Involving New Scholars in Digital Libraries through the Networked Digital Library of Theses and...

Involving New Scholars in Digital Libraries through theNetworked Digital Library of

Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD)

Telcordia, Morristown, NJDecember 30, 1999

Edward A. Fox [email protected]

CC CS DLRL Internet TIC

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Acknowledgements (Selected)

Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, US Dept. of Education, …

Co-PIs: Marc Abrams, Robert Akscyn, John Carroll, John Eaton, Gail McMillan

Students: Fernando Das Neves, Robert France, Marcos Goncalves, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Constantinos Phanouriou, James Powell, Ohm Sornil, David Watkins, Chang Zhang, Jianxin Zhao, …

Information Systems at Virginia Tech – see online full version of short introduction to networking efforts, at http://rdweb.cns.vt.edu/talks/VT-Initiatives-9-99.ppt (by Jeff Crowder and Erv Blythe)

OUTLINEIntroductionDigital librariesNDLTD case studyMembers, statisticsRelationships, universitiesAccess, software, hardwareConclusion

Virginia Tech Background Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, town

population 35K plus 25K students, #2 in football Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with

80% of community on Internet Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with

over 600 sites, for education, research, govt LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service,

gigabit wireless networking - 1/3 of Virginia Math Emporium, 500 workstations Faculty Development Initiative, round 2

Virginia Tech CS Department of CS focused on HCI since 1994 $2M (NSF RI) labs: usability, group decisions, info access Faculty (+ Kafura – OO/real-time, Head)

– Abrams (Network Research Group, UIML – user interface)– Barfield (ISE - wearable)– Bowman (virtual environments and interface issues)– Carroll (design, scenarios, education, BEV)– Ehrich (equipment, graphics, BEV)– Hartson (theory & methodology, remote evaluation)– Hix (usability, VR/CAVE)– Ramakrishnan (data mining, recommemder systems)– Rosson (object orientation/languages, collaboration)– Shaffer (problem solving environments, education, GIS)– Williges (ISE - experimentation, meta-evaluation)

ACITC Advanced Communications and Information Technology

Center, opening summer 2000 Connects to the library, with a focus on IT 1/3 high-tech (multimedia) classrooms 1/3 digital/electronic library (reading room) 1/3 research labs: 10, including:

– Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL)– Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities– HCI; HPC; Multimedia; Visualization (CAVE), …– Spaces for industry-supported labs, visitors

Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that

help satisfy info needs of users (societies) provide info services (scenarios) organize info in usable ways (structures) present info in usable ways (spaces) communicate info with users (streams)

5S Layers

Societies

Scenarios

Spaces

Structures

Streams

Definition: 5S Framework Societies: interacting people (, computers) Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance,

adjacency): 2D, vector, probability Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video,

network traffic) (5 Element System: Fire, Wood, Earth, Metal, Water)

5S: Components

Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts

Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve

Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational, conceptual

Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema, grammars, links, objects

Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows, turbulences

Neill Kipp Dissertation

Training interested groups about 5S and the Star Methodology, refining the Framework to have solid mathematical foundation

Case studies of projects at Virginia Tech or involving VT staff/students: CSTC, NDLTD, NARA (National Archives, with SAIC), Lexis, ...

Open also to study DL projects elsewhere Focusing too on the design artifacts developed and

related issues of efficient description and representation (esp. with markup, hypermedia)

Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech

MARIAN (NLM) CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg) DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) CSTC (NSF, ACM), CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)

Digital Library Courseware

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/ WWW pages or large PDF copy files Online quizzes based on book by Michael Lesk

(Morgan Kaufmann Publishers) Contents based on book, with several other

popular topics added (e.g., agents) Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,

Resources (People, Projects), and References

CS -> CSTC -> CRIM NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding a 2 year

project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/

College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia Multimedia part is also supported by a 2nd grant to Virginia

Tech and The George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/ (with curricular guidelines also under development)

ACM will help provide reward for contributors, through Journal of Computing Education: Resources and Research (JoCERR?)

