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Transcript of IP data networking
DCN
•Instructor •Adeel Shabbir
–Inroduction to IP Address
Adeel Shabbir CASE 1
2 Adeel Shabbir CASE
3 Adeel Shabbir CASE
4 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Adeel Shabbir CASE 5
Adeel Shabbir CASE 6
DECIMAL
AND
BINARY
3.1
7 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Figure 3-1 Decimal system
8 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Figure 3-2 Binary system
9 Adeel Shabbir CASE
CONVERSION
3.2
10 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Figure 3-3 Binary to decimal conversion
11 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Example 1
Convert the binary number 10011 to decimal.
Solution
Write out the bits and their weights. Multiply the bit by its corresponding weight and record the result. At the end, add the results to get the decimal number.
Binary 1 0 0 1 1 Weights 16 8 4 2 1
------------------------------------- 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 Decimal 19
12 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Example 2
Convert the decimal number 35 to binary.
Solution
Write out the number at the right corner. Divide the number continuously by 2 and write the quotient and the remainder. The quotients move to the left, and the remainder is recorded under each quotient. Stop when the quotient is zero.
0 1 2 4 8 17 35 Dec.
Binary 1 0 0 0 1 1
13 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Figure 3-4 Decimal to binary conversion
14 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Decimal to Binary Conversion
97 2 quotient = 48, remainder = 1 (LSB) 48 2 quotient = 24, remainder = 0. 24 2 quotient = 12, remainder = 0. 12 2 quotient = 6, remainder = 0. 6 2 quotient = 3, remainder = 0. 3 2 quotient = 1, remainder = 1. 1 2 quotient = 0 (Stop) remainder = 1 (MSB)
Result = 1 1 0 0 0 0 12
Adeel Shabbir CASE 15
Binary to Decimal Conversion
101101012
127 + 026 + 125 + 124 + 023 + 122 + 021 + 120
= 128 + 32 + 16 + 4 + 1
= 18110
Adeel Shabbir CASE 16
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
111 7 17 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Consider MSB as Batch Number and other 2 Bits as Roll
18 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• If we have 2 bits how many combinations are possible?
19 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Combinations
• Two Bits
22=4 range 0-3
• Three Bits
23=8 range 0-7
• Four Bits
24=16 range 0-15
20 Adeel Shabbir CASE
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
11 7
MSB LSBs LSB Dec.
0 000 0 00 0
1 001 0 01 1
2 010 0 10 2
3 011 0 11 3
4 100 1 00 0
5 101 1 01 1
6 110 1 10 2
7 111 1 11 3
21 Adeel Shabbir CASE
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
11 7
MSB LSBs LSB Dec.
0 000 0 00 0
1 001 0 01 1
2 010 0 10 2
3 011 0 11 3
4 100 1 00 0
5 101 1 01 1
6 110 1 10 2
7 111 1 11 3
How many Groups???
22 Adeel Shabbir CASE
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
11 7
MSB LSBs LSB Dec.
0 000 0 00 0
1 001 0 01 1
2 010 0 10 2
3 011 0 11 3
4 100 1 00 0
5 101 1 01 1
6 110 1 10 2
7 111 1 11 3
How many Groups??? 2
23 Adeel Shabbir CASE
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
11 7
MSB LSBs LSB Dec.
0 000 0 00 0
1 001 0 01 1
2 010 0 10 2
3 011 0 11 3
4 100 1 00 0
5 101 1 01 1
6 110 1 10 2
7 111 1 11 3
How many Groups??? 2 How many Persons in each Group???
24 Adeel Shabbir CASE
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
11 7
MSB LSBs LSB Dec.
0 000 0 00 0
1 001 0 01 1
2 010 0 10 2
3 011 0 11 3
4 100 1 00 0
5 101 1 01 1
6 110 1 10 2
7 111 1 11 3
How many Groups??? 2 How many Persons in each Group??? 4 Total students are still 8
25 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Now lets have a 4 Bit Number
– 0000
2 MSB for Batch and 2 LSB for Roll #
26 Adeel Shabbir CASE
2 MSB for Batch id so 4 Batch Possible
2 LSB for Roll
So 4 Roll in
Each Batch
Total students are still 16
MSB LSBs LSB Dec. MSB Dec.
