INVESTIGATION OF GEO POLYMER CONCRE TE …€¦nebulous microstructure [Davidovits, 1994]. Two...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp.

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976

© IAEME Publication

INVESTIGATION OF GEO

CONCRETE FILLED STEEL TUBU

P.G Student, Department Of Civil Engineering, SRM University,

Head of Center for Advanced Concrete Research (CACR)

ABSTRACT

Geopolymer concrete has been explored

mechanical properties all through the world.

on concrete filled tubular columns using cold formed steel and varying geopolymer

mix properties of concrete. A total of 8 composite specim

mix consisting of two specimen

tested under axial loading.

the samples casted with OPC

disappointments which we are expecting are a

The concrete in filled specimens are expected it give

specimens against the imp

specimens used are cold formed steel

concrete mixes.

Key words: Geopolymer concrete

local buckling.

Cite this Article: D.Vinod Kumar and Dr.N.P.Rajamane Investigation of Geopolymer

Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Colum

Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Cement is an imperative piece of society's

extraordinarily influenced by cement from multiple points of view. It's inside and out us.

Cement is a valuable development

sorts and applications. An essent

addition, cement generation is not just exceptionally vitality concentrated, by st

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2017, pp. 2217–2225 Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_250

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6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

Scopus Indexed

NVESTIGATION OF GEOPOLYMER

TE FILLED STEEL TUBU

COLUMNS

D.Vinod Kumar

, Department Of Civil Engineering, SRM University,

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr.N.P.Rajamane

Head of Center for Advanced Concrete Research (CACR), SRM University,

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Geopolymer concrete has been explored thoroughly in recent times with

properties all through the world. This paper presents an exploratory study

filled tubular columns using cold formed steel and varying geopolymer

mix properties of concrete. A total of 8 composite specimens of 4 different mixes each

mix consisting of two specimen are cast. These steel in filled concrete specimens

tested under axial loading. in this regard, a comparative study is discussed bet

the samples casted with OPC and GPC. During testing, the common

disappointments which we are expecting are a slight local bulking and weld failure.

led specimens are expected it give extra strength of the

against the impact of local buckling mechanism. In this project

cold formed steel of 1.2 mm thick and 600mm of height

concrete, GGBS, Fly ash, cold formed steel, axial loading,

D.Vinod Kumar and Dr.N.P.Rajamane Investigation of Geopolymer

Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns, International Journal of Civil Engineering and

, 8(4), 2017, pp. 2217-2225.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

Cement is an imperative piece of society's framework. Regular day to da

influenced by cement from multiple points of view. It's inside and out us.

ment is a valuable development material and developments are always being made in

essential fixing in the ordinary cement is the Portland cement

generation is not just exceptionally vitality concentrated, by st

[email protected]

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

POLYMER

TE FILLED STEEL TUBULAR

, Department Of Civil Engineering, SRM University,

, SRM University,

in recent times with respect to

an exploratory study

filled tubular columns using cold formed steel and varying geopolymer

of 4 different mixes each

in filled concrete specimens are

study is discussed between

mmon modes of

bulking and weld failure.

extra strength of the steel tube

In this project the

of height for all

cold formed steel, axial loading,

D.Vinod Kumar and Dr.N.P.Rajamane Investigation of Geopolymer

Journal of Civil Engineering and

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

framework. Regular day to day existence is

influenced by cement from multiple points of view. It's inside and out us.

material and developments are always being made in new

nary cement is the Portland cement. In

generation is not just exceptionally vitality concentrated, by steel and

Investigation of Geopolymer Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 2218 [email protected]

aluminium, additionally consumes huge measure of regular assets. With a specific end goal to

meet foundation advancements, the utilization of cement is on the expansion.

Portland cement concrete (PCC) is considered as the second most utilized a great many

water and most utilized man made material. According to Hajek et al (2013) the generation of

concrete in the industrialized nations, 1.5-3.0 tons of concrete is created every year is as yet

expanding. Portland cement is main part in cement. As per United States Environmental

Protection Agency (US EPA) 3.4 percent of Worlds greenhouse gasses is created from

generation of Portland concrete.

Another binder material, known as "Geopolymer" was initially presented by Davidovits in

1978 to describe a group of mineral binder with synthetic creation like zeolites yet with a

nebulous microstructure [Davidovits, 1994]. Two principle constituents of geopolymer (GP)

are: geopolymer source materials (GSMs) also, alkaline activator solutions. The GSMs

should be alumina-silicate based and rich in both silicon (Si) and aluminium (Al) and

subsequently, by-item materials, for example, fly ash, silica fume, slag, rice-husk powder, red

mud, and so forth can frame GSMs.

Concrete filled steel tubular sections have been utilized as a part of diverse regions of

development and turning into popular in modern days. Concrete filled steel tube (CFT)

column has many points of interest contrasted and normal steel or strengthened reinforced

concrete system. The primary favorable circumstances is the communication between steel

tube and concrete is forming of local buckling delayed by the resistance of concrete.

