Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton...
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Transcript of Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton...
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Ionization Energies
Originated 11/20/11Last revision 05/19/12
Mike JonesPisgah High School
Canton NC
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Ionization energy
The energy needed to remove an electron completely from at atom.
Depends upon ….
The attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electron.
The repulsion between the negatively charged electrons.
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Ionization energy
The energy needed to remove an electron completely from at atom.
F =kq1q2
r2
Coulomb’s Law
Force of attraction
a constant
the effective nuclear charge
the charge of the electron
the distance between the nucleus and the electron
As applied to the atom
Some of the attraction of the outermost electron to the nucleus is reduced because of repulsion between the outermost electron and the remaining electrons. The apparent charge on the nucleus is called the effective nuclear charge, Zeff.
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The ionization energy is high when there is a strong force of attraction between the nucleus and the outermost electrons.
With a low ionization energy, there is less attraction between the nucleus and the electron.
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
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K
Kr
Rb
Xe
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2,500Helium has a very large ion ionization energy, which indicates a very strong attraction between the nucleus and the electron. That electron is at a lower energy, and a large amount of energy is needed to remove the electron.
The ionization energy of lithium is very low, which indicates a weak attraction. That electron is already at a higher energy and little additional energy is needed to remove the electron.
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2,500Ionization energy is a periodic property. The peaks are the inert gases. The valleys are the alkali metals. See how the pattern repeats for each period
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H
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Be B
C
N O
F
Ne
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Mg Al
Si
P S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
0
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H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
The ionization energy generally increases along a period as the atomic number increases and the charge on the nucleus increases. This produces more attraction between the nucleus and the electron, resulting in more energy being needed to remove the electron.
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Ar
K
Ca Sc Ti V Cr
Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
0
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Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr
The ionization energy increases very little for the first row of the transition metals despite an increase in the number of protons.
The effective nuclear charge of the transition metals increases only marginally, and the sizes of the atoms remain close to the same.
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Mg Al
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H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Q. Eight electrons are filling the second energy level.Why does the ionization energy increase along a period?
A. The number of protons is increasing and Zeff increases.
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Si
P S
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K
Ca
0
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H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Why are there “blips” in the ionization energies?
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H
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C
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Na
Mg Al
Si
P S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
0
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H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
One hypothesis is that there are two energy sublevels, very close together, making up the second energy level..
Going from Be to B, goes from one sublevel to the other and less additional energy is needed to remove an electron from the sublevel with the greater energy.
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H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Electrons in the lower sublevel
Electrons in the higher sublevel
One hypothesis is that there are two energy sublevels, very close together, making up the second energy level..
Going from Be to B, goes from one sublevel to the other and less additional energy is needed to remove an electron from the sublevel with the greater energy.
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The same is true for the third energy level.
Electrons in the lower sublevel
Electrons in the higher sublevel
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There are many limitations of the Bohr model, including the fact that the calculations work only for hydrogen.
But there is one overriding reason why the Bohr model is so important to our study of the atom and the arrangement of electrons.
The Bohr model tells us that electrons are located only in certain, discrete energy levels and that they can only change from one energy level to another by gaining or losing energy.
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1
2
3
4
The Bohr model of hydrogen. There are only a few discrete energy levels.
The “excited electron” is located in one of these energy levels
The ground-state electron is located in the lowest energy level.
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n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
The number of electrons in the nth energy level is given by 2n2.
The Bohr model showed only 8 electrons in the third energy level. Where are the other ten electrons?
The Quantum mechanical model deals with mulit-electrons atoms with many more energy levels.
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1
2
3
4
Except for the first energy level, each energy level in the Bohr model is “subdivided” into two or more “sublevels.”
n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
n is the “principal quantum number, one of 4 numbers that uniquiely describe each electron in an atom
The Quantum mechanical model has more energy levels available to electrons
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n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
In multi-electron atoms the original Bohr energy levels are split into sublevels.
1
2
3
4
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n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
In multi-electron atoms the original Bohr energy levels are split into sublevels.
1
2
3
4
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n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
In multi-electron atoms the original Bohr energy levels are split into sublevels.
1
2
3
4
Overlap between energy sublevels.
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n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
In multi-electron atoms the original Bohr energy levels are split into sublevels.
1
2
3
4
1s
2s
2p
3s
4s
3p
4p
3d
4d4f The letters s,
p, d and f are used to label the sublevels.
s = sharp
p = principal
d = diffused
f = fundamental
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n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
In multi-electron atoms the original Bohr energy levels are split into sublevels.
1
2
3
4
1s
2s
2p
3s
4s
3p
4p
3d
4d4f
sublevel number of electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 142
8
18
32
The letters s, p, d and f are used to label the sublevels.
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Periodic table - Sublevels
s pd
f2 610
14How many electrons go in each region?
![Page 49: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Since we can’t see atoms or the electrons we have know idea what they actually look like. Yet we need a way to represent the organization of electrons in an atom.