0 0000 00 00 0 0 1 0001 00 01 1 0 2 0010 00 10 2 0 3 0011 00 11 3 0 4 0100 01 00 0 1 5 0101 01 01 1 1 6 0110 01 10 2 1 7 0111 01 11 3 1 8 1000 10 00 0 2 9 1001 10 01 1 2 10 1010 10 10 2 2 11 1011 10 11 3 2 12 1100 11 00 0 3 13 1101 11 01 1 3 14 1110 11 10 2 3 15 1111 11 11 3 3 27 Adeel Shabbir CASE
No of Bits Bits for Batch
No of Batch Roll
BRRRRRRR 1 2 128 BBRRRRRR
2 4 64
BBBRRRRR
3 8 32
BBBBRRRR
4 16 16
BBBBBRRR
5 32 8
BBBBBBRR
6 64 4
BBBBBBBR
7 128 2
BBBBBBBB
8 256 0 28 Adeel Shabbir CASE
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
111 7 29 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Bitwise & AND
A B A&B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
30 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Bitwise | OR
A B A|B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
31 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Bitwise | XOR
A B AXORB
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
32 Adeel Shabbir CASE
101
111 &
Ans 101
33 Adeel Shabbir CASE
110
111 &
Ans 110
34 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Conclusion
• If we AND any thing with 1, result is same
35 Adeel Shabbir CASE
110
000 &
Ans 000
36 Adeel Shabbir CASE
111
000 &
Ans 000
37 Adeel Shabbir CASE
011
000 &
Ans 000
38 Adeel Shabbir CASE
110
011 &
Ans 010
39 Adeel Shabbir CASE
110
101 &
Ans 100
40 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Conclusion
• If we AND & any thing with 0, result is always 0
• If we AND & any thing with 1, result is same
41 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Use of Bitwise AND
• So if we Want to off some bit we can simply AND this bit with 0.
42 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Off the Third bit
1010110
43 Adeel Shabbir CASE
1010110
1111011 &
Ans 1010010
44 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Off the second bit
1010110
45 Adeel Shabbir CASE
1010110
1111101 &
Ans 1010100
46 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Off the first 3 bits
1010110
47 Adeel Shabbir CASE
1010110
1111000 &
Ans 1010000
48 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Off the first 4 bits
1010110
49 Adeel Shabbir CASE
1010110 86
1110000 & 112
Ans 1010000 80
50 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Off the last 3 bits
1010110
51 Adeel Shabbir CASE
1010110 86
0001111 & 15
Ans 0000110 6
52 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• MASK for 3 Bit BATCH number
• 11100000(remaning Bits are Zero)
53 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• MASK for 4 Bit BATCH number
• 11110000( remaning Bits are Zero)
54 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• If ID Is 4 Bit long(1010)
– Batch ID is 1 Bit
• Roll # is of 3 Bit
• To get Batch ID we need to bitwise &, ID with – 1000 MASK
– ID 1010
– MASK 1000
– ANS 1000
55 Adeel Shabbir CASE
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
11 7
NUM MASK Result
0 000 100 000 0
1 001 100 000 0
2 010 100 000 0
3 011 100 000 0
4 100 100 100 4
5 101 100 100 4
6 110 100 100 4
7 111 100 100 4
BATCH ID is 1 Bit
56 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Lets Consider Batch ID composed of 2 Bits
57 Adeel Shabbir CASE
421
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
11 7
NUM MASK Result DEC.