Earlier studies has been done on concrete filled steel tube (CFT) column with Portland

cement concrete. Now in this paper deals with Geopolymer concrete filled steel tubular

columns.

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this project 50 % fly ash and 50 % GGBS is taken as the base material for preparation of

geo polymer concrete and three mixes of alkali activator solution is used and Standard cube

specimens have been casted to find the compressive strength of concrete.

3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES

The following materials are used to study the mechanical properties of Conventional

concretes and Geopolymer Concretes.

3.1. Cement

The cement used for this study is portland puzzolonic cement is confirming to Indian

Standard IS 12269-1987 of grade 53

3.2. Fine Aggregate

The sand is used as fine aggregate and it is collected from nearby area. The sand has been

sieved in 4.75 mm sieve

3.3. Coarse Aggregate

The coarse aggregate is choosen by shape as per IS 2386 ( part 1) 1963, surface texture

charecteristics of aggregate is classified as in IS 383 – 1970.

3.4. Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Fly ash is a by-product from coal based thermal power plants and is collected from nearby

area.

D.Vinod Kumar and Dr.N.P.Rajamane


Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GBFS) is the granular material formed when molten iron

blast furnace slag (BFS) is rapidly chilled (quenched) by water. It is a product with very

limited crystal formation. When GBFS is ground to the fineness of cement, it is called

Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) which hydrates like PC and it is collected

from nearby area.

Table 1 Chemical composition of Fly ash and GGBS

Composition(%) SiO2 AI2O3 Fe2O3 K2O CaO MgO Na2O LOI

GGBS 21.58 14.88 1.78 0.48 55.25 2.63 0.015 1.8

Fly ash 47.55 33.45 10.17 1.65 2.099 0.05 0.015 1.1

3.5. Alkali Activator Solutions

An alkali Activator solutions used are Sodium Hydroxide solution and Sodium Silicate

solution.

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

A total of 8 specimens were casted and subjected to testing. Out of 8 specimens, 6 No’s are

Geopolymer and 2 No’s are Portland cement concrete (PCC) specimens and cold formed steel

is used for all 8 specimens. Concrete cube strength of 30 MPa.

4.1. Details of steel material concrete filled tubular column

Table 2 Details of steel material concrete filled tubular column

Type of steel NO. of

specimens

Length

(L)

(mm)

Diameter

(D)

(mm)

Thickness

(t)

(mm)

Cold formed

steel 8 600 100 1.2



Figure 1 Dimensions of cold formed steel tubular column

4.2. Details of concrete mix properties

The varying concrete mix properties are used are Alkali Activator Solutions. The details of

mix properties are given below Table 3

Table 3 Details of varying concrete mix properties

Mix

proportions(Binder:

Sand: Coarse

aggregate)

Binder composition AAS

Ratio(SH:SS:W)

AAS/Binder

Ratio

No of

specimens Fly ash GGBS

1:1.5:2.5(OPCC) 100% Cement ------ 0.5 2

1:1.5:2.5(GPC) 50% 50% 1:4:5 0.5 2

1:1.5:2.5(GPC) 50% 50% 1:2:7 0.5 2

1:1.5:2.5(GPC) 50% 50% 1:7:2 0.5 2

Where,

SH=Sodium Hydroxide solution,

SS= Sodium Silicate solution,

W= Water.

4.3. Casting and curing of concrete cubes and composite cylinders

To understand the behaviour of GPC with respective to OPC we cast cubes of GPC and OPC

with different mixes. Each mix consist of 3 specimens to know the accuracy of specimen

results.

The specimen casted with OPC is cured in water for 28 days and specimens cast with

geopolymer concrete are cured at room temperature without water, exposed to atmosphere.

Cubes are tested under compression testing machine and the test results are tabulated in Table

3.



The same is followed in casting the composite cylindrical specimens with different binder

composition and AAS Ratios as shown in Table 2, were 6 specimens casted with GPC and 2

specimens casted with OPC.

Table 4 Compressive strength results for concrete cubes

4.4. Test setup, Instrumentation and Procedure

The experimental equipment used is Universal Testing Machine (UTM) which measures axil load.

The composite cylindrical specimens are kept vertically in the UTM with deflectometer arranged at

mid-section of specimens on either side to measure axial deformation when axial load is applied as

show is Fig 2.

Figure 2 Test setup of composite cylinder

4.5. Test results

The specimen are tested in UTM under axil load, as the load on column is increased the

corresponding deformation are noted down for every 20 KN. The ultimate load are tabulated

for each specimen are in Table 5.

