1 20 Ionic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle.
Ionic Compound Solubility - vigoschools.orgvigoschools.org/~mmc3/AP Lab/ap lab documents... ·...
Transcript of Ionic Compound Solubility - vigoschools.orgvigoschools.org/~mmc3/AP Lab/ap lab documents... ·...
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Ionic Compound Solubility
Nitrates (NO3-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Chlorates (ClO3
-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Perchlorates (ClO4-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Acetates (C2H3O2
-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Alkali Metal Compounds (Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Ammonium Compounds (NH4
+)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Chlorides (Cl-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Bromides (Br-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Iodides (I-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Sulfates (SO42-)
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All soluble All soluble
All soluble
Exceptions: AgC2H3O2
All soluble
Exceptions: KClO4
All soluble All soluble
All soluble
Exceptions: Those that contain Ag+,Hg2
2+, Pb2+,PbCl2
All soluble
Exceptions: Those that contain Ag+,Hg2
2+, Pb2+,PbCl2
Most are soluble
Exceptions: SrSO4,BaSO4,CaSO4,PbSO4,
HgSO4,Hg2SO4,Ag2SO4
All soluble
Exceptions: Those that contain Ag+,Hg2
2+, Pb2+,PbCl2
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Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Strong acids
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Strong bases
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Weak acids
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Weak bases
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Soluble ionic compounds
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Insoluble ionic compounds
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Molecules
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Partially soluble ionic compounds
Common Oxidation State Changes
NO2-
Common Oxidation State Changes
C2O4
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Strong electrolytes
All soluble metal hydroxides
Strong electrolytes Perchloric, HClO4;Chloric, HClO3; Hydrobromic, HBr;
Hydrochloric, HCl; Hydroiodic, HI; Nitric, HNO3; Sulfuric, H2SO4
Weak electrolytes
All molecular bases
Weak electrolytes
All acids other than the seven strong acids
All nonelectrolytes All strong electrolytes
All nonelectrolytes Nonelectrolytes except acids and molecular bases
CO2 NO3
-
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Common Oxidation State Changes
HNO3(dilute)
Common Oxidation State Changes
HNO3(concentrated)
Common Oxidation State Changes
Sn2+
Common Oxidation State Changes
MnO4-(in acid solution)
Common Oxidation State Changes
MnO2(in acid solution)
Common Oxidation State Changes
MnO4-(in neutral or basic solution)
Common Oxidation State Changes
H2SO4(hot, concentrated)
Common Oxidation State Changes
SO32-or SO2(aq)
Common Oxidation State Changes
Na2O2
Common Oxidation State Changes
H2O2
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NO2 NO
Mn2+ Sn4+
MnO2 Mn2+
SO42- SO2
H2O + O2 NaOH
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Common Oxidation State Changes
HClO4
Common Oxidation State Changes
Cl2 (dilute basic solution)
Common Oxidation State Changes
Cl2 (concentrated basic solution)
Common Oxidation State Changes
Cr2O72-(in acidic solution)
Common Oxidation State Changes
S2O32-
Common Oxidation State Changes
NH3
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
AX(aq)+ BY(aq)→
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Acid + Base →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
Acid
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ClO- Cl-
Cr3+ ClO2-
NH4+ SO2
Precipitation Reaction - Metathesis
→ AY(s) + BX(aq)
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
A substance that is able to donate a H+ ion (a
proton) and, hence, increases the concentration of H+(aq) when it dissolves in water.
Acid/Base Neutralization - Metathesis
→ Salt + Water
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Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
Base
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
Salt
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Metallic Oxide + Acid →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Nonmetallic oxide + Base →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
Metallic Oxide
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
Nonmetallic oxide
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Acid + Non-hydroxide base →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
Non-hydroxide base
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Group IA metal + Nonmetal →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Group IIA metal + Nonmetal →
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Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
An ionic compound formed by replacing one or
more hydrogens of an acid by other cations.
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
A substance that is an H+ acceptor; a base produces
an excess of OH-(aq) when it dissolves in water.
Double Displacement - Metathesis
→ Salt + H2O
Double Displacement - Metathesis
→ Salt + H2O
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
Oxygen and a nonmentallic element.
Ex: CO2
Oxygen and a metallic element. Ex: Fe2O3
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity Definition
A base that does not contain an OH- group.