0 000 110 000 0
1 001 110 000 0
2 010 110 010 2
3 011 110 010 2
4 100 110 100 4
5 101 110 100 4
6 110 110 110 6
7 111 110 110 6
BATCH ID is 2 Bit
58 Adeel Shabbir CASE
2 MSB for Batch id so 4 Batch Possible
2 LSB for Roll
So 4 Roll in
Each Batch
Total students are still 16
MASK MSB
0 0000 1100 0000 0
1 0001 1100 0000 0
2 0010 1100 0000 0
3 0011 1100 0000 0
4 0100 1100 0100 4
5 0101 1100 0100 4
6 0110 1100 0100 4
7 0111 1100 0100 4
8 1000 1100 1000 8
9 1001 1100 1000 8
10 1010 1100 1000 8
11 1011 1100 1000 8
12 1100 1100 1100 12
13 1101 1100 1100 12
14 1110 1100 1100 12
15 1111 1100 1100 12 59 Adeel Shabbir CASE
CONCLUSION
60 Adeel Shabbir CASE
No of Bits Bits for Batch
MASK MASK Dec.
Result
BRRRRRRR 1 10000000 128 B0000000
BBRRRRRR
2 11000000 192 BB000000
BBBRRRRR
3 11100000 224 BBB00000
BBBBRRRR
4 11110000 240 BBBB0000
BBBBBRRR
5 11111000 248 BBBBB000
BBBBBBRR
6 11111100 252 BBBBBB00
BBBBBBBR
7 11111110 254 BBBBBBB0
BBBBBBBB
8 11111111 255 BBBBBBBB 61 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Now consider we have ID of 4 bytes
4 Bytes=32 Bits
Total Combinations??
62 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Now consider we have ID of 4 bytes
4 Bytes=32 Bits
Total Combinations??
2^32= 4294967296
63 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Lets Consider we Need two Batch ID
• How many students are Possible in Each Batch
• 2^31= 2147483648
64 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Lets Consider we Need 4 Batch ID
• How many students are Possible in Each Batch
• 2^30= 1073741824
65 Adeel Shabbir CASE
total Bits Bits for Batch No of Batch Bits for Roll total Roll
32 1 2 31 2147483648
32 2 4 30 1073741824
32 3 8 29 536870912
32 4 16 28 268435456
32 5 32 27 134217728
32 6 64 26 67108864
32 7 128 25 33554432
32 8 256 24 16777216
32 9 512 23 8388608
32 10 1024 22 4194304
32 11 2048 21 2097152
32 12 4096 20 1048576
32 13 8192 19 524288
32 14 16384 18 262144
32 15 32768 17 131072 66 Adeel Shabbir CASE
total Bits Bits for Batch No of Batch Bits for Roll total Roll
32 1 2 31 2147483648
32 2 4 30 1073741824
32 3 8 29 536870912
32 4 16 28 268435456
32 5 32 27 134217728
32 6 64 26 67108864
32 7 128 25 33554432
32 8 256 24 16777216
32 9 512 23 8388608
32 10 1024 22 4194304
32 11 2048 21 2097152
32 12 4096 20 1048576
32 13 8192 19 524288
32 14 16384 18 262144
32 15 32768 17 131072
32 16 65536 16 65536
32 17 131072 15 32768
32 18 262144 14 16384
32 19 524288 13 8192
32 20 1048576 12 4096
32 21 2097152 11 2048
32 22 4194304 10 1024
32 23 8388608 9 512
32 24 16777216 8 256
32 25 33554432 7 128
32 26 67108864 6 64
32 27 134217728 5 32
32 28 268435456 4 16
32 29 536870912 3 8
32 30 1073741824 2 4
32 31 2147483648 1 2
32 32 4294967296 0 1
67 Adeel Shabbir CASE
total Bits Bits for Batch No of Batch Bits for Roll total Roll
32 1 2 31 2147483648
32 2 4 30 1073741824
32 3 8 29 536870912
32 4 16 28 268435456
32 5 32 27 134217728
32 6 64 26 67108864
32 7 128 25 33554432
32 8 256 24 16777216
32 9 512 23 8388608
32 10 1024 22 4194304
32 11 2048 21 2097152
32 12 4096 20 1048576
32 13 8192 19 524288
32 14 16384 18 262144
32 15 32768 17 131072
32 16 65536 16 65536
32 17 131072 15 32768
32 18 262144 14 16384
32 19 524288 13 8192
32 20 1048576 12 4096
32 21 2097152 11 2048
32 22 4194304 10 1024
32 23 8388608 9 512
32 24 16777216 8 256
32 25 33554432 7 128
32 26 67108864 6 64
32 27 134217728 5 32
32 28 268435456 4 16
32 29 536870912 3 8
32 30 1073741824 2 4
32 31 2147483648 1 2
32 32 4294967296 0 1
68 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• BBBBBBBB.RRRRRRRR. RRRRRRRR. RRRRRRRR
• 11111111. 00000000. 00000000.00000000
• 255. 0. 0. 0
69 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Lets Consider ID as 4 Byte Long
– Batch ID is 1 Byte Long
– Roll # is 3 Bytes Long
– BBBBBBBB.RRRRRRRR. RRRRRRRR. RRRRRRRR
– MASK???
