: other
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Mechanical control• Disrupt, damage or remove
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Mechanical control: digging
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Mechanical control: cutting
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Mechanical control: cultivate/chop
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Mechanical control: burning
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Mechanical control: harvesting
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Biological control• Natural enemies
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Biological control requirements• Host‐specific• Self‐sustaining
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Chemical control• Herbicides
• Act on plant processes– Photosynthesis– AA/protein production– Respiration– Hormones/growth processes
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Chemical control• Systemic vs. contact
• Foliar vs. submersed/water column
• Aquatic: 14 a.i.• ROW/NA: more• Crops: 200+
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IPM toolbox• Cultural• Mechanical• Biological• Chemical
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IPM in practice
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Alligatorweed• Alternanthera philoxeroides• S. America late 1800s
– Shallow water, wet feet– Leaves simple, elliptic– Smooth margins– Opposite arrangement– Hollow stems– Small papery white flowers
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Alligatorweed
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Alligatorweed• Cultural: not really
– Barriers – too big, indiscriminate– Drawdowns – “all‐terrain”– Hand‐pull – fragile, roots, sections, fragments
• Mechanical: not really– Cutting – fragments– Burning – not in aquatics
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Alligatorweed• Chemical: yes!
– Imazapyr (2003), imazamox (2008)– Glyphosate (1977), triclopyr (2002)
• Note: only glyphosate until 2003
• Biological: yes!– Beetle, stem borer (moth)– Thrips (not very effective; terrestrial)
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Alligatorweed• Alligatorweed flea beetle
– Agasicles hygrophila– Argentina (1964)– South: near‐complete– North: negligible
• Alligatorweed stem borer– Arcola (=Vogtia) malloi– Argentina (1971)– Upper Mississippi Valley
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Alligatorweed
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Hydrilla• Hydrilla verticillata• Asia 1950s
– Almost any water– Leaves strap‐shaped, pointed tip, serrate margin– Verticillate – 4 to 8 leaves– Rooted in sediment– Tiny white flower on long peduncle
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Hydrilla
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Hydrilla• Cultural: sometimes
– Barriers – huge areas, indiscriminate, tubers, turions
– Drawdowns – ok but indiscriminate– Hand‐pull – fragile, roots, sections, fragments
• Mechanical: sometimes– Cutting – fragments– Harvesting – limited, indiscriminate, by‐catch, disposal
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Hydrilla• Chemical: yes!
– Fluridone*** (1986)– Endothall (1960), diquat (1962)– ALS (imazamox, penoxsulam, bispyribac – 2000s)
• Biological: yes!– Weevils, midge, flies, moth– Grass carp
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Hydrilla• Two weevils
– Bagous affinis – India (1987)– B. hydrillae – Australia (1991)– Not established
• Hydrilla tip mining midge– Cricotopus lebetis– Unknown – adventive– Negligible but damages growing tips
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Hydrilla• Two flies
– Hydrellia balciunasi – Australia (1989)– Hydrellia pakistanae – India (1987)– Negligible; H. pakistanae widely distributed on DH
• Parapoynx moth– Parapoynx diminutalis– Asia – adventive– Negligible but occasional heavy damage– Indiscriminate
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Hydrilla• Grass carp
– Ctenopharyngodon idella– China (1963)– Substantial; indiscriminate– Triploid only; requires permit
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Hydrilla IPM• RAMP (Risk Avoidance & Mitigation Project)
– UF/IFAS Research and Extension– USACE– FAMU– USDA $$$
• Integrated strategy– Herbicide– Insect– Fungus
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Hydrilla• Herbicide
– Imazamox branching tips
• Insect– Cricotopus lebetismidge damages tips
• Fungus (native)– Mycoleptodiscus terrestris attacks damaged tips
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Waterhyacinth• Eichhornia crassipes• S. America late 1800s
– Almost any water– Leaves round, rubbery– Inflated petioles– Basal rosette arrangement– Dark feathery roots– Large showy purple flowers
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Waterhyacinth
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Waterhyacinth• Cultural: not really
– Barriers – not for floating plants– Drawdowns – triggers seed germination– Hand‐pull – small populations
• Mechanical: sometimes– Harvesting – limited, indiscriminate, disposal
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Waterhyacinth• Chemical: yes!
– 2,4‐D, triclopyr, diquat– ALS (imazamox, imazapyr, penoxsulam)
• Biological: yes!– Weevils– Moths, mites (negligible effects)– Plant hopper
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Waterhyacinth• Two Argentine weevils
– Neochetina bruchi (1974)– Neochetina eichhorniae (1972)– Widely distributed; substantial damage
• Plant hopper– Megamelus scuttelaris– S. America (2010)– May reduce herbicide rate
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Waterhyacinth
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MelaleucaMelaleuca quinquenerviaAustralia late 1800s
– Wet feet, high and dry– Leaves simple, elliptic– Smooth margins– Alternate arrangement– Tree with papery bark– White bottlebrush flowers
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Melaleuca
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MelaleucaCultural: sometimes– Mulches – no effect on mature trees– Drawdowns – “all‐terrain”– Hand‐pull – may not be practical or accessible
Mechanical: sometimes– Cutting – hard to get to, dense thickets– Burning bad – volatile oils; burn hot to the canopy, trees survive, throw seeds, smoke allergenic
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MelaleucaChemical: yes!– Imazapyr, glyphosate, triclopyr– Cut stump, hack/squirt, fringe/girdle
Biological: yes!– Weevil, psyllid– Flies (not very effective or not established)
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MelaleucaMelaleuca weevil– Oxyops vitiosa (Australia, 1997)– Substantial damage – new leaves– Can’t establish in permanently flooded sites
Melaleuca psyllid– Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (Australia, 2002)S b t ti l d
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Melaleuca
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Other species with IPM strategiesTropical soda apple – beetle
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Other species with IPM strategiesBrazilian pepper – wasp (adv)
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Other species with IPM strategiesWaterlettuce – weevil
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Other species with IPM strategiesSalvinia – weevil
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Take home messageLots of weeds – water and landSome tools, never enoughUse an integrated approach when possibleTry new things!Safety first!!!
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Thanks! Questions?