Browsing (2)

DLs Shorten the Chain from

Editor

Publisher

A&I

Consolidator

Library

Reviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to

Author

Reader

Digital

LibraryEditor

Reviewer

Teacher

Learner

Librarian

Enhancing Learning with DLs

DigitalLibraries

A u th o ring(te x t, m a rku p ,h yp e rm e d ia ,

ca ta lo g in g -D C )

S u b m itt ingW o rk (E T D )(M e tad a ta ,P D F , X M L)

P re se rv in g(u s in g s td s,m ig ra tin g ,

ve rs io n in g )

A d d in g toD ig ita lL ib ra ry

(s tu d e n t)

D isco ve rin g ,B ro w s in g ,S e a rch in g ,R e trie v in g

A n n o ta tin g ,D o w n lo a d in g ,

In s ta llin g ,F e e d b a ck

5 S F ra m e w o rk:S o c ie tie s ,S ce n a rio s,

S tre a m s ,S pa ce s,S tru c tu res

U s in gD ig ita l L ib ra ry

(d ire c t)(in fo lite ra cy )

In d ire c tly U s ingD ig ita l L ib ra ry(e m b ed d e d,b y ag e nt, ...)

U s in g D LC o n te n ts (to o ls,d a ta se ts , e n v 's,co u rse w a re , ...)

C o lla b o ra tion(in /a ro u n d DL

a n d its a rt ifa c ts -d is ta n ce e d u c .)

O th e rIn te ra c tiveL e a rn ingA c tiv it ie s

In te ra c tiveExperiences

E n hanc ingL earn ing

A Digital Library Case StudyDomain: graduate education,

researchGenre:ETDs=electronic

theses & dissertationsSubmission: http://etd.vt.eduCollection:

http://www.theses.org

Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD) http:// www.ndltd.org

Media

ETD Web Sitehttp://www.ndltd.org/

ETDs Got Your Interest?

Graduate Students

Singapore AMChronicle of Higher Ed.National Public RadioNY Times ...

U. Laval

Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure

Scalability

Education is the rationale

University collaboration

Workflow, automation

Authors must submitMaximal access

PDF, SGML, MMStandards

Federated search

8th graders vs. grads

MARC, DC, URNs

Aiding universities to enhance grad educ., publishing and IPR efforts

Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations

Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)

What are we doing?

What are the long term goals? 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are

exposed / involved 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into

electronic portfolios Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: lit.

reviews, bibliographies, … Services providing lifelong access for students:

browse, search, prior searches, citation links

What led to today’s meeting? 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10

universities with 3 reps each 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic

Library (MEL): SURA, SOLINET 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF +

SGML + multimedia objects 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education

(FIPSE) for regional, national projects 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ... Sept. 1999 meeting in Paris at UNESCO Headquart.

http://www.unesco.org/webworld/etd/

Status of the Local Project

Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97

Submission & access software in place Submission workshops for students (and

faculty) occur often: beginner/adv., focused on Adobe PDF and multimedia formats

Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative

Over 2000 ETDs in collection

Library Costs

$12/vol. for paper thesis processing– catalog, bind, security strip, label, and shelving– @950 vols./yr. = $11.4K

$3.20/vol. ETD processing– cataloging @950 vols./yr. = $3040

$.07/vol. Shelving (save 166 ft/yr) $.04/vol. Circulation (of 3000 copies/yr)

NDLTD

Computer Resources

Research

Literature

Student Prepares Thesis or Dissertation

Student Defends and Finalizes ETD

My Thesis

ETD

Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD

Signed

Grad School

Graduate School Approves ETD Student is Graduated

Ph.D.

