Iowa State University Extension and Outreach - Khyle Clute, Office … · 2014-11-17 · Iowa...
Transcript of Iowa State University Extension and Outreach - Khyle Clute, Office … · 2014-11-17 · Iowa...
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Khyle Clute, Office of Design - Methods
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How did we get here?
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ReasonablySafe
Typical of new PCC
Reshaping Drop-offs
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ReasonablySafe
Typical of HMA overlay
Reshaping Drop-offs
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ReasonablySafe
Typical of 1:1 fillet
Reshaping Drop-offs
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Safety Evaluation of the Safety Edge Treatment (2005-2011)
FHWA official study
• Rural two-lane with no paved shoulder• Rural two-lane with less than 4’ paved shoulder• Multi-lane with less than 4’ paved shoulder
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Safety Impacts of Pavement Edge Drop-offs (2006)
(On rural paved roads with unpaved shoulders)
• Drop-off crashes were 17.7% of ROR crashes in Iowa, of those
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ReasonablySafe
Reshaping Drop-offs
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Iowa Adoption of Safety EdgeOctober 2010
Required on all primary highways unless:• Roadway is an interchange ramp or loop• Roadway or shoulder is curbed• Paved shoulder width is 4’ or greater
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Construction of Safety Edge
Similar to Conventional Paving
• Clip Shoulders• Construct Pavement• Pull Shoulders Flush
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Construction of Safety Edge
Similar to Conventional Paving
• Clip Shoulders• Construct Pavement• Pull Shoulders Flush
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Construction of Safety Edge
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Construction of Safety Edge
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Construction of Safety Edge
Similar to Conventional Paving
• Clip Shoulders• Construct Pavement• Pull Shoulders Flush
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Costs of Safety Edge
• Shoe ~ $3000 one time• Pavement Material ~ 1% to 7% increase• Paving Process ~ no change once shoe placed
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Benefits of Safety Edge• Crash Reduction Factor of 5.7% in total crashes on
rural two-lane highways• Increased pavement edge durability• Decreases drop-off potential of greater than 2” to
assist shoulder maintenance efforts• Cost/Benefit ratios
• Two lane w/paved shoulders = 4 to 44• Two lane w/o paved shoulders = 4 to 63• Beneficial for roadway with 1000 ADT for CRF of 2%
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Median Cable Barriers on Iowa’s Interstates
Chris Poole, Office of Traffic & Safety
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Do we need median barriers?
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Do we need median barriers?
• Increasing frequency of cross-median crashes– Higher traffic volumes and speeds– Greater risk-taking– Inattentive/distracted drivers
• A vehicle crossing the median today is more likely to impact another vehicle head-on– Often multiple fatalities/serious injuries
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But why cable barriers?
Why not just build concrete barriers or steel beam guardrail in the median?
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A note about crash tests
All barriers must pass a series of full-scale crash tests:
• Very controlled conditions• Vehicles that are represent range of the
current fleet (small car, pickup truck) • Instrumented with tri-axial accelerometers
and rate gyros
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A note about crash tests
Simulate “worst practical conditions”:• 62 mph impact at 25° angle
Evaluated for:• Occupant risk (unbelted)• Structural adequacy• Post-impact vehicle behavior
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Concrete Barrier
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Steel Beam Guardrail
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What is a cable barrier?• 3-4 tensioned steel cables• Anchored to ground at ends• Held at varying heights by
weak steel posts• Posts bend or break on
impact• Cables “grab on” to vehicle• Cables deflect backwards
and do most of the work
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Cable Barriers Aren’t New
• Used in Iowa since mid-1920s• Various types/number of cables over the years• Low-tension design
used since 1960s
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Cable Barriers Aren’t New
• Iowa’s first high-tension installation in 2003• Only high-tension designs have been used
in the median to separate traffic
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What makes a high-tensioncable barrier?
• Each cable tensioned to 5,000-8,000 pounds– Extra tension reduces deflection under impact– Cables maintain heights even with multiple
posts knocked down• Posts set in concrete sleeves
– Damaged posts easily removed and replaced
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Cable Barrier Crash Test
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Benefits of Median Cable Barriers
• Less snow drift• Ease of maintenance• Crash performance
– Works from either side– Less severe crashes– Effective on sloped ground– Capable of handling multiple impacts
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Benefits of Median Cable Barriers
• Low installation cost– Cable Barrier:
$9 per foot– Steel Beam Guardrail:
$18 per foot– Concrete Barrier:
$100 per foot
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Benefits of Median Cable Barriers
• Not designed or tested to capture large trucks, however…
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Drawbacks of Median Cable Barriers
• Nuisance hits• Crashes at end anchors• Cables down = no protection• Multiple systems to inventory• Affects other operations
– Snow plowing– Speed enforcement– First Responders
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Drawbacks of Median Cable Barriers• Public perception
– “No safe place to go”– “Too close to the road”– “Causes too much
damage”– “Rubber band”– “Cheese slicer”
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Where to place in the median?
• Vehicle capture highly dependent upon height of bumper at barrier interface– Bumper too low: vehicle goes under barrier– Bumper too high: vehicle goes over barrier
• Bumper heights vary as a vehicle crosses the median– High near the sides– Low near the middle
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Effect of Median Shape
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Cables near Center of Median
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Cables on near Side of Median
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Cables on far Side of Median
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Design Typical in IowaTo provide the best chance of capturing a
wide range of vehicles, we re-shape the median when installing cable barriers
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3
41
218
284
330
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Cumulative Miles Installed
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Crash Performance
2 Years Before
2 Years After
All Crashes 1471 1891
Fatal Crashes 18 14
Major Injury Crashes 54 40
Fatalities 26 14
Major Injuries 74 47
All Crashes
+29%
-46%
-26%
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Crash Performance
2 Years Before
2 Years After
All Crashes 36 9
Fatal Crashes 7 1
Major Injury Crashes 5 0
Fatalities 15 1
Major Injuries 8 1
Cross-Median Crashes
-75%
-93%
-87%
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Future Developments
• Non-proprietary Midwest Cable System– Midwest states pooled fund (11 states)– Led by University of Nebraska– 4-cable design, new post shape– For use ANYWHERE in a 6:1 V-ditch– Requires passing 8 different crash tests
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Midwest Cable System
• Completed tests have revealed issues– Interaction of vehicle with slope– Cable penetration into occupant compartment– Impacts directly into a post– Closer post spacing = tripping potential
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Interaction with Slope
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Windshield Penetration
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Impacts directly at a post
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Close post spacing
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Midwest Cable System
• But solutions found:– Optimization of cable attachments
• Strong in X-axis (horizontal pulling)• Weak in Y-axis (vertical lifting)• Quick release of top cable from posts
– Reduction in cable tension– Limit on close post spacing (for now)
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Attachment Strength
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Limit on post spacing
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Questions?