IPA Braille: - ICEB
61
IPA Braille: An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet Print Edition Overview, Tables, and Sample Texts Edited by Robert Englebretson, Ph.D. Produced by CNIB For the International Council on English Braille 2008
Transcript of IPA Braille: - ICEB
IPA
Bra
ille
: An U
pdat
ed T
actile
Rep
rese
nta
tion o
f th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Phonet
ic A
lphab
et
Prin
t Editio
n
Ove
rvie
w,
Tab
les,
and S
ample
Tex
ts
Edited
by
Rober
t Engle
bre
tson,
Ph.D
.
Produce
d b
y CN
IB
For
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Counci
l on E
nglis
h B
raill
e
2008
ii
Lis
t o
f IC
EB
Mem
ber
Co
un
trie
s As
Of
April, 2
008
Aust
ralia
Can
ada
New
Zea
land
Nig
eria
South
Afr
ica
United
Kin
gdom
United
Sta
tes
iii
Tab
le o
f C
on
ten
ts
AC
KN
OW
LED
GEM
EN
TS
BY
RO
BER
T E
NG
LEB
RETS
ON
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..V
FO
REW
OR
D b
y F
red
ric
K.
Sch
roed
er
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..V
II
AC
CLA
IM F
OR
IP
A B
RA
ILLE B
Y M
AR
TH
A P
AM
PER
IN..
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...I
X
1.
INTR
OD
UC
TIO
N..
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...1
2.
TH
E S
YM
BO
LS
OF T
HE I
PA
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.5
2.1
. C
ON
SO
NA
NTS
(P
ULM
ON
IC)..
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6
2.2
. C
ON
SO
NA
NTS
(N
ON
-PU
LM
ON
IC)
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...1
1
2.3
. O
TH
ER
SY
MB
OLS
....
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13
2.4
. V
OW
ELS
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.1
5
2.5
. D
IAC
RIT
ICS
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...1
7
2.6
. S
UP
RA
SEG
MEN
TA
LS
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...2
3
2.7
. TO
NES
& W
OR
D A
CC
EN
TS
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...2
4
2.8
. P
HO
NETIC
AN
D P
HO
NEM
IC E
NC
LO
SU
RES
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...2
7
iv
3.
NO
N-I
PA
SY
MB
OLS
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..2
9
3.1
. C
OM
MO
N P
HO
NETIC
SY
MB
OLS
AN
D P
UN
CT
UA
TIO
N..
....
....
....
....
....
....
.2
9
3.2
. TR
AN
SC
RIB
ER
-DEFIN
ED
SY
MB
OLS
....
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.3
2
3.3
. TEM
PO
RA
RY
CO
DE-S
WIT
CH
IN
DIC
ATO
RS
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..3
3
4.
MIS
CELLA
NEO
US
US
AG
E N
OT
ES
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...3
5
REFER
EN
CES
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...3
6
AP
PEN
DIX
: S
AM
PLE P
AS
SA
GES
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...3
7
SA
MP
LE 1
: A
MER
ICA
N E
NG
LIS
H (
NA
RR
OW
TR
AN
SC
RIP
TIO
N)
....
....
....
....
....
.3
8
SA
MP
LE 2
: H
ON
G K
ON
G C
AN
TO
NES
E..
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.3
9
SA
MP
LE
3:
CR
OA
TIA
N..
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40
SA
MP
LE
4:
FR
EN
CH
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..4
1
SA
MP
LE
5:
PO
RTU
GU
ES
E..
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42
TR
AN
SC
RIB
ER
’S I
ND
EX
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...4
5
v
Ack
no
wle
dg
em
en
ts
By
Rober
t Engle
bre
tson
The
com
ple
tion o
f th
is w
ork
has
ben
efited
fro
m t
he
input
and a
ssis
tance
of
num
erous
indiv
idual
s at
eve
ry s
tep o
f th
e w
ay.
For
initia
ting th
is pro
ject
, an
d es
pec
ially
fo
r co
mm
ents
an
d fe
edbac
k at
th
e ea
rly
stag
es,
I w
ish t
o t
han
k Je
an O
bi an
d t
he
mem
ber
s of
the
Unifie
d E
nglis
h B
raill
e Li
nguis
tics
G
roup.
I am
ex
trem
ely
gra
tefu
l to
W
arre
n
Figuei
redo
for
ove
rsee
ing
the
form
atting,
emboss
ing,
and d
istr
ibution o
f th
e pre
limin
ary
dra
fts
circ
ula
ted i
n 2
005.
Warr
en’s
insi
ght
and h
ard w
ork
kep
t th
is p
roje
ct g
oin
g e
arly
on,
and I
tru
ly a
ppre
ciat
e his
advi
ce o
n b
raill
e m
atte
rs a
nd h
is e
nco
ura
gem
ent
to p
urs
ue
the
public
atio
n o
f th
is m
anusc
ript.
To
the
num
erous
peo
ple
w
ho
com
men
ted
on
the
pre
limin
ary
dra
ft,
answ
ered
ques
tions
and o
ffer
ed e
nco
ura
gem
ent,
or
use
d I
PA B
raill
e in
the
clas
sroom
, I
also
ow
e a
deb
t of
gra
titu
de;
th
anks
es
pec
ially
to
D
r.
Sher
i W
ells
-Jen
sen
(Bow
ling
Gre
en
Sta
te
Univ
ersi
ty),
Dr.
Kat
her
ine
Cro
ssw
hite
(Ric
e U
niv
ersi
ty),
Mar
tha
Pam
per
in (
BAN
A),
Aly
sha
Jean
s (R
ice
Univ
ersi
ty),
and C
arlo
s N
ash (
Univ
ersi
ty o
f Cal
iforn
ia S
anta
Bar
bar
a).
Than
ks
also
to
th
ose
w
ho dow
nlo
aded
dra
ft co
pie
s fr
om
m
y w
eb si
te an
d offer
ed in
put
and
sugges
tions
via
e-m
ail. Y
our
nam
es a
re t
oo n
um
erous
to m
ention
her
e, b
ut
your
com
men
ts
hav
e bee
n v
aluab
le n
onet
hel
ess.
I w
ould
als
o l
ike
to e
xpre
ss m
y si
nce
re g
ratitu
de
to S
tephen
Phip
pen
of
RN
IB f
or
trac
king d
ow
n a
copy
of
the
origin
al M
errick
and P
ott
hoff
(1934)
bra
ille
IPA p
ublic
atio
n,
vi
and f
or
lendin
g it
to m
e, a
s th
is v
aluab
le r
esourc
e is
sad
ly n
o longer
ava
ilable
fro
m b
raill
e le
ndin
g lib
raries
in I
CEB m
ember
countr
ies.
For
ove
rsee
ing t
he
pre
par
atio
n o
f th
e final
man
usc
ript,
I w
ould
esp
ecia
lly lik
e to
than
k D
arle
en B
ogart
(Chai
r, U
EB C
om
mitte
e),
who r
ecogniz
ed t
he
mer
its
of
this
pro
ject
and
shep
her
ded
it
thro
ugh
the
ICEB
for
consi
der
atio
n
and
appro
val.
For
pro
ofr
eadin
g
assi
stan
ce,
I w
ould
lik
e to
th
ank
Dar
leen
Bogar
t an
d Ji
ll Coote
r (b
oth
at
CN
IB)
and
Eliz
abet
h G
entr
y (R
ice
Univ
ersi
ty).
I
would
al
so lik
e to
re
cogniz
e th
e CN
IB st
aff
who
pre
par
ed t
he
tact
ile illu
stra
tions
in t
he
bra
ille
Supple
men
t.
The
sam
ple
pas
sages
in
th
e Appen
dix
ar
e re
pri
nte
d
with
the
conse
nt
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic Ass
oci
atio
n an
d by
the
kind per
mis
sion of
Cam
bridge
Univ
ersi
ty
Pres
s. (
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n.
1999.
Han
dbook
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n:
A
Guid
e to
th
e U
se
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic
Alp
hab
et.
New
York
: Cam
bridge
Univ
ersi
ty P
ress
.) T
hes
e pas
sages
may
not
be
furt
her
rep
roduce
d e
xcep
t by
writt
en p
erm
issi
on o
f th
e co
pyr
ight
hold
er,
Cam
bridge
Univ
ersi
ty P
ress
.
Final
ly,
I w
ish to
ac
know
ledge
the
huge
deb
t of
gra
titu
de
that
I
and oth
er blin
d
linguis
ts
ow
e to
W
. Pe
rcy
Mer
rick
and
W.
Pott
hoff
for
des
ignin
g
the
origin
al
Bra
ille
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
lphabet
bac
k in
1934,
upon w
hic
h t
he
curr
ent
work
is
very
clo
sely
bas
ed.
Thes
e tw
o p
ionee
ring indiv
idual
s open
ed d
oors
to liter
acy
and w
ork
for
blin
d p
eople
in
phonet
ics
and r
elat
ed f
ield
s, a
nd t
hei
r im
por
tant
contr
ibutions
must
nev
er b
e fo
rgott
en.
vi
i
Fo
rew
ord
By
Fred
ric
K.
Sch
roed
er,
PhD
.
Pre
siden
t, I
nte
rnat
ional
Counci
l on E
nglis
h B
raill
e
The
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic Alp
hab
et (I
PA)
is a
stan
dar
diz
ed re
pre
senta
tion of
the
sounds
of
spoke
n l
anguag
e. T
he
gen
eral
princi
ple
of
the
IPA i
s to
pro
vide
one
sym
bol
for
each
dis
tinct
ive
spee
ch so
und:
conso
nan
ts,
vow
els,
dia
critic
s th
at sl
ightly
modify
the
pro
nunci
atio
n of
those
so
unds,
an
d su
pra
segm
enta
ls,
whic
h in
dic
ate
such
qual
itie
s as
le
ngth
, to
ne,
st
ress
, an
d
into
nat
ion.
It
is
use
d
by
linguis
ts,
spee
ch
pat
holo
gis
ts
and
ther
apis
ts,
fore
ign l
anguag
e te
acher
s an
d s
tuden
ts,
singer
s, a
ctors
, le
xico
gra
pher
s, a
nd
tran
slat
ors
.
So,
how
do w
e re
pre
sent
the
IPA in b
raill
e so
that
blin
d p
rofe
ssio
nal
s an
d s
tuden
ts in
the
languag
e sc
ience
s ca
n h
ave
full
acce
ss t
o t
his
critica
l sy
stem
of
phonet
ics?
The
answ
er
is hel
d in
th
e pag
es of
this
public
atio
n.
With th
e ded
icat
ed w
ork
and co
llabora
tion of
seve
ral in
div
idual
s, m
ost
nota
bly
the
editor
of
this
body
of
work
, D
r. R
ober
t Engle
bre
tson,
curr
ently
Ass
ista
nt
Profe
ssor
of
Linguis
tics
at
Ric
e U
niv
ersi
ty,
Houst
on,
Tex
as,
I
am
del
ighte
d t
o p
rese
nt
the
IPA B
raill
e Code.
Hea
rtfe
lt t
han
ks t
o D
r. E
ngle
bre
tson f
or
his
th
oughtf
uln
ess
and d
eter
min
atio
n i
n u
nifyi
ng t
he
dis
par
ate
bra
ille
IPA c
odes
pre
viousl
y use
d in t
he
mem
ber
countr
ies
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Counci
l on E
nglis
h B
raill
e (I
CEB),
and f
or
pre
senting a
n u
p-t
o-d
ate
and c
onsi
sten
t sy
stem
whic
h n
ot
only
rem
ain
s tr
ue
to t
he
IPA,
but
also
pro
vides
fle
xibili
ty f
or
curr
ent
and f
utu
re t
echnolo
gie
s. T
hes
e ar
e no s
mal
l ta
sks
to a
ccom
plis
h,
and I
CEB is
gra
tefu
l fo
r his
com
mitm
ent
to t
he
pro
ject
.
vi
ii
This
endea
vor
was
initia
ted b
y th
e U
nifie
d E
nglis
h B
raill
e Li
nguis
tics
Work
ing G
roup,
chai
red b
y IC
EB S
ecre
tary
Jea
n O
bi of
Nig
eria
, and s
pec
ial th
anks
must
go t
o J
ean a
nd h
er
Gro
up f
or
thei
r per
sist
ence
and d
edic
atio
n in s
eein
g t
his
pro
ject
to c
omple
tion.
The
revi
sion
in d
raft
form
has
had
man
y tr
ibute
s fr
om
lin
guis
tics
tea
cher
s an
d s
tuden
ts a
like,
len
din
g
cred
ibili
ty t
o o
ur
pro
ject
and t
he
year
s of
work
that
so m
any
indiv
idual
s hav
e co
ntr
ibute
d.
Than
ks a
lso t
o t
he
Can
adia
n N
atio
nal
Inst
itute
for
the
Blin
d f
or
pro
duci
ng t
he
Bra
ille
editio
n incl
udin
g t
actile
rep
rese
nta
tions
of
the
gly
phs.
On b
ehal
f of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Counci
l on E
nglis
h B
raill
e, I
am
ple
ased
to m
ake
this
ve
ry
import
ant
body
of
work
av
aila
ble
to
pro
fess
ional
s an
d
studen
ts
in
phonet
ical
ly-
orien
ted f
ield
s of
all
types
, pro
vidin
g a
univ
ersa
lly a
cces
sible
form
at t
o w
ork
ing w
ith t
he
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
lphab
et.
ix
Acc
laim
fo
r IP
A B
raille
By
Mar
tha
Pam
per
in,
Chai
r
BAN
A (
Bra
ille
Auth
ority
of
Nort
h A
mer
ica)
Liter
ary
Tec
hnic
al C
om
mitte
e,
I firs
t le
arned
so
met
hin
g ab
out
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Ph
onet
ic Alp
hab
et (I
PA)
in th
e ea
rly
1960's
when
I w
as a
gra
duat
e st
uden
t w
ith a
n inte
rest
in lin
guis
tics
. I
rem
ember
sitting in
clas
s, b
ecom
ing m
ore
and m
ore
exc
ited
as
I hea
rd t
he
inst
ruct
or
des
crib
e an
d illu
stra
te t
he
IPA.
What
a w
onder
ful sy
stem
, I
thought,
for
tran
scribin
g t
he
livin
g s
ounds
of
languag
e. A
s a
single
, blin
d,
young w
om
an,
I w
as s
trugglin
g t
o f
ind a
rea
listic
care
er p
ath.
May
be,
I
thought,
this
was
it.
Usi
ng m
y sl
ate
and s
tylu
s, I
beg
an m
akin
g u
p b
raill
e sy
mbols
for
the
various
IPA c
hara
cter
s dis
cuss
ed,
but
I so
on r
ealiz
ed t
her
e w
ere
goin
g t
o b
e to
o m
any
IPA
sym
bols
to f
it into
the
little
spur
of
the
mom
ent
syst
em I
was
cre
atin
g.
Late
r, I
spen
t so
me
tim
e tr
ying t
o d
evis
e a
sensi
ble
bra
ille
IPA c
ode.
How
ever
, I
had
nei
ther
the
tim
e nor
the
know
ledge
bas
e th
at s
uch
a j
ob w
ould
req
uire.
Bec
ause
I h
ad n
o w
ay t
o r
ead o
r w
rite
the
IPA sy
mbols
, th
e door
to an
y ca
reer
pat
h re
quirin
g use
of
IPA sl
amm
ed sh
ut.
I
am
del
ighte
d t
hat
the
bra
ille
read
ers
of
today
and t
om
orr
ow
now
hav
e th
is c
ritica
l to
ol fo
r th
e st
udy
of
languag
e. A
pat
h c
lose
d t
o m
e is
now
open
for
them
bec
ause
they
hav
e IP
A B
raill
e at
thei
r finger
tips.
x
IPA
Brai
lle
1
1. I
ntr
od
uct
ion
This
tw
o-v
olu
me
public
atio
n p
rovi
des
a c
om
pre
hen
sive
ove
rvie
w o
f th
e updat
ed b
raill
e nota
tion f
or
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
lphab
et (
IPA B
raill
e).
It is
des
igned
spec
ific
ally
for
studen
ts a
nd p
rofe
ssio
nal
s in
lin
guis
tics
and r
elat
ed f
ield
s, o
r anyo
ne
des
irin
g a
thoro
ugh
pre
senta
tion
of
the
inkp
rint
IPA
(as
revi
sed
to
2005
by
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n)
and t
he
bra
ille
sym
bols
with w
hic
h t
o t
ransc
ribe
it.
Beg
innin
g
in
1886,
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Ph
onet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n
has
ove
rsee
n
the
dev
elopm
ent
of
a univ
ersa
lly-r
ecogniz
ed s
et o
f sy
mbols
to r
epre
sent
all
of
the
sounds
in
hum
an lan
guag
e. T
his
set
of
sym
bols
, now
cal
led t
he
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
lphab
et (
IPA)
has
bec
om
e th
e st
andar
d m
eans
of
tran
scribin
g s
pee
ch i
nto
writt
en f
orm
, es
pec
ially
in
phonet
ical
ly-o
rien
ted
bra
nch
es
of
the
languag
e sc
ience
s.