Library Catalogs ETD and New StudentsHave Access to the New Research

WWW

NDLTD

Institutional Members

Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) Diplomica.com Dissertation.com Dissertationen Online (Germany) Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium (ISTEC,

www.istec.org) National Library of Portugal (for all universities) Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS) UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/etd)

US University Members (35+) Rochester Institute of Tech. U. of Colorado Health Sci. Cntr. U. of Florida U. of Georgia University of Hawaii, Manoa U. of Iowa U. of Maine U. of Oklahoma U. of South Florida U. of Tennessee, Knoxville U. of Tennessee, Memphis U. of Texas at Austin U. of Virginia U. Wisconsin - Madison Vanderbilt U. Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 West Virginia U. - required fall 1998 Worcester Polytechnic Inst.

Air University (Alabama)Brigham Young UniversityCal TechClemson UniversityCollege of William & MaryConcordia University (Illinois)East Carolina UniversityEast Tenn. State UniversityFlorida Institute of Tech.Florida International UniversityGeorge Washington UniversityMarshall University (W. Va.)Miami U. of OhioMIT (in process)Michigan TechNaval Postgraduate School (CA)North Carolina State U.Penn. State University

Australian Project Members

U. New South Wales (lead institution)U. of MelbourneU. of QueenslandU. of SydneyAustralian National UniversityCurtin U. of TechnologyGriffith U.

German Project Members

Humboldt University (lead institution) 3 other universities 5 learned societies

– Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education

1 computing center 2 major libraries

CBUC (www.cbuc.es, Spain) Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya, as

group, with 9 members:– Universitat de Barcelona– Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona– Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya– Universitat Pompeu Fabra– Universitat de Girona– Universitat de Lleida– Universitat Rovira i Virgili– Universitat Oberta de Catalunya– Biblioteca de Catalunya

Other International MembersChinese University of Hong KongChungnam National U., Dept of CS (S. Korea)City University, London (UK)Darmstadt U. of Tech. (Germany)Free University of Berlin (Germany - Vet. Med.)Gyeongsang National U. (Korea)India Institute of Technology, Bombay (India)Nanyang Technological U. (Singapore, part)National U. of Singapore (Singapore, part)Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain)Rhodes U. (South Africa)St. Petersburg St. Tech.U (Russia)Univ. de las Américas Puebla (Mexico)Univ. of Alicante (Spain)Univ. of Pisa (Italy)U. Laval; U. of Guelph; U. Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier U. (Canada)

NDLTD Members

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

803/

11/9

7

5/11

/97

7/11

/97

9/11

/97

11/1

1/97

1/11

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3/11

/98

5/11

/98

7/11

/98

9/11

/98

11/1

1/98

1/11

/99

3/11

/99

5/11

/99

7/11

/99

9/11

/99

11/1

1/99

Date Joined

Nu

mb

er o

f M

emb

ers

Popular Works 1996458 Seevers, Gary L. Identification of Criteria for Delivery of Theological Education Through Distance Education: An International Delphi Study (Ph.D., Educational Research and Evaluation, April 1993; 1353Kb)

432 Hohauser, Robyn Lisa. The Social Construction of Technology: The Case of LSD (MS in Science and Technology Studies, Feb. 1995; 244Kb)

390 Childress, Vincent William. The Effects of Technology Education, Science, and Mathematics Integration Upon Eighth Grader's Technological Problem-Solving Ability (Ph.D. in Vocational and Technical Education, July 1994; 285Kb)

310 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2Mb)

287 Sprague, Milo D. A High Performance DSP Based System Architecture for Motor Drive Control ( MS in Electrical Engineering, May 1993; 878Kb)

165 Wallace, Richard A. Regional Differences in the Treatment of Karl Marx by the Founders of American Academic Sociology (MS in Sociology, Nov. 1993; 479Kb)

150 McKeel, Scott Andrew. Numerical Simulation of the Transition Region in Hypersonic Flow (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Feb. 1996; 3Mb)

Popular Works 19979920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb)

7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb)

2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb)

2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb)

1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb)

1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb)

1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb)

1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)

Usage of ETDs in VT Collections

1996 1997 1998 1999

Jan-Aug

Total

requests

37,171 247,537 465,974 907,104

Daily

Requests

102 685 1,722 3,121

Abstract

requests

25,829 112,633 177,647 143,056

Hosts

served

9,015 22,725 28,022 52,663

International Use 1996 1997 1998 850 2992 8170 United Kingdom 608 2,501 4223 Australia 346 2378 7373 Germany 713 2367 3970 Canada 387 1264 2201 South Korea 463 1161 4431 France 250 725 2553 Italy 191 867 2781 Netherlands 183 1130 1449 Brazil 22 967 1089 Thailand 83 958 1414 Greece

Relationship with publishers

Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times

Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL

Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access– AAP, AAUP– AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...