70 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• BBBBBBBB.RRRRRRRR. RRRRRRRR. RRRRRRRR
• 11111111. 00000000. 00000000.00000000
• 255. 0. 0. 0
71 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Lets Consider ID as 4 Byte Long
– Batch ID is 2 Bytes Long
– Roll # is 2 Bytes Long
– MASK???
72 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• BBBBBBBB. BBBBBBBB. RRRRRRRR.RRRRRRRR
• 11111111. 11111111. 00000000.00000000
• 255. 255. 0. 0
73 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Lets Consider ID as 4 Byte Long
– Batch ID is 3 Bytes Long
– Roll # is 1 Byte Long
– MASK???
74 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• BBBBBBBB. BBBBBBBB. BBBBBBBB.RRRRRRRR
• 11111111. 11111111. 11111111.00000000
• 255. 255. 255. 0
75 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• How many Bits for Network ID
Adeel Shabbir CASE 76
MASK
• BBBBBBBB. RRRRRRRR. RRRRRRRR. RRRRRRRR
• 11111111. 00000000. 00000000. 00000000
• 255. 0. 0. 0
• 8
77 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• BBBBBBBB.BBRRRRRR.RRRRRRRR.RRRRRRRR
• 11111111. 110000000. 00000000. 00000000
• 255. 192. 0. 0
78 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• BBBBBBBB.BBRRRRRR.RRRRRRRR.RRRRRRRR
• 11111111. 110000000. 00000000. 00000000
• 255. 192. 0. 0
• 10
79 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• 11111111. 111000000. 00000000. 00000000
• 255 .224 . 0. 0
• 11
80 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• 255 .255 . 192. 0
• 18
81 Adeel Shabbir CASE
MASK
• 255 .255 . 224. 0
• 19
82 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Conclusion
• Now You Know what is ID
• Now You Know what is Batch ID
• Now You Know what is Roll
• Now You Know what is MASK
• Now you Know How to calculate MASK
• Now You Know how to Get the Batch ID
• Now you Know How to get roll Number from an ID.
83 Adeel Shabbir CASE
IP addressing: introduction
84 Adeel Shabbir CASE
IP addressing: introduction
A
Q
K
I D
B
r
85 Adeel Shabbir CASE
IP addressing: introduction
A
B
C
D E
F
G
86 Adeel Shabbir CASE
IP addressing: introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1 2.2
3.2
3.1
2.3 2.4
3.3
3.4 1.4
87 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• 3 networks
• Each has 4 Nodes
• So we need at least 2 bits to represent Network ID and 3 Bits to represent nodes
88 Adeel Shabbir CASE
what is Possible Range
•00XX
89 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• 0000 0
• 0001 1
• 0010 2
• 0011 3
90 Adeel Shabbir CASE
what is Possible Range
•01XX
91 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• 0100 4
• 0101 5
• 0110 6
• 0111 7
92 Adeel Shabbir CASE
what is Possible Range
•10XX
93 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• 1000 8
• 1001 9
• 1010 10
• 1011 11
94 Adeel Shabbir CASE
what is Possible Range
•11XX
95 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• 1100 12
• 1101 13
• 1110 14
• 1111 15
96 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Class Leftmost bits Start address Finish address
A 0xxx 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
B 10xx 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
C 110x 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
D 1110 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
E 1111 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
97 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Class A
0. 0. 0. 0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
127.255.255.255 = 01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
0nnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
Class B
128. 0. 0. 0 = 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
191.255.255.255 = 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
10nnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
Class C
192. 0. 0. 0 = 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
223.255.255.255 = 11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111
110nnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH
Class D
224. 0. 0. 0 = 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000
239.255.255.255 = 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111
1110XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX
Class E
240. 0. 0. 0 = 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.255 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
1111XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX 98 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Class A Network In a Class A Network binary address start with 0, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 1 to 126. The first 8 bits (the first octet) identify the network and the remaining 24 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class A IP address is 102.168.212.226, where "102" identifies the network and "168.212.226" identifies the host on that network.