It
is
wid
ely
use
d:
in
fiel
d
linguis
tics
, fo
r th
e docu
men
tation o
f under
-des
crib
ed o
r en
danger
ed l
anguag
es t
hat
oft
en
hav
e no w
ritt
en t
raditio
n;
in l
anguag
e cl
assr
oom
s, t
o t
each
pro
nunci
atio
n s
kills
to n
on-
nat
ive
spea
kers
; in
pro
nunci
atio
n g
uid
es o
f so
me
dic
tionaries
and t
extb
ooks
, to
rep
rese
nt
the
pro
nunci
atio
n
of
hea
dw
ord
s;
in
clin
ical
se
ttin
gs,
by
spee
ch
pat
holo
gis
ts
and
rese
arc
her
s to
tra
nsc
ribe
dis
ord
ered
spee
ch o
f va
rious
kinds;
in b
ranch
es o
f el
ectr
ical
and
com
pute
r en
gin
eering,
to
annota
te
spee
ch
spec
trogra
ms
and
dev
elop
applic
atio
ns
in
spee
ch r
ecognitio
n a
nd s
ynth
esis
; an
d in v
oca
l m
usi
c ped
agogy,
to t
each
dic
tion f
or
singin
g
in f
ore
ign l
anguag
es.
In s
hort
, th
e IP
A i
s use
ful
in a
ny
endea
vor
wher
e it i
s des
irab
le o
r nec
essa
ry t
o c
aptu
re s
pec
ific
nuan
ces
of
acce
nt,
voic
e qual
ity,
and i
nto
nat
ion.
Due
to t
he
variet
y of
pro
fess
ional
conte
xts
in w
hic
h t
he
IPA i
s use
d,
a bra
ille
vers
ion o
f th
e IP
A i
s im
per
ativ
e fo
r blin
d indiv
idual
s st
udyi
ng o
r w
ork
ing in t
hes
e fiel
ds.
While
the
core
sym
bols
of
the
IPA h
ave
rem
ained
rel
ativ
ely
stab
le t
hro
ughout
the
20
th
centu
ry,
a num
ber
of
updat
es h
ave
occ
urr
ed,
bas
ed o
n n
ew s
cien
tific
dis
cove
ries
about
IPA
Brai
lle
2
hum
an
spee
ch
phys
iolo
gy
and
aco
ust
ics,
or
due
to
new
ly
docu
men
ted
sounds
from
pre
viousl
y undes
crib
ed l
anguag
es.
In t
he
pas
t tw
enty
yea
rs,
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n h
as
updat
ed t
he
IPA s
ever
al t
imes
, in
cludin
g a
maj
or
revi
sion i
n 1
989,
whic
h
com
pri
sed t
he
additio
n a
nd w
ithdra
wal
of
a num
ber
of
conso
nan
t an
d v
ow
el s
ymbols
, an
d a
th
oro
ugh r
ework
ing o
f th
e m
odifie
rs a
nd d
iacr
itic
s. F
urt
her
changes
and m
odific
atio
ns
wer
e m
ade
in 1
993 a
nd 1
996,
follo
wed
by
the
additio
n o
f one
new
sym
bol
in 2
005.
The
maj
or
changes
in t
he
inkp
rint
IPA o
ver
the
pas
t tw
o d
ecad
es h
ave
led t
o t
he
obso
lesc
ence
of
pre
viousl
y publis
hed
bra
ille
vers
ions,
and t
he
lack
of
an u
p-t
o-d
ate
bra
ille
IPA h
as p
ose
d a
se
rious
dis
adva
nta
ge
to b
raill
e re
ader
s purs
uin
g s
tudy
or
emplo
ymen
t in
lin
guis
tics
and
oth
er s
pee
ch-r
elat
ed f
ield
s. T
his
public
ation s
eeks
to r
emed
y th
is s
ituat
ion b
y off
erin
g a
cu
rren
t an
d co
mpre
hen
sive
bra
ille
vers
ion of
the
IPA,
and th
ereb
y se
eks
to im
pro
ve
liter
acy
and a
cces
s fo
r bra
ille
read
ers
work
ing in t
he
above
-men
tioned
fie
lds.
The
firs
t bra
ille
vers
ion o
f th
e IP
A w
as c
om
pile
d b
y M
errick
and P
ott
hoff
(1934)
and
publis
hed
by
what
is
now
the
Roya
l N
atio
nal
Inst
itute
of
Blin
d P
eople
in L
ondon.
(See
the
Ref
eren
ces
sect
ion f
or
the
full
cita
tion.)
This
pio
nee
ring w
ork
pro
mote
d b
raill
e lit
erac
y in
lin
guis
tics
, an
d o
pen
ed u
p c
aree
r poss
ibili
ties
for
blin
d p
eople
in s
pee
ch-r
elat
ed f
ield
s th
at
rely
on t
he
IPA.
The
Mer
rick
and P
ott
hoff
nota
tion a
lso b
ecam
e th
e bas
is o
f th
e bra
ille
IPA
syst
ems
pro
mulg
ated
th
roughout
the
20
th
centu
ry
by
bra
ille
auth
orities
in
G
erm
any,
Fr
ance
, an
d E
nglis
h-s
pea
king c
ountr
ies.
How
ever
, re
visi
ons
to t
hes
e co
des
did
not
keep
pac
e w
ith t
he
dev
elopm
ent
of
the
inkp
rint
IPA,
and b
y th
e 1990s
had
bec
om
e obso
lete
. Fo
r ex
ample
, th
e bra
ille
IPA c
har
t av
aila
ble
sin
ce 1
990 f
rom
the
Bra
ille
Auth
ority
of
the
United
Kin
gdom
(BAU
K)
only
pre
sente
d t
he
sym
bols
of
the
IPA r
evis
ed t
o 1
979.
In a
n a
ttem
pt
to
updat
e to
the
1993 r
evis
ion o
f th
e in
kprint
IPA,
in 1
997 t
he
Bra
ille
Auth
ority
of
Nort
h
Am
eric
a (
BAN
A)
bro
ke f
rom
the
Mer
rick
and P
ott
hoff
sys
tem
, ad
opting a
com
ple
tely
new
bra
ille
IPA f
or
the
United
Sta
tes
and C
anad
a (s
ee R
ule
18 o
f BAN
A 1
997,
as c
ited
in t
he
Ref
eren
ces
sect
ion).
IPA
Brai
lle
3
This
led
to t
he
unfo
rtunat
e si
tuat
ion w
her
e th
e bra
ille
IPA in E
uro
pe,
as
wel
l as
in t
he
United
Kin
gdom
an
d oth
er Englis
h-s
pea
king co
untr
ies,
w
hic
h is
bas
ed on th
e origin
al
Mer
rick
and P
ott
hoff
nota
tion,
was
vas
tly
diffe
rent
from
the
nota
tion u
sed i
n t
he
United
Sta
tes
and Canad
a. In
ad
ditio
n,
bec
ause
th
e BAN
A 1997 nota
tion w
as not
dev
ised
in
co
nsu
ltation w
ith p
rofe
ssio
nal
lin
guis
ts w
ho h
ave
a w
ork
ing k
now
ledge
of
the
IPA,
it p
rove
d
to b
e ex
cess
ivel
y cu
mber
som
e an
d n
ot
robust
enough t
o b
e use
d i
n m
any
pro
fess
ional
capac
itie
s. T
he
curr
ent
revi
sion c
orr
ects
all
of
thes
e sh
ort
com
ings,
unifie
s th
e bra
ille
IPA
nota
tion u
sed in t
he
U.S
. an
d C
anad
a w
ith t
hat
use
d in t
he
rest
of
the
mem
ber
countr
ies
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Counci
l on E
nglis
h B
raill
e (I
CEB),
and i
s in
com
ple
te a
ccord
with t
he
off
icia
l in
kprint
IPA r
evis
ed t
o 2
005.
As
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n p
ublis
hes
fu
ture
updat
es a
nd r
evis
ions
to t
he
IPA,
the
editor
of
this
bra
ille
vers
ion i
nte
nds
to k
eep
IPA B
raill
e updat
ed a
s w
ell.
Due
to t
he
robust
nat
ure
and w
ide
inte
rnat
ional
acc
epta
nce
of
the
origin
al M
errick
and
Pott
hoff
bra
ille
IPA n
ota
tion,
the
pre
sent
IPA B
raill
e m
ainta
ins
the
sam
e co
nso
nan
t an
d
vow
el s
ymbols
when
ever
poss
ible
. The
sym
bols
whic
h h
ave
bee
n a
dded
due
to i
nkp
rint
revi
sions
are
des
igned
her
e to
follo
w t
he
sam
e bas
ic p
rinci
ple
s of
the
origin
al M
erri
ck a
nd
Pott
hoff
co
de.
The
most
dra
stic
ch
ange
has
bee
n a
com
ple
te re
work
ing of
the
bra
ille
repre
senta
tions
of
dia
critic
s and
modifie
rs.
This
w
as
nec
essi
tate
d
firs
t and
fore
most
bec
ause
of
the
maj
or
chan
ges
to t
he
nat
ure
and u
se o
f in
kpri
nt
IPA d
iacr
itic
s ove
r th
e ye
ars.
Sec
ondly
, th
e re
vise
d b
raill
e dia
critic
s ar
e m
ore
sys
tem
atic
and u
ser-
frie
ndly
, an
d,
in o
rder
to f
acili
tate
com
pute
r en
try
and a
uto
mat
ed p
rint-
to-b
raill
e fo
rwar
d-
and b
ack-
tran
slat
ion,
are
in lin
e w
ith t
he
com
posi
tion o
f U
nic
ode
com
bin
ing d
iacr
itic
s.
In a
dditio
n t
o l
isting t
he
bra
ille
equiv
alen
t fo
r ea
ch o
f th
e sy
mbols
in t
he
curr
ent
inkp
rint
IPA,
the
pre
sent
volu
me
off
ers
bra
ille
read
ers
an
acce
ssib
le
intr
oduct
ion
to
stan
dar
d ty
pogra
phic
and ar
ticu
lato
ry phonet
ic te
rmin
olo
gy,
in
ord
er to
fa
cilit
ate
clea
r co
mm
unic
atio
n b
etw
een b
lind a
nd s
ighte
d u
sers
of
the
IPA.
Additio
nal
ly,
Unic
ode
valu
es
IPA
Brai
lle
4
are
giv
en f
or
each
gly
ph,
whic
h,
in c
onju
nct
ion w
ith a
Unic
ode-
awar
e sc
reen
rea
der
and
keyb
oar
d m
appin
g s
oft
war
e, r
eadily
enab
le b
lind i
ndiv
idual
s to
typ
e IP
A c
har
acte
rs o
n a
st
andar
d p
erso
nal
com
pute
r w
ithout
sighte
d a
ssis
tance
, an
d t
o r
ead I
PA u
sing s
pee
ch o
r re
fres
hab
le b
raill
e. F
ollo
win
g t
he
mai
n b
ody
of
the
volu
me
and R
efer
ence
s se
ctio
n i
s an
Appen
dix
of
five
sam
ple
pas
sages
illu
stra
ting I
PA B
raill
e in
use
, as
tra
nsc
ribed
into
bra
ille
from
exa
mple
s pre
sente
d i
n t
he
Han
dbook
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n.
The
volu
me
concl
udes
w
ith
an
index
pro
vidin
g
a lis
t of
IPA
sym
bols
an
d
thei
r bra
ille
repre
senta
tions
in p
seudo-a
lphab
etic
al o
rder
, as
req
ues
ted b
y print-
to-b
raill
e tr
ansc
riber
s w
ho m
ay
not
oth
erw
ise
be
fam
iliar
with t
he
IPA,
and w
ho t
hus
may
fin
d t
his
alter
nat
ive
ord
erin
g e
asie
r w
hen
sea
rchin
g f
or
unfa
mili
ar g
lyphs.
The
supple
men
tary
volu
me
(bra
ille
vers
ion o
nly
) is
pro
duce
d o
n c
apsu
le p
aper
, an
d
pro
vides
det
aile
d t
actile
illu
stra
tions
of
each
inkp
rint
IPA g
lyph a
long w
ith i
ts I
PA B
raill
e eq
uiv
alen
t. T
his
enab
les
a bra
ille
read
er t
o o
bse
rve
and s
tudy
the
shap
e of
each
inkp
rint
IPA c
har
acte
r, a
nd t
o a
ssoci
ate
the
shap
es o
f th
e gly
phs
with t
hei
r bra
ille
repre
senta
tions.
Fa
mili
arity
with t
he
IPA g
lyphs
is e
spec
ially
cru
cial
for
blin
d s
tuden
ts w
ho a
re lea
rnin
g t
he
IPA
in
inkp
rint-
orien
ted
class
room
s.
The
supple
men
t is
pro
duce
d
separ
atel
y,
so
that
indiv
idual
s m
ay d
ow
nlo
ad o
r purc
has
e a
har
dco
py
of
eith
er o
r both
vol
um
es,
base
d o
n t
hei
r sp
ecific
nee
ds.
In
gen
eral
, a
beg
innin
g
studen
t or
som
eone
with
no
back
gro
und
in
phonet
ics
will
ben
efit f
rom
the
det
ails
pro
vided
in t
he
intr
oduct
ory
volu
me.
On t
he
oth
er
han
d,
an a
dva
nce
d s
tuden
t or
pro
fess
ional
alrea
dy
wel
l-ve
rsed
in p
honet
ics
will
not
nee
d
thes
e det
ails
, an
d w
ill e
asily
be
able
to l
earn
IPA B
raill
e fr
om
the
supple
men
t al
one.
All
use
rs w
ill b
enef
it f
rom
the
side-
by-
side
pre
senta
tion o
f ra
ised
and b
raill
e IP
A g
lyphs
in t
he
supple
men
t. I
ts c
onden
sed p
rese
nta
tion s
tyle
als
o m
akes
the
supple
men
t an
idea
l quic
k re
fere
nce
lis
t of
sym
bols
.
IPA
Brai
lle
5
2. T
he S
ym
bo
ls o
f th
e I
PA
The
off
icia
l in
kprint
IPA c
har
t is
ava
ilable
onlin
e fr
om
the
web
site
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Ph
onet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n
htt
p:/
/ww
w.a
rts.
gla
.ac.
uk/
IPA/i
pac
har
t.htm
l an
d
is
reprinte
d
in
num
erous
text
books
and r
efer
ence
work
s. I
t is
div
ided
into
sev
en s
ections:
Conso
nan
ts
(Pulm
onic
),
Conso
nan
ts
(Non-P
ulm
onic
),
Oth
er
Sym
bols
, Vow
els,
D
iacr
itic
s,
Supra
segm
enta
ls,
and T
ones
& W
ord
Acc
ents
. The
layo
ut
of
each
sec
tion p
resu
mes
a b
asi
c fa
mili
arity
with ar
ticu
lato
ry phonet
ics
and is
fo
rmat
ted ac
cord
ingly
. This
bra
ille
vers
ion
does
not
aim
to c
aptu
re t
he
visu
al lay
out
of
the
offic
ial in
kprint
IPA c
hart
, w
hic
h w
ould
be
chal
lengin
g t
o a
ccura
tely
form
at in b
raill
e, a
nd o
paq
ue
to u
sers
with little
to n
o b
ackg
round
in p
honet
ics.
Inst
ead,
this
public
atio
n m
ainta
ins
the
sect
ions
as s
pec
ifie
d i
n t
he
off
icia
l ch
art,
but
pre
sents
the
dat
a of
each
sec
tion in a
lin
ear-
table
form
at.
This
met
hod e
nab
les
the
pre
senta
tion o
f al
l of
the
dat
a on t
he
inkp
rint
char
t in
ver
bal
rat
her
than
spat
ial te
rms,
an
d
allo
ws
for
the
additio
n
of
typogra
phic
des
crip
tions
and
Unic
ode
valu
es
for
each
sy
mbol—
feat
ure
s th
at a
re n
ot
pre
sent
in t
he
off
icia
l in
kprint
char
t. E
ach t
able
conta
ins
the
inkp
rint
IPA g
lyph (
pri
nt
vers
ion o
nly
—ta
ctile
dra
win
gs
of
thes
e gly
phs
are
found i
n t
he
bra
ille
Supple
men
t vo
lum
e),
the
IPA b
raill
e sy
mbol, t
he
dot
num
ber
s of
the
bra
ille
sym
bol,
the
Unic
ode
valu
e fo
r th
e print
IPA g
lyph,
the
typogra
phic
des
crip
tion o
f th
e in
kpri
nt
gly
ph,
the
off
icia
l IP
A n
um
ber
for
the
gly
ph,
and t
he
mea
nin
g o
r ar
ticu
lato
ry d
escr
iption o
f th
e so
und
repre
sente
d
by
the
IPA
sym
bol.
For
dia
critic
s an
d
som
e oth
er
modifie
rs,
an
additio
nal
fie
ld i
n t
he
table
entr
y sh
ow
s an
exa
mple
of
the
dia
critic
com
bin
ed w
ith a
bas
e gly
ph,
in
ord
er
to
illust
rate
th
e posi
tion
of
the
dia
critic
in
in
kprint
along
with
its
repre
senta
tion in b
raill
e.
For
more
in-d
epth
bac
kgro
und a
nd e
xpla
nat
ion o
f phonet
ics
than
is
poss
ible
in t
his
brief
volu
me,
the
inte
rest
ed r
eader
may
consu
lt a
ny
intr
oduct
ory
phonet
ics
text
book,
such
as
Ladef
oged
(2005).