Some responses from publishers

ACM: need to acknowledge copyright Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright IEEE-CS: endorse initiative ACS: After first publication, can release Textbook publishers: different market,

manuscript significantly reworked General: restricting access to local campus

will not cause any problems Survey by Joan Dalton, Canada

For professional societies

Like “writing across the curriculum” Besides writing: computing/communications,

information literacy, personal digital library management, tool use, research methods, collaboration, archiving/preservation

Data sets, communities of users of them Classification systems / browsing / searching National Research Council (NRC) booklet “On

becoming a researcher in the digital age”

Who are sponsors / cooperators? Funding, Donations of hardware/software

– SURA– US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)– Adobe Systems– IBM– Microsoft– OCLC

Others Serving on Steering Committee– National/Regional Projects: Australia, French

speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC), UK (UTOG)

– Council of Graduate Schools, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO, ...

How does this relate to UMI?(Bell and Howell)

1987 UMI workshop to explore ETDs Support letter for US Dept. of Ed. proposal Steering and technical committee

membership ProQuest Direct pilot of scanning works

started 1/1/97, free 2 yr access to front part Collaborating on:

– accepting electronic author submissions– standards (e.g., representation), research

ETD Initiative (and UMI)

StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub

TDsbecome more

expressive

N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived

Global TDsbecome more

accessible,archived

UMI

Universities

How can a university get involved?

Select planning/implementation team– Graduate School– Library– Computing / Information Technology– Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.

Send us letter, give us contact names Adapt Virginia Tech solution

– Build interest and consensus– Start trial / allow optional submission

Convene Local Planning Group

ETD

Build Local ETD Site

Digital Library

Policies

Inspection/Approval

Workshop/Training

ETD

ETD

Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs

Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools Automated submission & processing Archive/access - UMI, (OCLC, Center for

Research Libraries, Virginia Tech,) ... (Local) WWW site, publicity (Local) Assistance provided as requested:

email, phone, listserv(s)

Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs

Like Type 1 but set date not reached Usually has an option or pilot May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter

after; … Build grass roots support

– Advisory committee: representative? expert?– Champions to spread by word of mouth– Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students– Publicity to reach community

NDLTD Members, Types 3-7

3. Part of university requires ETDs 4. University allows ETDs 5. University investigating, has pilot 6. University consortium joins:

– CBUC (Catalunya, Spain) 7. Non-university organization joins

– CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)– ISTEC, OAS, UNESCO, …

Everyone Learns Students become “info literate” Students learn about discovery, search,

categorization/classification (e.g., CoRC), e-pub (e.g., XML, multimedia, hypertext), preservation, helping others find/reuse

Campus starts to think about IPR– e.g., Virginia Tech symposium

http://www.rgs.vt.edu/resmag/seminars.html Faculty and students improve quality as reader

base expands

User Search Support(multilingual, XML)

NDLTD W orld FederatedSearch

Virg in ia Tech ...(univ)

U M I ...(corporate)

O hioLink ...(univ group)

Portugese N L ...(national lib)

Austra lia(regional)

UserInterface

Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.

www.theses.org

James Powell student project, D-Lib Magazine description in Sept. 1998

XML description of each site– type of search engine / service– language– coverage (for resource discovery)

Adding Z39.50 gateway capability and integrating with MARIAN, along with Harvest and Open Archives protocols (according to Santa Fe Convention) – see www.openarchives.org

Open Archives Initiative

Santa Fe meeting, Oct. 21-22, 1999 Workshop early June, San Antonio, DL’00 LANL, CNI, DLF, Mellon, … Convention Archives -> Open Archives