Mix type AAS Ratio

(SH:SS:W) Age

No of

specimens

Compressive Strength

(N/mm2)

OPC ------ 28 days 3 41.37

GPC 1 1:2:7 28 days 3 43.28

GPC 2 1:4:5 28 days 3 58.06

GPC 3 1:7:2 28 days 3 65.86



Table 5 Test results of composite cylindrical specimens

Mix type AAS Ratio

(SH:SS:W) Sample 1

OPCC ------ 355.42

GPC 1 1:02:07 353.62

GPC 2 1:04:05 416.09

GPC 3 1:07:02 576.4

Fig

Figure 4 Load Vs. deformation for OPC of CFT specimens

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 0.2

Lo

ad

(K

N

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

Aver

age

Lo

ad(K

N)

OPC



Test results of composite cylindrical specimens

Load(kN) Compressive Strength(N/mm

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 1 Sample 2

355.42 410.89 45.25 52.32

353.62 369.33 45.02 47.02

416.09 466.33 52.98 59.37

576.4 598.38 73.39 76.19

Figure 3 Load carrying capacity of CFT

Load Vs. deformation for OPC of CFT specimens

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Deformation (mm)

OPC

specimen 1 specimen 2 Average

Mix Proportions

GPC(1:2:7) GPC(1:4:5) GPC(1:7:2)


[email protected]

Compressive Strength(N/mm2

)

Sample 2 Average

48.78

46.02

56.18

74.79

1.8 2


0

100

200

300

400

0 0.3 0.6

Lo

ad

(K

N)

Specimens 1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 0.2 0.4

Lo

ad

(K

N)

Specimens 1

Figure 5 Load Vs.

Figure 6 Load Vs. deformation for GPC (1:2:7) of CFT specimens

Figure 7 Load Vs. deformation for GPC (1:

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 0.2 0.4

Lo

ad

(K

N)

Specimen 1



0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9

Deformation (mm)

1:2:7

Specimens 1 Specimen 2 Average

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

Deformation (mm)

1:7:2

Specimens 1 Specimen 2 Average

Load Vs. deformation for GPC (1:4:5) of CFT specimens



0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Deformation (mm)

1:4:5

Specimen 1 specimen 2 Average

[email protected]

3.9 4.2

3 3.2

of CFT specimens


) of CFT specimens

2.2



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 1 2 3 4 5

Loa

d (

KN

)

Deformation (mm)

OPC GPC (1:4:5) GPC (1:2:7:) GPC(1:7:2)

4.6. Comparative test results for varying concrete mix proportions of CFT

specimens

Figure 8 Load Vs deformation for varying concrete mix proportions

5. CONCLUSIONS

This experiments are performed to study the behaviour of concrete filled tubular columns

with varying Alkali activated solutions under axial load conditions.

1. In the present investigation the GPC 1, GPC 2 and GPC 3 Mix were prepared with different

formulation of AAS and concentration of solutions was lowest in GPC 1 mix and highest in

GPC 3 mix, all the GPC mixes had binder made of 50% Fly ash and 50% GGBS and the

mixes could be demoulded 24 hours of casting .

2. In the present study the strength of GPC Mixes was varied by concentration of AAS, The mix

GPC 1, GPC 2 and GPC 3 had corresponding 15cm cubes strength of 43.2 Mpa, 58.60Mpa

and 65.8 Mpa.

3. Addition of concrete mixes with in the hollow steel pipe increase is the load carrying capacity

steel column increase with several times and this is obviously to reduce slenderness ration

effect. This is expected because the rigid concrete is in contact with steel section throughout

height of specimen there by the effective length of steel columns significantly reduced.

4. A series of experimental tests on composite cylindrical columns subjected to axial loading and

enhancement in strength has been observed.

5. The load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tubular column of mix GPC (1:7:2) has

been found to be higher than OPC and other two GPC mixes.

6. CFT of mix GPC (1:7:2) increased by 53% than OPC mix columns.

7. It was also found that the typical failure mode of all the tested concrete filled steel tubular

column was slight local buckling.



REFERENCES

[1] N. P. Rajamane PhD, Dr. M C Nataraja, Dr. N. Lakshmanan, Dr. P. S. Ambily, Dr. R.

Jeyalakshmi, “Introduction to fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer concretes”

[2] M. I. Abdul Aleem, P. D. Arumairaj “Geopolymer concrete- a review”.

[3] Farhad Aslani, M.ASCE, “Thermal Performance Modeling of Geopolymer Concrete”.

[4] GeethaH and Swedha.T “An Experimental study on Concrete Filled Tubular Columns

Using Varying Steel Materials”.

[5] D. V. Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE; Jean-Baptiste Edouard and Khaled Sobhan, Ph.D.,

A.M.ASCE, “Durability of Fly Ash–Based Geopolymer Structural Concrete in the Marine

Environment”.

[6] Sundeep Inti, M.ASCE; Megha Sharma, M.ASCE; and Dr.Vivek Tandon, P.E., M.ASCE,

“Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Uses in the

Production of Geopolymer Concrete”.

[7] CE591 lecture 13: Composite Columns.

[8] www.steel-insdag.org

[9] ACI Manual of concrete practice

[10] Dr. Gajanan Sabnis "Composite Construction between Steel and Concrete", Chapter 17,

Handbook of Structural Concrete, (Ed: Kong, Evans, Cohen and Roll), McGraw Hill

Book Company, New York, 1983, pages: 17-1 - 17-56.

[11] Euro code 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules

and rules for buildings.

INVESTIGATION OF GEO POLYMER CONCRE TE …€¦nebulous microstructure [Davidovits, 1994]. Two...

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