Those
inte
rest
ed i
n s
pec
ific
usa
ge
det
ails
for
the
alphab
et s
hould
IPA
Brai
lle
6
consu
lt t
he
offic
ial H
andbook
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional Ph
onet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n (
1999).
The
table
s in
Appen
dix
2 of
the
Handbook
hav
e se
rved
as
a
model
fo
r th
e ta
ble
s pre
sente
d in
th
e pre
sent
public
atio
n o
f IP
A B
raill
e. F
or
a co
mpre
hen
sive
, det
aile
d t
reat
men
t of
phonet
ic
sym
bols
, in
cludin
g o
lder
gly
phs
and a
dditio
nal
sym
bols
not
found i
n t
he
off
icia
l IP
A,
see
Pullu
m a
nd L
adusa
w (
1996).
See
the
Ref
eren
ces
sect
ion f
or
full
cita
tions
of
thes
e so
urc
es.
2.1
. C
on
son
an
ts (
Pu
lmo
nic
)
Pulm
onic
co
nso
nan
ts are
sp
eech
so
unds
that
use
ai
r flow
ing out
of
the
lungs
(a
pulm
onic
egre
ssiv
e ai
rstr
eam
), w
hic
h i
s th
en p
artial
ly o
r fu
lly b
lock
ed b
y th
e ar
ticu
lato
ry
org
ans
of
the
ora
l an
d n
asal
cav
itie
s. P
ulm
onic
conso
nan
ts a
re d
escr
ibed
in t
erm
s of
thre
e fe
ature
s:
voic
e—w
het
her
th
e vo
cal
fold
s of
the
lary
nx
are
vibra
ting
(voic
ed)
or
not
vibra
ting (
voic
eles
s);
pla
ce o
f ar
ticu
lation—
the
poin
t in
the
voca
l tr
act
wher
e th
e ai
rstr
eam
is
blo
cked
; an
d m
anner
of
articu
lation—
the
deg
ree
of
airs
trea
m b
lock
age.
Fro
m t
he
front
of
the
mouth
to t
he
bac
k, t
he
elev
en p
lace
s of
articu
lation t
hat
form
the
colu
mn h
eadin
gs
in
the
stan
dar
d i
nkp
rint
IPA c
onso
nan
t ch
art
are
as f
ollo
ws:
Bila
bia
l (b
oth
lip
s),
Labio
den
tal
(the
upper
te
eth an
d lo
wer
lip
), D
enta
l (t
he
tip of
the
tongue
and th
e upper
te
eth),
Alv
eola
r (t
he
tip o
r bla
de
of
the
tongue
and t
he
alve
ola
r ridge)
, Post
alve
ola
r (t
he
tip o
r bla
de
of
the
tongue
and th
e re
gio
n im
med
iate
ly beh
ind th
e al
veola
r ridge)
, Ret
roflex
(t
ongue-
tip c
urled
bac
k),
Pal
atal
(th
e body
of
the
tongue
and t
he
har
d p
alat
e),
Vel
ar (
the
bac
k of
the
tongue
and th
e ve
lum
), U
vula
r (t
he
bac
k of
the
tongue
and th
e uvu
la),
Phar
yngea
l (t
he
root
of
the
tongue
and t
he
phar
ynx
wal
l),
and G
lott
al (
the
voca
l fo
lds
in
the
lary
nx)
. The
eight
man
ner
s of
articu
lation f
or
pulm
onic
conso
nan
ts t
hat
com
prise
the
row
s of
the
stan
dar
d I
PA c
har
t ar
e as
follo
ws:
Plo
sive
(co
mple
te b
lock
age
of
the
pulm
onic
ai
rflo
w),
Nas
al (
com
ple
te o
ral blo
ckag
e of
the
airf
low
, but
with a
low
ered
vel
um
to a
llow
air
to e
scap
e th
rough t
he
nose
), T
rill
(a r
apid
, re
pea
ted c
losu
re o
f th
e ar
ticu
lato
rs),
Tap
or
Flap
(a
quic
k cl
osu
re an
d re
leas
e of
the
articu
lato
rs—
esse
ntial
ly one
bea
t of
a tr
ill),
IPA
Brai
lle
7
Fric
ativ
e (a
rtic
ula
tors
are
in c
lose
appro
xim
atio
n s
o a
s to
pro
duce
a s
ust
ained
, tu
rbule
nt
airf
low
), L
ater
al F
rica
tive
(a
fric
ativ
e in
whic
h a
ir e
scapes
fro
m t
he
sides
of
the
tongue)
, Appro
xim
ant
(art
icula
tors
are
posi
tioned
clo
se e
nough t
o m
odula
te t
he
airf
low
, but
not
close
enough t
o c
ause
turb
ule
nce
), a
nd L
ater
al A
ppro
xim
ant
(an a
ppro
xim
ant
in w
hic
h a
ir
esca
pes
fro
m t
he
sides
of
the
tongue)
.
Tab
le 2
.1:
Pu
lmo
nic
Co
nso
nan
ts
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
p p
1234
U+
0070
low
erca
se p
101
voic
eles
s bila
bia
l plo
sive
b b
12
U+
0062
low
erca
se b
102
voic
ed b
ilabia
l plo
sive
t t
2345
U+
0074
low
erca
se t
103
voic
eles
s al
veola
r plo
sive
d d
145
U+
0064
low
erca
se d
104
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
plo
sive
ʈ 4t
256-
2345
U+
0288
right-
tail
t 105
voic
eles
s re
troflex
plo
sive
ɖ
4d
256-1
45
U+
0256
right-
tail
d
106
voic
ed r
etro
flex
plo
sive
c c
14
U+
0063
low
erca
se c
107
voic
eles
s pal
atal
plo
sive
ɟ 9j
35-2
45
U+
025F
bar
red d
otles
s j
108
voic
ed p
alat
al p
losi
ve
k k
13
U+
006B
low
erca
se k
109
voic
eles
s ve
lar
plo
sive
ɡ g
1245
U+
0261
low
erca
se s
crip
t g
110
voic
ed v
elar
plo
sive
g g
1245
U+
0067
low
erca
se g
210
voic
ed v
elar
plo
sive
(a
lter
nat
e gly
ph)
IPA
Brai
lle
8
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
q q
12345
U+
0071
low
erca
se q
111
voic
eles
s uvu
lar
plo
sive
ɢ 9g
35-1
245
U+
0262
smal
l ca
pital
g
112
voic
ed u
vula
r plo
sive
ʔ 2
23
U+
0294
glo
ttal
sto
p
113
glo
ttal
plo
sive
m m
134
U+
006D
lo
wer
case
m
114
voic
ed b
ilabia
l nas
al
ɱ 6m
235-1
34
U+
0271
left
-tai
l m
(at
right)
115
voic
ed lab
ioden
tal nasa
l
n n
1345
U+
006E
low
erca
se n
116
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
nas
al
ɳ 4n
256-
1345
U+
0273
right-
tail
n
117
voic
ed r
etro
flex
nas
al
ɲ =
123456
U+
0272
left
-tai
l n (
at
left
) 118
voic
ed p
alat
al n
asal
ŋ $
1246
U+
014B
eng
119
voic
ed v
elar
nas
al
ɴ 9n
35-1
345
U+
0274
smal
l ca
pital
n
120
voic
ed u
vula
r nas
al
ʙ 9b
35-1
2
U+
0299
smal
l ca
pital
b
121
voic
ed b
ilabia
l tr
ill
r r
1235
U+
0072
low
erca
se r
122
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
trill
ʀ 9r
35-1
235
U+
0280
smal
l ca
pital
r
123
voic
ed u
vula
r tr
ill
6v
235-
1236
U+
2C71 o
r U
+F2
5F
right-
hook
v 184
labio
den
tal flap
ɾ 6r
235-
1235
U+
027E
fish
-hook
r 124
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
tap
ɽ 4r
256-
1235
U+
027D
right-
tail
r 125
voic
ed r
etro
flex
fla
p
IPA
Brai
lle
9
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ɸ .f
46-1
24
U+
0278
phi
126
voic
eles
s bila
bia
l fr
icat
ive
β .b
46-1
2
U+
03B2
bet
a 127
voic
ed b
ilabia
l fr
icat
ive
f f
124
U+
0066
low
erca
se f
128
voic
eles
s la
bio
den
tal
fric
ativ
e v
v
1236
U+
0076
low
erca
se v
129
voic
ed lab
ioden
tal
fric
ativ
e θ
.?
46-1
456
U+
03B8
thet
a 130
voic
eles
s den
tal fr
icat
ive
ð }
12456
U+
00F0
ed
h
131
voic
ed d
enta
l fr
icat
ive
s s
234
U+
0073
low
erca
se s
132
voic
eles
s al
veola
r fr
icat
ive
z z
1356
U+
007A
low
erca
se z
133
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
fric
ativ
e
ʃ :
156
U+
0283
esh
134
voic
eles
s post
alve
ola
r fr
icat
ive
ʒ !
2346
U+
0292
ezh
135
voic
ed p
ost
alve
ola
r fr
icat
ive
ʂ 4s
256-2
34
U+
0282
right-
tail
s (a
t le
ft)
136
voic
eles
s re
troflex
fr
icat
ive
ʐ 4z
256-
1356
U+
0290
right-
tail
z 137
voic
ed r
etro
flex
frica
tive
ç 6c
235-1
4
U+
00E7
c ce
dill
a 138
voic
eles
s pal
atal
frica
tive
ʝ 8j
236-2
45
U+
029D
cu
rly-
tail
j 139
voic
ed p
alat
al f
rica
tive
x x
1346
U+
0078
low
erca
se x
140
voic
eles
s ve
lar
fric
ativ
e
IPA
Brai
lle
10
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ɣ .g
46-1
245
U+
0263
gam
ma
141
voic
ed v
elar
fri
cative
χ .&
46-
12346
U+
03C7
chi
142
voic
eles
s uvu
lar
fric
ativ
e
ʁ 9#
35-3
456
U+
0281
inve
rted
sm
all
capital
r
143
voic
ed u
vula
r fr
icat
ive
ħ 6h
235-1
25
U+
0127
bar
red h
144
voic
eles
s phar
yngea
l fr
icat
ive
ʕ 62
235-2
3
U+
0295
reve
rsed
glo
ttal
st
op
145
voic
ed p
har
yngea
l fr
icat
ive
or
appro
xim
ant
h h
125
U+
0068
low
erca
se h
146
voic
eles
s glo
ttal
frica
tive
ɦ 8h
236-1
25
U+
0266
hookt
op h
147
voic
ed g
lott
al f
rica
tive
ɬ 8l
236-1
23
U+
026C
bel
ted l
148
voic
eles
s al
veola
r la
tera
l fr
icat
ive
ɮ l"!
123-5
-2346
U+
026E
l-ez
h lig
ature
149
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
late
ral
fric
ativ
e ʋ
8v
236-
1236
U+
028B
script
v 150
voic
ed lab
ioden
tal
appro
xim
ant
ɹ #
3456
U+
0279
turn
ed r
151
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
appro
xim
ant
ɻ 4#
256-
3456
U+
027B
turn
ed r
, right
tail
152
voic
ed r
etro
flex
ap
pro
xim
ant
j j
245
U+
006A
low
erca
se j
153
voic
ed p
alat
al
appro
xim
ant
IPA
Brai
lle
11
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ɰ 8m
236-1
34
U+
0270
turn
ed m
, right
leg
154
voic
ed v
elar
ap
pro
xim
ant
l l
123
U+
006C
low
erca
se l
155
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
late
ral
appro
xim
ant
ɭ 4l
256-1
23
U+
026D
right-
tail
l 156
voic
ed r
etro
flex
lat
eral
ap
pro
xim
ant
ʎ 8y
236-
13456
U+
028E
turn
ed y
157
voic
ed p
alat
al lat
eral
ap
pro
xim
ant
ʟ 9l
35-1
23
U+
029F
smal
l ca
pital
l
158
voic
ed v
elar
lat
eral
ap
pro
xim
ant
2.2
. C
on
son
an
ts (
No
n-P
ulm
on
ic)
Non-p
ulm
onic
conso
nants
are
spee
ch s
ounds
with a
n a
irflow
mec
hanis
m o
ther
than
the
lungs—
i.e.
they
are
pro
duce
d b
y usi
ng t
he
glo
ttis
or
velu
m t
o c
reat
e diffe
rential
s in
air
pre
ssure
. Thes
e in
clude
implo
sive
s, c
licks
, an
d e
ject
ives
. Im
plo
sive
s an
d c
licks
each
hav
e th
eir
ow
n s
et o
f gly
phs,
cat
egori
zed b
y pla
ce o
f art
icula
tion a
s above
. Eje
ctiv
es d
o n
ot
have
uniq
ue
IPA gly
phs
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
em,
but
are
indic
ated
by
pla
cing th
e ap
ost
rophe
dia
critic
im
med
iate
ly
afte
r th
e hom
olo
gous
pulm
onic
co
nso
nan
t,
as
illust
rate
d
in
the
stan
dar
d I
PA c
har
t an
d e
xpla
ined
aft
er t
he
table
of
implo
sive
s an
d c
licks
bel
ow
.
IPA
Brai
lle
12
Tab
le 2
.2:
No
n-P
ulm
on
ic C
on
son
an
ts
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ɓ 8b
236-1
2
U+
0253
hookt
op b
160
voic
ed b
ilabia
l im
plo
sive
ɗ 8d
236-1
45
U+
0257
hookt
op d
162
voic
ed d
enta
l/al
veola
r im
plo
sive
ʄ
89j
236-3
5-
245
U+
0284
hookt
op b
arre
d
dotles
s j
164
voic
ed p
alat
al im
plo
sive
ɠ 8g
236-1
245
U+
0260
hookt
op g
166
voic
ed v
elar
im
plo
sive
ʛ 89g
236-3
5-
1245
U+
029B
hookt
op s
mal
l ca
pital
g
168
voic
ed u
vula
r im
plo
sive
ʘ &p
12346-
1234
U+
0298
bull'
s ey
e 176
bila
bia
l cl
ick
ǀ &?
12346-
1456
U+
01C0
pip
e 177
den
tal cl
ick
ǃ &t
12346-
2345
U+
01C3
excl
amat
ion p
oin
t 178
(post
-)al
veola
r cl
ick
ǂ &:
12346-
156
U+
01C2
double
-bar
red
pip
e 179
pal
atoal
veola
r cl
ick
ǁ &l
12346-
123
U+
01C1
double
pip
e 180
alve
ola
r la
tera
l cl
ick
Just
as
in t
he
inkp
rint
IPA,
ejec
tive
s in
IPA B
raill
e do n
ot
hav
e uniq
ue
gly
phs,
but
are
nota
ted
by
pla
cing
the
IPA
apost
rophe
dia
critic
"'
(d
ots
5-3
) im
med
iate
ly
afte
r th
e hom
olo
gous
pulm
onic
conso
nan
t. F
or
exam
ple
:
IPA
Brai
lle
13
pʼ
p"'
ejec
tive
bila
bia
l plo
sive
tʼ t"'
ej
ective
den
tal/
alve
ola
r plo
sive
kʼ
k"'
ejec
tive
vel
ar p
losi
ve
sʼ
s"'
ejec
tive
alv
eola
r fr
icat
ive
2.3
. O
ther
Sym
bo
ls
This
sec
tion o
f th
e in
kprint
IPA c
har
t co
nsi
sts
of
pulm
onic
conso
nan
ts w
hic
h a
re c
o-
articu
late
d o
r pro
duce
d s
imultan
eousl
y. I
t al
so i
ncl
udes
the
epig
lott
al c
onso
nan
ts,
whose
pla
ce o
f ar
ticu
lation is
not
gen
eral
ly lis
ted o
n t
he
pulm
onic
conso
nan
t ch
art
itse
lf.
Tab
le 2
.3:
Oth
er
Pu
lmo
nic
Co
nso
nan
ts
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ʍ 6w
235-
2456
U+
028D
turn
ed w
169
voic
eles
s la
bia
l-ve
lar
fric
ativ
e w
w
2456
U+
0077
low
erca
se w
170
voic
ed lab
ial-
vela
r ap
pro
xim
ant
ɥ 4h
256-
125
U+
0265
turn
ed h
171
voic
ed lab
ial-
pal
atal
ap
pro
xim
ant
ʜ 9h
35-
125
U+
029C
smal
l ca
pital
h
172
voic
eles
s ep
iglo
ttal
frica
tive
ʡ 82
236-
23
U+
02A1
bar
red g
lott
al s
top
173
epig
lott
al p
losi
ve
ʢ 92
35-2
3
U+
02A2
bar
red r
ever
sed
glo
ttal
sto
p
174
voic
ed e
pig
lott
al f
rica
tive
IPA
Brai
lle
14
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ɧ 8$
236-
1246
U+
0267
hookt
op h
eng
175
sim
ultaneo
us
voic
eles
s post
alve
ola
r an
d v
elar
fr
icat
ive
ɺ 8#
236-
3456
U+
027A
turn
ed long-l
eg r
181
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
late
ral flap
ɕ 8c
236-
14
U+
0255
curly-
tail
c 182
voic
eles
s al
veolo
pal
atal
fr
icat
ive
ʑ 8z
236-
1356
U+
0291
curly-
tail
z 183
voic
ed a
lveo
lopal
atal
fr
icat
ive
ɫ 6l
235-
123
U+
026B
low
erca
se l w
ith
tild
e 209
vela
rize
d v
oic
ed a
lveo
lar
late
ral ap
pro
xim
ant
In t
he
IPA,
affr
icat
es a
nd d
ouble
art
icula
tions
may
som
etim
es b
e re
pre
sente
d a
s tw
o s
ymbols
connec
ted b
y a
ligat
ure
or
tie
bar
. W
hen
this
occ
urs
, IP
A B
raill
e use
s "
(dot
5)
bet
wee
n th
e gly
phs
bei
ng jo
ined
. This
sy
mbol
should
be
use
d to
in
dic
ate
any
of
the
inkp
rint
ligat
ure
s or
ties
. Fo
r ex
ample
:
kp
K"P
ts
T"S
The
bra
ille
repre
senta
tion of
com
mon (n
on-I
PA)
sym
bols
fo
r af
fric
ates
an
d oth
er
sounds
not
show
n h
ere
will
be
dis
cuss
ed b
elow
in S
ection 3
.1.