– Support unique archive identifiers

– Implement Open Archives Metadata Set (DC-based, using XML)

– Implement Dienst harvesting interface

– Register the archive

Build tools, layer other services: linking, searching, …

Approaches to Open Archives

Build Bydiscipline

Build By institution

AuthorCategoryInterdisciplinaryYearLanguageQuery …

Open Archives Members Original Participants in the Open Archives Initiative

– Caroline Arms, Library of Congress– Leslie Carr, University of Southampton– Mark Doyle, American Physical Society– Dale Flecker, Harvard University– Edward A. Fox, Virginia Tech– Michael Friedman, HighWire Press, Stanford University– Paul M. Gherman, Vanderbilt University– Paul Ginsparg, Los Alamos National Laboratory & xxx– Stevan Harnad, University of Southampton– Thomas Krichel, University of Surrey & RePEc– Carl Lagoze, Cornell University– Rick Luce, Los Alamos National Laboratory– Clifford Lynch, Coalition for Networked Information– Kurt Maly, Old Dominion University– Michael L. Nelson, NASA Langley Research Center– John Ober, California Digital Library– Bob Parks, Washington University & EconWPA– Herbert Van de Sompel, University of Ghent– Eric F. Van de Velde, California Institute of Technology– Don Waters, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation– Ken Weiss, California Digital Library

Others Joining (selected)– University of Virginia – Jim French, Worthy Martin, Thornton Staples, – NEC Research Institute - C. Lee Giles and Steve Lawrence– Internet Archive - Kurt Bollacker, Marlita Kahn– India - University of Mysore – Shalini Urs– Mexico – University of Monterrey - David Garza Salazar

Access Approaches

Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by encouraging:

UMI centralized services Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50, … Regional services (e.g., OhioLink) Global service: Open Archives Local servers with browse, search

– From local catalogs to local archives WWW robot indexing and search services

Access Possibilities

Websearchengines

librarycatalogclients

www.theses.org

www.openarchives.org

3rd

PartyServices(e.g.,Bell &Howell)

VirginiaTech

NationalLibrary ofPortugal

CBUC(Spain)

OhioLink

MIT NationalProjects:AU, GE, …

Support Services Developed

WWW site with > 300 Mb, CD, videotape Automated submission system (MySQL, UNIX,

WWW scripts - grad school/library) Student guidelines, style sheets, multimedia training

materials, FAQs, press info SGML and XML DTDs for ETDs SGML to HTML (web generator) LaTeX, Word templates, converters

Support Offered

Software, documentation, tech support Email, listservs ([email protected], -eval, -

grad, -library, -technical) Donations: Adobe, Microsoft Evaluation: instruments, analysis

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu - solutions/statistics (Temporary storage / archiving; aid - in setting up

an int’l service & archive)

Enhancements

Dublin Core spec, MARC crosswalk DTDs for SGML, XML(+ <discipline>ML) Annotation system (author, friends, notes) Routing system (based on Sift) Multilingual WWW site, training materials Better federated search (w. Z39.50, planned

with Dienst and Harvest - using MARIAN) Integrate SFX, CiteSeer (citation database

and linking, plagiarism detection)

Accessibility Activities / Plans

Interface design (simple, 3D, VR) Usability studies Generic multi-lingual support Support for those with disabilities Hybrid collection (paper, MARC,

abstracts, full-text, multimedia) Disciplinary classifications, tools Visualization of results, collection

SPIRE Visualization

CAVE Experiments

Use a familiar metaphor– building / floor / room / shelf / book

Rearrange orderings / shelving– use categories, clustering, ranking – use visualization: colors and gaps– study space mappings: physical, logical

Simplify movement for key tasks

ENVISION

NSF “A User-Centered Database from the Computer Science Literature” (1991-93)

Collected bib/typesetter data, converted to SGML Scanned thousands of page images MARIAN search engine - can be made available (also

applied to the Virginia Tech library catalog) used as part of a prototype object-based DL, with tailored visualization interface (L. Nowell dissertation)