99 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class B Network
• In a Class B Network, binary addresses start with 10, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 128 to 191. The number 127 is reserved for loopback and is used for internal testing on the local machine. The first 16 bits (the first two octets) identify the network and the remaining 16 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class B IP address is 168.212.226.204 where "168.212" identifies the network and "226.204" identifies the host on that network.
100 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class C Network
• Binary addresses start with 110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 192 to 223. The first 24 bits (the first three octets) identify the network and the remaining 8 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class C IP address is 200.168.212.226 where "200.168.212" identifies the network and "226" identifies the host on that network.
101 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class D Network
• In a Class D Network, binary addresses start with 1110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 224 to 239. Class D networks are used to support multicasting.
102 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class E Network
• In a Class E Network, binary addresses start with 1111, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 240 to 255. Class E networks are used for experimentation. They have never been documented or utilized in a standard way.
103 Adeel Shabbir CASE
10.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
104 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class A
105 Adeel Shabbir CASE
110.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
106 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class A
107 Adeel Shabbir CASE
130.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
108 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class B
109 Adeel Shabbir CASE
199.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
110 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class C
111 Adeel Shabbir CASE
127.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
112 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class A
113 Adeel Shabbir CASE
128.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
114 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class B
115 Adeel Shabbir CASE
191.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
116 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class B
117 Adeel Shabbir CASE
192.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
118 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class A
• Class C is the true answer
119 Adeel Shabbir CASE
223.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
120 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class c
121 Adeel Shabbir CASE
224.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
122 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class D
123 Adeel Shabbir CASE
239.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
124 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class D
125 Adeel Shabbir CASE
240.12.12.12
• What is class of this IP address
126 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class E
127 Adeel Shabbir CASE
10.12.12.12
• What is MASK of this IP address
128 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class A
• So MASk
• 255.0.0.0
• 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
129 Adeel Shabbir CASE
135.12.12.12
• What is MASK of this IP address
130 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class B
• So MASk
• 255.255.0.0
• 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
131 Adeel Shabbir CASE
193.12.12.12
• What is MASK of this IP address
132 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• Class C
• So MASk
• 255.255.255.0
• 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
133 Adeel Shabbir CASE
11111111.11111111.00000000.0000000
• THIS MASK IS FOR WHICH CLASS
134 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• CLASS B
135 Adeel Shabbir CASE
11111111. 00000000.00000000.0000000
• THIS MASK IS FOR WHICH CLASS
136 Adeel Shabbir CASE
• CLASS A
137 Adeel Shabbir CASE
11111111. 00000000.00000000.0000000
• THIS MASK IS FOR WHICH CLASS
138 Adeel Shabbir CASE
Adeel Shabbir CASE 139
Subneting
140 Adeel Shabbir CASE
4 2 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 2
0 1 1 3
1 0 0 4
1 0 1 5
1 1 0 6
1 1 1 7 141 Adeel Shabbir CASE
8 4 2
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 2
0 1 0 4
0 1 1 6
1 0 0 8
1 0 1 10
1 1 0 12
1 1 1 14 142 Adeel Shabbir CASE
16 8 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 4
0 1 0 8
0 1 1 12
1 0 0 16
1 0 1 20
1 1 0 24
1 1 1 28 143 Adeel Shabbir CASE
16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 4
0 1 0 0 0 8
0 1 1 0 0 12
1 0 0 0 0 16
1 0 1 0 0 20
1 1 0 0 0 24
1 1 1 0 0 28 144 Adeel Shabbir CASE