IPA
Brai
lle
15
2.4
. V
ow
els
Vow
els
are
spee
ch s
ounds
pro
duce
d b
y m
odula
ting t
he
airf
low
bas
ed o
n t
he
shap
e of
the
ora
l ca
vity
. The
thre
e ar
ticu
lato
ry fe
ature
s use
d in
th
e des
crip
tion of
vow
els
are
: hei
ght—
the
rela
tive
hei
ght
of
the
tongue
and/o
r open
nes
s of
the
mouth
; ad
vance
men
t—th
e re
lative
posi
tion o
f th
e to
ngue
tow
ard t
he
front
or
the
bac
k of
the
mouth
; an
d l
ip
roundin
g—
whet
her
the
lips
are
rounded
or
unro
unded
. M
ovi
ng f
rom
the
top t
o t
he
bott
om
of
the
mouth
, th
e fo
ur
hei
ght
posi
tions
that
com
prise
the
row
hea
din
gs
in t
he
standar
d
inkp
rint
IPA v
ow
el q
uad
rila
tera
l ar
e: C
lose
, Clo
se-m
id,
Open
-mid
, an
d O
pen
. The
thre
e posi
tions
of
tongue
adva
nce
men
t th
at m
ake
up th
e co
lum
n hea
din
gs
in th
e st
andard
in
kprint
IPA v
ow
el q
uad
rila
tera
l ar
e fr
ont,
cen
tral
, an
d b
ack.
(Som
e phonet
ic t
raditio
ns
may
ca
tegori
ze v
ow
els
base
d o
n o
ther
fea
ture
s su
ch a
s ‘ten
se’, ‘
lax’
, et
c. T
he
ones
giv
en h
ere
are
the
off
icia
l te
rms
use
d b
y th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Phonet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n.)
Tab
le 2
.4:
Vo
wels
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
i i
24
U+
0069
low
erca
se i
301
close
fro
nt
unro
unded
vo
wel
e
e
15
U+
0065
low
erca
se e
302
close
-mid
fro
nt
unro
unded
vo
wel
ɛ
>
345
U+025B
epsi
lon
303
open-mid f
ront
unro
unded
vo
wel
a
∙
1
U+
0061
low
erca
se a
304
open
fro
nt
unro
unded
vo
wel
ɑ
*
16
U+
0251
script
a 305
open
back
unro
unded
vo
wel
IPA
Brai
lle
16
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ɔ <
126
U+0254
open
o
306
open-mid b
ack
rounded
vo
wel
o
o
135
U+
006F
low
erca
se o
307
close
-mid
bac
k ro
unded
vo
wel
u
u
136
U+
0075
low
erca
se u
308
close
back
rounded
vow
el
y y
13456
U+
0079
low
erca
se y
309
close
fro
nt
rounded
vow
el
ø |
1256
U+
00F8
slas
hed
o
310
close
-mid
fro
nt
rounded
vo
wel
œ
{
246
U+
0153
low
erca
se o
-e
ligat
ure
311
open
-mid
fro
nt
rounded
vo
wel
ɶ
9{
35-2
46
U+0276sm
all ca
pital
o-e
lig
ature
312
open front
rounded
vow
el
ɒ 6*
235-1
6 U+0252
turn
ed s
crip
t a 313
open
back
rounded
vow
el
ʌ +
346
U+028C
turn
ed v
(ca
ret)
314 open
-mid
bac
k unro
unded
vo
wel
ɤ
6o
235-1
35
U+
0264
ram
's h
orn
s 315 close-mid
bac
k unro
unded
vo
wel
ɯ
6u
235-1
36
U+
026F
turn
ed m
316
close back
unro
unded
vo
wel
ɨ
0i
356-2
4 U+0268
bar
red i
317
close centr
al u
nro
unded
vo
wel
ʉ
0u
356-1
36
U+
0289
bar
red u
318
close centr
al r
ounded
vow
el
ɪ /
34
U+026A
smal
l ca
pital
i 319
nea
r-cl
ose
nea
r-fr
ont
unro
unded
vow
el
IPA
Brai
lle
17
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ʏ 9y
35-
13456
U+
028F
smal
l ca
pital
y 320
nea
r-cl
ose
nea
r-fr
ont
rounded
vow
el
ʊ (
12356
U+028Aupsi
lon
321
near-close
nea
r-bac
k ro
unded
vow
el
ə 5
26
U+0259
schw
a 322
mid central
vow
el
ɵ 0o
356-1
35
U+
0275
bar
red o
323
close-mid c
entr
al ro
unded
vo
wel
ɐ
6∙
235-1
U+0250tu
rned
a 3
24
near-open c
entr
al v
ow
el
æ %
146
U+
00E6
ash
325
nea
r-open
fro
nt
unro
unded
vo
wel
ɜ
6>
235-3
45
U+
025C
reve
rsed
epsi
lon
326 open
-mid
cen
tral
unro
unded
vow
el
ɚ 5"r
26-5
-1235
U+
025A
right-
hook
schw
a 327
r-colored mid central vowe
l ɞ
8>
236-3
45
U+
025E
close
d r
ever
sed
epsi
lon
395
open-mid c
entr
al ro
unded
vo
wel
ɘ
6e
235-1
5 U+0258
reve
rsed
e 39
7 close-mid
cen
tral
unro
unded
vow
el
2.5
. D
iacr
itic
s
Dia
critic
s ar
e sy
mbols
th
at in
dic
ate
subtle
modific
atio
ns
in th
e pro
nunci
atio
n of
a co
nso
nant
or
vow
el.
In t
he
inkp
rint
IPA,
com
bin
ing d
iacr
itic
s m
ay t
ake
thre
e posi
tions
rela
tive
to a
bas
e gly
ph:
above
(ei
ther
direc
tly
above
, or
super
script
afte
r),
at t
he
sam
e le
vel
(either
su
per
impose
d on th
e bas
e gly
ph,
or
imm
edia
tely
af
ter)
, or
bel
ow
(e
ither
IPA
Brai
lle
18
direc
tly
under
nea
th,
or
subsc
ript
afte
r).
In IP
A Bra
ille,
th
e co
mbin
ing dia
critic
sy
mbol
alw
ays
com
es a
fter
the
bas
e gly
ph b
eing m
odifie
d.
The
firs
t ce
ll of
the
bra
ille
com
bin
ing
dia
critic
is
a pla
cem
ent
indic
ator,
rep
rese
nting t
he
leve
l of
the
dia
critic
by
usi
ng o
ne
of
the
thre
e dots
in t
he
right-
han
d c
olu
mn o
f th
e bra
ille
cell.
` (
dot
4)
indic
ates
that
the
dia
critic
ap
pea
rs ab
ove
th
e base
gly
ph—
eith
er dir
ectly
above
, or
super
script
afte
r. ,
(d
ot
6)
indic
ates
th
at th
e dia
critic
ap
pea
rs bel
ow
th
e bas
e gly
ph—
eith
er direc
tly
ben
eath
, or
subsc
ript
afte
r. "
(dot
5)
indic
ates
that
the
dia
critic
is
on t
he
sam
e le
vel
as t
he
bas
e gly
ph—
eith
er su
per
impose
d th
rough th
e ce
nte
r of
the
gly
ph,
or
imm
edia
tely
af
ter
it.
Bec
ause
ther
e ar
e only
thre
e sa
me-
leve
l IP
A d
iacr
itic
s ("}
‘su
per
impose
d t
ilde’
to indic
ate
vela
riza
tion/p
har
yngea
lizat
ion, "r
‘right-
hook’
to indic
ate
rhotici
ty,
and "'
‘ap
ost
rophe’
to
indic
ate
an e
ject
ive)
, dot
5 a
lso i
ndic
ates
the
inkp
rint
tie
bar
or
ligat
ure
, an
d i
s pla
ced
bet
wee
n t
he
two b
ase
gly
phs
whic
h a
re t
ied o
r lig
ature
d t
oget
her
for
whic
h t
her
e is
no I
PA
sym
bol
uniq
uel
y def
ined
(se
e Sec
tion 3
.1 b
elow
). I
n a
dditio
n,
oth
er I
PA m
odifie
rs (
see
Sec
tions
2.6
and 2
.7 b
elow
) ar
e non-c
om
bin
ing,
mea
nin
g t
hat
they
do
not
com
bin
e w
ith a
bas
e gly
ph in a
ny
of
thes
e posi
tions,
but
inst
ead f
unct
ion a
s if t
hey
wer
e le
tter
s. I
PA B
raill
e use
s _
(dots
456)
as t
he
firs
t ce
ll of
most
non-c
om
bin
ing m
odifie
rs,
incl
udin
g t
one
bars
, in
tonat
ion a
rrow
s, a
nd p
roso
dic
gro
upin
g s
ymbols
illu
stra
ted b
elow
in S
ections
2.6
and 2
.7.
Som
e co
mbin
ing d
iacr
itic
s m
ay o
ccur
at a
ll th
ree
leve
ls,
and t
he
leve
l of
the
dia
critic
w
ill d
eter
min
e its
articu
lato
ry m
eanin
g.
For
exam
ple
, th
e ~
(tild
e) d
iacr
itic
(w
ritt
en i
n I
PA
Bra
ille
as `}
, "}
, or ,}
, dep
endin
g o
n its
posi
tion w
ith r
espec
t to
the
bas
e ch
arac
ter)
may
occ
ur
at a
ny
of
thes
e th
ree
leve
ls.
When
it
occ
urs
above
a b
ase
gly
ph,
e.g.
[ã] ^(∙`}^)
it
indic
ates
nas
aliz
atio
n;
when
it
is s
uper
impose
d t
hro
ugh a
bas
e gly
ph,
e.g.
[t] ^(t"}^)
it
indic
ates
ve
lari
zation
or
phar
yngea
lizat
ion;
and
a
tild
e bel
ow
a
base
gly
ph,
e.g.
[a]
^(∙,}^)
indic
ates
cre
aky
voic
e.
IPA
Brai
lle
19
Oth
er co
mbin
ing dia
critic
s m
ay be
pla
ced ei
ther
ab
ove
or
bel
ow
th
e bas
e gly
ph,
dep
endin
g on w
het
her
th
at gly
ph has
a des
cender
in
pri
nt.
Fo
r ex
ample
, th
e
(rin
g)
dia
critic
(w
ritt
en `$
or ,$
in I
PA B
raill
e, d
epen
din
g o
n w
het
her
it
is p
osi
tioned
above
or
bel
ow
the
base
gly
ph r
espec
tive
ly)
indic
ates
that
a v
oic
ed s
ound i
s bei
ng p
ronounce
d a
s vo
icel
ess.
It
occ
urs
bel
ow
inkp
rint
gly
phs
that
do n
ot
have
des
cender
s, e
.g.
[ḁ] ^(∙,$^)
,
and it
occ
urs
above
inkp
rint
gly
phs
that
hav
e des
cender
s, e
.g.
[ŋ] ^($`$^)
.
Note
th
at
IPA
Bra
ille
dia
critic
s ar
e ex
plic
itly
def
ined
as
m
ulti-
cell,
co
mposi
te
chara
cter
s, in
cludin
g th
e pla
cem
ent
indic
ator
(dot
4,
5,
or
6).
This
is
cr
uci
al fo
r tw
o
reas
ons.
First
, as
just
dis
cuss
ed,
the
initia
l dot
show
s th
e ve
rtic
al p
osi
tion w
ith r
espec
t to
th
e bas
e gly
ph.
Sec
ond,
the
initia
l dot
clea
rly
indic
ates
that
the
bra
ille
sym
bol re
pre
sents
a
com
bin
ing d
iacr
itic
, ra
ther
than
a c
onso
nan
t or
vow
el t
hat
may
hap
pen
to h
ave
the
sam
e IP
A B
raill
e dot
configura
tion.
For
inst
ance
, as
show
n i
n t
he
pulm
onic
conso
nan
t ch
art
in
Sec
tion 2
.1,
the
IPA B
raill
e sy
mbol $
(dots
1246)
repre
sents
the
voic
ed v
elar
nasa
l ŋ
(eng),
and t
he
IPA B
raill
e sy
mbol }
(dots
12456)
repre
sents
the
voic
ed d
enta
l fr
icat
ive
ð (e
dh).
In
the
above
ex
ample
s, th
e ~
(t
ilde)
an
d
(r
ing)
dia
critic
s are
cl
early
dis
tinct
fr
om
th
e
conso
nants
[ð] a
nd [ŋ
] res
pec
tive
ly,
bec
ause
of
the
initia
l pla
cem
ent
dot
that
mar
ks t
hem
as
bra
ille
com
bin
ing d
iacr
itic
s. T
his
is
true
of
man
y sy
mbols
in t
he
follo
win
g t
able
, w
hose
dot
configura
tions
may
indic
ate
a co
nso
nan
t or
vow
el i
f not
pre
ceded
by
a dia
critic
pla
cem
ent
dot.
For
purp
ose
s of
consi
sten
cy,
the
roots
of
man
y of
the
IPA B
raill
e co
mbin
ing d
iacr
itic
s ar
e id
entica
l to
those
def
ined
in U
nifie
d E
nglis
h B
raill
e (U
EB),
spec
ific
ally
the
UEB s
ymbols
/
(dots
34)
‘acu
te a
ccen
t’, *
(dots
16)
‘gra
ve a
ccen
t’, }
(dots
12456)
‘tild
e’, 3
(dots
25)
‘um
laut’, %
(dots
146)
‘circu
mflex
’, a
nd $
(dots
1246)
‘circl
e’.
How
ever
, unlik
e th
eir
UEB
counte
rpar
ts,
in I
PA B
raill
e th
e co
mbin
ing d
iacr
itic
alw
ays
com
es a
fter
the
gly
ph t
hat
it
IPA
Brai
lle
20
modifie
s, a
nd a
lway
s in
cludes
the
IPA B
raill
e pla
cem
ent
dot
to indic
ate
its
posi
tion r
elat
ive
to t
he
bas
e gly
ph a
s des
crib
ed a
bove
.
When
a b
ase
gly
ph c
om
bin
es w
ith t
wo o
r m
ore
dia
critic
s, I
PA B
raill
e tr
ansc
ribes
them
in
ord
er
from
lo
wes
t to
hig
hes
t le
vel,
follo
wed
by
any
non-c
om
bin
ing
modifie
rs.
For
exam
ple
, th
e IP
A s
egm
ent
[rː] (
low
erca
se r
with v
ertica
l st
roke
bel
ow
and c
ircu
mflex
above
fo
llow
ed b
y a
length
mar
k) w
ould
be
tran
scribed
in I
PA B
raill
e as
^(r,2`%3^)
, beg
innin
g
with t
he
bas
e gly
ph,
follo
wed
by
the
bott
om
-most
com
bin
ing d
iacr
itic
, m
ovi
ng u
pw
ard
to
the
top-m
ost
co
mbin
ing
dia
critic
, an
d
then
fo
llow
ed
by
the
non-c
om
bin
ing
modifie
r.
Sim
ilarly,
the
IPA s
egm
ent
[ɯ] (
the
close
bac
k unro
unded
vow
el w
ith r
ing b
elow
and t
ilde
above
) w
ould
be
tran
scribed
in I
PA B
raill
e as
^(6u,$`}^)
. (T
hes
e tw
o e
xam
ple
s co
me
from
the
Cro
atia
n a
nd P
ort
ugues
e sa
mple
IPA
pas
sages
pre
sente
d in t
he
Appen
dix
. See
the
Appen
dix
for
more
exa
mple
s.)
Note
that
the
right-
most
colu
mn i
n t
he
follo
win
g t
able
giv
es a
n e
xam
ple
of
dia
critic
usa
ge.
Thes
e ex
ample
s ar
e fo
r ill
ust
rative
purp
ose
s only
, as
ea
ch of
thes
e co
mbin
ing
dia
critic
s m
ay o
ccur
with a
ny
num
ber
of
bas
e gly
phs
bes
ides
the
one
dep
icte
d h
ere
in t
he
exam
ple
.
Tab
le 2
.5:
Dia
crit
ics
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#M
EA
NIN
G
EX
AM
PLE
ʼ "'
5-3
U
+02BC
apost
rophe
401
ejec
tive
tʼ t"'
,$
6-1
246
U+
0325
ring b
elow
402A
voic
eles
s b b
,$
`$
4-1
246
U+
030A
ring a
bove
402B
voic
eles
s ɡ g
`$
,8
6-2
36
U+
032C
wed
ge
bel
ow
403
voic
ed
t t,8
IPA
Brai
lle
21
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#M
EA
NIN
G
EX
AM
PLE
ʰ `h
4-1
25
U+
02B0
super
script
h
404
aspir
ated
tʰ t`h
,3
6-2
5
U+
0324
um
laut
bel
ow
405
bre
athy
voic
ed
b b,3
,}
6-
12456
U+
0330
tild
e bel
ow
406
crea
ky v
oic
ed
ḛ e,}
,&
6-
12346
U+
033C
seag
ull
bel
ow
407
linguola
bia
l t t,&
,?