Envision Results Window

MARIAN

Multiple Access Retrieval of Information with ANnotations

(Musical: Marian the Librarian …) Evolved from 1980’s CODER system to a

distributed Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), then DL backend, now becoming a full DL system

From C/C++ to Java by Jianxin Zhao Future uses: NDLTD, NUDL, PetaPlex

MARIAN Layers

Database Layer

Search Engine Layer

User Information Layer

User Interface Layer

User User User User

MARIAN Testing Architecture

LoadGenerator

Webgate

JavaServer

C/C++Server

MARIAN Parallelism

Java part response time vs. query rate comparation

(type 1 requests)

01000200030004000

0 100 200 300 400 500

query rate (#/min)

resp

onse

tim

e (m

s)

all modules in one machine one "webgate"

two "webgate"s four "webgate"s

MARIAN Response Time

Four "webgate"s, decomposed time delay vs. query

rate

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 100 200 300 400 500

query rate (#/min)

time

dela

y (m

s)

system after Java server

France Dissertation

Key developer since CODER Applying computational linguistics efforts

with machine readable dictionaries Applying opportunistic handling of term

lists for ranking, usable displays (“to be or not to be, that is the”)

Developing and evaluating variety of interfaces

PetaPlex

Digital Library Machine (“super” object store)

Parallel computer / storage utility for scale of 1000 to 100,000,000 gigabytes (1 Tbyte - 100 Pbyte)

Knowledge Systems Incorporated supplied VT-PetaPlex-1 for $250,000 with

– high speed backbone connections (eventually 1 Gbps)

– 2.5 terabytes through 100 “Nanoservers”:

– Each = Network connection + IBM 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium II + Linux

PetaPlex Complex

FRONT END MACHINERS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc.

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver Nanoserver

Service

Machine 1

Service

Machine 2

Service

Machine 3

Service

Machine 4

PetaPlex Service Machines

Front-end provides handle/repository abstraction through hashing

Small object server Large object server

– video on demand– streaming audio

Information retrieval server Proxy / cache server (e.g., 1 terabyte server

of 1000 worldwide for Comsat/Intelsat)

PetaPlex Top View

4 ft.

side

PetaPlex Side View

4 ft. wide

8 ft.

high

Roles:* Support* Cooling* Power

15

shelves

PetaPlex Cost Goals, Approach Maximize number of seeks achievable Maximize % of cost invested in disks Maximize flexibility and reliability Minimize cost per unit of storage

Approach “information utility” Increase throughput and reliability by

replicating on other PetaPlex systems Use robotics, wireless, and commodity

production of nanoservers

Sornil & Mather Dissertations

Proposing 100 Tbyte wireless Petaplex for $2M Mather: efficiently handling very large numbers

of objects of varying sizes Sornil: efficiently handling IR for very large

dynamic collections, large numbers of users, high transaction rates, large inverted files– modeling and simulation– data organization – parallelization of algorithms, alone and in

combination for retrieval (related) tasks

Problems Addressed

THE PETAPLEX-TYPE ARCHITECTURE

Early Results

PARTITIONING SCHEMES: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

To preliminarily study effects of three important parameters on the performance of the partitioning schemes

Term selection characteristic Number of queries in the system Number of disk nodes

To have a preliminary performance trend of the Hybrid partitioning scheme

Inverted File Partitioning Schemes: Term Partitioning Document Partitioning Hybrid Partitioning

Early Results

Effects of Number of Disk Nodes

Skewed Term Selection(with 1024 queries in the system)

Uniform Term Selection(with 1024 queries in the system)

DL Challenges

Preservation - so people with trust DLs Supporting infrastructure – affordable storage in

large capacity, very fast networks, ... Scalability, sustainability, interoperability DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries,

archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...– Need tools & methods to make them easier to build

Involving New Scholars in Digital Libraries through the Networked Digital Library of Theses and...

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