Inventions fuel new industries and communication Industries create wealth and a working class Unions...
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Transcript of Inventions fuel new industries and communication Industries create wealth and a working class Unions...
Inventions fuel new industries and communicationIndustries create wealth and a working classUnions form to protect the workerImmigrants fuel growth of nation
Thomas Edison
More than 1,000 patents
Created: light bulb, phonograph, projector, storage battery, and telephone transmitter
nation’s first industrial research lab
first electric power plant in NYC
Inventions and InventorsTelegraph-invented by Samuel
Morse 18441860 lines cross US; 1866 US
connects to Europe Telephone-Alexander Graham
Bell 1876Between 1860 & 1890 US govt.
grants 400,000 patentsMany for business (typewriter)
some for luxury (Eastmen’s camera)
Henry Ford1st to mass
produce an automobile
first car was the model T
Cars were more affordable because of a process called the assembly line
Wright Brothers First successful
flightplane had 12hp
motorflew 120 feetOrville piloted,
Wilbur watched !!!
Flew at Kittyhawk, NC
Railroads lead the way in industry
by 1900 there are 5 transcontinental lines
large RR’s are consolidating smaller RR’s
Cornelius Vanderbilt one of the RR barons, owns lines from NYC to the Great Lakes
RR Growth Iron and steel needed for track and locomotives; Lumber for rails, coal for fuel
Industry must grow to meet these demands
RR’s change to a standard gauge track: all lines use the same rails = faster shipping
RR ImprovementsAir brakes, refrigerated cars, Pullmans sleeper cars along with dining cars make RR better
RR’s compete using rebates to keep and attract customers
Some RR’s form pools = agreements of no competition allowing them to set higher prices
Steel Industry
Large mills open in Pittsburgh, PN (steel capital)
Andrew Carnegie opens his first mill here
vertical integration = bought mines, ships, warehouses, and RR’s
Sold out to J.P. Morgan; creates first billion $ corporation
John Rockefellercreates a refinery for
oil in Cleveland, OH Standard Oil begins
buying out other refineries
low prices, customer pressure, RR rebates to destroy competition
creates 1st trusthas a monopoly on oil
in the USA
J.P. MorganOwned largest
banking chain in USGrew wealthy
through investmentPurchased many
industries using strength and financial backing of his bank
Philanthropy- $ benefits community
Carnegie Hall in NYC a concert hall
Vanderbilt = Vanderbilt University
Rockefeller established Univ. of Chicago and NYC Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
Growing CorporationsCorporations begin to mergeeconomic power controlled by
few corporations1900 one-third of ALL
manufacturing controlled by 1% of country’s corporations
many states encouraged the practice
Restricting Big BusinessMany states passed laws
restricting mergersCongress passes Sherman Anti-
trust Act in 1890 to protect from monopolies and restriction of trade
Did little to curb big businessWas however used to restrict labor
Interstate Commerce Act
Passed in 1887 due to public outrage of supreme court support of railroads
Gave govt right to monitor rail traffic and freight rates
Interstate Commerce Commission created to enforce law
Had little affect until the early 1900s
Industrial WorkersWork 10-12 hours a day, 6 days a week
Fired at any time no notice.Noisy, unsafe conditions many accidents
Mines caved-in, garment workers toiled in sweatshops
1 million women worked in industry by 1900, received less pay
Child LaborChildren worked in mines &
factories as well as farms
1st child labor law said no child under 12 & kids could only work 10 hours per day.
Widely ignored law especially on farms
Unions form from angry workersKnights of Labor founded by garment workers in Philly met secretly.
Became a national society in 1880 included women, African Americans, immigrants
Strikes and poor public opinion in 1890’s ended its power
American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886 Represented skilled labor led by Samuel Gompers
pressed for higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.
wanted union to represent worker in meeting with management (collective bargaining)
AFL survives strikes and by 1904 they have 1.6 million members.
WobbliesChicago 1905 by 43
groups who left AFLInternational
Workers of the World formed
Includes unskilled laborers
Radical union included Socialists
Union Action through strikes!RR strike of 1877 happens when wages cut
Workers destroy rail yards, track
Strikebreakers hired to replace workers
Federal troops must restore order
Trouble in Chicago
Haymarket RiotWorkers from McCormick
Harvester are members of Knights of Labor
Wages cut so they go on strikeWorkers & police clash 11 killedPublic turns against Knights
Homestead Strike (Pennsylvania, 1892) at Carnegie’s steel plant
Plant cuts pay to weaken union, hires scabs
Bloody confrontation between strikers & hired scabs
Plant remains open with non-union workers
Pullman Workers Strikeemployees strike in 1894 b/c of cut wages
RR workers union refuses to handle Pullman cars so rail traffic paralyzed
Pullman files injunction to stop strike
Union leader Eugene Debs jailed refusing to stop
Pres. Cleveland uses federal troops to end strike