Much like technicians use a schematic diagram to represent the components in an electronic circuit, chemists use the electron energy diagram to represent electrons in an atom.
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Much like technicians use a schematic diagram to represent the components in an electronic circuit, chemists use the electron energy diagram to represent electrons in an atom.
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
6s 4f5d
6p7s
5f6d
7p
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14
The electron energy diagram is a “schematic diagram” of an atom, representing the arrangement of electrons. It consists of numbers, letters and lines denoting the orbitals in the various energy sublevels.
![Page 52: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
6s 4f5d
6p7s
5f6d
7p
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
n 2n2
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14Each of the lines represents an “orbital” where up to two electrons can be located.
The number is the principal quantum number, n.
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An orbital is a “region in space” within an atom where up to two electrons can be located.
An s-orbital is spherical. Two electrons.
The p-orbitals are “dumbell” shaped. Each orbital contains two electrons, for a total of six
The Shrodinger wave equation predicts the shape of the orbitals.
![Page 54: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The five d-orbitals are shaped like this. Each orbital can contain two electrons, for a total of 10 electrons. The transition metals are filling
the d-orbitals.
![Page 55: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
An orbital in the energy diagram is represented by a horizontal line. On the line we place two arrows, one pointing up and one point down, to represent the two electrons in the orbital.
Orbital
Orbital with one electron
Orbital with two electrons
Electrons, have the same charge and repel each other. How can two electrons coexist in an orbital where they are fairly close together?
Electrons, have a property called spin, which has nothing to do with the electrons spinning. Spin is a magnetic property. Each electron acts like a tiny magnet. Orienting the electrons with opposite spin allows the electrons to occupy the same orbital.
![Page 56: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
E n
e r
g y
Electron Energy Diagram for Arsenic
Electrons with opposite spin are represented by up and down arrows.
Each horizontal line represents an orbital, a region which can be occupied by up to two electrons.
The electron energy diagram represents the arrangement of the electrons in their respective energy levels and sublevels.
![Page 57: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
E n
e r
g y
Electron Energy Diagram for Arsenic
Hund’s rule says that orbitals at the same energy each get one electron before the second electron is added to an orbital.
Hund’s rule also says that all the electrons in the singly occupied orbitals will have the same spin.
This is why all the arrows in the 4p are in different orbitals and pointed up.
![Page 58: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
6s 4f5d
6p7s
5f6d
7p
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
![Page 59: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
1s
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
![Page 60: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
1s
2s2p
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
The second energy splits into two sublevels called “s” and “p”. An s-sublevel holds two electons. A p-sublevel holds up to six electrons in three orbitals.
![Page 61: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s3p
3d
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
The third energy splits into three sublevels, the “s”, the “p”, and the “d”. The d-sublevel holds up to ten electrons in five orbitals.
![Page 62: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d
4f
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
The fourth energy splits into four sublevels, the “s”, the “p”, the “d”, and the “f ”. The f-sublevel holds up to 14 electrons in seven orbitals.
Notice that the 4s sublevel is lower in energy than the 3d sublevel.
![Page 63: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
4f5d
5fE
n e
r g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
Notice the overlap again in the 5s and 4d, and the location of the 4f sublevel.
![Page 64: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
6s 4f5d
6p
5f6d
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
The 6s-sublevel is lower in energy than the 4f sublevel.
![Page 65: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
6s 4f5d
6p7s
5f6d
7p
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
The 7s-sublevel is lower in energy than the 5f sublevel.
The energy sublevels are filled in order from lowest energy to highest energy.
![Page 66: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
6s 4f5d
6p7s
5f6d
7p
E n
e r
g
y
The order in which the energy sublevels are filled follows the red line.
Electron Energy Diagram
This is called the Aufbau principle. Aufbau means “building up”, and refers to the building up of the atom one electron at a time.
![Page 67: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Periodic table - Sublevels
s pd
f
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Order in which the energy sublevels are filled.
![Page 69: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
6s 4f5d
6p7s
5f6d
7p
E n
e r
g
y
Electron Energy Diagram
The order in which the orbitals are filled can also be predicted from the graph of ionization energy.
![Page 70: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s
H
![Page 71: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s
He
![Page 72: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s
Li
![Page 73: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s
Be
![Page 74: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p
B
![Page 75: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p
C
![Page 76: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p
N
![Page 77: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p
O
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p
F
![Page 79: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
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1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p
Ne
![Page 80: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s
Na
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s
Mg
![Page 82: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Al
![Page 83: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Si
![Page 84: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
P
![Page 85: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
S
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Cl
![Page 87: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Ar
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
K
![Page 89: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
Ca
![Page 90: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Sc
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Ti
![Page 92: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
V
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Cr
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Mn
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H
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Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Fe
![Page 96: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
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1,500
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Co
![Page 97: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Ni
![Page 98: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Cu
![Page 99: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Zn
![Page 100: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
Ga
![Page 101: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
Ge
![Page 102: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
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1,500
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
As
![Page 103: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
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1,500
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
Se
![Page 104: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
Br
![Page 105: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
Kr
![Page 106: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
Rb
![Page 107: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
Sr
![Page 108: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d
Y
![Page 109: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d
Tc
![Page 110: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d
Cd
![Page 111: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p
In
![Page 112: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p
Sb
![Page 113: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p
Xe
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H
He
Li
Ne
Na
Ar
K
Kr
Rb
Xe
Cs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p
Cs
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
E n
e r
g y
Electron Energy Diagram for Arsenic
We can represent the arrangement of electrons more simply by using the “electron configuration.”