6-1
456
U+
032A
bridge
bel
ow
408
den
tal
t t,?
,6?
6-2
35-
1456
U+
033A
inve
rted
bridge
bel
ow
409
apic
al
t t,6?
,7
6-2
356
U+
033B
squar
e bel
ow
410
lam
inal
r r,7
,o
6-1
35
U+
0339
right
hal
f-ring
bel
ow
411
more
rounded
e e
,o
,{
6-2
46
U+
031C
left
hal
f-ring
bel
ow
412
less
rounded
o o
,{
,+
6-3
46
U+
031F
plu
s bel
ow
413
adva
nce
d
o o,+
,-
6-3
6
U+
0320
min
us
bel
ow
414
retr
act
ed
e e,-
`3
4-2
5
U+
0308
um
laut
above
415
centr
aliz
ed
ë e`3
`x
4-1
346
U+
033D
ove
r-cr
oss
above
416
mid
-cen
tral
ized
e e
`x
,:
6-1
56
U+
0318
adva
nci
ng s
ign
bel
ow
417
adva
nce
d t
ongue
root
e e,:
,s
6-2
34
U+
0319
retr
act
ing s
ign
bel
ow
418
retr
acte
d t
ongue
root
e e,s
˞ "r
5-1
235
U+
02D
Eright
hook
419
rhotici
ty
e˞ e"r
IPA
Brai
lle
22
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#M
EA
NIN
G
EX
AM
PLE
ʷ `w
4-2
456
U+
02B7
super
script
w
420
labia
lized
eʷ
e`w
ʲ
`j
4-2
45
U+
02B2
super
script
j 421
pal
atal
ized
tʲ t
`j
ˠ
`.g
4-4
6-
1245
U+
02E0
super
script
gam
ma
422
vela
rize
d
tˠ t`.g
ˤ `62
4-2
35-
23
U+
02E4
super
script
reve
rsed
glo
ttal
st
op
423
phar
yngea
lized
eˤ e`62
`}
4-
12456
U+
0303
tild
e ab
ove
424
nas
aliz
ed
ẽ e`}
ⁿ `n
4-1
345
U+
207F
super
script
n
425
nas
al re
leas
e dⁿ
d`n
ˡ
`l
4-1
23
U+
02E1
super
script
l 426
late
ral re
leas
e tˡ t
`l
`d
4-1
45
U+
031A
corn
er a
bove
427
no a
udib
le r
elea
se
t t`d
"}
5-
12456
U+
0334
super
impose
d
tild
e 428
vela
rize
d o
r phar
yngea
lized
ᵵ t"}
,>
6-3
45
U+
031D
rais
ing s
ign b
elow
429
rais
ed
e e,>
,<
6-1
26
U+
031E
low
erin
g s
ign
bel
ow
430
low
ered
e e
,<
,2
6-2
3
U+
0329
vert
ical
lin
e bel
ow
431
sylla
bic
m m,2
,)
6-
23456
U+
032F
arch
bel
ow
432
non-s
ylla
bic
n n
,)
"
5
U+
0361
top t
ie b
ar
433
affr
icat
e or
double
ar
ticu
lation
kp k"p
IPA
Brai
lle
23
2.6
. S
up
rase
gm
en
tals
Supra
segm
enta
ls r
efer
to f
eatu
res
that
go
on t
op o
f (s
upra
-) t
he
conso
nan
ts a
nd
vow
els
(seg
men
ts)
of
spoke
n lan
guag
e. S
upra
segm
enta
l si
gns
are
gen
eral
ly u
sed t
o n
ota
te
the
pro
sody
of
spee
ch s
ounds,
syl
lable
s, w
ord
s, o
r phra
ses,
and i
ndic
ate
feat
ure
s su
ch a
s st
ress
, le
ngth
, sy
llable
bre
aks,
and t
imin
g.
IPA B
raill
e pre
cise
ly f
ollo
ws
the
inkp
rint
IPA i
n
the
pla
cem
ent
of
thes
e sy
mbols
. In
oth
er w
ord
s, g
lyphs
hav
ing t
o d
o w
ith s
egm
ent
length
co
me
afte
r th
e af
fect
ed s
egm
ent
in b
raill
e, j
ust
as
they
do in p
rint,
gly
phs
indic
atin
g s
tres
s co
me
bef
ore
the
affe
cted
syl
lable
in b
raill
e, j
ust
as
they
do i
n p
rint,
and t
he
sym
bols
for
maj
or
and m
inor
into
nation g
roups
occ
ur
at t
he
end o
f phra
ses,
just
as
in p
rint.
See
the
sam
ple
IPA
pas
sages
in t
he
Appen
dix
for
spec
ific
exa
mple
s.
Tab
le 2
.6:
Su
pra
seg
men
tals
Gly
ph
B
raille
D
ots
U
nic
od
eTyp
og
rap
hic
Desc
. IP
A#
Mean
ing
Exam
ple
ˈ _b
456-1
2
U+
02C8
vert
ical
str
oke
(s
uper
ior)
501
(prim
ary
) st
ress
ˌ _2
456-2
3
U+
02CC
vert
ical
str
oke
(i
nfe
rior)
502
seco
ndary
str
ess
ː 3
25
U+
02D
0le
ngth
mar
k 503
long
eː e3
ˑ
"1
5-2
U
+02D
1hal
f-le
ngth
mark
504
hal
f-lo
ng
eˑ e"1
`(
4-
12356
U+
0306
bre
ve a
bove
505
extr
a-sh
ort
ĕ e
`(
. '
3
U+
002E
per
iod
506
sylla
ble
bre
ak
|
_|
456-
1256
U+
007C
vert
ical
lin
e 507
min
or
(foot)
gro
up
IPA
Brai
lle
24
Gly
ph
B
raille
D
ots
U
nic
od
eTyp
og
rap
hic
Desc
. IP
A#
Mean
ing
Exam
ple
‖ _=
456-
123456
U+
2016
double
ver
tica
l lin
e 508
maj
or
(into
nat
ion)
gro
up
‿ _l
456-
123
U+
203F
bott
om
tie
bar
509
linki
ng (
abse
nce
of
a bre
ak)
2.7
. To
nes
& W
ord
Acc
en
ts
This
sec
tion o
f th
e IP
A c
har
t co
nsi
sts
of
sym
bols
to r
epre
sent
tone
(the
rela
tive
pitch
on w
hic
h a
syl
lable
is
pro
nounce
d)
and o
ther
fea
ture
s of
lexi
cal an
d p
hra
sal in
tonat
ion.
The
IPA pro
vides
tw
o eq
uiv
alen
t se
ts of
sym
bols
fo
r in
dic
atin
g to
ne.
O
ne
set
consi
sts
of
com
bin
ing dia
critic
s pla
ced ab
ove
th
e sy
llable
nucl
eus,
an
d th
e oth
er co
nsi
sts
of
‘tone
lett
ers’
pla
ced im
med
iate
ly a
fter
the
rele
vant
sylla
ble
. IP
A B
raill
e pro
vides
rep
rese
nta
tions
for
both
met
hods.
Prin
t to
ne
lett
ers
consi
st o
f tw
o lin
es:
one
line
is v
ertica
l, p
rovi
din
g a
ref
eren
ce f
ram
e,
and t
he
oth
er lin
e in
ters
ects
it,
ico
nic
ally
dep
icting t
he
rela
tive
hei
ght
and lev
el o
r co
nto
ur
of
the
tone.
The
IPA B
raill
e to
ne
lett
ers
likew
ise
atte
mpt
to c
aptu
re t
he
iconic
shape
of
the
pri
nt
tone
bar
gly
phs
as
far
as
poss
ible
(al
though t
he
ord
er o
f ve
rtic
al a
nd inte
rsec
ting lin
es
is r
ever
sed).
Eac
h b
raill
e to
ne
lett
er b
egin
s w
ith _
(dots
456)
both
to i
ndic
ate
a n
on-
com
bin
ing m
odifie
r, a
nd a
lso t
o r
epre
sent
the
vert
ical
ref
eren
ce b
ar in t
he
inkp
rint
sym
bol.
The
rem
ainin
g c
ell(
s) o
f th
e bra
ille
tone
lett
er r
epre
sent
the
hei
ght
and s
hap
e of
the
pitch
. N
ote
that
in t
he
typogra
phic
des
crip
tions
of
thes
e to
ne
lett
ers,
the
num
ber
s in
par
enth
eses
in
dic
ate
the
com
monly
-use
d d
escr
iptions
of
thes
e sy
mbols
bas
ed o
n a
ser
ies
of
num
ber
ed
pitch
reg
iste
rs,
wher
e th
e dig
it 5
ref
ers
to t
he
hig
hes
t pitch
reg
iste
r and t
he
dig
it 1
to t
he
low
est.
In o
ther
word
s, t
he
num
ber
“55”
indic
ates
a l
evel
tone
that
sta
rts
at t
he
hig
hes
t
IPA
Brai
lle
25
pitch
reg
iste
r (5
) an
d r
emai
ns
ther
e, t
he
num
ber
“13”
refe
rs t
o a
conto
ur
tone
that
sta
rts
at t
he
low
est
pitch
reg
iste
r (1
) an
d r
ises
to t
he
mid
reg
iste
r (3
), a
nd s
o o
n.
As
with t
he
supra
segm
enta
l sy
mbols
pre
sente
d i
n t
he
pre
vious
sect
ion,
IPA B
raill
e pre
cise
ly f
ollo
ws
the
inkp
rint
pla
cem
ent
of
thes
e dia
critic
s and m
odifie
rs:
pla
cing u
pst
ep
and glo
bal
in
tonat
ion sy
mbols
bef
ore
th
e af
fect
ed se
gm
ent,
sy
llable
, w
ord
, or
phra
se,
pla
cing a
tone
bar
either
bef
ore
or
afte
r th
e sy
llable
it
modifie
s (d
epen
din
g o
n t
he
inkp
rint
text
) an
d b
y usi
ng `
(dot
4)
to indic
ate
a to
ne
dia
critic
com
bin
ed a
bove
a b
ase
gly
ph.
See
th
e sa
mple
IPA
pas
sages
in t
he
Appen
dix
for
spec
ific
exa
mple
s.
Tab
le 2
.7:
To
nes
an
d W
ord
Acc
en
ts
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#M
EA
NIN
G
EX
AM
PLE
`,/
4-6
-34
U+
030B
double
acu
te
acce
nt
above
512
extr
a hig
h
leve
l to
ne
e e`,/
˥ _`c
456-
4-1
4
U+
02E5
extr
a-hig
h (
55)
tone
bar
519
extr
a hig
h
leve
l to
ne
`/
4-3
4
U+
0301
acute
acc
ent
above
513
hig
h lev
el
tone
é e`/
˦ _c
456-
14
U+
02E6
hig
h (
44)
tone
bar
520
hig
h lev
el
tone
`c
4-1
4
U+
0304
mac
ron a
bove
514
mid
lev
el t
one
ē e`c
˧
_3
456-
25
U+
02E7
mid
(33)
tone
bar
521
mid
lev
el t
one
`*
4-1
6
U+
0300
gra
ve a
ccen
t ab
ove
515
low
lev
el t
one
è e`*
IPA
Brai
lle
26
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#M
EA
NIN
G
EX
AM
PLE
˨ _-
456-
36
U+
02E8
low
(22)
tone
bar
522
low
lev
el t
one
`,*
4-6
-16
U+
030F
double
gra
ve
acce
nt
above
516
extr
a lo
w lev
el
tone
ȅ e`,*
˩ _,-
456-
6-3
6
U+
02E9
extr
a-lo
w (
11)
tone
bar
523
extr
a lo
w lev
el
tone
`8
4-2
36
U+
030C
wed
ge
above
524
risi
ng c
onto
ur
tone
ě e`8
˩˥ _/
456-
34
U+
02E9 +
U
+02E5
risi
ng (
15)
tone
bar
529
risi
ng c
onto
ur
tone
`%
4-1
46
U+
0302
circ
um
flex
above
525
falli
ng c
onto
ur
tone
ê e`%
˥˩ _*
456-
16
U+
02E5 +
U
+02E9
falli
ng (
51)
tone
bar
530
falli
ng c
onto
ur
tone
`i
4-2
4
U+
1D
C4
mac
ron-a
cute
ab
ove
526
hig
h -
risi
ng
conto
ur
tone
e e`i
˧˥ _i
456-
24
U+
02E7 +
U
+02E5
hig
h-r
isin
g (
35)
tone
bar
531
hig
h-r
isin
g
conto
ur
tone
`9
4-3
5
U+
1D
C5
gra
ve-m
acro
n
above
527
low
-ris
ing
conto
ur
tone
e e`9
˩˧ _9
456-
35
U+
02E9 +
U
+02E7
low
-ris
ing (
13)
tone
bar
532
low
-ris
ing
conto
ur
tone
`4
4-2
56
U+
1D
C8
gra
ve-a
cute
-gra
ve a
bove
528
risi
ng-f
allin
g
conto
ur
tone
e e`4
IPA
Brai
lle
27
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#M
EA
NIN
G
EX
AM
PLE
˨˥˨ _4
456-
256
U+
02E8 +
U
+02E5 +
U
+02E8
risi
ng-f
allin
g
(151)
tone
bar
533
risi
ng-f
allin
g
conto
ur
tone
↓ _!
456-
2346
U+
2193 o
r U
+F1
9D
dow
n a
rrow
517
dow
nst
ep
↑ _$
456-
1246
U+
2191 o
r U
+F1
9C
up a
rrow
518
upst
ep
↗
_d
456-
145
U+
2197
upw
ard d
iagonal
ar
row
510
glo
bal
ris
e
↘
_0
456-
356
U+
2198
dow
nw
ard
dia
gonal
arr
ow
511
glo
bal
fall
2.8
. P
ho
neti
c an
d P
ho
nem
ic E
ncl
osu
res
It i
s re
com
men
ded
by
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n,
and i
s co
nve
ntional
in
pro
fess
ional
co
nte
xts,
to
al
way
s en
close
IP
A m
ater
ial
in sq
uar
e bra
cket
s fo
r phonet
ic
tran
scription,
and
to
encl
ose
IP
A
mat
eria
l bet
wee
n
forw
ard
slash
es
for
phonem
ic
tran
scription.
This
sep
ara
tes
pass
ages
of
IPA f
rom
sta
ndar
d o
rthogra
phy,
and i
ndic
ates
to
the
read
er t
he
leve
l of
phonet
ic d
etai
l bei
ng r
epre
sente
d.
The
IPA B
raill
e eq
uiv
alen
ts o
f th
ese
sym
bols
are
as
follo
ws:
IPA
Brai
lle
28
Tab
le 2
.8:
Ph
on
eti
c an
d P
ho
nem
ic E
ncl
osu
res
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
D
ES
C.
IPA
#M
EA
NIN
G
[ ^(
45-
12356
U+
005B
left
square
bra
cket
901
beg
in p
honet
ic t
ransc
ription
] ^)
45-
23456
U+
005D
right
squar
e bra
cket
902
end p
honet
ic t
ransc
ription
/ ^/
45-3
4
U+
002F
slas
h
903
beg
in/e
nd p
honem
ic
tran
scription
As
in i
nkp
rint,
thes
e sy
mbols
should
alw
ays
be
use
d i
n b
raill
e, t
o i
ndic
ate
that
the
encl
ose
d m
ater
ial sh
ould
be
read
as
IPA B
raill
e (i
nst
ead o
f, s
ay,
a co
ntr
acte
d liter
ary
bra
ille
code)
, an
d to
in
dic
ate
whet
her
th
e m
ater
ial
is of
a phonet
ic or
phonem
ic nat
ure
. In
ad
ditio
n t
o t
he
encl
osu
re s
ymbols
lis
ted a
bove
, th
e le
gis
lative
bodie
s (b
raill
e au
thorities
) re
sponsi
ble
for
ove
rsig
ht
of
the
bra
ille
codes
use
d f
or
par
ticu
lar
languag
es,
countr
ies,
or
regio
ns,
may
stipula
te a
dditio
nal
rule
s fo
r th
e pre
senta
tion o
f non-l
oca
l bra
ille
codes
such
as
IPA
Bra
ille.
For
exam
ple
, so
me
bra
ille
auth
orities
may
spec
ify
the
use
of
spec
ific
code-
switch
indic
ators
to e
xplic
itly
mar
k th
e tr
ansi
tion f
rom
one
bra
ille
code
to a
noth
er,
e.g.
one
code-
switch
indic
ator
to s
how
that
the
text
is
now
in I
PA B
raill
e ra
ther
than
Unifie
d E
nglis
h
Bra
ille,
and t
hen
a d
iffe
rent
code-
switch
indic
ator
to s
ignal
the
end o
f th
e IP
A B
raill
e te
xt
and
a re
turn
to
U
nifie
d
Englis
h
Bra
ille.
