InVEST freshwater models. Fisheries Aquaculture Coastal Protection Recreation Wave Energy Habitat...
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Transcript of InVEST freshwater models. Fisheries Aquaculture Coastal Protection Recreation Wave Energy Habitat...
InVEST freshwater models
Fisheries
Aquaculture
Coastal Protection
Recreation
Wave Energy
Habitat Risk Asst
Aesthetic Quality
Water Quality
Water purificationSediment retention
Crop pollination
Hydropower
Irrigation waterNTFP
Flood control
Commercial timber
BiodiversityCarbon sequ’n
Agricultural prod’n
Coastal / marineTerrestrial / freshwater
Invest 2.2.2Hydropower Production model
Yonas Ghile, Stacie Wolny and Nirmal Bhagabati
Water Yield for
Irrigation
Drinking Water
Hydropower
Pollution Dilution
Water Yield
Questions
How much water is available?
Where does the water used for
hydropower production come from?
How much energy does it produce?
How much is it worth?We have often used just the water yield part of the model,
without linking it to hydropower
Informing Policy Makers
Focus protection on areas that contribute the most.
Design management practices that lead to minimal loss.
Identify places where other economic activities will conflict
with water yield for hydropower production or other uses.
How much hydropower will we gain or lose under future
management or conservation plans?
Create payment programs to get most return on investment
(with Tier 2 model).
Again, can be used to assess water yield for non-hydropower uses as
well
This model does NOT assess impacts of hydropower facilities
Model Architecture
Water Scarcity Model
Consumptive Use Net
VolumeHydropower
and Valuation Model
Dam Height
Price
EnergyEnergy Value
TurbineEff.
E(t) P(t)
Q(t)
Water Yield
Model
Land Use Soils
Climate
Water YieldEvapo-
transpiration
Precipitation
Rain
Snow
Fog
Inflow
Contributing Pixel
ETo
WATER YIELD
Precipitation
Rain
Snow
Fog
Inflow
Transpiration
WATER YIELD
Precipitation
Rain
Snow
Fog
Inflow
Transpiration
Roo
t dep
th
Water Availability
Leaf type
SeasonalityPlant type
WATER YIELD
Precipitation
Rain
Snow
Fog
Inflow
Transpiration
Roo
t dep
th
Water Availability
Leaf type
SeasonalityPlant type
Evaporation
WATER YIELD
Precipitation
Rain
Snow
Fog
Inflow
Transpiration
Roo
t dep
th
Water Availability
Leaf type
SeasonalityPlant type
Evaporation
annual average water yield per pixel
Yjx
WATER YIELD
• Water Yield is the water depth (volume) that is NOT Evapotranspired.
• It is the sum of Surface flow, subsurface flow and groundwater flow.
WATER YIELD
• Water yield by itself not an ecosystem service, but becomes a service where there is demand for it, e.g., for hydropower generation, municipal consumption, irrigation etc.
• Rainfall,
• Evaporation,
• Land Use and Land Cover,
• Soil,
• Water Consumption
• Temporal dynamics
•Reservoir Design.
Factors Affecting Hydropower?
• Rainfall,
• Evaporation,WATER YIELD
• Land Use and Land Cover,
• Soil,
• Water Consumption
• Time,
•Reservoir Design.
Factors Affecting Hydropower?
• Rainfall,
• Evaporation,WATER YIELD
• Land Use and Land Cover,
• Soil,
• Water ConsumptionConsumptive Use
• Temporal dynamics
•Reservoir Design.
Factors Affecting Hydropower?
Model Inputs
Land Use/Land CoverRoot depth, evapotranspiration coefficient
ClimatePrecipitation, PET
SoilsSoil depth, PAWC
WatershedsMain and sub-watersheds for point of interest
EconomicHydropower plant data, price of energy$$
Water demand
MAIN DATA INPUTS
• Rainfall
• Potential Evapotranspiration
• Soil: depth and Fraction of Available Water Content
• Land Use Land Cover: Crop Coefficients, Root Depth
• Consumptive water use by farms, towns etc
• Reservoir: Effective Head, Life time, Turbine efficiency, fraction, price of electric power, maintenance costs etc
Irrigation
Urban Consumption
Irrigation
Consumptive Use
Urban Consumption
Irrigation
Urban Consumption
Irrigation
Consumptive Use
Urban Consumption
water yield available for hydropower production
Vin = Y - ud
$####.##
Valuation
Model Strengths
Uses readily available and minimum data.