Ex: Na2S
Double Displacement - Metathesis
→ Salt + Molecular gas
Synthesis - Redox
→ Salt (Metal ion + Nonmetal ion)
Synthesis - Redox → Salt (Metal ion + Nonmetal ion
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Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
AB →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Metal + Metal ion →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
2M(s) + 2H2O → (Pattern for Group I)
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
M(s) + H2O → (Pattern for Group II)
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Mg(s) +H2O →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Halogen + Halogen ion →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Acid + Metal →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Molecular: Pb + H2SO4 → Net Ionic: Pb + H+ + SO4
2- →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Concentrated: Cu + H+ + NO3
- →
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Diluted: Cu + H+ + NO3
- →
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Decomposition - Redox
→ A + B
Single Displacement - (Metal Displacement) Redox
→ Metal + Metal ion
Single Displacement – Metal Displacement Pattern for Group II
Redox
→ M2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g)
Single Displacement – Metal Displacement Pattern for Group I
Redox
→ 2M+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g)
Single Displacement – Halogen Displacement Redox
→ Halogen + Halogen ion
Single Displacement – Metal Displacement Exception – Mg
Redox
→ MgO(s) + H2 (g)
Single Displacement Exception
Molecular: → PbSO4 + SO2 + H2O Net ionic: → PbSO4 + SO2 + H2O
Single Displacement – Hydrogen Displacement
Redox
→ Salt + Hydrogen
Single Displacement Exception
Diluted:
→ Cu2+ + H2O + NO
Single Displacement Exception
Concentrated:
→ Cu2+ + H2O + NO2
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Ionic Compound Solubility
Carbonates (CO32-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Phosphates (PO4
3-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Chromates (CrO42-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Sulfites (SO3
2-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Hydroxides (OH-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Sulfides (S2-)
Ionic Compound Solubility
Oxides (O2-)
Polyatomic Ions
Acetate
Polyatomic Ions
Bromite
Polyatomic Ions
Bromate
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Group I, (NH4)3PO3 Group I, (NH4)2CO3
Group I, (NH4)2SO3 Group I, (NH4)2Cr3
Group I, (NH4)2S
Group I, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
Exceptions: Ca(OH)2
Polyatomic Ions
C2H3O2- or CH3COO-
CaO, SrO, BaO
Polyatomic Ions
BrO3-
Polyatomic Ions
BrO2
-
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Polyatomic Ions
Hypochlorite
Polyatomic Ions
Chlorite
Polyatomic Ions
Chlorate
Polyatomic Ions
Perchlorate
Polyatomic Ions
Cyanide
Polyatomic Ions
Thiocynate
Polyatomic Ions
Dihydrogen Phosphate
Polyatomic Ions
Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate
Polyatomic Ions
Hydrogen sulfide
Polyatomic Ions
Hydrogen sulfite or bisulfite
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Polyatomic Ions
ClO2-
Polyatomic Ions
ClO-
Polyatomic Ions
ClO4-
Polyatomic Ions
ClO3
-
Polyatomic Ions
SCN-
Polyatomic Ions
CN-
Polyatomic Ions
HCO3-
Polyatomic Ions
H2PO4
-
Polyatomic Ions
HSO3-
Polyatomic Ions
HS-
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Polyatomic Ions
Hydroxide
Polyatomic Ions
Iodate
Polyatomic Ions
Manganate
Polyatomic Ions
Nitrite
Polyatomic Ions
Nitrate
Polyatomic Ions
Carbonate
Polyatomic Ions
Chromate
Polyatomic Ions
Dichromate
Polyatomic Ions
Hydrogen phosphate
Polyatomic Ions
Permanganate
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Polyatomic Ions
IO3-
Polyatomic Ions
OH-
Polyatomic Ions
NO2-
Polyatomic Ions
MnO4
2-
Polyatomic Ions
CO32-
Polyatomic Ions
NO3
-
Polyatomic Ions
Cr2O72-
Polyatomic Ions
CrO4
2-
Polyatomic Ions
MnO41-
Polyatomic Ions
HPO4
2-
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Polyatomic Ions
Oxalate
Polyatomic Ions
Peroxide
Polyatomic Ions
Disulfide
Polyatomic Ions
Sulfite
Polyatomic Ions
Sulfate
Polyatomic Ions
Thiosulfate
Polyatomic Ions
Phosphite
Polyatomic Ions
Phosphate
Polyatomic Ions
Ammonium
Polyatomic Ions
Mercury (I)
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Polyatomic Ions
O22-
Polyatomic Ions
C2O4
2-
Polyatomic Ions
SO32-
Polyatomic Ions
S2
2-
Polyatomic Ions
S2O32-
Polyatomic Ions
SO4
2-
Polyatomic Ions
PO43-
Polyatomic Ions
PO3
3-
Polyatomic Ions
Hg22+
Polyatomic Ions
NH4
+
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Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Cadmium (Cd)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Hafnium (Hf)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Chromium (Cr)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Iridium (Ir)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Cobalt (Co)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Iron (Fe)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Copper (Cu)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Lutetium (Lt)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Gold (Au)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Manganese (Mn)
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IV II
III, IV II, III, VI
II, III, V II, III
III I, II
II, III, IV, V, VI, VII I, III
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Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Mercury (Hg)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Paladium (Pd)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Molybdenum (Mo)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Platinum (Pt)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Nickel (Ni)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Rhenium (Re)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Niobium (Nb)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Rhodium (Rh)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Osmium (Os)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Ruthenium (Ru)
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II, IV Hg+, Hg2+, Hg22+
II, IV II, III, IV, V, VI
II, III, IV, V, VII II, III
II, III, IV II, III, IV, V
II, III, IV, V, VIII II, IV, VIII
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Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Scandium (Sc)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Tungsten (W)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Silver (Ag)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Vanadium (V)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Tantalum (Ta)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Yttrium (Y)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Technetium (Tc)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Zinc (Zn)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Titanium (Ti)
Common Transition Metal Oxidation States
Zirconium (Zr)
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III, IV, V, VI III
II, III, IV, V I
III III, IV, V
II IV, VI, VII
III, IV II, III, IV
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Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
HClO2
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Ca(OH)2
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Pb(SO4)2
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
CO2
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
NaOH
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
H2SO4
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
NH3
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
CH3COOH
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Cu(NO3)2
Strong, Weak or Non Electrolytes
Sr(OH)2
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Nonelectrolyte (partially soluble ionic compound) Weak acid/weak electrolyte
Nonelectrolyte Nonelectrolyte (insoluble ionic compound)
Strong acid/strong electrolyte Strong base/strong electrolyte
Weak acid/weak electrolyte Weak (molecular) base/weak electrolyte
Strong base/strong electrolyte Strong electrolyte (soluble ionic compound)
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