W
hen
ever
poss
ible
, how
ever
, th
is
editor
reco
mm
ends
the
avoid
ance
of
com
ple
x co
de-
switch
indic
ators
; in
stea
d,
the
phonet
ic a
nd
phonem
ic e
ncl
osu
re s
igns
them
selv
es s
hould
be
use
d f
or
this
purp
ose
, in
ord
er t
o m
ake
the
resu
ltin
g t
ext
less
clu
tter
ed a
nd m
ore
rea
der
-frien
dly
. Editor’s
reco
mm
endat
ion a
side
how
ever
, th
e ru
les
about
whet
her
, how
oft
en,
and in w
hat
conte
xts
code-
switch
indic
ators
IPA
Brai
lle
29
are
to b
e use
d a
re u
ltim
atel
y up t
o t
he
det
erm
inat
ion o
f ea
ch o
f th
e bra
ille
legis
lative
bodie
s; i
nte
rest
ed r
eader
s an
d t
ransc
riber
s sh
ould
chec
k w
ith t
hei
r lo
cal
bra
ille
auth
ority
fo
r sp
ecific
rule
s an
d r
ecom
men
dat
ions
for
bes
t pra
ctic
es o
f in
dic
atin
g t
hat
a g
lyph,
word
, or
pas
sage
is w
ritt
en in I
PA B
raill
e ra
ther
than
in t
he
loca
l bra
ille
code.
3. N
on
-IP
A S
ym
bo
ls
The
table
s in
Sec
tion 2
hav
e pre
sente
d I
PA B
raill
e eq
uiv
alen
ts f
or
180 g
lyphs—
all
of
the
sym
bols
cu
rren
tly
on
the
off
icia
l IP
A
char
t (i
ncl
udin
g
phonet
ic
and
phonem
ic
encl
osu
res)
. This
is
no
easy
ta
sk,
consi
der
ing
that
th
ere
are
only
63
uniq
ue
dot
com
bin
atio
ns
in t
he
bra
ille
cell.
In o
ther
word
s, t
he
num
ber
of
off
icia
l IP
A c
har
acte
rs i
s nea
rly
thre
e tim
es t
he
num
ber
of uniq
ue,
sin
gle
-cel
l bra
ille
dot
com
bin
atio
ns.
In a
dditio
n t
o
the
gly
phs
pre
sente
d ab
ove
, st
uden
ts an
d pro
fess
ional
s in
th
e la
nguag
e sc
ience
s w
ill
undoubte
dly
enco
unte
r m
any
more
phonet
ic s
ymbols
that
are
not
offic
ially
endors
ed b
y th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Phonet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n,
and t
hus
are
not
liste
d i
n t
he
above
tab
les.
For
a fu
ll ove
rvie
w o
f m
ost
of
thes
e in
kpri
nt
sym
bols
, se
e Pu
llum
and L
adusa
w (
1996).
The
curr
ent
sect
ion o
ffer
s re
com
men
dat
ions
for
way
s of
dea
ling w
ith n
on-I
PA g
lyphs,
incl
udin
g:
usi
ng
the
exis
ting re
sourc
es of
IPA Bra
ille
to re
pre
sent
them
(S
ection 3.1
), usi
ng a
set
of
docu
men
t-sp
ecific
, tr
ansc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bols
(Sec
tion 3
.2),
and u
sing t
empora
ry s
witch
in
dic
ators
to i
nco
rpora
te s
ymbols
such
as
punct
uat
ion a
nd n
um
eral
s fr
om
anoth
er b
raill
e co
de
(Sec
tion 3
.3).
3.1
. C
om
mo
n P
ho
neti
c S
ym
bo
ls a
nd
Pu
nct
uati
on
Bec
ause
IPA B
raill
e in
cludes
a r
obust
sys
tem
for
dea
ling w
ith d
iacr
itic
s an
d m
odifie
rs,
man
y of
the
freq
uen
tly-
enco
unte
red
non-I
PA
sym
bols
ca
n
nonet
hel
ess
be
easi
ly
repre
sente
d.
For
inst
ance
, one
wid
ely-
use
d s
yste
m o
f tr
ansc
ribin
g p
ost
alve
ola
r fr
icat
ives
IPA
Brai
lle
30
and a
ffrica
tes
(esp
ecia
lly in A
mer
ican
ist
and S
lavi
cist
lin
guis
tic
trad
itio
ns)
pla
ces
the
hac
ek
(‘w
edge’
) dia
critic
ove
r a
bas
e co
nso
nan
t. I
PA B
raill
e ea
sily
acc
om
mod
ates
this
by
usi
ng
the
equiv
alen
t IP
A
Bra
ille
dia
critic
`8
(d
ots
4-2
36)
‘wed
ge
above
’.
The
IPA
Bra
ille
repre
senta
tions
of
thes
e co
nso
nan
ts a
re t
her
efore
as
follo
ws:
Tab
le 3
.1:
No
n-I
PA
Sym
bo
ls f
or
Po
stalv
eo
lar
Fri
cati
ves
an
d A
ffri
cate
s
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
š s`8
234-4
-236
U+
0161
s w
edge
297
voic
eles
s post
alve
ola
r fr
icat
ive
ž z`8
1356-4
-236
U+
017E
z w
edge
296
voic
ed p
ost
alve
ola
r fr
icat
ive
č c`8
14-4
-236
U+
010D
c w
edge
299
voic
eles
s post
alve
ola
r af
fric
ate
ǰ j`8
245-
4-23
6 U+
01F0
j w
edge
29
8 vo
iced
pos
talv
eola
r af
frica
te
Anoth
er s
et o
f non-I
PA s
ymbols
that
can
eas
ily b
e ac
com
modat
ed b
y th
e ex
isting
reso
urc
es o
f IP
A B
raill
e ar
e th
e lig
ature
d a
ffrica
te s
ymbols
—pre
viousl
y use
d in t
he
inkp
rint
IPA,
but
now
withdra
wn in f
avor
of
non-l
igat
ure
d a
ffrica
tes
consi
stin
g o
f tw
o g
lyphs.
Usi
ng
the
‘tie
bar
’ sy
mbol "
(dot
5),
to i
ndic
ate
the
ligat
ure
, th
e IP
A B
raill
e re
pre
senta
tions
of
thes
e gly
phs
are
ther
efore
as
follo
ws:
IPA
Brai
lle
31
Tab
le 3
.2:
No
n-I
PA
Sym
bo
ls f
or
Lig
atu
red
Aff
rica
tes
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#A
RTIC
ULA
TO
RY
DES
C.
ʦ t"s
2345-5
-234
U+
02A6
t-s
ligat
ure
211
voic
eles
s al
veola
r af
fric
ate
ʣ d"z
145-5
-1356
U+
02A3
d-z
lig
ature
212
voic
ed a
lveo
lar
affrica
te
ʧ t":
2345-5
-156
U+
02A7
t-es
h lig
ature
213
voic
eles
s post
alve
ola
r af
fric
ate
ʤ d"!
145-5
-2346
U+
02A4
d-e
zh lig
ature
214
voic
ed p
ost
alve
ola
r af
fric
ate
ʨ t"8c
2345-5
-236-
14
U+
02A8
t-cu
rly-
tail-
c lig
ature
215
voic
eles
s al
veolo
pal
atal
af
fric
ate
ʥ d"8z
145-5
-236-
1356
U+
02A5
d-c
urly-
tail-
z lig
ature
216
voic
ed a
lveo
lopal
atal
af
fric
ate
IPA B
raill
e def
ines
the
follo
win
g p
unct
uat
ion s
ymbols
, w
hic
h m
ay b
e use
ful
in t
he
tran
scri
ption o
f so
me
phonet
ic a
nd p
honem
ic p
assa
ges
. (N
ote
that
the
per
iod is
an o
ffic
ial
IPA s
ymbol an
d w
as a
lrea
dy
liste
d in T
able
2.6
. It
is
repea
ted h
ere
for
conve
nie
nce
.)
IPA
Brai
lle
32
Tab
le 3
.3:
No
n-I
PA
Sym
bo
ls f
or
Pu
nct
uati
on
GLY
PH
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
UN
ICO
DE
TY
PO
GR
AP
HIC
DE
SC.
IPA
#M
EA
NIN
G
. '
3
U+
002E
per
iod
506
sylla
ble
bre
ak/p
erio
d
, 1
2
U+
002C
com
ma
491
pau
se/c
om
ma
- -
36
U+
002D
hyp
hen
(das
h)
n/a
m
orp
hem
e bre
ak/
hyp
hen
→
_o
456-
135
U+
2192
rightw
ard a
rrow
n/a
re
write
arr
ow
(is
rea
lized
as
)
Oth
er punct
uat
ion sy
mbols
not
spec
ific
ally
def
ined
in
IP
A Bra
ille
must
be
eith
er
repre
sente
d usi
ng a tr
ansc
riber
-def
ined
sy
mbol
(see
Sec
tion 3.2
) or
inco
rpora
ted fr
om
an
oth
er b
raill
e co
de
usi
ng t
empora
ry s
witch
indic
ators
(se
e Sec
tion 3
.3).
3.2
. Tra
nsc
rib
er-
Defi
ned
Sym
bo
ls
If a
bra
ille
equiv
alen
t ca
nnot
be
const
ruct
ed f
or
a non-I
PA p
honet
ic g
lyph u
sing t
he
exis
ting
reso
urc
es
of
IPA
Bra
ille,
th
e fo
llow
ing
tran
scriber
-def
ined
, docu
men
t-sp
ecific
sy
mbols
may
be
use
d i
nst
ead.
Eac
h s
ymbol
consi
sts
of
dots
46 f
ollo
wed
by
the
low
er-c
ell
lett
ers
a-j.
Thes
e sy
mbols
are
ava
ilable
for
use
by
tran
scriber
s on a
n a
d-h
oc,
cas
e-by-
case
bas
is w
hen
a s
ymbol
is u
sed i
n i
nkp
rint
that
has
no d
efin
ed e
quiv
alen
t in
IPA B
raill
e. I
f a
tran
scri
ber
use
s an
y of
thes
e sy
mbols
, a
note
must
be
incl
uded
at
the
beg
innin
g o
f th
e docu
men
t to
st
ate
whic
h print
sym
bols
th
ey re
pre
sent.
The
mea
nin
gs
of
tran
scri
ber
-def
ined
sym
bols
are
only
val
id f
or
the
docu
men
t in
whic
h t
hey
are
def
ined
. They
may
occ
ur
as
liste
d
her
e if
they
ar
e re
pre
senting
lett
er-l
ike
sym
bols
, or
they
m
ay
be
use
d
as
com
bin
ing d
iacr
itic
s by
pre
cedin
g t
hem
with t
he
appro
priat
e pla
cem
ent
indic
ator
(dot
4,
dot
5,
or
dot
6)
as d
iscu
ssed
in S
ection 2
.5.
In o
ther
word
s, if
a tr
ansc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol
is b
eing u
sed t
o r
epre
sent
a co
mbin
ing d
iacr
itic
, th
en it
must
be
pre
ceded
by `
(dot
4)
to
IPA
Brai
lle
33
indic
ate
that
th
e dia
critic
ap
pea
rs
above
th
e bas
e gly
ph
(either
direc
tly
above
, or
super
script
afte
r), "
(dot
5)
to i
ndic
ate
that
the
dia
critic
is
on t
he
sam
e le
vel
as t
he
bas
e gly
ph (e
ither
su
per
impose
d or
imm
edia
tely
af
ter
it),
or ,
(d
ot
6)
to in
dic
ate
that
th
e dia
critic
appea
rs b
elow
the
bas
e gly
ph (
eith
er d
irec
tly
ben
eath
, or
subsc
ript
afte
r).
On t
he
oth
er h
and,
if it
is b
eing u
sed a
s a
conso
nan
t, v
ow
el,
or
non-c
om
bin
ing m
odifie
r, t
he
two-
cell
sym
bol (d
ots
46 f
ollo
wed
by
low
er-c
ell a-
j) n
eeds
no p
lace
men
t dot.
Tab
le 3
.4:
Tra
nsc
rib
er-
Defi
ned
Sym
bo
ls
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
MEA
NIN
G
.1
46-2
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 1
.2
46-2
3
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 2
.3
46-2
5
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 3
.4
46-2
56
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 4
.5
46-2
6
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 5
.6
46-2
35
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 6
.7
46-2
356
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 7
.8
46-2
36
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 8
.9
46-3
5
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol 9
.0
46-3
56
Tra
nsc
riber
-def
ined
sym
bol
10
3.3
. Tem
po
rary
Co
de-S
wit
ch I
nd
icato
rs
The
IPA d
oes
not
incl
ude
sym
bols
for
dig
its,
upper
-cas
e le
tter
s, o
r m
ost
punct
uat
ion—
and
IPA
Bra
ille
likew
ise
mak
es
no
pro
visi
on
for
thes
e sy
mbols
, as
th
ey
are
rare
ly
inte
rmin
gle
d w
ith I
PA i
n i
nkp
rint.
In c
ases
wher
e su
ch s
ymbols
do o
ccur
within
inkp
rint
IPA
Brai
lle
34
phonet
ic t
ransc
ription,
IPA B
raill
e off
ers
tem
pora
ry s
witch
indic
ators
for
just
this
purp
ose
, to
indic
ate
to t
he
read
er a
tem
pora
ry s
witch
fro
m I
PA B
raill
e in
to t
he
prim
ary
bra
ille
code
of
the
docu
men
t, w
hat
ever
languag
e or
code
that
may
be.
If
a tr
ansc
riber
use
s te
mpora
ry
switch
indic
ators
, a
note
should
occ
ur
at t
he
beg
innin
g o
f th
e docu
men
t, c
lear
ly s
tating
whic
h b
raill
e co
de
is t
he
def
ault f
or
non-I
PA B
raill
e (e
.g.
Unifie
d E
nglis
h B
raill
e, U
.S.
ASCII
Bra
ille,
etc
.)
Tab
le 3
.5:
Tem
po
rary
Sw
itch
In
dic
ato
rs
BR
AIL
LE
DO
TS
MEA
NIN
G
;
56
The
follo
win
g s
ymbol is
non-I
PA a
nd s
hould
be
read
in a
ccord
ance
with
the
prim
ary
bra
ille
code
of
the
docu
men
t.
;;
56-5
6
The
follo
win
g p
ass
age
is n
on-I
PA a
nd s
hould
be
read
in a
ccord
ance
with
the
prim
ary
bra
ille
code
of
the
docu
men
t. (
Non-I
PA p
assa
ge
is
term
inat
ed b
y dots
56-2
3.)
;2
56-2
3
Ter
min
ate
s a
pass
age
of
non-I
PA t
ext
(pre
viousl
y open
ed b
y dots
56-
56);
ret
urn
to I
PA B
raill
e.
For
exam
ple
, if a
n i
nkp
rint
IPA w
ord
wer
e to
conta
in p
aren
thes
es (
to i
ndic
ate
an
inau
dib
le or
unpro
nounce
d so
und),
IP
A Bra
ille
would
tr
ansc
ribe
them
ei
ther
by
usi
ng
tran
scri
ber
-def
ined
sym
bols
(se
e Sec
tion 3
.2 a
bove
), o
r w
ith a
tem
pora
ry s
witch
indic
ator
pre
cedin
g t
he
par
enth
eses
sym
bols
in t
he
def
ault b
raill
e co
de.
In s
uch
a c
ase,
ass
um
ing,
say,
the
def
ault b
raill
e co
de
is U
nifie
d E
nglis
h B
raill
e, w
her
e "<
(dots
5-1
26)
and ">
(dots
5-3
45)
are
the
left
an
d
right
par
enth
esis
sy
mbols
re
spec
tive
ly,
then
IP
A
[ˌdɪs(
ə)ˈɡɹ
i] (‘
dis
agre
e’
with
the
schw
a in
par
enth
eses
) w
ould
be
writt
en
in
IPA
Bra
ille
as
^(_2d/s;"<5;">_bg#i^)
, w
her
e th
e U
EB s
ymbols
for
the
left
and r
ight
pare
nth
eses
IPA
Brai
lle
35
are
inco
rpora
ted by
pre
cedin
g ea
ch of
them
w
ith a
tem
pora
ry co
de
switch
out
of
IPA
Bra
ille.
See
als
o t
he
Am
eric
an E
nglis
h s
ample
pas
sage
in t
he
Appen
dix
for
the
use
of
a te
mpora
ry s
witch
to p
rece
de
a se
mic
olo
n t
hat
occ
urs
once
in t
hat
pas
sage.
4. M
isce
llan
eo
us
Usa
ge N
ote
s
IPA Bra
ille
is a
separ
ate
bra
ille
code
from
oth
er bra
ille
codes
def
ined
fo
r sp
ecific
re
gio
ns
or
languag
es.
No co
ntr
actions
are
allo
wed
in
IP
A Bra
ille,
an
d no
nat
ive
bra
ille
sym
bols
should
be
use
d o
ther
than t
hose
spec
ifie
d i
n t
his
public
atio
n (
unle
ss t
hey
are
pre
ceded
by
a te
mpora
ry s
witch
indic
ator
as d
iscu
ssed
in S
ection 3
.3).
IPA B
raill
e lin
es m
ust
not
be
hyp
hen
ated
.
The
use
of
phonet
ic o
r phonem
ic e
ncl
osu
re s
igns
should
be
repro
duce
d e
xact
ly a
s giv
en in inkp
rint.