1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p3
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
E n
e r
g y
Electron Energy Diagram for Arsenic
We can simplify the “electron configuration” even more by using the “inert gas core” to represent the electrons which do not take part in chemical reactions.
1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p3
Inert gas core – the inert gas is argon.
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
E n
e r
g y
Electron Energy Diagram for Arsenic
We can simplify the “electron configuration” even more by using the “inert gas core” to represent the electrons which do not take part in chemical reactions.
1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p3ArWrite the symbol of the inert gas in square brackets.
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1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
E n
e r
g y
Electron Energy Diagram for Arsenic
Write the electron configuration using the inert gas core for the following elements:1. Al 4. P2. V 5. Sn3. Br 6. Bi
1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p3Ar
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Write the electron configuration using the inert gas core for the following elements:
1. Al 4. P2. V 5. Sn3. Br 6. Bi
1. [Ne] 3s2 3p1
2. [Ar] 4s2, 3d3
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
4. [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
5. [Kr] 5s2, 4d10, 5p2
6. [Xe] 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3
How many valence electrons does each element have?
Valence electrons are the outer-most electrons which are involved in bonding.
![Page 120: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
1. [Ne] 3s2 3p1
2. [Ar] 4s2, 3d3
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
4. [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
5. [Kr] 5s2, 4d10, 5p2
6. [Xe] 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3
1. Al 3
The valence electrons have the highest principal quantum number.
1. Al 4. P2. V 5. Sn3. Br 6. Bi
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1. [Ne] 3s2 3p1
2. [Ar] 4s2, 3d3
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
4. [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
5. [Kr] 5s2, 4d10, 5p2
6. [Xe] 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3
1. Al 32. V 5
The valence electrons have the highest principal quantum number.
1. Al 4. P2. V 5. Sn3. Br 6. Bi
Some transition metals have their valence electrons in the s and d orbitals.
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1. [Ne] 3s2 3p1
2. [Ar] 4s2, 3d3
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
4. [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
5. [Kr] 5s2, 4d10, 5p2
6. [Xe] 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3
1. Al 32. V 5 3. Br 7
The valence electrons have the highest principal quantum number.
1. Al 4. P2. V 5. Sn3. Br 6. Bi
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1. [Ne] 3s2 3p1
2. [Ar] 4s2, 3d3
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
4. [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
5. [Kr] 5s2, 4d10, 5p2
6. [Xe] 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3
1. Al 32. V 5 3. Br 74. P 5
The valence electrons have the highest principal quantum number.
1. Al 4. P2. V 5. Sn3. Br 6. Bi
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1. [Ne] 3s2 3p1
2. [Ar] 4s2, 3d3
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
4. [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
5. [Kr] 5s2, 4d10, 5p2
6. [Xe] 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3
1. Al 32. V 5 3. Br 74. P 55. Sn 4
The valence electrons have the highest principal quantum number.
1. Al 4. P2. V 5. Sn3. Br 6. Bi
![Page 125: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
1. [Ne] 3s2 3p1
2. [Ar] 4s2, 3d3
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
4. [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
5. [Kr] 5s2, 4d10, 5p2
6. [Xe] 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3
1. Al 32. V 5 3. Br 74. P 55. Sn 46. Bi 5
The valence electrons have the highest principal quantum number.
1. Al 4. P2. V 5. Sn3. Br 6. Bi
![Page 126: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
1. [Ne] 3s2 3p1
2. [Ar] 4s2, 3d3
3. [Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
4. [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
5. [Kr] 5s2, 4d10, 5p2
6. [Xe] 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p3
1. Al 32. V 5 3. Br 74. P 55. Sn 46. Bi 5
Look at the Roman numeral at the top of the column for each element.
The valence electrons have the highest principal quantum number.
Look at the Roman numeral at the top of the column for each element.
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1. Al 32. V 5 3. Br 74. P 55. Sn 46. Bi 5
The Roman numeral at the top of each column on the period table tells the number of valence electrons.
![Page 128: Ionization Energies Originated 11/20/11 Last revision 05/19/12 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012922/5516f5fa550346fe558b4c43/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Mike JonesPisgah High SchoolCanton NC [email protected]
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+
1s
2s2p
3s
4s3p
4p
3d
4d5s
5p
6s 4f5d
6p7s
5f6d
7p
E n
e r
g
y
Spare parts