Simple, applicable and generalizable
Spatially explicit
Link the biophysical functions to economic values
Values each parcel on the landscape
Model Limitations
Neglects extremes and seasonal variation of water yield
Neglects surface-deep groundwater interactions
Assumes hydropower production and pricing remain constant
Calibration and Validation
Sensitivity Analysis to identify most sensitive parameters
Model Calibration using long term average actual data
Find land use parameters within acceptable ranges
Model parameter (Zhang constant)
Validate Model by conducting comparisons with observed data or
other model output
Model Outputs
Actual Evapotranspiration Per sub-watershed
Water yield Per sub-watershed
Energy/value for hydropower Per sub-watershed
Water supply Per sub-watershed Used in valuation
Testing and validation
InVEST vs SWAT
Comparison of SWAT and InVESTAverage annual water yield (mm)
TULUASWAT InVEST % difference
Baseline 805.98 804.28 0.21%No conservation 816.04 765.98 6.13%Conservation 805.54 768.87 4.55%
FRAILESWAT InVEST % difference
Baseline 301.23 379.19 -25.88%No conservation 319.77 335.54 -4.93%Conservation 300.55 362.60 -20.65%
Hainan Island China
R² = 0.97
Central Sumatra, Indonesia: Water yield in 2008, and percent change under two scenarios
(a) Water yield in 2008 (b) Percent change in water yield from 2008 to Vision
(c) Percent change in water yield from 2008 to plan
And Many Other Sites
China
Tanzania
West Coast
Hawai’i
Amazon Basin
Mexico Colombia
Ecuador Indonesia
VirungasBelize
East Coast
Coming up in InVEST
Regionalizing the Zhang constant
Automating calibration technique
Monthly model
Groundwater recharge index
Tier 2 water yield model
Irr(t)
E(t)
If(t)
P(t)I(t)
Sm(t)
Bf(t)
Qf(t)
S(t)
Point to discuss
• Where to get data?
• Getting relevant expert input – consult hydrologists / water resource experts
• How to do valuation? – Is InVEST valuation model appropriate?– If not, how to value? (e.g., municipal
supply, irrigation)• Validation and ground-truthing of
model outputs
Hands-on Session
Run the water yield model
Hands-on Session
Run the water scarcity model
Hands-on Session
Run the hydropower and valuation model
Hands-on Session
Think how you would use the Water Yield Model in your work?
Water Yield
Precipitation
Rain
Snow
Fog
Inflow
TranspirationR
oot d
epth
Water Availability
Leaf type
SeasonalityPlant type
Evaporation
annual average water yield per pixel
Yjx
How Does it Work?
Water Yield is the water depth (volume) that is NOT Evapotranspired: WY = P – AET
It is the sum of Surface flow, subsurface flow and groundwater flow: WY = SR + SubSR + GW
Model: WY = P * (1 – AET / P )
xjxjx
xjx
x
xj
RR
R
P
AET1
1
1
x
xx P
AWCZhang
x
xxj P
ETokcR
E(t) P(t)
Q(t)
Energy Calculation
pd = d.qd.g.hd
water densitygravity constant
outflow ratehead
outflow
=0.00272
Valuation
Total Value of the Hydropower:
The Sub-basin’s Hydropower production Value:
1
0 1
1T
ttdded
rTCpNPVH
=
Data Requirements
Inputs Process Outputs
•Focus protection on areas that contribute the most.
•Design management practices that lead to minimal loss.
•Create payment programs to get most return on investment.
•Identify places where other economic activities will conflict with hydropower production.
•Who provides this service?
•How much hydropower will we gain or lose under future management or conservation plans?
Hydropower Production
UPYRB Example
MAIN DATA INPUTS• Rainfall
• Potential Evapotranspiration
• Soil: depth and Fraction of Available Water Content
• Land Use Land Cover: Crop Coefficients, Root Depth
• Consumptive water use by farms, towns etc
• Reservoir: Effective Head, Life time, Turbine efficiency, fraction, price of electric power, maintenance costs etc