See
the
dis
cuss
ion i
n S
ections
2-3
of
this
public
atio
n f
or
spec
ific
det
ails
about
each
gly
ph,
and s
ee t
he
Appen
dix
of
sam
ple
pas
sages
for
a co
ncr
ete
illust
ration o
f IP
A B
raill
e in
use
.
IPA
Brai
lle
36
Refe
ren
ces
Bra
ille
Auth
ority
of
Nort
h Am
eric
a. 1997.
Bra
ille
Form
ats:
Pr
inci
ple
s of
to Bra
ille
Tra
nsc
ription.
Louis
ville
: Am
eric
an P
rinting H
ouse
for
the
Blin
d.
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n.
1999.
Han
dbook
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n:
A G
uid
e to
the
Use
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
lphab
et.
New
York
: Cam
bridge
Univ
ersi
ty P
ress
.
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n w
eb s
ite:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.a
rts.
gla
.ac.
uk/
IPA
Ladef
oged
, Pe
ter.
2005.
A C
ours
e in
Phonet
ics,
5th e
d.
Bost
on:
Hei
nle
& H
einle
.
Mer
rick
, W
. Pe
rcy
and W
. Po
tthoff.
1934.
A B
raill
e N
ota
tion o
f th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Phonet
ic
Alp
hab
et (
1932)
with K
ey-W
ord
s an
d S
pec
imen
Tex
ts.
London:
The
Nat
ional
Inst
itute
fo
r th
e Blin
d.
Pullu
m,
Geo
ffre
y K.
and
Will
iam
A.
Ladusa
w.
1996.
Phonet
ic
Sym
bol
Guid
e,
2nd
ed.
Chic
ago:
Univ
ersi
ty o
f Chic
ago P
ress
.
IPA
Brai
lle
37
Ap
pen
dix
: S
am
ple
Pass
ag
es
Part
2 o
f th
e H
andbook
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic A
ssoci
atio
n c
onta
ins
exte
nsi
ve
illust
rations
of
the
IPA a
s ap
plie
d t
o 2
9 d
iffe
rent
languag
es.
In a
dditio
n t
o a
thoro
ugh
ove
rvie
w o
f th
e sp
eech
sounds
in e
ach
languag
e, a
nd a
dis
cuss
ion o
f th
e IP
A c
onve
ntions
bes
t su
ited
for
repre
senting t
hem
, a
brief
sam
ple
pas
sage
is a
lso p
rese
nte
d.
Thes
e sa
mple
s ty
pic
ally
consi
st o
f an
IPA t
ransc
ription o
f a
reco
rded
pas
sage,
usu
ally
a r
etel
ling o
f th
e “N
ort
h W
ind an
d th
e Sun”
fable
, re
cord
ed f
rom
a
nat
ive
spea
ker
of
each
la
nguag
e—a
favo
rite
pas
sage
use
d f
or
phonet
ic p
urp
ose
s si
nce
the
late
19
th c
entu
ry.
This
ap
pen
dix
pre
sents
five
of
the
29
sam
ple
pas
sages
fr
om
th
e H
andbook,
tr
ansc
ribed
into
IPA B
raill
e. T
hey
are
rep
rinte
d h
ere
with t
he
conse
nt
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n
and
by
the
kind
per
mis
sion
of
Cam
bridge
Univ
ersi
ty
Pres
s.
(Inte
rnational
Phonet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n.
1999.
Han
dbook
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Ph
onet
ic
Ass
oci
atio
n:
A
Guid
e to
th
e U
se
of
the
Inte
rnat
ional
Phonet
ic
Alp
hab
et.
New
York
: Cam
bridge
Univ
ersi
ty Pr
ess.
) They
m
ay not
be
furt
her
re
pro
duce
d ex
cept
by
writt
en
per
mis
sion o
f th
e co
pyr
ight
hold
er,
Cam
bridge
Univ
ersi
ty P
ress
.
Thes
e five
pas
sages
wer
e ch
ose
n t
o e
ach h
ighlig
ht
som
e as
pec
t of
IPA B
raill
e, s
uch
as
the
use
of
most
of
the
conso
nan
t an
d v
ow
el s
ymbols
pre
sente
d in S
ections
2.1
-2.4
, an
d t
o cl
early
illust
rate
th
e use
of
com
bin
ing dia
critic
s, to
ne
lett
ers,
an
d sy
mbols
fo
r le
ngth
, st
ress
, an
d i
nto
nat
ion.
Thes
e pas
sages
ser
ve a
s dem
onst
rations
that
IPA B
raill
e is
indee
d
flex
ible
, hig
hly
re
adab
le,
and ro
bust
en
ough to
fu
lly an
d ac
cura
tely
ca
ptu
re al
l of
the
det
ails
of
the
off
icia
l in
kprint
IPA.
IPA
Brai
lle
38
Sam
ple
1:
Am
eri
can
En
gli
sh (
Narr
ow
Tra
nsc
rip
tio
n)
(IPA
Han
dbook,
pag
e 44)
[ðə ˈnɔ
ɹθ ˌw
ɪnd ə
n ə ˈsʌ
n wə
˞ dɪsˈ
pjuɾɪŋ
ˈwɪtʃ
wəz
ðə ˈstɹɑŋɡ
ə˞, wɛ
n ə ˈtɹ
ævlə˞
ˌkem
əˈlɑ
ŋ ˈɹæ
pt ɪn
ə ˈw
ɔɹm
ˈklok
. ðe ə
ˈɡɹid
ðət ð
ə ˈwʌ
n hu ˈ
fə˞st
səkˈs
idəd ɪ
n ˈme
kɪŋ ðə
ˈtɹæv
lə˞ ˈte
k ɪz ˈ
klok ˌ
ɑf ʃʊ
d bi k
ənˈsɪ
də˞d
ˈstɹɑŋɡ
ə˞ ðə
n ðɪ
ˈʌðə˞.
ˈðɛn
ðə ˈn
ɔɹθ ˌw
ɪnd ˈb
lu əz
ˈhɑɹ
d əz
hi ˈ
kʊd,
bət ð
ə ˈmɔ
ɹ hi ˈ
blu ðə ˈ
mɔɹ ˈ
klosli
dɪd
ðə ˈtɹæ
vlə˞ ˈf
old hɪz
ˈklok
əˈɹ
aʊnd
hɪm;
ˌæn ə
t ˈlæs
t ðə ˈ
nɔɹθ
ˌwɪnd
ˌɡev
ˈʌp ð
i əˈtɛ
mpt. ˈðɛ
n ðə ˈ
sʌn ˈ
ʃaɪnd
ˌaʊt
ˈwɔɹm
li, ən
ɪˈmidi
ətli ð
ə ˈtɹæ
vlə˞
ˌtʊk ˈ
ɑf ɪz
ˈklok
. ən ˈ
so ðə
ˈnɔɹθ
ˌwɪnd
wəz
əˈbla
ɪʒ tɪ
kənˈf
ɛs ðə
t ðə ˈ
sʌn w
əz ðə
ˈstɹɑ
ŋɡə˞ əv
ðə ˈtu
.] ^(]5 _BN<#.? _2W/ND 5N 5 _BS+N W5"R D/S_BPJU6R/$ _BW/T: W5Z
]5 _BST#*$G5"R1 W>N 5 _BT#%VL5"R _2KEM 5_BL*$ _B#%PT /N 5 _BW<#M
_BKLOK' ]E 5_BG#ID ]5T ]5 _BW+N HU _BF5"RST S5K_BSID5D /N
_BMEK/$ ]5 _BT#%VL5"R _BTEK /Z _BKLOK _2*F :(D BI K5N_BS/D5"RD
_BST#*$G5"R ]5N ]/ _B+]5"R' _B]>N ]5 _BN<#.? _2W/ND _BBLU 5Z
_BH*#D 5Z HI _BK(D1 B5T ]5 _BM<# HI _BBLU ]5 _BM<# _BKLOSLI D/D
]5 _BT#%VL5"R _BFOLD H/Z _BKLOK 5_B#A(ND H/M;2 _2%N 5T _BL%ST ]5
_BN<#.? _2W/ND _2GEV _B+P ]I 5_BT>MPT' _B]>N ]5 _BS+N _B:A/ND
_2A(T _BW<#MLI1 5N /_BMIDI5TLI ]5 _BT#%VL5"R _2T(K _B*F /Z
_BKLOK' 5N _BSO ]5 _BN<#.? _2W/ND W5Z 5_BBLA/! T/ K5N_BF>S ]5T
]5 _BS+N W5Z ]5 _BST#*$G5"R 5V ]5 _BTU'^)
IPA
Brai
lle
39
Sam
ple
2:
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
Can
ton
ese
(IPA
Han
dbook,
pag
e 60)
[jɐu˨˧
jɐt˥
tsʰi˧
| pɐk
˥ fʊŋ
˥ tʰʊŋ˩
tʰai˧
jœŋ˩
hɐi˧˥
tou˨
au˧ k
ɐn˧˥ p
in˥ kɔ˧
lɛk˥
ti˥ ‖
kʰɵ
y˨˧ te
i˨ am
˥ am˥
tʰɐi˧˥
tou
˧˥ jɐu
˨˧ kɔ˧
jɐn˧˥
haŋ
˩ kʷɔ
˧ | li
˥ kɔ˧
jɐn˧˥
tsœk
˧ tsy
˨ kin˨
tai ˨
lɐu˥ ‖
kʰɵ
y˨˧ te
i˨ tsɐ
u˨ w
a˨ la
k˧ |
pin˥ k
ɔ˧ hɔ˧˥
ji˨˧
tsɪŋ˧˥
tou˧
li˥ k
ɔ˧ jɐ
n˧˥ ts
ʰɵy˩
tsɔ˧˥
kin˨
lɐu˥
lɛ˥ |
tsɐu
˨ syn
˧ pin˥
kɔ˧
lɛk˥
ti˥ l
ak˧ ‖
jy˥ s
i˨ | p
ɐk˥ f
ʊŋ˥ t
sɐu˨
pɔk
˧ mɛ
ŋ˨ kɐ
m˧˥ ts
ʰɵy˥
‖ tim
˧˥ tsi˥
| kʰɵy
˨˧ jyt˨
tsʰɵ
y˥ tɐ
k˥ sɐ
i˥ lei
˨ | kɔ
˧˥ kɔ˧
jɐn˧˥
tsɐu
˨ jyt˨
hɐi˨
la˧˥ sɐ
t˨ kin
˨ lɐu
˥ ‖ ts
ɵy˧
hɐu˨
| pɐ
k˥ fʊ
ŋ˥ m
ou˨˧ s
ai˧ fu
˩ | w
ɐi˩ jɐ
u˨˧ fɔ
ŋ˧ he
i˧ ‖ k
ɐn˥ t
sy˨ |
tʰai˧
jœŋ˩
tsʰɵ
t˥ lei
˩ sai˧
tsɔ˧˥
jɐt˥
tsɐn˨
| kɔ
˧˥ kɔ˧
jɐn˧˥ t
sɐu˨
tsɪk˥
hak˥
tsʰɵ
y˩ ts
ɔ˧˥ ki
n˨ lɐ
u˥ la
k˧ ‖
jy˥ si
˨ | pɐ
k˥ fʊ
ŋ˥ w
ɐi˩ jɐ
u˨˧ jɪŋ˨
sy˥ l
a˥ ‖]
^(J6AU_9 J6AT_@C TS@HI_3 _\ P6AK_@C F($_@C T@H($_,- T@HAI_3
J[$_,- H6AI_I TOU_- AU_3 K6AN_I PIN_@C K<_3 L>K_@C TI_@C _=
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HA$_,- K@W<_3 _\ LI_@C K<_3 J6AN_I TS[K_3 TSY_- KIN_- TAI_-
L6AU_@C _= K@H0OY_9 TEI_- TS6AU_- WA_- LAK_3 _\ PIN_@C K<_3 H<_I
JI_9 TS/$_I TOU_3 LI_@C K<_3 J6AN_I TS@H0OY_,- TS<_I KIN_-
L6AU_@C L>_@C _\ TS6AU_- SYN_3 PIN_@C K<_3 L>K_@C TI_@C LAK_3 _=
JY_@C
SI_-
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P6AK_@C
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TS6AU_-
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K6AM_I
TS@H0OY_@C _= TIM_I TSI_@C _\ K@H0OY_9 JYT_- TS@H0OY_@C T6AK_@C
S6AI_@C LEI_- _\ K<_I K<_3 J6AN_I TS6AU_- JYT_- H6AI_- LA_I
S6AT_- KIN_- L6AU_@C _= TS0OY_3 H6AU_- _\ P6AK_@C F($_@C MOU_9
SAI_3 FU_,- _\ W6AI_,- J6AU_9 F<$_3 HEI_3 _= K6AN_@C TSY_- _\
IPA
Brai
lle
40
T@HAI_3 J[$_,- TS@H0OT_@C LEI_,- SAI_3 TS<_I J6AT_@C TS6AN_- _\
K<_I K<_3 J6AN_I TS6AU_- TS/K_@C HAK_@C TS@H0OY_,- TS<_I KIN_-
L6AU_@C LAK_3 _= JY_@C SI_- _\ P6AK_@C F($_@C W6AI_,- J6AU_9
J/$_- SY_@C LA_@C _=^)
Sam
ple
3:
Cro
ati
an
(IPA
Han
dbook,
pag
e 69)
[‖ sj
êʋeːr
niː lě
deniː
ʋjêta
r i‿sû
ːntse‿su
‿se pr
ěpira
li o‿
sʋǒjo
j snǎ
ːzi ‖
stôɡa
ǒdlut
ʃeː da
‿ǒno
me ôd
‿ɲiːx
prǐpa
dne
pôbje
da k
ǒjiː s
ʋǔːtʃ
eː | t
ʃôʋje
ka p
ûːtnik
a ‖ ʋjê
tar zǎp
otʃe
snâːʒ
no p
ǔːxati
| a‿b
ǔduːt
ɕi da
‿je tʃ
ôʋjek
tʃʋr
ːsto d
rʒao
ôdjet
ɕu |
nǎʋa
li ôːn
jôʃ j
âtʃeː
‖ tʃô
ʋjek
pâːk
jôʃ jâ
tʃeː o
t‿stûd
eni p
rǐtisn
uːt |
naʋǔ
ːtʃeː
nǎ‿se
be jô
ʃ ʋîʃe
ː ôdje
tɕeː |
dô
k‿se
ʋjêt
ar ne
‿ǔmo
riː i‿
prěp
ustiː‿
ɡa tâ
da s
ûːntsu
‖ ǒ
noː u
‿potʃ
ěːtku
zǎs
ija ǔ
mjere
no ‖
kâd
‿je tʃ
ôʋjek
skîn
uo
suʋǐː
ʃak ô
djetɕe
ː | p
ǒʋiːs
i ǒno
ː jôʃ
jâtʃe
ː ʒêɡ
u |
dôk‿
se tʃ
ôʋjek
| u
‿nemo
ɡǔːtɕ
nosti
da‿ǒ
doli
sǔntʃ
eʋoːj
toplǐ
ni ne
‿sʋǔːt
ʃeː |
i‿ně‿p
odʑe
ː na‿k
ǔːpaɲ
e u‿
rijěːk
u tek
ǔtɕits
u ‖
prîːtʃ
a po
kǎzu
jeː d
a‿je‿t
ʃêːsto
usp
jěʃnij
eː uʋ
jerǎːʋ
aːɲe
| ně
ɡoli
nǎːsiːʎe
‖]
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IPA
Brai
lle
41
T:O@%8VJEK PA@%3K JO@%: JA@%T:E3 OT_LSTU@%DENI PRI@8TISNU3T _\
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USPJE@8:NIJE3 U8VJERA@838VA3=E _\ NE@8GOLI NA@83SI38YE _=^)
Sam
ple
4:
Fre
nch
(IPA
Han
dbook,
pag
e 80-8
1)
The
Handbook
conta
ins
the
follo
win
g n
ote
pre
cedin
g t
his
tra
nsc
ription:
“The
tran
scriptional
sty
le a
dopte
d i
n t
his
illu
stra
tion i
s a
rela
tive
ly n
arro
w o
ne,
whic
h
reflec
ts t
he
part
icula
r pro
nunci
atio
n u
sed i
n t
he
reco
rdin
g o
f th
e pas
sage
mad
e fo
r th
e ill
ust
ration.”
[la b
iz e l
ə sɔlɛ
ʲ sə d
ispytɛ
‖ ʃa
kɛ as
yʁɑ
kilɛtɛ
lə p
ly fɔʁ
‖ kɑt
ilzɔ v
y ɛ v
wɑjaʒ
œ ki
savɑ
sɛ ‖
ɑvlo
pe dɑ
sɔ
mɑto
‖ iː s
ɔ tɔb
e dak
ɔʁ kə
səlɥi
ki aʁ
ivʁe l
əpʁə
mje a
lə lɥ
i fɛʁ
ote ‖
səʁə
ʁəɡ
aʁde
kɔm
lə ply
fɔʁ ‖ a
lɔʁ la
biz s
ɛ mi
z a su
fle də
tut se
fɔʁs
‖ m
ɛ ply
ɛl su
flɛ p
ly lə
vwɑja
ʒœʁ
sɛʁɛ
sɔ m
ɑtotʊʁ
də
lɥi ‖
fina
lmɑ ɛl
ʁənõ
sa lə
lɥi
fɛʁote
‖ alɔ
ʁ lə
sɔlɛʲ
kɔmɑ
sa bʁ
ije ‖
e o bu
dɛ m
ɔmɑ l
ə vwɑ
jaʒœ
ʁeʃo
fe ota
sɔ m
ɑto ‖
ɛsi l
a biz
dy ʁək
ɔnɛt
kə lə
sɔ
lɛʲ ɛt
ɛ lə p
ly fɔʁ
.]
IPA
Brai
lle
42
^(LA BIZ E L5 S<L>@J S5 DISPYT> _= :AK>@] ASY9#*@] KIL>T> L5
PLY F<@39#,< _= K*@]T ILZ<@] VY >@] VW*JA![ KI SAV*@]S> _=
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TUT SE F<@39#,<S _= M> PLY >L SUFL> PLY L5 VW*JA![9#,< S>9#>
S<@] M*@]TOT(9#,< D5 L4HI _= FINALM*@] >L 9#5NO@]SA L5 L4HI
F>9#OTE _= AL<@39#,< L5 S<L>@J K<M*@]SA B9#,$IJE _= E O BU
D>,O@] M<M*@] L5 VW*JA![ 9#E:OFE OTA S<@] M*@]TO _= >@]SI LA BIZ
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Sam
ple
5:
Po
rtu
gu
ese
(IPA
Han
dbook,
pag
e 129-1
30)
The
Han
dbook
conta
ins
the
follo
win
g n
ote
pre
cedin
g t
his
tra
nsc
ription.
It i
s in
cluded
her
e bec
ause
it
nic
ely
illust
rate
s th
e use
of
phonet
ic a
nd p
honem
ic e
ncl
osu
res:
“The
transc
ription pro
vided
bel
ow
is
nar
row
in
ce
rtai
n re
spec
ts,
and in
cludes
th
e re
pre
senta
tion o
f sa
ndhi phen
om
ena
(Her
slund 1
986),
for
exam
ple
, in
lin
e 1 w
her
e [ˈɛ
ɾɔ] is
the
contr
action o
f /ˈɛ
ɾɐ u/,
and o
f pitch
exc
urs
ions.
Unst
ress
ed s
ylla
ble
s w
hic
h m
ainta
in t
hei
r ta
rget
vow
el q
ual
itie
s ar
e not
tran
scribed
with a
sec
ondar
y st
ress
; se
condar
y st
ress
is
show
n o
nly
with d
iphth
ongs.
Upst
epped
syl
lable
s ar
e fo
llow
ed b
y lo
w o
r fa
lling s
ylla
ble
s,
dow
nst
epped
sy
llable
s by
low
or
risi
ng sy
llable
s. Sin
ce upst
ep an
d dow
nst
ep do not
nec
essa
rily
occ
ur
on a
str
esse
d s
ylla
ble
, al
l prim
ary
stre
sses
not
indic
ated
by
a to
ne
mar
k ar
e sh
ow
n in t
he
tran
scription.”
IPA
Brai
lle
43
[u ˈ
vẽtu
ˈnɔɾt
i u
sɔl d
ʃkuˈt
iˌɐu
kua
l duʒ
doiz
ˈɛɾɔ
maiʃ
˨˧fɔɾ
tɯ |
ˈkuɐ
du s
usɯˈ
deu
pɐˈsa
ɾ ũ v
iɐˈʒɐ
tɯ
ɯˈvo
lt nu
mɐ ˥˩k
apɐ ‖
au ˨˧v
elu |
ˈpõiˌɐis
diɐ
ˈkoɾd
u ɐi
ˈkomu
ɐˈk
el kɯ
pɾi
ˈmɐiɾ
u kõ
sˈɡis
ɔbɾiˈɡa
ɾ u v
iɐˈʒɐ
tɯ ɐ
tiˈɾ
aɾ ɐ ˨˧
kapɐ
| sɾi
ɐ kõs
idɯˈɾ
adu
u ma
iʃ ˥˩fɔ
ɾt ‖
u ˈv
ẽtu ˈn
ɔɾtɯ
kumɯ
ˈso ɐ
suˈpɾ
aɾ kõ
ˈmũit
ɐ ˨˧fuɾiɐ
| mɐ
ʃ ˈku
ɐtu
maiʃ
su˨˧pɾav
ɐ | m
aiz u
viɐ
ˈʒɐtɯ
si ɐk
õʃˈɡ
ava s
uɐ ˥˩k
apɐ |
ɐˈtɛ
kiu
ˈvẽtu
ˈnɔɾtɯ
˥˩dzʃt
iu ‖ u
sɔl b
ɾiˈʎo
ẽˈtɐu
kõ
ˈtodu
ʃplẽ˨˧
doɾ |
i im
ɯdiat
ɐˈmẽt
u viɐ
ˈʒɐtɯ
tiˈɾo
ɐ ˥˩k
apɐ ‖
u ˈv
ẽtu ˈn
ɔɾtɯ
tev ɐˈ
sĩ dɯ
ʁku
ɲɯˈs
eɾ ɐ s
upɯɾ
iuɾiˈd
ad
du ˥˩
sɔl ‖
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Brai
lle
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IPA
Brai
lle
45
Tra
nsc
rib
er’
s In
dex
The
follo
win
g index
pre
sents
eac
h p
rint
gly
ph a
s def
ined
in I
PA B
raill
e, a
long w
ith its
bra
ille
repre
senta
tion a
nd t
ypogra
phic
des
crip
tion
. G
lyphs
hav
e bee
n a
rran
ged
in p
seudo-
alphabet
ical
ord
er w
hen
ever
poss
ible
, or
gro
uped
by
visu
al a
ppea
rance
and s
imila
rity
. The
purp
ose
of
this
index
is
to p
rovi
de
a quic
k re
fere
nce
to t
he
sym
bols
of
IPA B
raill
e, a
nd a
lso
to a
id p
rint-
to-b
raill
e tr
ansc
riber
s (m
any
of
whom
may
hav
e lit
tle
to n
o e
xper
ience
with t
he
IPA)
in f
indin
g t
he
appro
priat
e gly
ph.
C
on
son
an
ts a
nd
Vo
wels
The
follo
win
g lis
t co
mprise
s al
l of
the
conso
nan
t an
d v
ow
el s
ymbols
pre
sente
d in t
his
public
atio
n,
along w
ith t
hei
r IP
A B
raill
e eq
uiv
alen
ts.
Gly
phs
hav
e bee
n a
rran
ged
in p
seudo-
alphab
etic
al o
rder
, ro
ughly
bas
ed o
n t
hei
r vi
sual
appea
rance
. a
a ∙
low
erca
se a
ɐ 6∙
turn
ed a
ɑ
*
script
a
ɒ 6*
turn
ed s
crip
t a
æ %
ash
b
b b
low
erca
se b
ɓ 8b
hookt
op b
ʙ 9b
smal
l ca
pital
b
β .b
bet
a
c c
c
low
erca
se c
č c`8
c w
edge
ç 6c
c ce
dill
a
ɕ 8c
curly-
tail
c d
d d
low
erca
se d
ɗ 8d
hookt
op d
ɖ 4d
right-
tail
d
ʣ d"z
d-z
lig
ature
ʤ d"!
d-e
zh lig
ature
IPA
Brai
lle
46
ʥ d"8z
d-c
urly-
tail-
z lig
ature
ð }
edh
e
e e
low
erca
se e
ə 5
schw
a ɚ
5"r
right-
hook
schw
a ɘ
6e
reve
rsed
e
ɛ >
epsi
lon
ɜ
6>
reve
rsed
epsi
lon
ɞ
8>
close
d r
ever
sed e
psi
lon
f
f f
low
erca
se f
g
g
g
low
erca
se g
ɡ g
low
erca
se s
crip
t g
ɠ 8g
hookt
op g
ɢ 9g
smal
l ca
pital
g
ʛ 89g
hookt
op s
mal
l ca
pital
g
h
h h
low
erca
se h
ħ 6h
bar
red h
ɦ 8h
hookt
op h
ɧ 8$
hookt
op h
eng
ɥ 4h
turn
ed h
ʜ 9h
smal
l ca
pital
h
i i
i
low
erca
se i
ɨ 0i
bar
red i
ɪ
/
smal
l ca
pital
i
j j
j
low
erca
se j
ʝ 8j
curly-
tail
j
ǰ j`8
j wed
ge
ɟ 9j
bar
red d
otles
s j
ʄ 89j
hookt
op b
arre
d d
otles
s j
k
k k
low
erca
se k
kʼ k"'
k
apost
rophe
kp
K"P
k-
p lig
ature
l
l l
low
erca
se l
ɫ 6l
low
erca
se l w
ith t
ilde
ɬ 8l
bel
ted l
ɭ 4l
right-
tail
l
IPA
Brai
lle
47
ʟ 9l
smal
l ca
pital
l
ɮ l"!
l-ez
h lig
ature
m
m
m
low
erca
se m
ɱ 6m
left
-tai
l m
(at
rig
ht)
ɯ 6u
turn
ed m
ɰ
8m
turn
ed m
, right
leg
n
n n
low
erca
se n
ɲ =
left
-tai
l n (
at lef
t)
ŋ $
eng
ɳ 4n
right-
tail
n
ɴ 9n
smal
l ca
pital
n
o
o o
low
erca
se o
ʘ &p
bull'
s ey
e
ɵ 0o
bar
red o
ø
|
slas
hed
o
θ .?
thet
a
œ {
low
erca
se o
-e lig
ature
ɶ 9{
smal
l ca
pital
o-e
lig
ature
ɔ
<
open
o
p
p p
low
erca
se p
pʼ p"'
p a
post
rophe
ɸ .f
phi
q
q q
low
erca
se q
r
r r
low
erca
se r
ɾ 6r
fish
-hook
r
ɺ 8#
turn
ed long-l
eg r
ɽ 4r
right-
tail
r
ɹ #
turn
ed r
ɻ 4#
turn
ed r
, right
tail
ʀ 9r
smal
l ca
pital
r
ʁ 9#
inve
rted
sm
all ca
pital
r
s s
s
low
erca
se s
š s`8
s w
edge
sʼ s"'
s
apost
rophe
ʂ 4s
right-
tail
s (a
t le
ft)
ʃ :
esh
t t
t
low
erca
se t
IPA
Brai
lle
48
tʼ t"'
t
apost
rophe
ʈ 4t
right-
tail
t
ts T"S
t-
s lig
ature
ʦ t"s
t-s
ligat
ure
ʧ t":
t-es
h lig
ature
ʨ t"8c
t-cu
rly-
tail-
c lig
ature
u
u
u
low
erca
se u
ʉ 0u
bar
red u
ʊ
(
upsi
lon
ɣ
.g
gam
ma
ɤ 6o
ram
's h
orn
s v
v v
low
erca
se v
6v
right-
hook
v
ʋ 8v
script
v
ʌ +
turn
ed v
(ca
ret)
w
w
w
low
erca
se w
ʍ 6w
turn
ed w
x
x x
low
erca
se x
χ .&
chi
y
y y
low
erca
se y
ʎ 8y
turn
ed y
ʏ 9y
smal
l ca
pital
y
z z
z
low
erca
se z
ž z`8
z w
edge
ʑ 8z
curly-
tail
z
ʐ 4z
right-
tail
z
ʒ !
ez
h
?
ʔ 2
glo
ttal
sto
p
ʡ 82
bar
red g
lott
al s
top
ʕ 62
reve
rsed
glo
ttal
sto
p
ʢ 92
bar
red r
ever
sed g
lott
al s
top
| ǀ
&?
pip
e
ǂ &:
double
-bar
red p
ipe
ǁ &l
double
pip
e
ǃ &t
excl
amat
ion p
oin
t
IPA
Brai
lle
49
No
n-c
om
bin
ing
Mo
dif
iers
an
d O
ther
Sym
bo
ls
Th
e
follo
win
g
list
co
mprise
s al
l of
the
non-c
om
bin
ing
modifie
rs
pre
sente
d
in
this
public
atio
n,
along w
ith th
eir
IPA Bra
ille
equiv
alen
ts.
Bec
ause
th
ese
are
non-a
lphab
etic
sy
mbols
, no c
lear
alphab
etic
ord
erin
g is
poss
ible
. They
hav
e bee
n g
rouped
by
funct
ion a
nd
visu
al a
ppea
rance
. Len
gth
an
d S
tress
ː
3
length
mar
k
ˑ "1
hal
f-le
ngth
mar
k
ˈ _b
vert
ical
str
oke
(su
per
ior)
ˌ _2
vert
ical
str
oke
(in
feri
or)
P
hra
sin
g S
ym
bo
ls
| _|
vert
ical
lin
e
‖ _=
double
ver
tica
l lin
e
‿ _l
bott
om
tie
bar
A
rro
ws
→
_o
rightw
ard a
rrow
↓
_!
dow
n a
rrow
↑ _$
up a
rrow
↗
_d
upw
ard d
iagonal
arr
ow
↘
_0
dow
nw
ard d
iagonal
arr
ow
To
ne L
ett
ers
˥
_`c
extr
a-hig
h t
one
bar
˦ _c
hig
h t
one
bar
˧ _3
mid
tone
bar
˨ _-
low
tone
bar
˩ _,-
extr
a-lo
w t
one
bar
˩˥ _/
risi
ng t
one
bar
˥˩ _*
falli
ng t
one
bar
˧˥ _i
hig
h-r
isin
g t
one
bar
˩˧ _9
low
-ris
ing t
one
bar
˨˥˨ _4
risi
ng-f
allin
g t
one
bar
P
un
ctu
ati
on
-Lik
e S
ym
bo
ls
, 1
com
ma
- -
hyp
hen
(das
h)
. '
per
iod
/ ^/
slas
h
[ ^(
left
square
bra
cket
] ^)
right
squar
e bra
cket
IPA
Brai
lle
50
Co
mb
inin
g D
iacr
itic
s The
follo
win
g l
ist
consi
sts
of
all
of
the
com
bin
ing d
iacr
itic
s ill
ust
rate
d i
n t
his
public
atio
n.
Sin
ce m
ost
of
thes
e ar
e non-a
lphabet
ic sy
mbols
, th
ey hav
e bee
n gro
uped
as
to th
eir
gen
eral
posi
tion w
ith r
espec
t to
a b
ase
gly
ph.
Plea
se n
ote
that
the
exam
ple
giv
en i
n t
he
right-
han
d c
olu
mn is
for
illust
rative
purp
ose
s only
, si
nce
a g
iven
dia
critic
may
com
bin
e w
ith
a w
ide
range
of
bas
e gly
phs
oth
er t
han t
he
one
dep
icte
d in t
he
exam
ple
. C
om
bin
ing
Dia
crit
ics
Ab
ove
ˠ `.g
super
script
gam
ma
tˠ t`.g
ʰ
`h
super
script
h
tʰ t`h
ʲ
`j
super
script
j tʲ t
`j
ˡ
`l
super
script
l tˡ t
`l
ⁿ
`n
super
script
n
dⁿ d`n
ʷ
`w
super
script
w
eʷ e`w
ˤ
`62
super
script
reve
rsed
glo
ttal
stop
eˤ e`62
`/
acute
acc
ent
above
é e
`/
`,/
double
acu
te a
ccen
t ab
ove
e
e`,/
`c
mac
ron a
bove
ē e
`c
`i
mac
ron-a
cute
above
e e
`i
`*
gra
ve a
ccen
t ab
ove
è e
`*
`9
gra
ve-m
acro
n a
bove
e e
`9
`4
gra
ve-a
cute
-gra
ve a
bove
e
e`4
`,*
double
gra
ve a
ccen
t ab
ove
ȅ
e`,*
`%
circ
um
flex
above
ê e
`%
`8
wed
ge
above
ě e
`8
`(
bre
ve a
bove
ĕ e
`(
`3
um
laut
above
ë e
`3
`}
tild
e ab
ove
ẽ e
`}
`x
ove
r-cr
oss
above
e e
`x
`d
corn
er a
bove
t t`d
`$
ring a
bove
ɡ g
`$
Tie
s an
d C
om
bin
ing
sam
e-l
evel d
iacr
itic
s ʼ
"'
apost
rophe
tʼ t"'
"}
super
impose
d t
ilde
ᵵ t"}
˞
"r
right
hook
e˞ e"r
"
top t
ie b
ar
kp k"p
IPA
Brai
lle
51
Co
mb
inin
g D
iacr
itic
s B
elo
w
,3
um
laut
bel
ow
b b
,3
,}
tild
e bel
ow
ḛ e
,}
,2
vert
ical
lin
e bel
ow
m m,2
,$
ring b
elow
b b
,$
,{
left
hal
f-ring b
elow
o o
,{
,o
right
hal
f-ring b
elow
e e
,o
,)
arch
bel
ow
n n
,)
,8
wed
ge
bel
ow
t t,8
,&
seag
ull
bel
ow
t t,&
,?
bridge
bel
ow
t t,?
,6?
inve
rted
bridge
bel
ow
t t,6?
,7
squar
e bel
ow
r r,7
,+
plu
s bel
ow
o o
,+
,-
min
us
bel
ow
e e
,-
,:
adva
nci
ng s
ign b
elow
e e
,:
,s
retr
acting s
ign b
elow
e e
,s
,>
rais
ing s
ign b
elow
e e,>
,<
low
erin
g s
ign b
elow
e e
,<
